See foul in All languages combined, or Wiktionary
{
"derived": [
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "afoul"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "antifoul"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "befoul"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "biofouling"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "by fair means or foul"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "cry foul"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "fall foul"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "foul anchor"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "foul berth"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "foul bill of health"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "foulbrood"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "foul feeder"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "foulish"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "foul language"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "foul line"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "foully"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "foul marten"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "foulmouth"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "foul-mouthed"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "foulmouthed"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "foulness"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "foul play"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "foul pole"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "foul shot"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "foul-smelling"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "foul-spoken"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "foul-tempered"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "foul tick"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "foul tip"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "foul-tongued"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "foul trouble"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "foul wind"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "in one foul swoop"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "make foul water"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "nonfoul"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "nonfouling"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "unfoul"
}
],
"etymology_number": "1",
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*puH-"
},
"expansion": "",
"name": "root"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "",
"2": "i",
"3": "I"
},
"expansion": "I",
"name": "yesno"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "Inherited"
},
"expansion": "Inherited",
"name": "glossary"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "enm",
"3": "ffoul",
"4": "",
"5": "",
"g": "",
"g2": "",
"g3": "",
"id": "",
"lit": "",
"nocat": "",
"pos": "",
"sc": "",
"sort": "",
"tr": "",
"ts": ""
},
"expansion": "Middle English ffoul",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "enm",
"3": "ffoul"
},
"expansion": "Inherited from Middle English ffoul",
"name": "inh+"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "ang",
"3": "fūl",
"t": "foul, dirty, unclean, impure, vile, corrupt, rotten, stinking, guilty"
},
"expansion": "Old English fūl (“foul, dirty, unclean, impure, vile, corrupt, rotten, stinking, guilty”)",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "gmw-pro",
"3": "*fūl"
},
"expansion": "Proto-West Germanic *fūl",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "gem-pro",
"3": "*fūlaz",
"t": "foul, rotten"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic *fūlaz (“foul, rotten”)",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*puH-",
"t": "foul, rotten"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *puH- (“foul, rotten”)",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "2",
"2": "cog"
},
"expansion": "Cognates",
"name": "col-top"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "gmw-cfr",
"2": "fuul",
"t": "putrid, rotten; lazy, workshy"
},
"expansion": "Central Franconian fuul (“putrid, rotten; lazy, workshy”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "cim",
"2": "baul"
},
"expansion": "Cimbrian baul",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "nl",
"2": "vuil",
"t": "dirty, foul; lewd, obscene; dishonorable; illegal"
},
"expansion": "Dutch vuil (“dirty, foul; lewd, obscene; dishonorable; illegal”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "de",
"2": "faul",
"t": "foul, putrid, rotten; lazy"
},
"expansion": "German faul (“foul, putrid, rotten; lazy”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "yi",
"2": "פֿױל",
"t": "putrid; lazy"
},
"expansion": "Yiddish פֿױל (foyl, “putrid; lazy”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "da",
"2": "ful",
"t": "nasty, ugly"
},
"expansion": "Danish ful (“nasty, ugly”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "is",
"2": "fúll",
"t": "foul, rotten, sullen"
},
"expansion": "Icelandic fúll (“foul, rotten, sullen”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "nb,nn",
"2": "ful",
"t": "clever, sly"
},
"expansion": "Norwegian Bokmål and Norwegian Nynorsk ful (“clever, sly”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "sv",
"2": "ful",
"t": "ugly; bad, dirty"
},
"expansion": "Swedish ful (“ugly; bad, dirty”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "got",
"2": "𐍆𐌿𐌻𐍃",
"t": "fetid, foul, putrid"
},
"expansion": "Gothic 𐍆𐌿𐌻𐍃 (fuls, “fetid, foul, putrid”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "puter",
"t": "decaying, rotten; friable, crumbling"
},
"expansion": "Latin puter (“decaying, rotten; friable, crumbling”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "el",
"2": "πύο"
},
"expansion": "Greek πύο (pýo)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "sq",
"2": "fëlliq",
"t": "to make dirty, sully"
},
"expansion": "Albanian fëlliq (“to make dirty, sully”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "lv",
"2": "pūt",
"t": "to rot"
},
"expansion": "Latvian pūt (“to rot”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "lt",
"2": "pūti",
"t": "to rot"
},
"expansion": "Lithuanian pūti (“to rot”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "hy",
"2": "փուտ",
"t": "rottenness"
},
"expansion": "Armenian փուտ (pʻut, “rottenness”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "fa",
"2": "پوده",
"t": "rubbed, worn; foul, rotten; empty, hollow",
"tr": "pude"
},
"expansion": "Persian پوده (pude, “rubbed, worn; foul, rotten; empty, hollow”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "sa",
"2": "पूयति",
"t": "to become foul; to stink"
},
"expansion": "Sanskrit पूयति (pūyati, “to become foul; to stink”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "grc",
"2": "φαῦλος",
"3": "",
"4": "bad"
},
"expansion": "Ancient Greek φαῦλος (phaûlos, “bad”)",
"name": "ncog"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Inherited from Middle English ffoul, foul, foull, fowel, fowle, fuyle, voul, vul, from Old English fūl (“foul, dirty, unclean, impure, vile, corrupt, rotten, stinking, guilty”), from Proto-West Germanic *fūl, from Proto-Germanic *fūlaz (“foul, rotten”), from Proto-Indo-European *puH- (“foul, rotten”).\nCognates\nCognate with Central Franconian fuul (“putrid, rotten; lazy, workshy”), Cimbrian baul, vaul (“putrid, rotten”), Dutch vuil (“dirty, foul; lewd, obscene; dishonorable; illegal”), German faul (“foul, putrid, rotten; lazy”), Yiddish פֿױל (foyl, “putrid; lazy”), Danish ful (“nasty, ugly”), Icelandic fúll (“foul, rotten, sullen”), Norwegian Bokmål and Norwegian Nynorsk ful (“clever, sly”), and Swedish ful (“ugly; bad, dirty”), Gothic 𐍆𐌿𐌻𐍃 (fuls, “fetid, foul, putrid”), and through Indo-European, with Latin puter (“decaying, rotten; friable, crumbling”), Greek πύο (pýo), πύον (pýon, “pus”), Albanian fëlliq (“to make dirty, sully”), Latvian pūt (“to rot”), Lithuanian pūti (“to rot”), Armenian փուտ (pʻut, “rottenness”), Persian پوده (pude, “rubbed, worn; foul, rotten; empty, hollow”), Sanskrit पूयति (pūyati, “to become foul; to stink”). More at putrid.\nAncient Greek φαῦλος (phaûlos, “bad”) is a false cognate inasmuch as it is not from the same etymon, instead being cognate to few.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "fouler",
"tags": [
"comparative"
]
},
{
"form": "foulest",
"tags": [
"superlative"
]
},
{
"form": "foule",
"tags": [
"alternative",
"obsolete"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "er"
},
"expansion": "foul (comparative fouler, superlative foulest)",
"name": "en-adj"
}
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "adj",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [],
"examples": [
{
"bold_text_offsets": [
[
18,
22
]
],
"text": "This cloth is too foul to use as a duster.",
"type": "example"
},
{
"bold_text_offsets": [
[
4,
8
]
],
"text": "His foul hands got dirt all over the kitchen.",
"type": "example"
},
{
"bold_text_offsets": [
[
15,
19
]
],
"text": "The air was so foul nobody could breathe.",
"type": "example"
},
{
"bold_text_offsets": [
[
19,
23
]
],
"text": "A ship's bottom is foul when overgrown with barnacles",
"type": "example"
},
{
"bold_text_offsets": [
[
10,
14
]
],
"text": "A well is foul with polluted water.",
"type": "example"
},
{
"bold_text_offsets": [
[
293,
297
]
],
"ref": "1944 November and December, A Former Pupil, “Some Memories of Crewe Works—II”, in Railway Magazine, page 342:",
"text": "It was, however, most interesting work, and the moulders themselves were a decent crowd, never tired of making jokes about themselves such as the hoary one that moulders did not live long, which however ran counter to the other one that no germs could live in a foundry—the atmosphere was too foul.",
"type": "quotation"
},
{
"bold_text_offsets": [
[
298,
302
]
],
"ref": "2013 June 29, “Unspontaneous combustion”, in The Economist, volume 407, number 8842, page 29:",
"text": "Since the mid-1980s, when Indonesia first began to clear its bountiful forests on an industrial scale in favour of lucrative palm-oil plantations, “haze” has become an almost annual occurrence in South-East Asia. The cheapest way to clear logged woodland is to burn it, producing an acrid cloud of foul white smoke that, carried by the wind, can cover hundreds, or even thousands, of square miles.",
"type": "quotation"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Covered with, or containing unclean matter; dirty."
],
"id": "en-foul-en-adj-c6Hlw4IU",
"links": [
[
"unclean",
"unclean"
],
[
"dirty",
"dirty"
]
],
"translations": [
{
"_dis1": "73 1 1 7 1 1 3 3 4 6",
"code": "bg",
"lang": "Bulgarian",
"lang_code": "bg",
"roman": "mrăsen",
"sense": "covered with, or containing, extraneous matter",
"word": "мръсен"
},
{
"_dis1": "73 1 1 7 1 1 3 3 4 6",
"code": "bg",
"lang": "Bulgarian",
"lang_code": "bg",
"roman": "zamărsen",
"sense": "covered with, or containing, extraneous matter",
"word": "замърсен"
},
{
"_dis1": "73 1 1 7 1 1 3 3 4 6",
"code": "cmn",
"lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
"lang_code": "cmn",
"roman": "wūzhuó",
"sense": "covered with, or containing, extraneous matter",
"word": "污濁 /污浊"
},
{
"_dis1": "73 1 1 7 1 1 3 3 4 6",
"code": "cmn",
"lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
"lang_code": "cmn",
"roman": "wūhuì",
"sense": "covered with, or containing, extraneous matter",
"word": "污穢 /污秽"
},
{
"_dis1": "73 1 1 7 1 1 3 3 4 6",
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"lang_code": "fi",
"sense": "covered with, or containing, extraneous matter",
"word": "likainen"
},
{
"_dis1": "73 1 1 7 1 1 3 3 4 6",
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"lang_code": "fi",
"sense": "covered with, or containing, extraneous matter",
"word": "saastainen"
},
{
"_dis1": "73 1 1 7 1 1 3 3 4 6",
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"lang_code": "fi",
"sense": "covered with, or containing, extraneous matter",
"word": "epäpuhdas"
},
{
"_dis1": "73 1 1 7 1 1 3 3 4 6",
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"lang_code": "fr",
"sense": "covered with, or containing, extraneous matter",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "souillé"
},
{
"_dis1": "73 1 1 7 1 1 3 3 4 6",
"code": "gl",
"lang": "Galician",
"lang_code": "gl",
"sense": "covered with, or containing, extraneous matter",
"word": "porco"
},
{
"_dis1": "73 1 1 7 1 1 3 3 4 6",
"code": "gl",
"lang": "Galician",
"lang_code": "gl",
"sense": "covered with, or containing, extraneous matter",
"word": "sucio"
},
{
"_dis1": "73 1 1 7 1 1 3 3 4 6",
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"lang_code": "de",
"sense": "covered with, or containing, extraneous matter",
"word": "schmutzig"
},
{
"_dis1": "73 1 1 7 1 1 3 3 4 6",
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"lang_code": "de",
"sense": "covered with, or containing, extraneous matter",
"word": "stinkend"
},
{
"_dis1": "73 1 1 7 1 1 3 3 4 6",
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"lang_code": "de",
"sense": "covered with, or containing, extraneous matter",
"word": "unrein"
},
{
"_dis1": "73 1 1 7 1 1 3 3 4 6",
"code": "got",
"lang": "Gothic",
"lang_code": "got",
"roman": "fuls",
"sense": "covered with, or containing, extraneous matter",
"word": "𐍆𐌿𐌻𐍃"
},
{
"_dis1": "73 1 1 7 1 1 3 3 4 6",
"code": "enm",
"lang": "Middle English",
"lang_code": "enm",
"sense": "covered with, or containing, extraneous matter",
"word": "foul"
},
{
"_dis1": "73 1 1 7 1 1 3 3 4 6",
"code": "pdt",
"lang": "Plautdietsch",
"lang_code": "pdt",
"sense": "covered with, or containing, extraneous matter",
"word": "ful"
},
{
"_dis1": "73 1 1 7 1 1 3 3 4 6",
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"lang_code": "ru",
"roman": "gádkij",
"sense": "covered with, or containing, extraneous matter",
"word": "га́дкий"
},
{
"_dis1": "73 1 1 7 1 1 3 3 4 6",
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"lang_code": "ru",
"roman": "grjáznyj",
"sense": "covered with, or containing, extraneous matter",
"word": "гря́зный"
},
{
"_dis1": "73 1 1 7 1 1 3 3 4 6",
"code": "gd",
"lang": "Scottish Gaelic",
"lang_code": "gd",
"sense": "covered with, or containing, extraneous matter",
"word": "caca"
},
{
"_dis1": "73 1 1 7 1 1 3 3 4 6",
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"lang_code": "es",
"sense": "covered with, or containing, extraneous matter",
"word": "inmundo"
},
{
"_dis1": "73 1 1 7 1 1 3 3 4 6",
"code": "ota",
"lang": "Ottoman Turkish",
"lang_code": "ota",
"roman": "pis",
"sense": "covered with, or containing, extraneous matter",
"word": "پیس"
},
{
"_dis1": "73 1 1 7 1 1 3 3 4 6",
"code": "ota",
"lang": "Ottoman Turkish",
"lang_code": "ota",
"roman": "murdar",
"sense": "covered with, or containing, extraneous matter",
"word": "مردار"
}
]
},
{
"categories": [],
"examples": [
{
"bold_text_offsets": [
[
36,
40
]
],
"text": "The rascal spewed forth a series of foul words.",
"type": "example"
},
{
"bold_text_offsets": [
[
4,
8
]
],
"text": "His foul language causes many people to believe he is uneducated.",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Obscene, vulgar or abusive."
],
"id": "en-foul-en-adj-wwlljGbi",
"links": [
[
"Obscene",
"obscene"
],
[
"vulgar",
"vulgar"
],
[
"abusive",
"abusive"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(of words or a way of speaking) Obscene, vulgar or abusive."
],
"raw_tags": [
"of words or a way of speaking"
],
"translations": [
{
"_dis1": "4 52 4 26 2 0 1 2 2 6",
"code": "bg",
"lang": "Bulgarian",
"lang_code": "bg",
"roman": "nepriličen",
"sense": "scurrilous; obscene or profane; abusive",
"word": "неприличен"
},
{
"_dis1": "4 52 4 26 2 0 1 2 2 6",
"code": "bg",
"lang": "Bulgarian",
"lang_code": "bg",
"roman": "nepristoen",
"sense": "scurrilous; obscene or profane; abusive",
"word": "непристоен"
},
{
"_dis1": "4 52 4 26 2 0 1 2 2 6",
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"lang_code": "fi",
"sense": "scurrilous; obscene or profane; abusive",
"word": "siivoton"
},
{
"_dis1": "4 52 4 26 2 0 1 2 2 6",
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"lang_code": "fi",
"sense": "scurrilous; obscene or profane; abusive",
"word": "ruma"
},
{
"_dis1": "4 52 4 26 2 0 1 2 2 6",
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"lang_code": "fi",
"sense": "scurrilous; obscene or profane; abusive",
"word": "törkyinen"
},
{
"_dis1": "4 52 4 26 2 0 1 2 2 6",
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"lang_code": "fi",
"sense": "scurrilous; obscene or profane; abusive",
"word": "törkeä"
},
{
"_dis1": "4 52 4 26 2 0 1 2 2 6",
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"lang_code": "fr",
"sense": "scurrilous; obscene or profane; abusive",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "indécent"
},
{
"_dis1": "4 52 4 26 2 0 1 2 2 6",
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"lang_code": "de",
"sense": "scurrilous; obscene or profane; abusive",
"word": "unflätig"
},
{
"_dis1": "4 52 4 26 2 0 1 2 2 6",
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"lang_code": "de",
"sense": "scurrilous; obscene or profane; abusive",
"word": "vulgär ausdrückend"
},
{
"_dis1": "4 52 4 26 2 0 1 2 2 6",
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"lang_code": "de",
"sense": "scurrilous; obscene or profane; abusive",
"word": "unanständig"
},
{
"_dis1": "4 52 4 26 2 0 1 2 2 6",
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"lang_code": "de",
"sense": "scurrilous; obscene or profane; abusive",
"word": "obszön"
},
{
"_dis1": "4 52 4 26 2 0 1 2 2 6",
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"lang_code": "de",
"sense": "scurrilous; obscene or profane; abusive",
"word": "gemein"
},
{
"_dis1": "4 52 4 26 2 0 1 2 2 6",
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"lang_code": "de",
"sense": "scurrilous; obscene or profane; abusive",
"word": "zotig"
},
{
"_dis1": "4 52 4 26 2 0 1 2 2 6",
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"lang_code": "de",
"sense": "scurrilous; obscene or profane; abusive",
"word": "garstig"
},
{
"_dis1": "4 52 4 26 2 0 1 2 2 6",
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"lang_code": "de",
"sense": "scurrilous; obscene or profane; abusive",
"word": "verdorben"
},
{
"_dis1": "4 52 4 26 2 0 1 2 2 6",
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"lang_code": "de",
"sense": "scurrilous; obscene or profane; abusive",
"word": "schlecht"
},
{
"_dis1": "4 52 4 26 2 0 1 2 2 6",
"code": "la",
"lang": "Latin",
"lang_code": "la",
"sense": "scurrilous; obscene or profane; abusive",
"word": "foedus"
},
{
"_dis1": "4 52 4 26 2 0 1 2 2 6",
"code": "enm",
"lang": "Middle English",
"lang_code": "enm",
"sense": "scurrilous; obscene or profane; abusive",
"word": "foul"
},
{
"_dis1": "4 52 4 26 2 0 1 2 2 6",
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"lang_code": "ru",
"roman": "nepristójnyj",
"sense": "scurrilous; obscene or profane; abusive",
"word": "непристо́йный"
},
{
"_dis1": "4 52 4 26 2 0 1 2 2 6",
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"lang_code": "ru",
"roman": "neprilíčnyj",
"sense": "scurrilous; obscene or profane; abusive",
"word": "неприли́чный"
},
{
"_dis1": "4 52 4 26 2 0 1 2 2 6",
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"lang_code": "ru",
"roman": "nepotrébnyj",
"sense": "scurrilous; obscene or profane; abusive",
"word": "непотре́бный"
},
{
"_dis1": "4 52 4 26 2 0 1 2 2 6",
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"lang_code": "ru",
"roman": "vulʹgárnyj",
"sense": "scurrilous; obscene or profane; abusive",
"word": "вульга́рный"
},
{
"_dis1": "4 52 4 26 2 0 1 2 2 6",
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"lang_code": "ru",
"roman": "poxábnyj",
"sense": "scurrilous; obscene or profane; abusive",
"word": "поха́бный"
},
{
"_dis1": "4 52 4 26 2 0 1 2 2 6",
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"lang_code": "ru",
"roman": "skvérnyj",
"sense": "scurrilous; obscene or profane; abusive",
"word": "скве́рный"
},
{
"_dis1": "4 52 4 26 2 0 1 2 2 6",
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"lang_code": "es",
"sense": "scurrilous; obscene or profane; abusive",
"word": "indecente"
},
{
"_dis1": "4 52 4 26 2 0 1 2 2 6",
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"lang_code": "es",
"sense": "scurrilous; obscene or profane; abusive",
"word": "grosero"
},
{
"_dis1": "4 52 4 26 2 0 1 2 2 6",
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"lang_code": "es",
"sense": "scurrilous; obscene or profane; abusive",
"word": "obsceno"
}
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "1 1 10 4 1 2 1 1 4 7 4 4 12 3 6 4 5 6 4 3 3 2 2 2 10",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Arabic translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "1 1 11 4 1 1 2 1 3 7 3 4 12 3 6 4 4 5 4 3 3 2 2 2 10",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Catalan translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "1 1 11 3 1 1 1 1 3 6 3 2 15 3 7 4 4 5 4 3 2 2 2 2 13",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Finnish translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "3 2 29 16 4 4 4 4 10 23",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Gothic translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "1 0 9 5 0 0 1 1 6 5 3 3 10 5 9 6 6 5 4 3 3 2 2 2 9",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Greek translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "1 0 13 3 0 0 1 1 3 6 3 3 14 3 7 5 4 5 4 3 3 2 2 2 11",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Latin translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "6 5 22 12 4 5 6 6 10 25",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Ottoman Turkish translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "2 1 51 10 0 1 3 2 8 23",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Plautdietsch translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "2 1 12 3 1 1 1 1 4 6 4 4 11 3 5 6 5 5 5 3 2 2 2 2 9",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Portuguese translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "1 0 13 3 0 0 1 1 3 6 3 3 14 3 8 5 4 5 4 3 3 2 2 2 11",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Russian translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "5 3 30 12 3 4 5 5 10 23",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Scottish Gaelic translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "1 1 12 4 1 1 1 1 3 7 3 3 12 3 6 4 4 5 4 3 3 2 2 2 11",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Swedish translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"bold_text_offsets": [
[
9,
13
]
],
"text": "He has a foul set of friends.",
"type": "example"
},
{
"bold_text_offsets": [
[
26,
30
]
],
"ref": "1610–1611 (date written), William Shakespeare, “The Tempest”, in Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies […] (First Folio), London: […] Isaac Iaggard, and Ed[ward] Blount, published 1623, →OCLC, [Act II, scene ii]:",
"text": "[…]Hast thou forgot / The foul witch Sycorax, who with age and envy / Was grown into a hoop? Hast thou forgot her?",
"type": "quotation"
},
{
"bold_text_offsets": [
[
31,
35
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],
"ref": "1667, John Milton, “Book I”, in Paradise Lost. […], London: […] [Samuel Simmons], and are to be sold by Peter Parker […]; [a]nd by Robert Boulter […]; [a]nd Matthias Walker, […], →OCLC; republished as Paradise Lost in Ten Books: […], London: Basil Montagu Pickering […], 1873, →OCLC:",
"text": "Who first seduced them to that foul revolt?",
"type": "quotation"
},
{
"bold_text_offsets": [
[
134,
138
]
],
"ref": "1982 March 18, Eric J. Cassel[l], “The Nature of Suffering and the Goals of Medicine”, in The New England Journal of Medicine, volume 306, number 11, →DOI, page 642:",
"text": "Cultural norms and social rules regulate whether someone can be among others or will be isolated, whether the sick will be considered foul or acceptable, and whether they are to be pitied or censured.",
"type": "quotation"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Detestable, unpleasant, loathsome."
],
"id": "en-foul-en-adj-QBCuI2Xo",
"links": [
[
"Detestable",
"detestable"
],
[
"unpleasant",
"unpleasant"
],
[
"loathsome",
"loathsome"
]
],
"synonyms": [
{
"_dis1": "0 0 74 12 2 1 1 0 3 6",
"sense": "hateful, detestable",
"word": "shameful"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 74 12 2 1 1 0 3 6",
"sense": "hateful, detestable",
"word": "odious"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 74 12 2 1 1 0 3 6",
"sense": "hateful, detestable",
"word": "wretched"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 74 12 2 1 1 0 3 6",
"sense": "hateful, detestable",
"word": "frightful"
}
],
"translations": [
{
"_dis1": "1 0 73 13 2 1 0 0 2 6",
"code": "bg",
"lang": "Bulgarian",
"lang_code": "bg",
"roman": "otvratitelen",
"sense": "hateful; detestable; shameful; wretched",
"word": "отвратителен"
},
{
"_dis1": "1 0 73 13 2 1 0 0 2 6",
"code": "bg",
"lang": "Bulgarian",
"lang_code": "bg",
"roman": "protiven",
"sense": "hateful; detestable; shameful; wretched",
"word": "противен"
},
{
"_dis1": "1 0 73 13 2 1 0 0 2 6",
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"lang_code": "fi",
"sense": "hateful; detestable; shameful; wretched",
"word": "häpeällinen"
},
{
"_dis1": "1 0 73 13 2 1 0 0 2 6",
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"lang_code": "fi",
"sense": "hateful; detestable; shameful; wretched",
"word": "häijy"
},
{
"_dis1": "1 0 73 13 2 1 0 0 2 6",
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"lang_code": "de",
"sense": "hateful; detestable; shameful; wretched",
"word": "widerlich"
},
{
"_dis1": "1 0 73 13 2 1 0 0 2 6",
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"lang_code": "de",
"sense": "hateful; detestable; shameful; wretched",
"word": "garstig"
},
{
"_dis1": "1 0 73 13 2 1 0 0 2 6",
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"lang_code": "de",
"sense": "hateful; detestable; shameful; wretched",
"word": "schlecht"
},
{
"_dis1": "1 0 73 13 2 1 0 0 2 6",
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"lang_code": "de",
"sense": "hateful; detestable; shameful; wretched",
"word": "schändlich"
},
{
"_dis1": "1 0 73 13 2 1 0 0 2 6",
"code": "la",
"lang": "Latin",
"lang_code": "la",
"sense": "hateful; detestable; shameful; wretched",
"word": "foedus"
},
{
"_dis1": "1 0 73 13 2 1 0 0 2 6",
"code": "enm",
"lang": "Middle English",
"lang_code": "enm",
"sense": "hateful; detestable; shameful; wretched",
"word": "foul"
},
{
"_dis1": "1 0 73 13 2 1 0 0 2 6",
"code": "pt",
"lang": "Portuguese",
"lang_code": "pt",
"sense": "hateful; detestable; shameful; wretched",
"tags": [
"feminine",
"masculine"
],
"word": "detestável"
},
{
"_dis1": "1 0 73 13 2 1 0 0 2 6",
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"lang_code": "ru",
"roman": "otvratítelʹnyj",
"sense": "hateful; detestable; shameful; wretched",
"word": "отврати́тельный"
},
{
"_dis1": "1 0 73 13 2 1 0 0 2 6",
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"lang_code": "ru",
"roman": "gádkij",
"sense": "hateful; detestable; shameful; wretched",
"word": "га́дкий"
},
{
"_dis1": "1 0 73 13 2 1 0 0 2 6",
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"lang_code": "es",
"sense": "hateful; detestable; shameful; wretched",
"word": "repugnante"
},
{
"_dis1": "1 0 73 13 2 1 0 0 2 6",
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"lang_code": "es",
"sense": "hateful; detestable; shameful; wretched",
"word": "perro"
}
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "6 5 22 12 4 5 6 6 10 25",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Ottoman Turkish translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"bold_text_offsets": [
[
5,
9
]
],
"text": "This foul food is making me retch.",
"type": "example"
},
{
"bold_text_offsets": [
[
12,
16
]
],
"text": "There was a foul smell coming from the toilet.",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Disgusting, repulsive; causing disgust."
],
"id": "en-foul-en-adj-wR2rjbXn",
"links": [
[
"Disgusting",
"disgusting"
],
[
"repulsive",
"repulsive"
],
[
"disgust",
"disgust"
]
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "rank"
},
{
"word": "frightful"
}
],
"translations": [
{
"_dis1": "2 3 7 76 5 2 0 1 2 1",
"code": "bg",
"lang": "Bulgarian",
"lang_code": "bg",
"roman": "otvratitelen",
"sense": "repulsive; disgusting; repugnant",
"word": "отвратителен"
},
{
"_dis1": "2 3 7 76 5 2 0 1 2 1",
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"lang_code": "fi",
"sense": "repulsive; disgusting; repugnant",
"word": "inhottava"
},
{
"_dis1": "2 3 7 76 5 2 0 1 2 1",
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"lang_code": "fi",
"sense": "repulsive; disgusting; repugnant",
"word": "iljettävä"
},
{
"_dis1": "2 3 7 76 5 2 0 1 2 1",
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"lang_code": "fi",
"sense": "repulsive; disgusting; repugnant",
"word": "vastenmielinen"
},
{
"_dis1": "2 3 7 76 5 2 0 1 2 1",
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"lang_code": "fr",
"sense": "repulsive; disgusting; repugnant",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "répugnant"
},
{
"_dis1": "2 3 7 76 5 2 0 1 2 1",
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"lang_code": "de",
"sense": "repulsive; disgusting; repugnant",
"word": "faul"
},
{
"_dis1": "2 3 7 76 5 2 0 1 2 1",
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"lang_code": "de",
"sense": "repulsive; disgusting; repugnant",
"word": "stinkend"
},
{
"_dis1": "2 3 7 76 5 2 0 1 2 1",
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"lang_code": "de",
"sense": "repulsive; disgusting; repugnant",
"word": "widerlich"
},
{
"_dis1": "2 3 7 76 5 2 0 1 2 1",
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"lang_code": "de",
"sense": "repulsive; disgusting; repugnant",
"word": "abscheulich"
},
{
"_dis1": "2 3 7 76 5 2 0 1 2 1",
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"lang_code": "de",
"sense": "repulsive; disgusting; repugnant",
"word": "abstoßend"
},
{
"_dis1": "2 3 7 76 5 2 0 1 2 1",
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"lang_code": "de",
"sense": "repulsive; disgusting; repugnant",
"word": "widerwärtig"
},
{
"_dis1": "2 3 7 76 5 2 0 1 2 1",
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"lang_code": "de",
"sense": "repulsive; disgusting; repugnant",
"word": "eklig"
},
{
"_dis1": "2 3 7 76 5 2 0 1 2 1",
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"lang_code": "de",
"sense": "repulsive; disgusting; repugnant",
"word": "ekelhaft"
},
{
"_dis1": "2 3 7 76 5 2 0 1 2 1",
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"lang_code": "de",
"sense": "repulsive; disgusting; repugnant",
"word": "scheußlich"
},
{
"_dis1": "2 3 7 76 5 2 0 1 2 1",
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"lang_code": "de",
"sense": "repulsive; disgusting; repugnant",
"word": "überriechend"
},
{
"_dis1": "2 3 7 76 5 2 0 1 2 1",
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"lang_code": "de",
"sense": "repulsive; disgusting; repugnant",
"word": "faulig"
},
{
"_dis1": "2 3 7 76 5 2 0 1 2 1",
"code": "it",
"lang": "Italian",
"lang_code": "it",
"sense": "repulsive; disgusting; repugnant",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "disgustoso"
},
{
"_dis1": "2 3 7 76 5 2 0 1 2 1",
"code": "it",
"lang": "Italian",
"lang_code": "it",
"sense": "repulsive; disgusting; repugnant",
"word": "ripugnante"
},
{
"_dis1": "2 3 7 76 5 2 0 1 2 1",
"code": "it",
"lang": "Italian",
"lang_code": "it",
"sense": "repulsive; disgusting; repugnant",
"word": "nauseante"
},
{
"_dis1": "2 3 7 76 5 2 0 1 2 1",
"code": "la",
"lang": "Latin",
"lang_code": "la",
"sense": "repulsive; disgusting; repugnant",
"word": "foedus"
},
{
"_dis1": "2 3 7 76 5 2 0 1 2 1",
"code": "enm",
"lang": "Middle English",
"lang_code": "enm",
"sense": "repulsive; disgusting; repugnant",
"word": "foul"
},
{
"_dis1": "2 3 7 76 5 2 0 1 2 1",
"code": "pdt",
"lang": "Plautdietsch",
"lang_code": "pdt",
"sense": "repulsive; disgusting; repugnant",
"word": "ful"
},
{
"_dis1": "2 3 7 76 5 2 0 1 2 1",
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"lang_code": "ru",
"roman": "otvratítelʹnyj",
"sense": "repulsive; disgusting; repugnant",
"word": "отврати́тельный"
},
{
"_dis1": "2 3 7 76 5 2 0 1 2 1",
"code": "gd",
"lang": "Scottish Gaelic",
"lang_code": "gd",
"sense": "repulsive; disgusting; repugnant",
"word": "caca"
},
{
"_dis1": "2 3 7 76 5 2 0 1 2 1",
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"lang_code": "es",
"sense": "repulsive; disgusting; repugnant",
"tags": [
"Latin-America"
],
"word": "jediondo"
},
{
"_dis1": "2 3 7 76 5 2 0 1 2 1",
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"lang_code": "es",
"sense": "repulsive; disgusting; repugnant",
"word": "hediondo"
},
{
"_dis1": "2 3 7 76 5 2 0 1 2 1",
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"lang_code": "es",
"sense": "repulsive; disgusting; repugnant",
"word": "fétido"
},
{
"_dis1": "2 3 7 76 5 2 0 1 2 1",
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"lang_code": "es",
"sense": "repulsive; disgusting; repugnant",
"word": "apestoso"
},
{
"_dis1": "2 3 7 76 5 2 0 1 2 1",
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"lang_code": "es",
"sense": "repulsive; disgusting; repugnant",
"word": "maloliente"
}
]
},
{
"categories": [],
"examples": [
{
"bold_text_offsets": [
[
33,
40
]
],
"ref": "c. 1602 (date written), William Shakespeare, “The Tragedie of Troylus and Cressida”, in Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies […] (First Folio), London: […] Isaac Iaggard, and Ed[ward] Blount, published 1623, →OCLC, [Act I, scene iii]:",
"text": "Let us, like merchants, show our foulest wares.",
"type": "quotation"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Ugly; homely; poor."
],
"id": "en-foul-en-adj-2ihNB4qD",
"links": [
[
"Ugly",
"ugly"
],
[
"homely",
"homely"
],
[
"poor",
"poor"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(obsolete) Ugly; homely; poor."
],
"tags": [
"obsolete"
],
"translations": [
{
"_dis1": "0 0 2 6 90 0 0 0 0 1",
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"lang_code": "fi",
"sense": "ugly; homely; poor",
"word": "kurja"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 2 6 90 0 0 0 0 1",
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"lang_code": "fi",
"sense": "ugly; homely; poor",
"word": "surkea"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 2 6 90 0 0 0 0 1",
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"lang_code": "de",
"sense": "ugly; homely; poor",
"word": "einfach"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 2 6 90 0 0 0 0 1",
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"lang_code": "de",
"sense": "ugly; homely; poor",
"word": "schlicht"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 2 6 90 0 0 0 0 1",
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"lang_code": "de",
"sense": "ugly; homely; poor",
"word": "gewöhnlich"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 2 6 90 0 0 0 0 1",
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"lang_code": "de",
"sense": "ugly; homely; poor",
"word": "arm"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 2 6 90 0 0 0 0 1",
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"lang_code": "de",
"sense": "ugly; homely; poor",
"word": "geringwertig"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 2 6 90 0 0 0 0 1",
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"lang_code": "de",
"sense": "ugly; homely; poor",
"word": "häßlich"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 2 6 90 0 0 0 0 1",
"code": "enm",
"lang": "Middle English",
"lang_code": "enm",
"sense": "ugly; homely; poor",
"word": "foul"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 2 6 90 0 0 0 0 1",
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"lang_code": "ru",
"roman": "otvratítelʹnyj",
"sense": "ugly; homely; poor",
"word": "отврати́тельный"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 2 6 90 0 0 0 0 1",
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"lang_code": "ru",
"roman": "bezobráznyj",
"sense": "ugly; homely; poor",
"word": "безобра́зный"
}
]
},
{
"categories": [],
"examples": [
{
"bold_text_offsets": [
[
5,
9
]
],
"text": "Some foul weather is brewing.",
"type": "example"
},
{
"bold_text_offsets": [
[
3,
7
]
],
"ref": "c. 1596 (date written), William Shakespeare, “The Life and Death of King Iohn”, in Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies […] (First Folio), London: […] Isaac Iaggard, and Ed[ward] Blount, published 1623, →OCLC, [Act IV, scene ii]:",
"text": "So foul a sky clears not without a storm.",
"type": "quotation"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Unpleasant, stormy or rainy. (of the weather)"
],
"id": "en-foul-en-adj-mpzf9P-x",
"links": [
[
"Unpleasant",
"unpleasant"
],
[
"stormy",
"stormy"
],
[
"rainy",
"rainy"
]
]
},
{
"categories": [],
"examples": [
{
"bold_text_offsets": [
[
0,
4
]
],
"text": "Foul play is not suspected.",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Dishonest or not conforming to the established rules and customs of a game, conflict, test, etc."
],
"id": "en-foul-en-adj-oRzosdjq",
"links": [
[
"Dishonest",
"dishonest"
]
],
"translations": [
{
"_dis1": "1 0 1 3 0 0 83 5 3 4",
"code": "bg",
"lang": "Bulgarian",
"lang_code": "bg",
"roman": "nečesten",
"sense": "not conformed to the established rules and customs of a game, conflict, test, etc.",
"word": "нечестен"
},
{
"_dis1": "1 0 1 3 0 0 83 5 3 4",
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"lang_code": "fi",
"sense": "not conformed to the established rules and customs of a game, conflict, test, etc.",
"word": "sääntöjen vastainen"
},
{
"_dis1": "1 0 1 3 0 0 83 5 3 4",
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"lang_code": "fi",
"sense": "not conformed to the established rules and customs of a game, conflict, test, etc.",
"word": "väärä"
},
{
"_dis1": "1 0 1 3 0 0 83 5 3 4",
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"lang_code": "fr",
"sense": "not conformed to the established rules and customs of a game, conflict, test, etc.",
"word": "faute"
},
{
"_dis1": "1 0 1 3 0 0 83 5 3 4",
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"lang_code": "de",
"sense": "not conformed to the established rules and customs of a game, conflict, test, etc.",
"word": "unfair"
},
{
"_dis1": "1 0 1 3 0 0 83 5 3 4",
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"lang_code": "de",
"sense": "not conformed to the established rules and customs of a game, conflict, test, etc.",
"word": "unehrlich"
},
{
"_dis1": "1 0 1 3 0 0 83 5 3 4",
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"lang_code": "de",
"sense": "not conformed to the established rules and customs of a game, conflict, test, etc.",
"word": "unaufrichtig"
},
{
"_dis1": "1 0 1 3 0 0 83 5 3 4",
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"lang_code": "ru",
"roman": "nečéstnyj",
"sense": "not conformed to the established rules and customs of a game, conflict, test, etc.",
"word": "нече́стный"
}
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"langcode": "en",
"name": "Nautical",
"orig": "en:Nautical",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"bold_text_offsets": [
[
12,
16
]
],
"text": "We've got a foul anchor.",
"type": "example"
},
{
"bold_text_offsets": [
[
17,
21
]
],
"text": "A rope could get foul while it is being paid out.",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Entangled and therefore restricting free movement, not clear."
],
"id": "en-foul-en-adj-U9FaI-Xp",
"links": [
[
"nautical",
"nautical"
],
[
"clear",
"clear"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(nautical) Entangled and therefore restricting free movement, not clear."
],
"topics": [
"nautical",
"transport"
]
},
{
"categories": [],
"examples": [
{
"ref": "2015, Transportation Safety Board of Canada, Railway Investigation Report R13T0192",
"text": "The bus had stopped just foul of the north track at the Erindale Station Road public railway crossing […] With the bus stationary, but still foul of the north track, the train struck one of its front mirrors."
},
{
"bold_text_offsets": [
[
60,
64
]
],
"ref": "2026 March 18, Greg Morse, “1996 crash driving freight reforms”, in RAIL, number 1057, page 50:",
"text": "Ten of the freight train's wagons had derailed, two of them foul of the Down Fast. At 2308, the TPO struck one of them, causing the locomotive (86239) to jack-knife and turn so that it was almost touching the end wall of a house in The Russetts, a new-build row that sat close to the line.",
"type": "quotation"
}
],
"glosses": [
"(with \"of\") Positioned on, in, or near enough to (a specified area) so as to obstruct it."
],
"id": "en-foul-en-adj-KjL1jLLe",
"links": [
[
"technical",
"technical"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(technical) (with \"of\") Positioned on, in, or near enough to (a specified area) so as to obstruct it."
],
"topics": [
"engineering",
"natural-sciences",
"physical-sciences",
"technical"
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"langcode": "en",
"name": "Baseball",
"orig": "en:Baseball",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"_dis": "2 0 23 13 8 2 7 3 9 31",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Middle English translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "6 5 22 12 4 5 6 6 10 25",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Ottoman Turkish translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"bold_text_offsets": [
[
10,
14
],
[
26,
30
]
],
"text": "Jones hit foul ball after foul ball.",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Outside of the base lines; in foul territory."
],
"id": "en-foul-en-adj-bbS8-7pI",
"links": [
[
"baseball",
"baseball"
],
[
"foul territory",
"foul territory"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(baseball) Outside of the base lines; in foul territory."
],
"topics": [
"ball-games",
"baseball",
"games",
"hobbies",
"lifestyle",
"sports"
],
"translations": [
{
"_dis1": "4 1 12 20 1 1 5 13 18 26",
"code": "bg",
"lang": "Bulgarian",
"lang_code": "bg",
"roman": "opleten",
"sense": "having freedom of motion interfered with by collision or entanglement",
"word": "оплетен"
},
{
"_dis1": "4 1 12 20 1 1 5 13 18 26",
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"lang_code": "fi",
"sense": "having freedom of motion interfered with by collision or entanglement",
"word": "juuttunut"
},
{
"_dis1": "4 1 12 20 1 1 5 13 18 26",
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"lang_code": "de",
"sense": "having freedom of motion interfered with by collision or entanglement",
"word": "festhängend"
},
{
"_dis1": "4 1 12 20 1 1 5 13 18 26",
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"lang_code": "de",
"sense": "having freedom of motion interfered with by collision or entanglement",
"word": "gefangen"
},
{
"_dis1": "4 1 12 20 1 1 5 13 18 26",
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"lang_code": "de",
"sense": "having freedom of motion interfered with by collision or entanglement",
"word": "verfangen"
},
{
"_dis1": "4 1 12 20 1 1 5 13 18 26",
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"lang_code": "de",
"sense": "having freedom of motion interfered with by collision or entanglement",
"word": "verhakt"
},
{
"_dis1": "4 1 12 20 1 1 5 13 18 26",
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"lang_code": "de",
"sense": "having freedom of motion interfered with by collision or entanglement",
"word": "verklemmt"
},
{
"_dis1": "1 0 0 3 1 0 1 1 1 91",
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"lang_code": "fi",
"sense": "outside of the base lines",
"word": "laiton"
},
{
"_dis1": "1 0 0 3 1 0 1 1 1 91",
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"lang_code": "fr",
"sense": "outside of the base lines",
"word": "hors-jeu"
}
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"enpr": "foul"
},
{
"ipa": "/faʊl/"
},
{
"rhymes": "-aʊl"
},
{
"enpr": "fou'əl"
},
{
"ipa": "/ˈfaʊ.əl/"
},
{
"audio": "en-us-foul.ogg",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/9/9b/En-us-foul.ogg/En-us-foul.ogg.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9b/En-us-foul.ogg",
"tags": [
"US"
]
},
{
"rhymes": "-aʊəl"
},
{
"homophone": "fowl"
}
],
"translations": [
{
"_dis1": "1 1 23 9 5 1 17 8 7 27",
"code": "bg",
"lang": "Bulgarian",
"lang_code": "bg",
"roman": "neblagoprijaten",
"sense": "not favorable; unpropitious",
"word": "неблагоприятен"
},
{
"_dis1": "1 1 23 9 5 1 17 8 7 27",
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"lang_code": "fi",
"sense": "not favorable; unpropitious",
"word": "kurja"
},
{
"_dis1": "1 1 23 9 5 1 17 8 7 27",
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"lang_code": "de",
"sense": "not favorable; unpropitious",
"word": "schlecht"
},
{
"_dis1": "1 1 23 9 5 1 17 8 7 27",
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"lang_code": "de",
"sense": "not favorable; unpropitious",
"word": "ungünstig"
},
{
"_dis1": "1 1 23 9 5 1 17 8 7 27",
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"lang_code": "ru",
"roman": "gádkij",
"sense": "not favorable; unpropitious",
"word": "га́дкий"
},
{
"_dis1": "1 1 23 9 5 1 17 8 7 27",
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"lang_code": "ru",
"roman": "skvérnyj",
"sense": "not favorable; unpropitious",
"word": "скве́рный"
},
{
"_dis1": "1 1 23 9 5 1 17 8 7 27",
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"lang_code": "ru",
"roman": "paskúdnyj",
"sense": "not favorable; unpropitious",
"word": "паску́дный"
}
],
"word": "foul"
}
{
"derived": [
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "biofoul"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "foulable"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "foul one's own nest"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "foul out"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "foul up"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "foul-up"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "overfoul"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "unfouled"
}
],
"etymology_number": "2",
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "",
"2": "i",
"3": "I"
},
"expansion": "I",
"name": "yesno"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "Inherited"
},
"expansion": "Inherited",
"name": "glossary"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "enm",
"3": "foulen",
"4": "",
"5": "",
"g": "",
"g2": "",
"g3": "",
"id": "",
"lit": "",
"nocat": "",
"pos": "",
"sc": "",
"sort": "",
"tr": "",
"ts": ""
},
"expansion": "Middle English foulen",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "enm",
"3": "foulen"
},
"expansion": "Inherited from Middle English foulen",
"name": "inh+"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "ang",
"3": "fūlian",
"t": "to become foul; rot; decay"
},
"expansion": "Old English fūlian (“to become foul; rot; decay”)",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "gmw-pro",
"3": "*fūlēn"
},
"expansion": "Proto-West Germanic *fūlēn",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "gem-pro",
"3": "*fūlāną",
"t": "to rot; decay"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic *fūlāną (“to rot; decay”)",
"name": "der"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Inherited from Middle English foulen, fulen, from Old English fūlian (“to become foul; rot; decay”), from Proto-West Germanic *fūlēn, from Proto-Germanic *fūlāną (“to rot; decay”).",
"forms": [
{
"form": "fouls",
"tags": [
"present",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "fouling",
"tags": [
"participle",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "fouled",
"tags": [
"participle",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "fouled",
"tags": [
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "foule",
"tags": [
"alternative",
"obsolete"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "foul (third-person singular simple present fouls, present participle fouling, simple past and past participle fouled)",
"name": "en-verb"
}
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "verb",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "1 0 9 5 0 0 1 1 6 5 3 3 10 5 9 6 6 5 4 3 3 2 2 2 9",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Greek translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "1 1 7 5 1 1 1 1 7 6 4 3 10 5 9 7 7 5 4 2 2 2 2 2 8",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Hungarian translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"bold_text_offsets": [
[
3,
7
]
],
"text": "to foul the face or hands with mire",
"type": "example"
},
{
"bold_text_offsets": [
[
6,
12
]
],
"text": "She's fouled her diaper.",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"To make dirty."
],
"id": "en-foul-en-verb-4V5i8FFu",
"links": [
[
"dirty",
"dirty"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(transitive) To make dirty."
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "befoul"
},
{
"word": "dirty"
},
{
"word": "besmirch"
},
{
"source": "Thesaurus:dirty",
"tags": [
"obsolete"
],
"word": "assoil"
},
{
"source": "Thesaurus:dirty",
"tags": [
"UK",
"dialectal"
],
"word": "beclart"
},
{
"source": "Thesaurus:dirty",
"tags": [
"obsolete"
],
"word": "bedaub"
},
{
"source": "Thesaurus:dirty",
"word": "bedirty"
},
{
"source": "Thesaurus:dirty",
"tags": [
"archaic",
"literary"
],
"word": "imbrue (especially with blood)"
},
{
"source": "Thesaurus:dirty",
"tags": [
"UK",
"dialectal"
],
"word": "bedizen"
},
{
"source": "Thesaurus:dirty",
"tags": [
"obsolete"
],
"word": "befile"
},
{
"source": "Thesaurus:dirty",
"tags": [
"rare"
],
"word": "befilth"
},
{
"source": "Thesaurus:dirty",
"word": "befoul"
},
{
"source": "Thesaurus:dirty",
"word": "begrime"
},
{
"source": "Thesaurus:dirty",
"tags": [
"archaic",
"obsolete"
],
"word": "beray"
},
{
"source": "Thesaurus:dirty",
"tags": [
"figuratively",
"vulgar"
],
"word": "beshit"
},
{
"source": "Thesaurus:dirty",
"word": "besmear"
},
{
"source": "Thesaurus:dirty",
"word": "besmirch"
},
{
"source": "Thesaurus:dirty",
"word": "besully"
},
{
"source": "Thesaurus:dirty",
"tags": [
"archaic",
"obsolete"
],
"word": "bewray"
},
{
"source": "Thesaurus:dirty",
"word": "blacken"
},
{
"source": "Thesaurus:dirty",
"word": "blot"
},
{
"source": "Thesaurus:dirty",
"tags": [
"obsolete"
],
"word": "blur"
},
{
"source": "Thesaurus:dirty",
"word": "clat"
},
{
"source": "Thesaurus:dirty",
"word": "contaminate"
},
{
"source": "Thesaurus:dirty",
"word": "darken"
},
{
"source": "Thesaurus:dirty",
"word": "defile"
},
{
"source": "Thesaurus:dirty",
"tags": [
"Uganda"
],
"word": "dirten"
},
{
"source": "Thesaurus:dirty",
"word": "dirty"
},
{
"source": "Thesaurus:dirty",
"tags": [
"Northern-England",
"Scotland"
],
"word": "elt"
},
{
"source": "Thesaurus:dirty",
"tags": [
"archaic"
],
"word": "file"
},
{
"source": "Thesaurus:dirty",
"tags": [
"obsolete"
],
"word": "foil"
},
{
"source": "Thesaurus:dirty",
"word": "foul"
},
{
"source": "Thesaurus:dirty",
"word": "gunk"
},
{
"source": "Thesaurus:dirty",
"word": "gunk up"
},
{
"source": "Thesaurus:dirty",
"word": "inquinate"
},
{
"source": "Thesaurus:dirty",
"word": "scunge"
},
{
"source": "Thesaurus:dirty",
"word": "sling mud"
},
{
"source": "Thesaurus:dirty",
"word": "slotter"
},
{
"source": "Thesaurus:dirty",
"word": "slur"
},
{
"source": "Thesaurus:dirty",
"word": "smear"
},
{
"source": "Thesaurus:dirty",
"word": "smirch"
},
{
"source": "Thesaurus:dirty",
"word": "smudge"
},
{
"source": "Thesaurus:dirty",
"word": "smut"
},
{
"source": "Thesaurus:dirty",
"word": "smutch"
},
{
"source": "Thesaurus:dirty",
"word": "soil"
},
{
"source": "Thesaurus:dirty",
"tags": [
"UK",
"dialectal"
],
"word": "soss"
},
{
"source": "Thesaurus:dirty",
"tags": [
"obsolete"
],
"word": "sowl"
},
{
"source": "Thesaurus:dirty",
"word": "spot"
},
{
"source": "Thesaurus:dirty",
"word": "stain"
},
{
"source": "Thesaurus:dirty",
"word": "sullow"
},
{
"source": "Thesaurus:dirty",
"word": "sully"
},
{
"source": "Thesaurus:dirty",
"word": "tarnish"
},
{
"source": "Thesaurus:dirty",
"tags": [
"UK",
"dialectal",
"obsolete"
],
"word": "uggle"
}
],
"tags": [
"transitive"
],
"translations": [
{
"_dis1": "82 12 3 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"code": "bg",
"lang": "Bulgarian",
"lang_code": "bg",
"roman": "capam",
"sense": "make dirty",
"word": "цапам"
},
{
"_dis1": "82 12 3 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"lang_code": "fi",
"sense": "make dirty",
"word": "liata"
},
{
"_dis1": "82 12 3 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"lang_code": "fi",
"sense": "make dirty",
"word": "tahrata"
},
{
"_dis1": "82 12 3 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"code": "gl",
"lang": "Galician",
"lang_code": "gl",
"sense": "make dirty",
"word": "enfouzar"
},
{
"_dis1": "82 12 3 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"code": "gl",
"lang": "Galician",
"lang_code": "gl",
"sense": "make dirty",
"word": "emporcar"
},
{
"_dis1": "82 12 3 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"code": "gl",
"lang": "Galician",
"lang_code": "gl",
"sense": "make dirty",
"word": "lixar"
},
{
"_dis1": "82 12 3 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"lang_code": "de",
"sense": "make dirty",
"word": "verschmutzen"
},
{
"_dis1": "82 12 3 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"lang_code": "de",
"sense": "make dirty",
"word": "beschmutzen"
},
{
"_dis1": "82 12 3 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"lang_code": "de",
"sense": "make dirty",
"word": "verunreinigen"
},
{
"_dis1": "82 12 3 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"lang_code": "de",
"sense": "make dirty",
"word": "sich in die Hose machen"
},
{
"_dis1": "82 12 3 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"lang_code": "de",
"sense": "make dirty",
"word": "sich einmachen"
},
{
"_dis1": "82 12 3 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"lang_code": "de",
"sense": "make dirty",
"word": "sich anmachen"
},
{
"_dis1": "82 12 3 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"lang_code": "de",
"sense": "make dirty",
"word": "versauen"
},
{
"_dis1": "82 12 3 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"lang_code": "de",
"sense": "make dirty",
"word": "verderben"
},
{
"_dis1": "82 12 3 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"lang_code": "de",
"sense": "make dirty",
"word": "verpfuschen"
},
{
"_dis1": "82 12 3 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"lang_code": "de",
"sense": "make dirty",
"word": "vermasseln"
},
{
"_dis1": "82 12 3 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"code": "it",
"lang": "Italian",
"lang_code": "it",
"sense": "make dirty",
"word": "imbrattare"
},
{
"_dis1": "82 12 3 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"code": "la",
"lang": "Latin",
"lang_code": "la",
"sense": "make dirty",
"word": "poluo"
},
{
"_dis1": "82 12 3 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"code": "la",
"lang": "Latin",
"lang_code": "la",
"sense": "make dirty",
"word": "polluo"
},
{
"_dis1": "82 12 3 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"lang_code": "ru",
"roman": "páčkatʹ",
"sense": "make dirty",
"word": "па́чкать"
},
{
"_dis1": "82 12 3 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"lang_code": "es",
"sense": "make dirty",
"word": "ensuciar"
},
{
"_dis1": "82 12 3 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"code": "sv",
"lang": "Swedish",
"lang_code": "sv",
"sense": "make dirty",
"word": "smutsa ner"
}
]
},
{
"categories": [],
"examples": [
{
"bold_text_offsets": [
[
5,
11
]
],
"text": "He's fouled his reputation.",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"To besmirch."
],
"id": "en-foul-en-verb-tHPJP7gF",
"links": [
[
"besmirch",
"besmirch"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(transitive) To besmirch."
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "denigrate"
},
{
"word": "diss"
},
{
"word": "traduce"
},
{
"source": "Thesaurus:defame",
"tags": [
"figuratively"
],
"word": "assassinate"
},
{
"source": "Thesaurus:defame",
"word": "asperse"
},
{
"source": "Thesaurus:defame",
"word": "backbite"
},
{
"source": "Thesaurus:defame",
"word": "badmouth"
},
{
"source": "Thesaurus:defame",
"tags": [
"figuratively"
],
"word": "befoul"
},
{
"source": "Thesaurus:defame",
"tags": [
"dated"
],
"word": "belibel"
},
{
"source": "Thesaurus:defame",
"word": "besmirch"
},
{
"source": "Thesaurus:defame",
"word": "besmear"
},
{
"source": "Thesaurus:defame",
"tags": [
"archaic"
],
"word": "bewray"
},
{
"source": "Thesaurus:defame",
"word": "blacken"
},
{
"source": "Thesaurus:defame",
"tags": [
"obsolete"
],
"word": "blame"
},
{
"source": "Thesaurus:defame",
"word": "blaze"
},
{
"source": "Thesaurus:defame",
"word": "blemish"
},
{
"source": "Thesaurus:defame",
"word": "blot"
},
{
"source": "Thesaurus:defame",
"word": "blur"
},
{
"source": "Thesaurus:defame",
"word": "calumniate"
},
{
"source": "Thesaurus:defame",
"word": "calumny"
},
{
"source": "Thesaurus:defame",
"tags": [
"Commonwealth",
"slang",
"vulgar"
],
"word": "chat shit"
},
{
"source": "Thesaurus:defame",
"tags": [
"Ireland",
"UK",
"slang",
"vulgar"
],
"word": "chat shite"
},
{
"source": "Thesaurus:defame",
"word": "cloud"
},
{
"source": "Thesaurus:defame",
"word": "defame"
},
{
"source": "Thesaurus:defame",
"tags": [
"figuratively"
],
"word": "demonize"
},
{
"source": "Thesaurus:defame",
"word": "denigrate"
},
{
"source": "Thesaurus:defame",
"word": "deprave"
},
{
"source": "Thesaurus:defame",
"word": "depreciate"
},
{
"source": "Thesaurus:defame",
"word": "detract"
},
{
"source": "Thesaurus:defame",
"word": "dirty"
},
{
"source": "Thesaurus:defame",
"word": "discredit"
},
{
"source": "Thesaurus:defame",
"word": "disgrace"
},
{
"source": "Thesaurus:defame",
"word": "disparage"
},
{
"source": "Thesaurus:defame",
"word": "disrepute"
},
{
"source": "Thesaurus:defame",
"tags": [
"slang"
],
"word": "diss"
},
{
"source": "Thesaurus:defame",
"tags": [
"idiomatic"
],
"word": "drag through the mud"
},
{
"source": "Thesaurus:defame",
"tags": [
"obsolete"
],
"word": "forgab"
},
{
"source": "Thesaurus:defame",
"tags": [
"obsolete"
],
"word": "forspeak"
},
{
"source": "Thesaurus:defame",
"word": "foul"
},
{
"source": "Thesaurus:defame",
"word": "infamize"
},
{
"source": "Thesaurus:defame",
"word": "lampoon"
},
{
"source": "Thesaurus:defame",
"word": "libel"
},
{
"source": "Thesaurus:defame",
"word": "malign"
},
{
"source": "Thesaurus:defame",
"word": "monsterize"
},
{
"source": "Thesaurus:defame",
"tags": [
"figuratively"
],
"word": "muddy"
},
{
"source": "Thesaurus:defame",
"word": "reproach"
},
{
"source": "Thesaurus:defame",
"word": "revile"
},
{
"source": "Thesaurus:defame",
"tags": [
"obsolete"
],
"word": "scandal"
},
{
"source": "Thesaurus:defame",
"tags": [
"slang",
"vulgar"
],
"word": "shit-talk"
},
{
"source": "Thesaurus:defame",
"tags": [
"UK",
"slang"
],
"word": "slag"
},
{
"source": "Thesaurus:defame",
"tags": [
"obsolete"
],
"word": "slander"
},
{
"source": "Thesaurus:defame",
"word": "smear"
},
{
"source": "Thesaurus:defame",
"tags": [
"archaic",
"figuratively"
],
"word": "smirch"
},
{
"source": "Thesaurus:defame",
"tags": [
"figuratively",
"obsolete"
],
"word": "spatter"
},
{
"source": "Thesaurus:defame",
"word": "spot"
},
{
"source": "Thesaurus:defame",
"word": "speak ill of"
},
{
"source": "Thesaurus:defame",
"tags": [
"figuratively"
],
"word": "stab"
},
{
"source": "Thesaurus:defame",
"word": "stain"
},
{
"source": "Thesaurus:defame",
"word": "sully"
},
{
"source": "Thesaurus:defame",
"tags": [
"slang",
"vulgar"
],
"word": "talk shit"
},
{
"source": "Thesaurus:defame",
"tags": [
"UK",
"slang",
"vulgar"
],
"word": "talk shite"
},
{
"source": "Thesaurus:defame",
"tags": [
"US",
"slang"
],
"word": "talk trash"
},
{
"source": "Thesaurus:defame",
"word": "tarnish"
},
{
"source": "Thesaurus:defame",
"tags": [
"figuratively"
],
"word": "torch"
},
{
"source": "Thesaurus:defame",
"word": "traduce"
},
{
"source": "Thesaurus:defame",
"tags": [
"US",
"slang"
],
"word": "trash-talk"
},
{
"source": "Thesaurus:defame",
"word": "unflatter"
},
{
"source": "Thesaurus:defame",
"word": "vilify"
},
{
"source": "Thesaurus:defame",
"tags": [
"dated",
"formal"
],
"word": "vilipend"
},
{
"source": "Thesaurus:defame",
"word": "villainize"
},
{
"source": "Thesaurus:defame",
"word": "wrong"
}
],
"tags": [
"transitive"
],
"translations": [
{
"_dis1": "21 73 7 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"code": "bg",
"lang": "Bulgarian",
"lang_code": "bg",
"roman": "opetnjavam",
"sense": "besmirch",
"word": "опетнявам"
},
{
"_dis1": "21 73 7 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"code": "nl",
"lang": "Dutch",
"lang_code": "nl",
"sense": "besmirch",
"word": "besmeuren"
},
{
"_dis1": "21 73 7 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"lang_code": "fi",
"sense": "besmirch",
"word": "tahrata"
},
{
"_dis1": "21 73 7 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"lang_code": "de",
"sense": "besmirch",
"word": "verschmutzen"
},
{
"_dis1": "21 73 7 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"lang_code": "de",
"sense": "besmirch",
"word": "beschmutzen"
},
{
"_dis1": "21 73 7 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"lang_code": "de",
"sense": "besmirch",
"word": "verderben"
},
{
"_dis1": "21 73 7 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"code": "la",
"lang": "Latin",
"lang_code": "la",
"sense": "besmirch",
"word": "foedō"
},
{
"_dis1": "21 73 7 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"lang_code": "ru",
"roman": "pjatnatʹ",
"sense": "besmirch",
"word": "пятнать"
},
{
"_dis1": "21 73 7 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"lang_code": "es",
"sense": "besmirch",
"word": "ensuciar"
},
{
"_dis1": "21 73 7 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"code": "sv",
"lang": "Swedish",
"lang_code": "sv",
"sense": "besmirch",
"word": "befläcka"
}
]
},
{
"categories": [],
"examples": [
{
"bold_text_offsets": [
[
13,
19
]
],
"text": "The hair has fouled the drain.",
"type": "example"
},
{
"bold_text_offsets": [
[
116,
123
]
],
"ref": "1959 November 4, P. W. B. Semmens, “Sunday Diversions on the East Coast Main Line”, in Railway Magazine, page 759:",
"text": "The recent opening of the bridge at the south end of Lincoln Station has enabled trains to take water there without fouling the level crossings at both ends of the platforms.",
"type": "quotation"
},
{
"bold_text_offsets": [
[
95,
101
]
],
"ref": "1961 November, “Talking of Trains: Aircraft on rail tracks”, in Trains Illustrated, page 650:",
"text": "As a result of the accident at Southend Airport when a Hermes aircraft overshot the runway and fouled the down Shenfield to Southend Victoria line between Rochford and Prittlewell, the Eastern Region is considering warning arrangements, which have already been provided on some lines running past aerodromes.",
"type": "quotation"
},
{
"bold_text_offsets": [
[
36,
42
]
],
"ref": "2013, Miles Johannesburg, The Airgun Hunters Chronicles:",
"text": "Unbelievable. Nearly all shots were fouled by twigs or branches.",
"type": "quotation"
},
{
"bold_text_offsets": [
[
60,
66
]
],
"ref": "2018 September 21, Martin Irons, Phalanx Against the Divine Wind: Protecting the Fast Carrier Task Force During World War 2, Lulu.com, →ISBN, page 217:",
"text": "Porterfields 5\" guns were of little use as their shots were fouled' by the other task group warships down range.",
"type": "quotation"
},
{
"ref": "2020, Yoon Ha Lee, Phoenix Extravagant, start of chapter 21",
"text": "“You were lucky the shot was fouled,” said a dispassionate voice."
}
],
"glosses": [
"To obstruct, block, or otherwise interfere with (something), for example by clogging (a drain, gun barrel, chimney, etc) or by being in the way of (a gunshot, etc)."
],
"id": "en-foul-en-verb-Hjd9~~d~",
"links": [
[
"obstruct",
"obstruct"
],
[
"block",
"block"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(transitive, intransitive) To obstruct, block, or otherwise interfere with (something), for example by clogging (a drain, gun barrel, chimney, etc) or by being in the way of (a gunshot, etc)."
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "choke"
},
{
"word": "clog"
},
{
"word": "impede"
},
{
"source": "Thesaurus:obstruct",
"word": "barricade"
},
{
"source": "Thesaurus:obstruct",
"word": "block"
},
{
"source": "Thesaurus:obstruct",
"word": "choke"
},
{
"source": "Thesaurus:obstruct",
"word": "clog"
},
{
"source": "Thesaurus:obstruct",
"word": "close off"
},
{
"source": "Thesaurus:obstruct",
"word": "cumber"
},
{
"source": "Thesaurus:obstruct",
"word": "forslow"
},
{
"source": "Thesaurus:obstruct",
"tags": [
"archaic"
],
"word": "forwork"
},
{
"source": "Thesaurus:obstruct",
"word": "foul"
},
{
"source": "Thesaurus:obstruct",
"word": "gunk up"
},
{
"source": "Thesaurus:obstruct",
"word": "hamper"
},
{
"source": "Thesaurus:obstruct",
"word": "hinder"
},
{
"source": "Thesaurus:obstruct",
"word": "impede"
},
{
"source": "Thesaurus:obstruct",
"word": "interfere"
},
{
"source": "Thesaurus:obstruct",
"word": "interrupt"
},
{
"source": "Thesaurus:obstruct",
"word": "intervene"
},
{
"source": "Thesaurus:obstruct",
"word": "jam"
},
{
"source": "Thesaurus:obstruct",
"word": "obstruct"
},
{
"source": "Thesaurus:obstruct",
"word": "obturate"
},
{
"source": "Thesaurus:obstruct",
"word": "occlude"
},
{
"source": "Thesaurus:obstruct",
"word": "plug"
},
{
"source": "Thesaurus:obstruct",
"word": "roadblock"
},
{
"source": "Thesaurus:obstruct",
"word": "seal"
},
{
"source": "Thesaurus:obstruct",
"word": "stonewall"
},
{
"source": "Thesaurus:obstruct",
"word": "thwart"
},
{
"source": "Thesaurus:obstruct",
"word": "yield"
}
],
"tags": [
"intransitive",
"transitive"
],
"translations": [
{
"_dis1": "26 3 56 2 3 1 1 1 4 1 2",
"code": "bg",
"lang": "Bulgarian",
"lang_code": "bg",
"roman": "zadrăstvam",
"sense": "clog or obstruct",
"word": "задръствам"
},
{
"_dis1": "26 3 56 2 3 1 1 1 4 1 2",
"code": "nl",
"lang": "Dutch",
"lang_code": "nl",
"sense": "clog or obstruct",
"word": "verstoppen"
},
{
"_dis1": "26 3 56 2 3 1 1 1 4 1 2",
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"lang_code": "fi",
"sense": "clog or obstruct",
"word": "tukkia"
},
{
"_dis1": "26 3 56 2 3 1 1 1 4 1 2",
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"lang_code": "de",
"sense": "clog or obstruct",
"word": "verstopfen"
},
{
"_dis1": "26 3 56 2 3 1 1 1 4 1 2",
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"lang_code": "de",
"sense": "clog or obstruct",
"word": "blockieren"
},
{
"_dis1": "26 3 56 2 3 1 1 1 4 1 2",
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"lang_code": "ru",
"roman": "zasorjátʹ",
"sense": "clog or obstruct",
"word": "засоря́ть"
},
{
"_dis1": "26 3 56 2 3 1 1 1 4 1 2",
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"lang_code": "es",
"sense": "clog or obstruct",
"word": "tapar"
},
{
"_dis1": "26 3 56 2 3 1 1 1 4 1 2",
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"lang_code": "es",
"sense": "clog or obstruct",
"word": "obstruer"
}
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"langcode": "en",
"name": "Nautical",
"orig": "en:Nautical",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"bold_text_offsets": [
[
13,
19
]
],
"text": "The kelp has fouled the prop.",
"type": "example"
},
{
"bold_text_offsets": [
[
130,
136
]
],
"ref": "1941, Emily Carr, chapter 18, in Klee Wyck:",
"text": "The Indian's heart was sore for his boat; it looked as if nothing could save her. She was drifting more slowly now, her propeller fouled in kelp.",
"type": "quotation"
}
],
"glosses": [
"To entangle."
],
"id": "en-foul-en-verb-1ZBc66M1",
"links": [
[
"nautical",
"nautical"
],
[
"entangle",
"entangle"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(transitive, nautical) To entangle."
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "ensnare"
},
{
"word": "snarl"
},
{
"source": "Thesaurus:tangle",
"word": "enmesh"
},
{
"source": "Thesaurus:tangle",
"tags": [
"figuratively"
],
"word": "ensnare"
},
{
"source": "Thesaurus:tangle",
"word": "ensnarl"
},
{
"source": "Thesaurus:tangle",
"word": "entangle"
},
{
"source": "Thesaurus:tangle",
"word": "foul"
},
{
"source": "Thesaurus:tangle",
"tags": [
"archaic"
],
"word": "implicate"
},
{
"source": "Thesaurus:tangle",
"tags": [
"archaic"
],
"word": "imply"
},
{
"source": "Thesaurus:tangle",
"tags": [
"figuratively"
],
"word": "involve"
},
{
"source": "Thesaurus:tangle",
"word": "mat"
},
{
"source": "Thesaurus:tangle",
"word": "ravel"
},
{
"source": "Thesaurus:tangle",
"word": "snarl"
},
{
"source": "Thesaurus:tangle",
"word": "tangle"
}
],
"tags": [
"transitive"
],
"topics": [
"nautical",
"transport"
],
"translations": [
{
"_dis1": "3 4 2 80 1 0 0 0 1 6 1",
"code": "bg",
"lang": "Bulgarian",
"lang_code": "bg",
"roman": "oplitam",
"sense": "entangle",
"word": "оплитам"
},
{
"_dis1": "3 4 2 80 1 0 0 0 1 6 1",
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"lang_code": "de",
"sense": "entangle",
"word": "verwirren"
},
{
"_dis1": "3 4 2 80 1 0 0 0 1 6 1",
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"lang_code": "de",
"sense": "entangle",
"word": "verwickeln"
},
{
"_dis1": "3 4 2 80 1 0 0 0 1 6 1",
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"lang_code": "de",
"sense": "entangle",
"word": "hängenbleiben"
},
{
"_dis1": "3 4 2 80 1 0 0 0 1 6 1",
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"lang_code": "de",
"sense": "entangle",
"word": "sich verfangen"
},
{
"_dis1": "3 4 2 80 1 0 0 0 1 6 1",
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"lang_code": "de",
"sense": "entangle",
"word": "festhängen"
},
{
"_dis1": "3 4 2 80 1 0 0 0 1 6 1",
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"lang_code": "ru",
"roman": "zapútyvatʹ",
"sense": "entangle",
"word": "запу́тывать"
},
{
"_dis1": "3 4 2 80 1 0 0 0 1 6 1",
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"lang_code": "es",
"sense": "entangle",
"word": "enredar"
}
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"langcode": "en",
"name": "Basketball",
"orig": "en:Basketball",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"langcode": "en",
"name": "Football (soccer)",
"orig": "en:Football (soccer)",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"_dis": "3 0 0 6 0 0 2 3 3 4 5 5 7 5 5 5 6 5 7 5 5 3 5 5 7",
"kind": "other",
"langcode": "en",
"name": "Hygiene",
"orig": "en:Hygiene",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"bold_text_offsets": [
[
6,
12
]
],
"text": "Smith fouled him hard.",
"type": "example"
},
{
"bold_text_offsets": [
[
78,
84
]
],
"ref": "2011 January 8, Chris Bevan, “Arsenal 1 - 1 Leeds”, in BBC:",
"text": "The Gunners dominated for long periods but, against the run of play, Denilson fouled Max Gradel and Robert Snodgrass put Leeds ahead from the spot.",
"type": "quotation"
}
],
"glosses": [
"To make make a play, such as a strong contact with an opposing player in order to gain advantage, that is deemed by the referee to have contravened the rules."
],
"id": "en-foul-en-verb-ZONili~B",
"links": [
[
"basketball",
"basketball"
],
[
"soccer",
"soccer"
],
[
"referee",
"referee"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(transitive, basketball, soccer) To make make a play, such as a strong contact with an opposing player in order to gain advantage, that is deemed by the referee to have contravened the rules."
],
"tags": [
"transitive"
],
"topics": [
"ball-games",
"basketball",
"games",
"hobbies",
"lifestyle",
"soccer",
"sports"
],
"translations": [
{
"_dis1": "4 2 4 3 68 4 4 3 2 2 4",
"code": "bg",
"lang": "Bulgarian",
"lang_code": "bg",
"roman": "fauliram",
"sense": "make contact with an opposing player in order to gain advantage that is deemed to contravene the rules",
"word": "фаулирам"
},
{
"_dis1": "4 2 4 3 68 4 4 3 2 2 4",
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"lang_code": "fi",
"sense": "make contact with an opposing player in order to gain advantage that is deemed to contravene the rules",
"word": "rikkoa sääntöjä"
},
{
"_dis1": "4 2 4 3 68 4 4 3 2 2 4",
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"lang_code": "de",
"sense": "make contact with an opposing player in order to gain advantage that is deemed to contravene the rules",
"word": "foulen"
},
{
"_dis1": "4 2 4 3 68 4 4 3 2 2 4",
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"lang_code": "de",
"sense": "make contact with an opposing player in order to gain advantage that is deemed to contravene the rules",
"word": "kollidieren"
},
{
"_dis1": "4 2 4 3 68 4 4 3 2 2 4",
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"lang_code": "de",
"sense": "make contact with an opposing player in order to gain advantage that is deemed to contravene the rules",
"word": "zusammenstossen"
},
{
"_dis1": "4 2 4 3 68 4 4 3 2 2 4",
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"lang_code": "de",
"sense": "make contact with an opposing player in order to gain advantage that is deemed to contravene the rules",
"word": "zusammenstoßen"
},
{
"_dis1": "4 2 4 3 68 4 4 3 2 2 4",
"code": "pl",
"lang": "Polish",
"lang_code": "pl",
"sense": "make contact with an opposing player in order to gain advantage that is deemed to contravene the rules",
"tags": [
"imperfective"
],
"word": "faulować"
},
{
"_dis1": "4 2 4 3 68 4 4 3 2 2 4",
"code": "pl",
"lang": "Polish",
"lang_code": "pl",
"sense": "make contact with an opposing player in order to gain advantage that is deemed to contravene the rules",
"tags": [
"perfective"
],
"word": "sfaulować"
}
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"langcode": "en",
"name": "Basketball",
"orig": "en:Basketball",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"langcode": "en",
"name": "Football (soccer)",
"orig": "en:Football (soccer)",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"bold_text_offsets": [
[
6,
12
]
],
"text": "Smith fouled within the first minute of the quarter.",
"type": "example"
},
{
"bold_text_offsets": [
[
13,
20
]
],
"ref": "2009, Brandon Lang, Stanley Cohen, Beating the Odds: The Rise, Fall, and Resurrection of a Sports Handicapper, →ISBN:",
"text": "State begins fouling and UCLA misses a couple of front-end free throws on one-and-ones.",
"type": "quotation"
}
],
"glosses": [
"To commit a foul."
],
"id": "en-foul-en-verb-wGGmssxo",
"links": [
[
"basketball",
"basketball"
],
[
"soccer",
"soccer"
],
[
"foul",
"#Noun"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(intransitive, basketball, soccer) To commit a foul."
],
"tags": [
"intransitive"
],
"topics": [
"ball-games",
"basketball",
"games",
"hobbies",
"lifestyle",
"soccer",
"sports"
],
"translations": [
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 100 0 0 0 0 0",
"code": "bg",
"lang": "Bulgarian",
"lang_code": "bg",
"roman": "fauliram",
"sense": "commit a foul",
"word": "фаулирам"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 100 0 0 0 0 0",
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"lang_code": "de",
"sense": "commit a foul",
"word": "foulen"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 100 0 0 0 0 0",
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"lang_code": "de",
"sense": "commit a foul",
"word": "unanständig spielen"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 100 0 0 0 0 0",
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"lang_code": "de",
"sense": "commit a foul",
"word": "unfair spielen"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 100 0 0 0 0 0",
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"lang_code": "de",
"sense": "commit a foul",
"word": "falsch spielen"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 100 0 0 0 0 0",
"code": "pl",
"lang": "Polish",
"lang_code": "pl",
"sense": "commit a foul",
"tags": [
"imperfective"
],
"word": "faulować"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 100 0 0 0 0 0",
"code": "pl",
"lang": "Polish",
"lang_code": "pl",
"sense": "commit a foul",
"tags": [
"perfective"
],
"word": "sfaulować"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 100 0 0 0 0 0",
"code": "pt",
"lang": "Portuguese",
"lang_code": "pt",
"sense": "commit a foul",
"word": "fazer uma falta"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 100 0 0 0 0 0",
"code": "pt",
"lang": "Portuguese",
"lang_code": "pt",
"sense": "commit a foul",
"word": "cometer uma falta"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 100 0 0 0 0 0",
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"lang_code": "ru",
"roman": "folítʹ",
"sense": "commit a foul",
"word": "фоли́ть"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 100 0 0 0 0 0",
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"lang_code": "es",
"sense": "commit a foul",
"word": "cometer una falta"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 100 0 0 0 0 0",
"code": "sv",
"lang": "Swedish",
"lang_code": "sv",
"sense": "commit a foul",
"word": "foula"
}
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"langcode": "en",
"name": "Baseball",
"orig": "en:Baseball",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"bold_text_offsets": [
[
6,
12
]
],
"text": "Jones fouled the ball off the facing of the upper deck.",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"To hit outside of the baselines."
],
"id": "en-foul-en-verb-6eMXMFO4",
"links": [
[
"baseball",
"baseball"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(transitive, baseball) To hit outside of the baselines."
],
"tags": [
"transitive"
],
"topics": [
"ball-games",
"baseball",
"games",
"hobbies",
"lifestyle",
"sports"
],
"translations": [
{
"_dis1": "1 1 2 1 4 2 63 24 1 1 1",
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"lang_code": "fi",
"sense": "hit outside of the baselines",
"word": "lyödä ulos"
},
{
"_dis1": "1 1 2 1 4 2 63 24 1 1 1",
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"lang_code": "fi",
"sense": "hit outside of the baselines",
"word": "lyödä väärä"
},
{
"_dis1": "1 1 2 1 4 2 63 24 1 1 1",
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"lang_code": "de",
"sense": "hit outside of the baselines",
"word": "foulen"
},
{
"_dis1": "1 1 2 1 4 2 63 24 1 1 1",
"code": "pl",
"lang": "Polish",
"lang_code": "pl",
"sense": "hit outside of the baselines",
"tags": [
"imperfective"
],
"word": "faulować"
},
{
"_dis1": "1 1 2 1 4 2 63 24 1 1 1",
"code": "pl",
"lang": "Polish",
"lang_code": "pl",
"sense": "hit outside of the baselines",
"tags": [
"perfective"
],
"word": "sfaulować"
}
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"langcode": "en",
"name": "Baseball",
"orig": "en:Baseball",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"bold_text_offsets": [
[
6,
12
]
],
"text": "Jones fouled for strike one.",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"To hit a ball outside of the baselines."
],
"id": "en-foul-en-verb-XTExTmzI",
"links": [
[
"baseball",
"baseball"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(intransitive, baseball) To hit a ball outside of the baselines."
],
"tags": [
"intransitive"
],
"topics": [
"ball-games",
"baseball",
"games",
"hobbies",
"lifestyle",
"sports"
],
"translations": [
{
"_dis1": "1 1 1 1 4 2 26 62 1 1 1",
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"lang_code": "de",
"sense": "hit a ball outside of the baselines",
"word": "foulen"
},
{
"_dis1": "1 1 1 1 4 2 26 62 1 1 1",
"code": "pl",
"lang": "Polish",
"lang_code": "pl",
"sense": "hit a ball outside of the baselines",
"tags": [
"imperfective"
],
"word": "faulować"
},
{
"_dis1": "1 1 1 1 4 2 26 62 1 1 1",
"code": "pl",
"lang": "Polish",
"lang_code": "pl",
"sense": "hit a ball outside of the baselines",
"tags": [
"perfective"
],
"word": "sfaulować"
},
{
"_dis1": "1 1 1 1 4 2 26 62 1 1 1",
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"lang_code": "ru",
"roman": "zafalivatʹ",
"sense": "hit a ball outside of the baselines",
"tags": [
"slang"
],
"word": "зафаливать"
}
]
},
{
"categories": [],
"examples": [
{
"bold_text_offsets": [
[
10,
16
]
],
"text": "The drain fouled.",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"To become clogged."
],
"id": "en-foul-en-verb-SRDMwq~X",
"raw_glosses": [
"(intransitive) To become clogged."
],
"tags": [
"intransitive"
],
"translations": [
{
"_dis1": "2 1 3 1 2 1 1 1 62 23 4",
"code": "bg",
"lang": "Bulgarian",
"lang_code": "bg",
"roman": "zadrăstvam se",
"sense": "become clogged",
"word": "задръствам се"
},
{
"_dis1": "2 1 3 1 2 1 1 1 62 23 4",
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"lang_code": "fi",
"sense": "become clogged",
"word": "tukkeutua"
},
{
"_dis1": "2 1 3 1 2 1 1 1 62 23 4",
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"lang_code": "de",
"sense": "become clogged",
"word": "verstopften"
},
{
"_dis1": "2 1 3 1 2 1 1 1 62 23 4",
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"lang_code": "de",
"sense": "become clogged",
"word": "blockieren"
},
{
"_dis1": "2 1 3 1 2 1 1 1 62 23 4",
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"lang_code": "ru",
"roman": "zasorjatʹsja",
"sense": "become clogged",
"word": "засоряться"
},
{
"_dis1": "2 1 3 1 2 1 1 1 62 23 4",
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"lang_code": "es",
"sense": "become clogged",
"word": "taparse"
}
]
},
{
"categories": [],
"examples": [
{
"bold_text_offsets": [
[
9,
15
]
],
"text": "The prop fouled on the kelp.",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"To become entangled."
],
"id": "en-foul-en-verb-Tsjyg-O7",
"raw_glosses": [
"(intransitive) To become entangled."
],
"tags": [
"intransitive"
],
"translations": [
{
"_dis1": "1 1 1 10 2 0 1 1 22 58 4",
"code": "bg",
"lang": "Bulgarian",
"lang_code": "bg",
"roman": "oplitam se",
"sense": "become entangled",
"word": "оплитам се"
},
{
"_dis1": "1 1 1 10 2 0 1 1 22 58 4",
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"lang_code": "fi",
"sense": "become entangled",
"word": "sotkeutua"
},
{
"_dis1": "1 1 1 10 2 0 1 1 22 58 4",
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"lang_code": "de",
"sense": "become entangled",
"word": "verwirrt werden"
},
{
"_dis1": "1 1 1 10 2 0 1 1 22 58 4",
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"lang_code": "de",
"sense": "become entangled",
"word": "sich verwickeln"
},
{
"_dis1": "1 1 1 10 2 0 1 1 22 58 4",
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"lang_code": "de",
"sense": "become entangled",
"word": "sich verfangen"
},
{
"_dis1": "1 1 1 10 2 0 1 1 22 58 4",
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"lang_code": "ru",
"roman": "zaputyvatʹsja",
"sense": "become entangled",
"word": "запутываться"
},
{
"_dis1": "1 1 1 10 2 0 1 1 22 58 4",
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"lang_code": "es",
"sense": "become entangled",
"word": "enredarse"
}
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "1 1 10 4 1 2 1 1 4 7 4 4 12 3 6 4 5 6 4 3 3 2 2 2 10",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Arabic translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "1 1 9 4 1 1 2 2 3 7 3 3 12 3 6 5 4 5 4 3 3 2 2 2 11",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Basque translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "2 1 9 4 1 1 2 2 3 6 3 3 13 3 6 5 4 5 4 3 3 2 2 2 11",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Cantonese translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "1 1 11 4 1 1 2 1 3 7 3 4 12 3 6 4 4 5 4 3 3 2 2 2 10",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Catalan translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "2 1 9 4 1 1 1 1 3 7 4 3 11 3 6 6 5 5 4 3 3 2 2 2 13",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Czech translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "1 0 8 4 0 0 1 1 3 6 4 3 13 3 7 5 5 5 5 4 3 2 2 2 11",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Dutch translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "2 1 9 4 1 1 2 1 3 6 4 3 12 3 6 7 5 5 4 3 3 2 2 2 10",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Estonian translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "1 1 11 3 1 1 1 1 3 6 3 2 15 3 7 4 4 5 4 3 2 2 2 2 13",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Finnish translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "1 0 8 4 0 0 1 1 3 6 4 3 13 4 6 5 4 5 5 4 4 3 2 2 13",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with French translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "2 1 9 4 1 1 2 2 3 6 3 3 13 3 6 5 4 5 4 3 3 2 2 2 11",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Galician translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "2 1 9 4 1 1 2 2 3 6 3 3 13 3 6 5 4 5 4 3 3 2 2 2 11",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with German translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "1 0 9 5 0 0 1 1 6 5 3 3 10 5 9 6 6 5 4 3 3 2 2 2 9",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Greek translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "1 1 7 5 1 1 1 1 7 6 4 3 10 5 9 7 7 5 4 2 2 2 2 2 8",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Hungarian translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "1 0 10 3 0 0 1 1 3 6 3 3 14 3 7 5 4 5 4 3 3 2 2 2 15",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Italian translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "1 1 9 4 1 1 2 2 3 7 3 3 12 3 6 5 4 5 4 3 3 2 2 2 11",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Korean translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "1 0 13 3 0 0 1 1 3 6 3 3 14 3 7 5 4 5 4 3 3 2 2 2 11",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Latin translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "1 0 10 4 0 1 1 1 3 6 4 3 14 3 7 5 4 5 4 4 3 2 2 2 11",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Māori translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "1 1 9 4 2 1 2 1 3 8 3 3 12 3 6 5 4 5 4 3 3 2 2 2 10",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Persian translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "1 1 9 4 1 1 2 2 3 7 3 3 12 3 6 5 4 5 4 3 3 2 2 2 11",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Pohnpeian translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "2 1 8 4 1 1 2 2 3 6 4 3 11 3 6 5 4 5 5 3 3 2 4 4 10",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Polish translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "1 0 13 3 0 0 1 1 3 6 3 3 14 3 8 5 4 5 4 3 3 2 2 2 11",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Russian translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "1 1 12 4 1 1 1 1 3 7 3 3 12 3 6 4 4 5 4 3 3 2 2 2 11",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Swedish translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "1 1 10 4 1 1 2 1 3 7 3 3 12 3 6 5 4 5 4 3 3 2 2 2 11",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Turkish translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "3 0 0 6 0 0 2 3 3 4 5 5 7 5 5 5 6 5 7 5 5 3 5 5 7",
"kind": "other",
"langcode": "en",
"name": "Hygiene",
"orig": "en:Hygiene",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"bold_text_offsets": [
[
129,
133
]
],
"ref": "1963 July, “News and Comment: The future of coal by rail”, in Modern Railways, page 5:",
"text": "The full capacity, however, requires a hopper of a size that takes the wagon body up to 11ft 11½in above rail level, which would foul many existing colliery screens.",
"type": "quotation"
}
],
"glosses": [
"To come into contact or collide with."
],
"id": "en-foul-en-verb-0KIpZRbQ"
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"enpr": "foul"
},
{
"ipa": "/faʊl/"
},
{
"rhymes": "-aʊl"
},
{
"enpr": "fou'əl"
},
{
"ipa": "/ˈfaʊ.əl/"
},
{
"audio": "en-us-foul.ogg",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/9/9b/En-us-foul.ogg/En-us-foul.ogg.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9b/En-us-foul.ogg",
"tags": [
"US"
]
},
{
"rhymes": "-aʊəl"
},
{
"homophone": "fowl"
}
],
"word": "foul"
}
{
"derived": [
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"word": "offensive foul"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"word": "party foul"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"word": "personal foul"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"word": "professional foul"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"word": "technical foul"
}
],
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Cantonese",
"lang_code": "yue",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"word": "foul"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Pohnpeian",
"lang_code": "pon",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"word": "aur"
}
],
"lang": "Japanese",
"lang_code": "ja",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"roman": "fauru",
"word": "ファウル"
},
{
"lang": "Korean",
"lang_code": "ko",
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},
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},
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},
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},
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},
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"sense": "offence in sports",
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},
{
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},
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"tags": [
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],
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},
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],
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},
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],
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},
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},
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},
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],
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},
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},
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},
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},
{
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],
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},
{
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],
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},
{
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},
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},
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"tags": [
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],
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},
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},
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},
{
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],
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"ball-games",
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"sports",
"hobbies",
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],
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},
{
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],
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},
{
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],
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},
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}
]
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},
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"ref": "1875, J.C. Wilcocks, The Sea-Fisherman, London: Longmans, Green, and Co., page 62:",
"text": "The baits are now cast clear of the boat, the lead being thrown into the water away from them; for if dropped on the snood, as I have seen done by many unthinking persons who have only been accustomed to chopstick lines, a foul is the natural result.",
"type": "quotation"
}
],
"glosses": [
"A tangle or entanglement."
],
"id": "en-foul-en-noun-nQsw-6Vh",
"links": [
[
"nautical",
"nautical"
],
[
"fishing",
"fishing#Noun"
],
[
"entanglement",
"entanglement"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(nautical, fishing) A tangle or entanglement."
],
"topics": [
"fishing",
"hobbies",
"lifestyle",
"nautical",
"transport"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"enpr": "foul"
},
{
"ipa": "/faʊl/"
},
{
"rhymes": "-aʊl"
},
{
"enpr": "fou'əl"
},
{
"ipa": "/ˈfaʊ.əl/"
},
{
"audio": "en-us-foul.ogg",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/9/9b/En-us-foul.ogg/En-us-foul.ogg.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9b/En-us-foul.ogg",
"tags": [
"US"
]
},
{
"rhymes": "-aʊəl"
},
{
"homophone": "fowl"
}
],
"word": "foul"
}
{
"categories": [
"English adjectives",
"English countable nouns",
"English entries with incorrect language header",
"English lemmas",
"English nouns",
"English terms derived from Middle English",
"English terms derived from Old English",
"English terms derived from Proto-Germanic",
"English terms derived from Proto-Indo-European",
"English terms derived from Proto-West Germanic",
"English terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *puH-",
"English terms inherited from Middle English",
"English terms inherited from Old English",
"English terms inherited from Proto-Germanic",
"English terms inherited from Proto-West Germanic",
"English terms with homophones",
"English verbs",
"Entries with translation boxes",
"Pages with 6 entries",
"Pages with entries",
"Requests for review of Scottish Gaelic translations",
"Rhymes:English/aʊl",
"Rhymes:English/aʊl/1 syllable",
"Rhymes:English/aʊəl",
"Rhymes:English/aʊəl/2 syllables",
"Terms with Arabic translations",
"Terms with Basque translations",
"Terms with Bulgarian translations",
"Terms with Cantonese translations",
"Terms with Catalan translations",
"Terms with Czech translations",
"Terms with Dutch translations",
"Terms with Estonian translations",
"Terms with Finnish translations",
"Terms with French translations",
"Terms with Galician translations",
"Terms with German translations",
"Terms with Gothic translations",
"Terms with Greek translations",
"Terms with Hungarian translations",
"Terms with Italian translations",
"Terms with Japanese translations",
"Terms with Korean translations",
"Terms with Latin translations",
"Terms with Mandarin translations",
"Terms with Middle English translations",
"Terms with Māori translations",
"Terms with Ottoman Turkish translations",
"Terms with Persian translations",
"Terms with Plautdietsch translations",
"Terms with Pohnpeian translations",
"Terms with Polish translations",
"Terms with Portuguese translations",
"Terms with Russian translations",
"Terms with Scottish Gaelic translations",
"Terms with Spanish translations",
"Terms with Swahili translations",
"Terms with Swedish translations",
"Terms with Turkish translations",
"en:Hygiene"
],
"derived": [
{
"word": "afoul"
},
{
"word": "antifoul"
},
{
"word": "befoul"
},
{
"word": "biofouling"
},
{
"word": "by fair means or foul"
},
{
"word": "cry foul"
},
{
"word": "fall foul"
},
{
"word": "foul anchor"
},
{
"word": "foul berth"
},
{
"word": "foul bill of health"
},
{
"word": "foulbrood"
},
{
"word": "foul feeder"
},
{
"word": "foulish"
},
{
"word": "foul language"
},
{
"word": "foul line"
},
{
"word": "foully"
},
{
"word": "foul marten"
},
{
"word": "foulmouth"
},
{
"word": "foul-mouthed"
},
{
"word": "foulmouthed"
},
{
"word": "foulness"
},
{
"word": "foul play"
},
{
"word": "foul pole"
},
{
"word": "foul shot"
},
{
"word": "foul-smelling"
},
{
"word": "foul-spoken"
},
{
"word": "foul-tempered"
},
{
"word": "foul tick"
},
{
"word": "foul tip"
},
{
"word": "foul-tongued"
},
{
"word": "foul trouble"
},
{
"word": "foul wind"
},
{
"word": "in one foul swoop"
},
{
"word": "make foul water"
},
{
"word": "nonfoul"
},
{
"word": "nonfouling"
},
{
"word": "unfoul"
}
],
"etymology_number": "1",
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*puH-"
},
"expansion": "",
"name": "root"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "",
"2": "i",
"3": "I"
},
"expansion": "I",
"name": "yesno"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "Inherited"
},
"expansion": "Inherited",
"name": "glossary"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "enm",
"3": "ffoul",
"4": "",
"5": "",
"g": "",
"g2": "",
"g3": "",
"id": "",
"lit": "",
"nocat": "",
"pos": "",
"sc": "",
"sort": "",
"tr": "",
"ts": ""
},
"expansion": "Middle English ffoul",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "enm",
"3": "ffoul"
},
"expansion": "Inherited from Middle English ffoul",
"name": "inh+"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "ang",
"3": "fūl",
"t": "foul, dirty, unclean, impure, vile, corrupt, rotten, stinking, guilty"
},
"expansion": "Old English fūl (“foul, dirty, unclean, impure, vile, corrupt, rotten, stinking, guilty”)",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "gmw-pro",
"3": "*fūl"
},
"expansion": "Proto-West Germanic *fūl",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "gem-pro",
"3": "*fūlaz",
"t": "foul, rotten"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic *fūlaz (“foul, rotten”)",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*puH-",
"t": "foul, rotten"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *puH- (“foul, rotten”)",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "2",
"2": "cog"
},
"expansion": "Cognates",
"name": "col-top"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "gmw-cfr",
"2": "fuul",
"t": "putrid, rotten; lazy, workshy"
},
"expansion": "Central Franconian fuul (“putrid, rotten; lazy, workshy”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "cim",
"2": "baul"
},
"expansion": "Cimbrian baul",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "nl",
"2": "vuil",
"t": "dirty, foul; lewd, obscene; dishonorable; illegal"
},
"expansion": "Dutch vuil (“dirty, foul; lewd, obscene; dishonorable; illegal”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "de",
"2": "faul",
"t": "foul, putrid, rotten; lazy"
},
"expansion": "German faul (“foul, putrid, rotten; lazy”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "yi",
"2": "פֿױל",
"t": "putrid; lazy"
},
"expansion": "Yiddish פֿױל (foyl, “putrid; lazy”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "da",
"2": "ful",
"t": "nasty, ugly"
},
"expansion": "Danish ful (“nasty, ugly”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "is",
"2": "fúll",
"t": "foul, rotten, sullen"
},
"expansion": "Icelandic fúll (“foul, rotten, sullen”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "nb,nn",
"2": "ful",
"t": "clever, sly"
},
"expansion": "Norwegian Bokmål and Norwegian Nynorsk ful (“clever, sly”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "sv",
"2": "ful",
"t": "ugly; bad, dirty"
},
"expansion": "Swedish ful (“ugly; bad, dirty”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "got",
"2": "𐍆𐌿𐌻𐍃",
"t": "fetid, foul, putrid"
},
"expansion": "Gothic 𐍆𐌿𐌻𐍃 (fuls, “fetid, foul, putrid”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "puter",
"t": "decaying, rotten; friable, crumbling"
},
"expansion": "Latin puter (“decaying, rotten; friable, crumbling”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "el",
"2": "πύο"
},
"expansion": "Greek πύο (pýo)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "sq",
"2": "fëlliq",
"t": "to make dirty, sully"
},
"expansion": "Albanian fëlliq (“to make dirty, sully”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "lv",
"2": "pūt",
"t": "to rot"
},
"expansion": "Latvian pūt (“to rot”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "lt",
"2": "pūti",
"t": "to rot"
},
"expansion": "Lithuanian pūti (“to rot”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "hy",
"2": "փուտ",
"t": "rottenness"
},
"expansion": "Armenian փուտ (pʻut, “rottenness”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "fa",
"2": "پوده",
"t": "rubbed, worn; foul, rotten; empty, hollow",
"tr": "pude"
},
"expansion": "Persian پوده (pude, “rubbed, worn; foul, rotten; empty, hollow”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "sa",
"2": "पूयति",
"t": "to become foul; to stink"
},
"expansion": "Sanskrit पूयति (pūyati, “to become foul; to stink”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "grc",
"2": "φαῦλος",
"3": "",
"4": "bad"
},
"expansion": "Ancient Greek φαῦλος (phaûlos, “bad”)",
"name": "ncog"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Inherited from Middle English ffoul, foul, foull, fowel, fowle, fuyle, voul, vul, from Old English fūl (“foul, dirty, unclean, impure, vile, corrupt, rotten, stinking, guilty”), from Proto-West Germanic *fūl, from Proto-Germanic *fūlaz (“foul, rotten”), from Proto-Indo-European *puH- (“foul, rotten”).\nCognates\nCognate with Central Franconian fuul (“putrid, rotten; lazy, workshy”), Cimbrian baul, vaul (“putrid, rotten”), Dutch vuil (“dirty, foul; lewd, obscene; dishonorable; illegal”), German faul (“foul, putrid, rotten; lazy”), Yiddish פֿױל (foyl, “putrid; lazy”), Danish ful (“nasty, ugly”), Icelandic fúll (“foul, rotten, sullen”), Norwegian Bokmål and Norwegian Nynorsk ful (“clever, sly”), and Swedish ful (“ugly; bad, dirty”), Gothic 𐍆𐌿𐌻𐍃 (fuls, “fetid, foul, putrid”), and through Indo-European, with Latin puter (“decaying, rotten; friable, crumbling”), Greek πύο (pýo), πύον (pýon, “pus”), Albanian fëlliq (“to make dirty, sully”), Latvian pūt (“to rot”), Lithuanian pūti (“to rot”), Armenian փուտ (pʻut, “rottenness”), Persian پوده (pude, “rubbed, worn; foul, rotten; empty, hollow”), Sanskrit पूयति (pūyati, “to become foul; to stink”). More at putrid.\nAncient Greek φαῦλος (phaûlos, “bad”) is a false cognate inasmuch as it is not from the same etymon, instead being cognate to few.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "fouler",
"tags": [
"comparative"
]
},
{
"form": "foulest",
"tags": [
"superlative"
]
},
{
"form": "foule",
"tags": [
"alternative",
"obsolete"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "er"
},
"expansion": "foul (comparative fouler, superlative foulest)",
"name": "en-adj"
}
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "adj",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"English terms with quotations",
"English terms with usage examples"
],
"examples": [
{
"bold_text_offsets": [
[
18,
22
]
],
"text": "This cloth is too foul to use as a duster.",
"type": "example"
},
{
"bold_text_offsets": [
[
4,
8
]
],
"text": "His foul hands got dirt all over the kitchen.",
"type": "example"
},
{
"bold_text_offsets": [
[
15,
19
]
],
"text": "The air was so foul nobody could breathe.",
"type": "example"
},
{
"bold_text_offsets": [
[
19,
23
]
],
"text": "A ship's bottom is foul when overgrown with barnacles",
"type": "example"
},
{
"bold_text_offsets": [
[
10,
14
]
],
"text": "A well is foul with polluted water.",
"type": "example"
},
{
"bold_text_offsets": [
[
293,
297
]
],
"ref": "1944 November and December, A Former Pupil, “Some Memories of Crewe Works—II”, in Railway Magazine, page 342:",
"text": "It was, however, most interesting work, and the moulders themselves were a decent crowd, never tired of making jokes about themselves such as the hoary one that moulders did not live long, which however ran counter to the other one that no germs could live in a foundry—the atmosphere was too foul.",
"type": "quotation"
},
{
"bold_text_offsets": [
[
298,
302
]
],
"ref": "2013 June 29, “Unspontaneous combustion”, in The Economist, volume 407, number 8842, page 29:",
"text": "Since the mid-1980s, when Indonesia first began to clear its bountiful forests on an industrial scale in favour of lucrative palm-oil plantations, “haze” has become an almost annual occurrence in South-East Asia. The cheapest way to clear logged woodland is to burn it, producing an acrid cloud of foul white smoke that, carried by the wind, can cover hundreds, or even thousands, of square miles.",
"type": "quotation"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Covered with, or containing unclean matter; dirty."
],
"links": [
[
"unclean",
"unclean"
],
[
"dirty",
"dirty"
]
]
},
{
"categories": [
"English terms with usage examples"
],
"examples": [
{
"bold_text_offsets": [
[
36,
40
]
],
"text": "The rascal spewed forth a series of foul words.",
"type": "example"
},
{
"bold_text_offsets": [
[
4,
8
]
],
"text": "His foul language causes many people to believe he is uneducated.",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Obscene, vulgar or abusive."
],
"links": [
[
"Obscene",
"obscene"
],
[
"vulgar",
"vulgar"
],
[
"abusive",
"abusive"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(of words or a way of speaking) Obscene, vulgar or abusive."
],
"raw_tags": [
"of words or a way of speaking"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"English terms with quotations",
"English terms with usage examples"
],
"examples": [
{
"bold_text_offsets": [
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9,
13
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],
"text": "He has a foul set of friends.",
"type": "example"
},
{
"bold_text_offsets": [
[
26,
30
]
],
"ref": "1610–1611 (date written), William Shakespeare, “The Tempest”, in Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies […] (First Folio), London: […] Isaac Iaggard, and Ed[ward] Blount, published 1623, →OCLC, [Act II, scene ii]:",
"text": "[…]Hast thou forgot / The foul witch Sycorax, who with age and envy / Was grown into a hoop? Hast thou forgot her?",
"type": "quotation"
},
{
"bold_text_offsets": [
[
31,
35
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"ref": "1667, John Milton, “Book I”, in Paradise Lost. […], London: […] [Samuel Simmons], and are to be sold by Peter Parker […]; [a]nd by Robert Boulter […]; [a]nd Matthias Walker, […], →OCLC; republished as Paradise Lost in Ten Books: […], London: Basil Montagu Pickering […], 1873, →OCLC:",
"text": "Who first seduced them to that foul revolt?",
"type": "quotation"
},
{
"bold_text_offsets": [
[
134,
138
]
],
"ref": "1982 March 18, Eric J. Cassel[l], “The Nature of Suffering and the Goals of Medicine”, in The New England Journal of Medicine, volume 306, number 11, →DOI, page 642:",
"text": "Cultural norms and social rules regulate whether someone can be among others or will be isolated, whether the sick will be considered foul or acceptable, and whether they are to be pitied or censured.",
"type": "quotation"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Detestable, unpleasant, loathsome."
],
"links": [
[
"Detestable",
"detestable"
],
[
"unpleasant",
"unpleasant"
],
[
"loathsome",
"loathsome"
]
]
},
{
"categories": [
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],
"examples": [
{
"bold_text_offsets": [
[
5,
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],
"text": "This foul food is making me retch.",
"type": "example"
},
{
"bold_text_offsets": [
[
12,
16
]
],
"text": "There was a foul smell coming from the toilet.",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Disgusting, repulsive; causing disgust."
],
"links": [
[
"Disgusting",
"disgusting"
],
[
"repulsive",
"repulsive"
],
[
"disgust",
"disgust"
]
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "rank"
},
{
"word": "frightful"
}
]
},
{
"categories": [
"English terms with obsolete senses",
"English terms with quotations"
],
"examples": [
{
"bold_text_offsets": [
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33,
40
]
],
"ref": "c. 1602 (date written), William Shakespeare, “The Tragedie of Troylus and Cressida”, in Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies […] (First Folio), London: […] Isaac Iaggard, and Ed[ward] Blount, published 1623, →OCLC, [Act I, scene iii]:",
"text": "Let us, like merchants, show our foulest wares.",
"type": "quotation"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Ugly; homely; poor."
],
"links": [
[
"Ugly",
"ugly"
],
[
"homely",
"homely"
],
[
"poor",
"poor"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(obsolete) Ugly; homely; poor."
],
"tags": [
"obsolete"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"English terms with quotations",
"English terms with usage examples"
],
"examples": [
{
"bold_text_offsets": [
[
5,
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],
"text": "Some foul weather is brewing.",
"type": "example"
},
{
"bold_text_offsets": [
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3,
7
]
],
"ref": "c. 1596 (date written), William Shakespeare, “The Life and Death of King Iohn”, in Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies […] (First Folio), London: […] Isaac Iaggard, and Ed[ward] Blount, published 1623, →OCLC, [Act IV, scene ii]:",
"text": "So foul a sky clears not without a storm.",
"type": "quotation"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Unpleasant, stormy or rainy. (of the weather)"
],
"links": [
[
"Unpleasant",
"unpleasant"
],
[
"stormy",
"stormy"
],
[
"rainy",
"rainy"
]
]
},
{
"categories": [
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],
"examples": [
{
"bold_text_offsets": [
[
0,
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],
"text": "Foul play is not suspected.",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Dishonest or not conforming to the established rules and customs of a game, conflict, test, etc."
],
"links": [
[
"Dishonest",
"dishonest"
]
]
},
{
"categories": [
"English terms with usage examples",
"en:Nautical"
],
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{
"bold_text_offsets": [
[
12,
16
]
],
"text": "We've got a foul anchor.",
"type": "example"
},
{
"bold_text_offsets": [
[
17,
21
]
],
"text": "A rope could get foul while it is being paid out.",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Entangled and therefore restricting free movement, not clear."
],
"links": [
[
"nautical",
"nautical"
],
[
"clear",
"clear"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(nautical) Entangled and therefore restricting free movement, not clear."
],
"topics": [
"nautical",
"transport"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"English technical terms",
"English terms with quotations"
],
"examples": [
{
"ref": "2015, Transportation Safety Board of Canada, Railway Investigation Report R13T0192",
"text": "The bus had stopped just foul of the north track at the Erindale Station Road public railway crossing […] With the bus stationary, but still foul of the north track, the train struck one of its front mirrors."
},
{
"bold_text_offsets": [
[
60,
64
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],
"ref": "2026 March 18, Greg Morse, “1996 crash driving freight reforms”, in RAIL, number 1057, page 50:",
"text": "Ten of the freight train's wagons had derailed, two of them foul of the Down Fast. At 2308, the TPO struck one of them, causing the locomotive (86239) to jack-knife and turn so that it was almost touching the end wall of a house in The Russetts, a new-build row that sat close to the line.",
"type": "quotation"
}
],
"glosses": [
"(with \"of\") Positioned on, in, or near enough to (a specified area) so as to obstruct it."
],
"links": [
[
"technical",
"technical"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(technical) (with \"of\") Positioned on, in, or near enough to (a specified area) so as to obstruct it."
],
"topics": [
"engineering",
"natural-sciences",
"physical-sciences",
"technical"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"English terms with usage examples",
"en:Baseball"
],
"examples": [
{
"bold_text_offsets": [
[
10,
14
],
[
26,
30
]
],
"text": "Jones hit foul ball after foul ball.",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Outside of the base lines; in foul territory."
],
"links": [
[
"baseball",
"baseball"
],
[
"foul territory",
"foul territory"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(baseball) Outside of the base lines; in foul territory."
],
"topics": [
"ball-games",
"baseball",
"games",
"hobbies",
"lifestyle",
"sports"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"enpr": "foul"
},
{
"ipa": "/faʊl/"
},
{
"rhymes": "-aʊl"
},
{
"enpr": "fou'əl"
},
{
"ipa": "/ˈfaʊ.əl/"
},
{
"audio": "en-us-foul.ogg",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/9/9b/En-us-foul.ogg/En-us-foul.ogg.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9b/En-us-foul.ogg",
"tags": [
"US"
]
},
{
"rhymes": "-aʊəl"
},
{
"homophone": "fowl"
}
],
"synonyms": [
{
"sense": "hateful, detestable",
"word": "shameful"
},
{
"sense": "hateful, detestable",
"word": "odious"
},
{
"sense": "hateful, detestable",
"word": "wretched"
},
{
"sense": "hateful, detestable",
"word": "frightful"
}
],
"translations": [
{
"code": "bg",
"lang": "Bulgarian",
"lang_code": "bg",
"roman": "mrăsen",
"sense": "covered with, or containing, extraneous matter",
"word": "мръсен"
},
{
"code": "bg",
"lang": "Bulgarian",
"lang_code": "bg",
"roman": "zamărsen",
"sense": "covered with, or containing, extraneous matter",
"word": "замърсен"
},
{
"code": "cmn",
"lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
"lang_code": "cmn",
"roman": "wūzhuó",
"sense": "covered with, or containing, extraneous matter",
"word": "污濁 /污浊"
},
{
"code": "cmn",
"lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
"lang_code": "cmn",
"roman": "wūhuì",
"sense": "covered with, or containing, extraneous matter",
"word": "污穢 /污秽"
},
{
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"lang_code": "fi",
"sense": "covered with, or containing, extraneous matter",
"word": "likainen"
},
{
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"lang_code": "fi",
"sense": "covered with, or containing, extraneous matter",
"word": "saastainen"
},
{
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"lang_code": "fi",
"sense": "covered with, or containing, extraneous matter",
"word": "epäpuhdas"
},
{
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"lang_code": "fr",
"sense": "covered with, or containing, extraneous matter",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "souillé"
},
{
"code": "gl",
"lang": "Galician",
"lang_code": "gl",
"sense": "covered with, or containing, extraneous matter",
"word": "porco"
},
{
"code": "gl",
"lang": "Galician",
"lang_code": "gl",
"sense": "covered with, or containing, extraneous matter",
"word": "sucio"
},
{
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"lang_code": "de",
"sense": "covered with, or containing, extraneous matter",
"word": "schmutzig"
},
{
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"lang_code": "de",
"sense": "covered with, or containing, extraneous matter",
"word": "stinkend"
},
{
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"lang_code": "de",
"sense": "covered with, or containing, extraneous matter",
"word": "unrein"
},
{
"code": "got",
"lang": "Gothic",
"lang_code": "got",
"roman": "fuls",
"sense": "covered with, or containing, extraneous matter",
"word": "𐍆𐌿𐌻𐍃"
},
{
"code": "enm",
"lang": "Middle English",
"lang_code": "enm",
"sense": "covered with, or containing, extraneous matter",
"word": "foul"
},
{
"code": "pdt",
"lang": "Plautdietsch",
"lang_code": "pdt",
"sense": "covered with, or containing, extraneous matter",
"word": "ful"
},
{
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"lang_code": "ru",
"roman": "gádkij",
"sense": "covered with, or containing, extraneous matter",
"word": "га́дкий"
},
{
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"lang_code": "ru",
"roman": "grjáznyj",
"sense": "covered with, or containing, extraneous matter",
"word": "гря́зный"
},
{
"code": "gd",
"lang": "Scottish Gaelic",
"lang_code": "gd",
"sense": "covered with, or containing, extraneous matter",
"word": "caca"
},
{
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"lang_code": "es",
"sense": "covered with, or containing, extraneous matter",
"word": "inmundo"
},
{
"code": "ota",
"lang": "Ottoman Turkish",
"lang_code": "ota",
"roman": "pis",
"sense": "covered with, or containing, extraneous matter",
"word": "پیس"
},
{
"code": "ota",
"lang": "Ottoman Turkish",
"lang_code": "ota",
"roman": "murdar",
"sense": "covered with, or containing, extraneous matter",
"word": "مردار"
},
{
"code": "bg",
"lang": "Bulgarian",
"lang_code": "bg",
"roman": "nepriličen",
"sense": "scurrilous; obscene or profane; abusive",
"word": "неприличен"
},
{
"code": "bg",
"lang": "Bulgarian",
"lang_code": "bg",
"roman": "nepristoen",
"sense": "scurrilous; obscene or profane; abusive",
"word": "непристоен"
},
{
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"lang_code": "fi",
"sense": "scurrilous; obscene or profane; abusive",
"word": "siivoton"
},
{
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"lang_code": "fi",
"sense": "scurrilous; obscene or profane; abusive",
"word": "ruma"
},
{
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"lang_code": "fi",
"sense": "scurrilous; obscene or profane; abusive",
"word": "törkyinen"
},
{
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"lang_code": "fi",
"sense": "scurrilous; obscene or profane; abusive",
"word": "törkeä"
},
{
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"lang_code": "fr",
"sense": "scurrilous; obscene or profane; abusive",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "indécent"
},
{
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"lang_code": "de",
"sense": "scurrilous; obscene or profane; abusive",
"word": "unflätig"
},
{
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"lang_code": "de",
"sense": "scurrilous; obscene or profane; abusive",
"word": "vulgär ausdrückend"
},
{
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"lang_code": "de",
"sense": "scurrilous; obscene or profane; abusive",
"word": "unanständig"
},
{
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"lang_code": "de",
"sense": "scurrilous; obscene or profane; abusive",
"word": "obszön"
},
{
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"lang_code": "de",
"sense": "scurrilous; obscene or profane; abusive",
"word": "unflätig"
},
{
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"lang_code": "de",
"sense": "scurrilous; obscene or profane; abusive",
"word": "gemein"
},
{
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"lang_code": "de",
"sense": "scurrilous; obscene or profane; abusive",
"word": "zotig"
},
{
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"lang_code": "de",
"sense": "scurrilous; obscene or profane; abusive",
"word": "garstig"
},
{
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"lang_code": "de",
"sense": "scurrilous; obscene or profane; abusive",
"word": "verdorben"
},
{
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"lang_code": "de",
"sense": "scurrilous; obscene or profane; abusive",
"word": "schlecht"
},
{
"code": "la",
"lang": "Latin",
"lang_code": "la",
"sense": "scurrilous; obscene or profane; abusive",
"word": "foedus"
},
{
"code": "enm",
"lang": "Middle English",
"lang_code": "enm",
"sense": "scurrilous; obscene or profane; abusive",
"word": "foul"
},
{
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"lang_code": "ru",
"roman": "nepristójnyj",
"sense": "scurrilous; obscene or profane; abusive",
"word": "непристо́йный"
},
{
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"lang_code": "ru",
"roman": "neprilíčnyj",
"sense": "scurrilous; obscene or profane; abusive",
"word": "неприли́чный"
},
{
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"lang_code": "ru",
"roman": "nepotrébnyj",
"sense": "scurrilous; obscene or profane; abusive",
"word": "непотре́бный"
},
{
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"lang_code": "ru",
"roman": "vulʹgárnyj",
"sense": "scurrilous; obscene or profane; abusive",
"word": "вульга́рный"
},
{
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"lang_code": "ru",
"roman": "poxábnyj",
"sense": "scurrilous; obscene or profane; abusive",
"word": "поха́бный"
},
{
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"lang_code": "ru",
"roman": "skvérnyj",
"sense": "scurrilous; obscene or profane; abusive",
"word": "скве́рный"
},
{
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"lang_code": "es",
"sense": "scurrilous; obscene or profane; abusive",
"word": "indecente"
},
{
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"lang_code": "es",
"sense": "scurrilous; obscene or profane; abusive",
"word": "grosero"
},
{
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"lang_code": "es",
"sense": "scurrilous; obscene or profane; abusive",
"word": "obsceno"
},
{
"code": "bg",
"lang": "Bulgarian",
"lang_code": "bg",
"roman": "otvratitelen",
"sense": "hateful; detestable; shameful; wretched",
"word": "отвратителен"
},
{
"code": "bg",
"lang": "Bulgarian",
"lang_code": "bg",
"roman": "protiven",
"sense": "hateful; detestable; shameful; wretched",
"word": "противен"
},
{
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"lang_code": "fi",
"sense": "hateful; detestable; shameful; wretched",
"word": "häpeällinen"
},
{
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"lang_code": "fi",
"sense": "hateful; detestable; shameful; wretched",
"word": "häijy"
},
{
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"lang_code": "de",
"sense": "hateful; detestable; shameful; wretched",
"word": "widerlich"
},
{
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"lang_code": "de",
"sense": "hateful; detestable; shameful; wretched",
"word": "garstig"
},
{
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"lang_code": "de",
"sense": "hateful; detestable; shameful; wretched",
"word": "schlecht"
},
{
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"lang_code": "de",
"sense": "hateful; detestable; shameful; wretched",
"word": "schändlich"
},
{
"code": "la",
"lang": "Latin",
"lang_code": "la",
"sense": "hateful; detestable; shameful; wretched",
"word": "foedus"
},
{
"code": "enm",
"lang": "Middle English",
"lang_code": "enm",
"sense": "hateful; detestable; shameful; wretched",
"word": "foul"
},
{
"code": "pt",
"lang": "Portuguese",
"lang_code": "pt",
"sense": "hateful; detestable; shameful; wretched",
"tags": [
"feminine",
"masculine"
],
"word": "detestável"
},
{
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"lang_code": "ru",
"roman": "otvratítelʹnyj",
"sense": "hateful; detestable; shameful; wretched",
"word": "отврати́тельный"
},
{
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"lang_code": "ru",
"roman": "gádkij",
"sense": "hateful; detestable; shameful; wretched",
"word": "га́дкий"
},
{
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"lang_code": "es",
"sense": "hateful; detestable; shameful; wretched",
"word": "repugnante"
},
{
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"lang_code": "es",
"sense": "hateful; detestable; shameful; wretched",
"word": "perro"
},
{
"code": "bg",
"lang": "Bulgarian",
"lang_code": "bg",
"roman": "otvratitelen",
"sense": "repulsive; disgusting; repugnant",
"word": "отвратителен"
},
{
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"lang_code": "fi",
"sense": "repulsive; disgusting; repugnant",
"word": "inhottava"
},
{
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"lang_code": "fi",
"sense": "repulsive; disgusting; repugnant",
"word": "iljettävä"
},
{
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"lang_code": "fi",
"sense": "repulsive; disgusting; repugnant",
"word": "vastenmielinen"
},
{
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"lang_code": "fr",
"sense": "repulsive; disgusting; repugnant",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "répugnant"
},
{
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"lang_code": "de",
"sense": "repulsive; disgusting; repugnant",
"word": "faul"
},
{
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"lang_code": "de",
"sense": "repulsive; disgusting; repugnant",
"word": "stinkend"
},
{
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"lang_code": "de",
"sense": "repulsive; disgusting; repugnant",
"word": "widerlich"
},
{
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"lang_code": "de",
"sense": "repulsive; disgusting; repugnant",
"word": "abscheulich"
},
{
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"lang_code": "de",
"sense": "repulsive; disgusting; repugnant",
"word": "abstoßend"
},
{
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"lang_code": "de",
"sense": "repulsive; disgusting; repugnant",
"word": "widerlich"
},
{
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"lang_code": "de",
"sense": "repulsive; disgusting; repugnant",
"word": "widerwärtig"
},
{
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"lang_code": "de",
"sense": "repulsive; disgusting; repugnant",
"word": "eklig"
},
{
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"lang_code": "de",
"sense": "repulsive; disgusting; repugnant",
"word": "ekelhaft"
},
{
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"lang_code": "de",
"sense": "repulsive; disgusting; repugnant",
"word": "scheußlich"
},
{
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"lang_code": "de",
"sense": "repulsive; disgusting; repugnant",
"word": "überriechend"
},
{
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"lang_code": "de",
"sense": "repulsive; disgusting; repugnant",
"word": "faulig"
},
{
"code": "it",
"lang": "Italian",
"lang_code": "it",
"sense": "repulsive; disgusting; repugnant",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "disgustoso"
},
{
"code": "it",
"lang": "Italian",
"lang_code": "it",
"sense": "repulsive; disgusting; repugnant",
"word": "ripugnante"
},
{
"code": "it",
"lang": "Italian",
"lang_code": "it",
"sense": "repulsive; disgusting; repugnant",
"word": "nauseante"
},
{
"code": "la",
"lang": "Latin",
"lang_code": "la",
"sense": "repulsive; disgusting; repugnant",
"word": "foedus"
},
{
"code": "enm",
"lang": "Middle English",
"lang_code": "enm",
"sense": "repulsive; disgusting; repugnant",
"word": "foul"
},
{
"code": "pdt",
"lang": "Plautdietsch",
"lang_code": "pdt",
"sense": "repulsive; disgusting; repugnant",
"word": "ful"
},
{
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"lang_code": "ru",
"roman": "otvratítelʹnyj",
"sense": "repulsive; disgusting; repugnant",
"word": "отврати́тельный"
},
{
"code": "gd",
"lang": "Scottish Gaelic",
"lang_code": "gd",
"sense": "repulsive; disgusting; repugnant",
"word": "caca"
},
{
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"lang_code": "es",
"sense": "repulsive; disgusting; repugnant",
"tags": [
"Latin-America"
],
"word": "jediondo"
},
{
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"lang_code": "es",
"sense": "repulsive; disgusting; repugnant",
"word": "hediondo"
},
{
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"lang_code": "es",
"sense": "repulsive; disgusting; repugnant",
"word": "fétido"
},
{
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"lang_code": "es",
"sense": "repulsive; disgusting; repugnant",
"word": "apestoso"
},
{
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"lang_code": "es",
"sense": "repulsive; disgusting; repugnant",
"word": "maloliente"
},
{
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"lang_code": "fi",
"sense": "ugly; homely; poor",
"word": "kurja"
},
{
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"lang_code": "fi",
"sense": "ugly; homely; poor",
"word": "surkea"
},
{
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"lang_code": "de",
"sense": "ugly; homely; poor",
"word": "einfach"
},
{
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"lang_code": "de",
"sense": "ugly; homely; poor",
"word": "schlicht"
},
{
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"lang_code": "de",
"sense": "ugly; homely; poor",
"word": "gewöhnlich"
},
{
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"lang_code": "de",
"sense": "ugly; homely; poor",
"word": "arm"
},
{
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"lang_code": "de",
"sense": "ugly; homely; poor",
"word": "geringwertig"
},
{
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"lang_code": "de",
"sense": "ugly; homely; poor",
"word": "häßlich"
},
{
"code": "enm",
"lang": "Middle English",
"lang_code": "enm",
"sense": "ugly; homely; poor",
"word": "foul"
},
{
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"lang_code": "ru",
"roman": "otvratítelʹnyj",
"sense": "ugly; homely; poor",
"word": "отврати́тельный"
},
{
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"lang_code": "ru",
"roman": "bezobráznyj",
"sense": "ugly; homely; poor",
"word": "безобра́зный"
},
{
"code": "bg",
"lang": "Bulgarian",
"lang_code": "bg",
"roman": "neblagoprijaten",
"sense": "not favorable; unpropitious",
"word": "неблагоприятен"
},
{
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"lang_code": "fi",
"sense": "not favorable; unpropitious",
"word": "kurja"
},
{
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"lang_code": "de",
"sense": "not favorable; unpropitious",
"word": "schlecht"
},
{
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"lang_code": "de",
"sense": "not favorable; unpropitious",
"word": "ungünstig"
},
{
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"lang_code": "ru",
"roman": "gádkij",
"sense": "not favorable; unpropitious",
"word": "га́дкий"
},
{
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"lang_code": "ru",
"roman": "skvérnyj",
"sense": "not favorable; unpropitious",
"word": "скве́рный"
},
{
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"lang_code": "ru",
"roman": "paskúdnyj",
"sense": "not favorable; unpropitious",
"word": "паску́дный"
},
{
"code": "bg",
"lang": "Bulgarian",
"lang_code": "bg",
"roman": "nečesten",
"sense": "not conformed to the established rules and customs of a game, conflict, test, etc.",
"word": "нечестен"
},
{
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"lang_code": "fi",
"sense": "not conformed to the established rules and customs of a game, conflict, test, etc.",
"word": "sääntöjen vastainen"
},
{
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"lang_code": "fi",
"sense": "not conformed to the established rules and customs of a game, conflict, test, etc.",
"word": "väärä"
},
{
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"lang_code": "fr",
"sense": "not conformed to the established rules and customs of a game, conflict, test, etc.",
"word": "faute"
},
{
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"lang_code": "de",
"sense": "not conformed to the established rules and customs of a game, conflict, test, etc.",
"word": "unfair"
},
{
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"lang_code": "de",
"sense": "not conformed to the established rules and customs of a game, conflict, test, etc.",
"word": "unehrlich"
},
{
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"lang_code": "de",
"sense": "not conformed to the established rules and customs of a game, conflict, test, etc.",
"word": "unaufrichtig"
},
{
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"lang_code": "ru",
"roman": "nečéstnyj",
"sense": "not conformed to the established rules and customs of a game, conflict, test, etc.",
"word": "нече́стный"
},
{
"code": "bg",
"lang": "Bulgarian",
"lang_code": "bg",
"roman": "opleten",
"sense": "having freedom of motion interfered with by collision or entanglement",
"word": "оплетен"
},
{
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"lang_code": "fi",
"sense": "having freedom of motion interfered with by collision or entanglement",
"word": "juuttunut"
},
{
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"lang_code": "de",
"sense": "having freedom of motion interfered with by collision or entanglement",
"word": "festhängend"
},
{
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"lang_code": "de",
"sense": "having freedom of motion interfered with by collision or entanglement",
"word": "gefangen"
},
{
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"lang_code": "de",
"sense": "having freedom of motion interfered with by collision or entanglement",
"word": "verfangen"
},
{
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"lang_code": "de",
"sense": "having freedom of motion interfered with by collision or entanglement",
"word": "verhakt"
},
{
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"lang_code": "de",
"sense": "having freedom of motion interfered with by collision or entanglement",
"word": "verklemmt"
},
{
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"lang_code": "fi",
"sense": "outside of the base lines",
"word": "laiton"
},
{
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"lang_code": "fr",
"sense": "outside of the base lines",
"word": "hors-jeu"
}
],
"word": "foul"
}
{
"categories": [
"English countable nouns",
"English entries with incorrect language header",
"English lemmas",
"English nouns",
"English terms derived from Middle English",
"English terms derived from Old English",
"English terms derived from Proto-Germanic",
"English terms derived from Proto-West Germanic",
"English terms inherited from Middle English",
"English terms inherited from Old English",
"English terms inherited from Proto-West Germanic",
"English terms with homophones",
"English verbs",
"Entries with translation boxes",
"Pages with 6 entries",
"Pages with entries",
"Rhymes:English/aʊl",
"Rhymes:English/aʊl/1 syllable",
"Rhymes:English/aʊəl",
"Rhymes:English/aʊəl/2 syllables",
"Terms with Arabic translations",
"Terms with Basque translations",
"Terms with Bulgarian translations",
"Terms with Cantonese translations",
"Terms with Catalan translations",
"Terms with Czech translations",
"Terms with Dutch translations",
"Terms with Estonian translations",
"Terms with Finnish translations",
"Terms with French translations",
"Terms with Galician translations",
"Terms with German translations",
"Terms with Greek translations",
"Terms with Hungarian translations",
"Terms with Italian translations",
"Terms with Japanese translations",
"Terms with Korean translations",
"Terms with Latin translations",
"Terms with Mandarin translations",
"Terms with Māori translations",
"Terms with Persian translations",
"Terms with Pohnpeian translations",
"Terms with Polish translations",
"Terms with Portuguese translations",
"Terms with Russian translations",
"Terms with Spanish translations",
"Terms with Swahili translations",
"Terms with Swedish translations",
"Terms with Turkish translations",
"en:Hygiene"
],
"derived": [
{
"word": "biofoul"
},
{
"word": "foulable"
},
{
"word": "foul one's own nest"
},
{
"word": "foul out"
},
{
"word": "foul up"
},
{
"word": "foul-up"
},
{
"word": "overfoul"
},
{
"word": "unfouled"
}
],
"etymology_number": "2",
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "",
"2": "i",
"3": "I"
},
"expansion": "I",
"name": "yesno"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "Inherited"
},
"expansion": "Inherited",
"name": "glossary"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "enm",
"3": "foulen",
"4": "",
"5": "",
"g": "",
"g2": "",
"g3": "",
"id": "",
"lit": "",
"nocat": "",
"pos": "",
"sc": "",
"sort": "",
"tr": "",
"ts": ""
},
"expansion": "Middle English foulen",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "enm",
"3": "foulen"
},
"expansion": "Inherited from Middle English foulen",
"name": "inh+"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "ang",
"3": "fūlian",
"t": "to become foul; rot; decay"
},
"expansion": "Old English fūlian (“to become foul; rot; decay”)",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "gmw-pro",
"3": "*fūlēn"
},
"expansion": "Proto-West Germanic *fūlēn",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "gem-pro",
"3": "*fūlāną",
"t": "to rot; decay"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic *fūlāną (“to rot; decay”)",
"name": "der"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Inherited from Middle English foulen, fulen, from Old English fūlian (“to become foul; rot; decay”), from Proto-West Germanic *fūlēn, from Proto-Germanic *fūlāną (“to rot; decay”).",
"forms": [
{
"form": "fouls",
"tags": [
"present",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "fouling",
"tags": [
"participle",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "fouled",
"tags": [
"participle",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "fouled",
"tags": [
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "foule",
"tags": [
"alternative",
"obsolete"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "foul (third-person singular simple present fouls, present participle fouling, simple past and past participle fouled)",
"name": "en-verb"
}
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "verb",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"English terms with usage examples",
"English transitive verbs"
],
"examples": [
{
"bold_text_offsets": [
[
3,
7
]
],
"text": "to foul the face or hands with mire",
"type": "example"
},
{
"bold_text_offsets": [
[
6,
12
]
],
"text": "She's fouled her diaper.",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"To make dirty."
],
"links": [
[
"dirty",
"dirty"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(transitive) To make dirty."
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "befoul"
},
{
"word": "dirty"
},
{
"word": "besmirch"
},
{
"source": "Thesaurus:dirty",
"tags": [
"obsolete"
],
"word": "assoil"
},
{
"source": "Thesaurus:dirty",
"tags": [
"UK",
"dialectal"
],
"word": "beclart"
},
{
"source": "Thesaurus:dirty",
"tags": [
"obsolete"
],
"word": "bedaub"
},
{
"source": "Thesaurus:dirty",
"word": "bedirty"
},
{
"source": "Thesaurus:dirty",
"tags": [
"archaic",
"literary"
],
"word": "imbrue (especially with blood)"
},
{
"source": "Thesaurus:dirty",
"tags": [
"UK",
"dialectal"
],
"word": "bedizen"
},
{
"source": "Thesaurus:dirty",
"tags": [
"obsolete"
],
"word": "befile"
},
{
"source": "Thesaurus:dirty",
"tags": [
"rare"
],
"word": "befilth"
},
{
"source": "Thesaurus:dirty",
"word": "befoul"
},
{
"source": "Thesaurus:dirty",
"word": "begrime"
},
{
"source": "Thesaurus:dirty",
"tags": [
"archaic",
"obsolete"
],
"word": "beray"
},
{
"source": "Thesaurus:dirty",
"tags": [
"figuratively",
"vulgar"
],
"word": "beshit"
},
{
"source": "Thesaurus:dirty",
"word": "besmear"
},
{
"source": "Thesaurus:dirty",
"word": "besmirch"
},
{
"source": "Thesaurus:dirty",
"word": "besully"
},
{
"source": "Thesaurus:dirty",
"tags": [
"archaic",
"obsolete"
],
"word": "bewray"
},
{
"source": "Thesaurus:dirty",
"word": "blacken"
},
{
"source": "Thesaurus:dirty",
"word": "blot"
},
{
"source": "Thesaurus:dirty",
"tags": [
"obsolete"
],
"word": "blur"
},
{
"source": "Thesaurus:dirty",
"word": "clat"
},
{
"source": "Thesaurus:dirty",
"word": "contaminate"
},
{
"source": "Thesaurus:dirty",
"word": "darken"
},
{
"source": "Thesaurus:dirty",
"word": "defile"
},
{
"source": "Thesaurus:dirty",
"tags": [
"Uganda"
],
"word": "dirten"
},
{
"source": "Thesaurus:dirty",
"word": "dirty"
},
{
"source": "Thesaurus:dirty",
"tags": [
"Northern-England",
"Scotland"
],
"word": "elt"
},
{
"source": "Thesaurus:dirty",
"tags": [
"archaic"
],
"word": "file"
},
{
"source": "Thesaurus:dirty",
"tags": [
"obsolete"
],
"word": "foil"
},
{
"source": "Thesaurus:dirty",
"word": "foul"
},
{
"source": "Thesaurus:dirty",
"word": "gunk"
},
{
"source": "Thesaurus:dirty",
"word": "gunk up"
},
{
"source": "Thesaurus:dirty",
"word": "inquinate"
},
{
"source": "Thesaurus:dirty",
"word": "scunge"
},
{
"source": "Thesaurus:dirty",
"word": "sling mud"
},
{
"source": "Thesaurus:dirty",
"word": "slotter"
},
{
"source": "Thesaurus:dirty",
"word": "slur"
},
{
"source": "Thesaurus:dirty",
"word": "smear"
},
{
"source": "Thesaurus:dirty",
"word": "smirch"
},
{
"source": "Thesaurus:dirty",
"word": "smudge"
},
{
"source": "Thesaurus:dirty",
"word": "smut"
},
{
"source": "Thesaurus:dirty",
"word": "smutch"
},
{
"source": "Thesaurus:dirty",
"word": "soil"
},
{
"source": "Thesaurus:dirty",
"tags": [
"UK",
"dialectal"
],
"word": "soss"
},
{
"source": "Thesaurus:dirty",
"tags": [
"obsolete"
],
"word": "sowl"
},
{
"source": "Thesaurus:dirty",
"word": "spot"
},
{
"source": "Thesaurus:dirty",
"word": "stain"
},
{
"source": "Thesaurus:dirty",
"word": "sullow"
},
{
"source": "Thesaurus:dirty",
"word": "sully"
},
{
"source": "Thesaurus:dirty",
"word": "tarnish"
},
{
"source": "Thesaurus:dirty",
"tags": [
"UK",
"dialectal",
"obsolete"
],
"word": "uggle"
}
],
"tags": [
"transitive"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"English terms with usage examples",
"English transitive verbs"
],
"examples": [
{
"bold_text_offsets": [
[
5,
11
]
],
"text": "He's fouled his reputation.",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"To besmirch."
],
"links": [
[
"besmirch",
"besmirch"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(transitive) To besmirch."
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "denigrate"
},
{
"word": "diss"
},
{
"word": "traduce"
},
{
"source": "Thesaurus:defame",
"tags": [
"figuratively"
],
"word": "assassinate"
},
{
"source": "Thesaurus:defame",
"word": "asperse"
},
{
"source": "Thesaurus:defame",
"word": "backbite"
},
{
"source": "Thesaurus:defame",
"word": "badmouth"
},
{
"source": "Thesaurus:defame",
"tags": [
"figuratively"
],
"word": "befoul"
},
{
"source": "Thesaurus:defame",
"tags": [
"dated"
],
"word": "belibel"
},
{
"source": "Thesaurus:defame",
"word": "besmirch"
},
{
"source": "Thesaurus:defame",
"word": "besmear"
},
{
"source": "Thesaurus:defame",
"tags": [
"archaic"
],
"word": "bewray"
},
{
"source": "Thesaurus:defame",
"word": "blacken"
},
{
"source": "Thesaurus:defame",
"tags": [
"obsolete"
],
"word": "blame"
},
{
"source": "Thesaurus:defame",
"word": "blaze"
},
{
"source": "Thesaurus:defame",
"word": "blemish"
},
{
"source": "Thesaurus:defame",
"word": "blot"
},
{
"source": "Thesaurus:defame",
"word": "blur"
},
{
"source": "Thesaurus:defame",
"word": "calumniate"
},
{
"source": "Thesaurus:defame",
"word": "calumny"
},
{
"source": "Thesaurus:defame",
"tags": [
"Commonwealth",
"slang",
"vulgar"
],
"word": "chat shit"
},
{
"source": "Thesaurus:defame",
"tags": [
"Ireland",
"UK",
"slang",
"vulgar"
],
"word": "chat shite"
},
{
"source": "Thesaurus:defame",
"word": "cloud"
},
{
"source": "Thesaurus:defame",
"word": "defame"
},
{
"source": "Thesaurus:defame",
"tags": [
"figuratively"
],
"word": "demonize"
},
{
"source": "Thesaurus:defame",
"word": "denigrate"
},
{
"source": "Thesaurus:defame",
"word": "deprave"
},
{
"source": "Thesaurus:defame",
"word": "depreciate"
},
{
"source": "Thesaurus:defame",
"word": "detract"
},
{
"source": "Thesaurus:defame",
"word": "dirty"
},
{
"source": "Thesaurus:defame",
"word": "discredit"
},
{
"source": "Thesaurus:defame",
"word": "disgrace"
},
{
"source": "Thesaurus:defame",
"word": "disparage"
},
{
"source": "Thesaurus:defame",
"word": "disrepute"
},
{
"source": "Thesaurus:defame",
"tags": [
"slang"
],
"word": "diss"
},
{
"source": "Thesaurus:defame",
"tags": [
"idiomatic"
],
"word": "drag through the mud"
},
{
"source": "Thesaurus:defame",
"tags": [
"obsolete"
],
"word": "forgab"
},
{
"source": "Thesaurus:defame",
"tags": [
"obsolete"
],
"word": "forspeak"
},
{
"source": "Thesaurus:defame",
"word": "foul"
},
{
"source": "Thesaurus:defame",
"word": "infamize"
},
{
"source": "Thesaurus:defame",
"word": "lampoon"
},
{
"source": "Thesaurus:defame",
"word": "libel"
},
{
"source": "Thesaurus:defame",
"word": "malign"
},
{
"source": "Thesaurus:defame",
"word": "monsterize"
},
{
"source": "Thesaurus:defame",
"tags": [
"figuratively"
],
"word": "muddy"
},
{
"source": "Thesaurus:defame",
"word": "reproach"
},
{
"source": "Thesaurus:defame",
"word": "revile"
},
{
"source": "Thesaurus:defame",
"tags": [
"obsolete"
],
"word": "scandal"
},
{
"source": "Thesaurus:defame",
"tags": [
"slang",
"vulgar"
],
"word": "shit-talk"
},
{
"source": "Thesaurus:defame",
"tags": [
"UK",
"slang"
],
"word": "slag"
},
{
"source": "Thesaurus:defame",
"tags": [
"obsolete"
],
"word": "slander"
},
{
"source": "Thesaurus:defame",
"word": "smear"
},
{
"source": "Thesaurus:defame",
"tags": [
"archaic",
"figuratively"
],
"word": "smirch"
},
{
"source": "Thesaurus:defame",
"tags": [
"figuratively",
"obsolete"
],
"word": "spatter"
},
{
"source": "Thesaurus:defame",
"word": "spot"
},
{
"source": "Thesaurus:defame",
"word": "speak ill of"
},
{
"source": "Thesaurus:defame",
"tags": [
"figuratively"
],
"word": "stab"
},
{
"source": "Thesaurus:defame",
"word": "stain"
},
{
"source": "Thesaurus:defame",
"word": "sully"
},
{
"source": "Thesaurus:defame",
"tags": [
"slang",
"vulgar"
],
"word": "talk shit"
},
{
"source": "Thesaurus:defame",
"tags": [
"UK",
"slang",
"vulgar"
],
"word": "talk shite"
},
{
"source": "Thesaurus:defame",
"tags": [
"US",
"slang"
],
"word": "talk trash"
},
{
"source": "Thesaurus:defame",
"word": "tarnish"
},
{
"source": "Thesaurus:defame",
"tags": [
"figuratively"
],
"word": "torch"
},
{
"source": "Thesaurus:defame",
"word": "traduce"
},
{
"source": "Thesaurus:defame",
"tags": [
"US",
"slang"
],
"word": "trash-talk"
},
{
"source": "Thesaurus:defame",
"word": "unflatter"
},
{
"source": "Thesaurus:defame",
"word": "vilify"
},
{
"source": "Thesaurus:defame",
"tags": [
"dated",
"formal"
],
"word": "vilipend"
},
{
"source": "Thesaurus:defame",
"word": "villainize"
},
{
"source": "Thesaurus:defame",
"word": "wrong"
}
],
"tags": [
"transitive"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"English intransitive verbs",
"English terms with quotations",
"English terms with usage examples",
"English transitive verbs",
"Quotation templates to be cleaned"
],
"examples": [
{
"bold_text_offsets": [
[
13,
19
]
],
"text": "The hair has fouled the drain.",
"type": "example"
},
{
"bold_text_offsets": [
[
116,
123
]
],
"ref": "1959 November 4, P. W. B. Semmens, “Sunday Diversions on the East Coast Main Line”, in Railway Magazine, page 759:",
"text": "The recent opening of the bridge at the south end of Lincoln Station has enabled trains to take water there without fouling the level crossings at both ends of the platforms.",
"type": "quotation"
},
{
"bold_text_offsets": [
[
95,
101
]
],
"ref": "1961 November, “Talking of Trains: Aircraft on rail tracks”, in Trains Illustrated, page 650:",
"text": "As a result of the accident at Southend Airport when a Hermes aircraft overshot the runway and fouled the down Shenfield to Southend Victoria line between Rochford and Prittlewell, the Eastern Region is considering warning arrangements, which have already been provided on some lines running past aerodromes.",
"type": "quotation"
},
{
"bold_text_offsets": [
[
36,
42
]
],
"ref": "2013, Miles Johannesburg, The Airgun Hunters Chronicles:",
"text": "Unbelievable. Nearly all shots were fouled by twigs or branches.",
"type": "quotation"
},
{
"bold_text_offsets": [
[
60,
66
]
],
"ref": "2018 September 21, Martin Irons, Phalanx Against the Divine Wind: Protecting the Fast Carrier Task Force During World War 2, Lulu.com, →ISBN, page 217:",
"text": "Porterfields 5\" guns were of little use as their shots were fouled' by the other task group warships down range.",
"type": "quotation"
},
{
"ref": "2020, Yoon Ha Lee, Phoenix Extravagant, start of chapter 21",
"text": "“You were lucky the shot was fouled,” said a dispassionate voice."
}
],
"glosses": [
"To obstruct, block, or otherwise interfere with (something), for example by clogging (a drain, gun barrel, chimney, etc) or by being in the way of (a gunshot, etc)."
],
"links": [
[
"obstruct",
"obstruct"
],
[
"block",
"block"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(transitive, intransitive) To obstruct, block, or otherwise interfere with (something), for example by clogging (a drain, gun barrel, chimney, etc) or by being in the way of (a gunshot, etc)."
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "choke"
},
{
"word": "clog"
},
{
"word": "impede"
},
{
"source": "Thesaurus:obstruct",
"word": "barricade"
},
{
"source": "Thesaurus:obstruct",
"word": "block"
},
{
"source": "Thesaurus:obstruct",
"word": "choke"
},
{
"source": "Thesaurus:obstruct",
"word": "clog"
},
{
"source": "Thesaurus:obstruct",
"word": "close off"
},
{
"source": "Thesaurus:obstruct",
"word": "cumber"
},
{
"source": "Thesaurus:obstruct",
"word": "forslow"
},
{
"source": "Thesaurus:obstruct",
"tags": [
"archaic"
],
"word": "forwork"
},
{
"source": "Thesaurus:obstruct",
"word": "foul"
},
{
"source": "Thesaurus:obstruct",
"word": "gunk up"
},
{
"source": "Thesaurus:obstruct",
"word": "hamper"
},
{
"source": "Thesaurus:obstruct",
"word": "hinder"
},
{
"source": "Thesaurus:obstruct",
"word": "impede"
},
{
"source": "Thesaurus:obstruct",
"word": "interfere"
},
{
"source": "Thesaurus:obstruct",
"word": "interrupt"
},
{
"source": "Thesaurus:obstruct",
"word": "intervene"
},
{
"source": "Thesaurus:obstruct",
"word": "jam"
},
{
"source": "Thesaurus:obstruct",
"word": "obstruct"
},
{
"source": "Thesaurus:obstruct",
"word": "obturate"
},
{
"source": "Thesaurus:obstruct",
"word": "occlude"
},
{
"source": "Thesaurus:obstruct",
"word": "plug"
},
{
"source": "Thesaurus:obstruct",
"word": "roadblock"
},
{
"source": "Thesaurus:obstruct",
"word": "seal"
},
{
"source": "Thesaurus:obstruct",
"word": "stonewall"
},
{
"source": "Thesaurus:obstruct",
"word": "thwart"
},
{
"source": "Thesaurus:obstruct",
"word": "yield"
}
],
"tags": [
"intransitive",
"transitive"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"English terms with quotations",
"English terms with usage examples",
"English transitive verbs",
"Quotation templates to be cleaned",
"en:Nautical"
],
"examples": [
{
"bold_text_offsets": [
[
13,
19
]
],
"text": "The kelp has fouled the prop.",
"type": "example"
},
{
"bold_text_offsets": [
[
130,
136
]
],
"ref": "1941, Emily Carr, chapter 18, in Klee Wyck:",
"text": "The Indian's heart was sore for his boat; it looked as if nothing could save her. She was drifting more slowly now, her propeller fouled in kelp.",
"type": "quotation"
}
],
"glosses": [
"To entangle."
],
"links": [
[
"nautical",
"nautical"
],
[
"entangle",
"entangle"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(transitive, nautical) To entangle."
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "ensnare"
},
{
"word": "snarl"
},
{
"source": "Thesaurus:tangle",
"word": "enmesh"
},
{
"source": "Thesaurus:tangle",
"tags": [
"figuratively"
],
"word": "ensnare"
},
{
"source": "Thesaurus:tangle",
"word": "ensnarl"
},
{
"source": "Thesaurus:tangle",
"word": "entangle"
},
{
"source": "Thesaurus:tangle",
"word": "foul"
},
{
"source": "Thesaurus:tangle",
"tags": [
"archaic"
],
"word": "implicate"
},
{
"source": "Thesaurus:tangle",
"tags": [
"archaic"
],
"word": "imply"
},
{
"source": "Thesaurus:tangle",
"tags": [
"figuratively"
],
"word": "involve"
},
{
"source": "Thesaurus:tangle",
"word": "mat"
},
{
"source": "Thesaurus:tangle",
"word": "ravel"
},
{
"source": "Thesaurus:tangle",
"word": "snarl"
},
{
"source": "Thesaurus:tangle",
"word": "tangle"
}
],
"tags": [
"transitive"
],
"topics": [
"nautical",
"transport"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"English terms with quotations",
"English terms with usage examples",
"English transitive verbs",
"en:Basketball",
"en:Football (soccer)"
],
"examples": [
{
"bold_text_offsets": [
[
6,
12
]
],
"text": "Smith fouled him hard.",
"type": "example"
},
{
"bold_text_offsets": [
[
78,
84
]
],
"ref": "2011 January 8, Chris Bevan, “Arsenal 1 - 1 Leeds”, in BBC:",
"text": "The Gunners dominated for long periods but, against the run of play, Denilson fouled Max Gradel and Robert Snodgrass put Leeds ahead from the spot.",
"type": "quotation"
}
],
"glosses": [
"To make make a play, such as a strong contact with an opposing player in order to gain advantage, that is deemed by the referee to have contravened the rules."
],
"links": [
[
"basketball",
"basketball"
],
[
"soccer",
"soccer"
],
[
"referee",
"referee"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(transitive, basketball, soccer) To make make a play, such as a strong contact with an opposing player in order to gain advantage, that is deemed by the referee to have contravened the rules."
],
"tags": [
"transitive"
],
"topics": [
"ball-games",
"basketball",
"games",
"hobbies",
"lifestyle",
"soccer",
"sports"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"English intransitive verbs",
"English terms with quotations",
"English terms with usage examples",
"en:Basketball",
"en:Football (soccer)"
],
"examples": [
{
"bold_text_offsets": [
[
6,
12
]
],
"text": "Smith fouled within the first minute of the quarter.",
"type": "example"
},
{
"bold_text_offsets": [
[
13,
20
]
],
"ref": "2009, Brandon Lang, Stanley Cohen, Beating the Odds: The Rise, Fall, and Resurrection of a Sports Handicapper, →ISBN:",
"text": "State begins fouling and UCLA misses a couple of front-end free throws on one-and-ones.",
"type": "quotation"
}
],
"glosses": [
"To commit a foul."
],
"links": [
[
"basketball",
"basketball"
],
[
"soccer",
"soccer"
],
[
"foul",
"#Noun"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(intransitive, basketball, soccer) To commit a foul."
],
"tags": [
"intransitive"
],
"topics": [
"ball-games",
"basketball",
"games",
"hobbies",
"lifestyle",
"soccer",
"sports"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"English terms with usage examples",
"English transitive verbs",
"en:Baseball"
],
"examples": [
{
"bold_text_offsets": [
[
6,
12
]
],
"text": "Jones fouled the ball off the facing of the upper deck.",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"To hit outside of the baselines."
],
"links": [
[
"baseball",
"baseball"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(transitive, baseball) To hit outside of the baselines."
],
"tags": [
"transitive"
],
"topics": [
"ball-games",
"baseball",
"games",
"hobbies",
"lifestyle",
"sports"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"English intransitive verbs",
"English terms with usage examples",
"en:Baseball"
],
"examples": [
{
"bold_text_offsets": [
[
6,
12
]
],
"text": "Jones fouled for strike one.",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"To hit a ball outside of the baselines."
],
"links": [
[
"baseball",
"baseball"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(intransitive, baseball) To hit a ball outside of the baselines."
],
"tags": [
"intransitive"
],
"topics": [
"ball-games",
"baseball",
"games",
"hobbies",
"lifestyle",
"sports"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"English intransitive verbs",
"English terms with usage examples"
],
"examples": [
{
"bold_text_offsets": [
[
10,
16
]
],
"text": "The drain fouled.",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"To become clogged."
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(intransitive) To become clogged."
],
"tags": [
"intransitive"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"English intransitive verbs",
"English terms with usage examples"
],
"examples": [
{
"bold_text_offsets": [
[
9,
15
]
],
"text": "The prop fouled on the kelp.",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"To become entangled."
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(intransitive) To become entangled."
],
"tags": [
"intransitive"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"English terms with quotations"
],
"examples": [
{
"bold_text_offsets": [
[
129,
133
]
],
"ref": "1963 July, “News and Comment: The future of coal by rail”, in Modern Railways, page 5:",
"text": "The full capacity, however, requires a hopper of a size that takes the wagon body up to 11ft 11½in above rail level, which would foul many existing colliery screens.",
"type": "quotation"
}
],
"glosses": [
"To come into contact or collide with."
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"enpr": "foul"
},
{
"ipa": "/faʊl/"
},
{
"rhymes": "-aʊl"
},
{
"enpr": "fou'əl"
},
{
"ipa": "/ˈfaʊ.əl/"
},
{
"audio": "en-us-foul.ogg",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/9/9b/En-us-foul.ogg/En-us-foul.ogg.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9b/En-us-foul.ogg",
"tags": [
"US"
]
},
{
"rhymes": "-aʊəl"
},
{
"homophone": "fowl"
}
],
"translations": [
{
"code": "bg",
"lang": "Bulgarian",
"lang_code": "bg",
"roman": "capam",
"sense": "make dirty",
"word": "цапам"
},
{
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"lang_code": "fi",
"sense": "make dirty",
"word": "liata"
},
{
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"lang_code": "fi",
"sense": "make dirty",
"word": "tahrata"
},
{
"code": "gl",
"lang": "Galician",
"lang_code": "gl",
"sense": "make dirty",
"word": "enfouzar"
},
{
"code": "gl",
"lang": "Galician",
"lang_code": "gl",
"sense": "make dirty",
"word": "emporcar"
},
{
"code": "gl",
"lang": "Galician",
"lang_code": "gl",
"sense": "make dirty",
"word": "lixar"
},
{
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"lang_code": "de",
"sense": "make dirty",
"word": "verschmutzen"
},
{
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"lang_code": "de",
"sense": "make dirty",
"word": "beschmutzen"
},
{
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"lang_code": "de",
"sense": "make dirty",
"word": "verunreinigen"
},
{
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"lang_code": "de",
"sense": "make dirty",
"word": "sich in die Hose machen"
},
{
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"lang_code": "de",
"sense": "make dirty",
"word": "sich einmachen"
},
{
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"lang_code": "de",
"sense": "make dirty",
"word": "sich anmachen"
},
{
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"lang_code": "de",
"sense": "make dirty",
"word": "versauen"
},
{
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"lang_code": "de",
"sense": "make dirty",
"word": "verderben"
},
{
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"lang_code": "de",
"sense": "make dirty",
"word": "verpfuschen"
},
{
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"lang_code": "de",
"sense": "make dirty",
"word": "vermasseln"
},
{
"code": "it",
"lang": "Italian",
"lang_code": "it",
"sense": "make dirty",
"word": "imbrattare"
},
{
"code": "la",
"lang": "Latin",
"lang_code": "la",
"sense": "make dirty",
"word": "poluo"
},
{
"code": "la",
"lang": "Latin",
"lang_code": "la",
"sense": "make dirty",
"word": "polluo"
},
{
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"lang_code": "ru",
"roman": "páčkatʹ",
"sense": "make dirty",
"word": "па́чкать"
},
{
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"lang_code": "es",
"sense": "make dirty",
"word": "ensuciar"
},
{
"code": "sv",
"lang": "Swedish",
"lang_code": "sv",
"sense": "make dirty",
"word": "smutsa ner"
},
{
"code": "bg",
"lang": "Bulgarian",
"lang_code": "bg",
"roman": "opetnjavam",
"sense": "besmirch",
"word": "опетнявам"
},
{
"code": "nl",
"lang": "Dutch",
"lang_code": "nl",
"sense": "besmirch",
"word": "besmeuren"
},
{
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"lang_code": "fi",
"sense": "besmirch",
"word": "tahrata"
},
{
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"lang_code": "de",
"sense": "besmirch",
"word": "verschmutzen"
},
{
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"lang_code": "de",
"sense": "besmirch",
"word": "beschmutzen"
},
{
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"lang_code": "de",
"sense": "besmirch",
"word": "verderben"
},
{
"code": "la",
"lang": "Latin",
"lang_code": "la",
"sense": "besmirch",
"word": "foedō"
},
{
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"lang_code": "ru",
"roman": "pjatnatʹ",
"sense": "besmirch",
"word": "пятнать"
},
{
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"lang_code": "es",
"sense": "besmirch",
"word": "ensuciar"
},
{
"code": "sv",
"lang": "Swedish",
"lang_code": "sv",
"sense": "besmirch",
"word": "befläcka"
},
{
"code": "bg",
"lang": "Bulgarian",
"lang_code": "bg",
"roman": "zadrăstvam",
"sense": "clog or obstruct",
"word": "задръствам"
},
{
"code": "nl",
"lang": "Dutch",
"lang_code": "nl",
"sense": "clog or obstruct",
"word": "verstoppen"
},
{
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"lang_code": "fi",
"sense": "clog or obstruct",
"word": "tukkia"
},
{
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"lang_code": "de",
"sense": "clog or obstruct",
"word": "verstopfen"
},
{
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"lang_code": "de",
"sense": "clog or obstruct",
"word": "blockieren"
},
{
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"lang_code": "ru",
"roman": "zasorjátʹ",
"sense": "clog or obstruct",
"word": "засоря́ть"
},
{
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"lang_code": "es",
"sense": "clog or obstruct",
"word": "tapar"
},
{
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"lang_code": "es",
"sense": "clog or obstruct",
"word": "obstruer"
},
{
"code": "bg",
"lang": "Bulgarian",
"lang_code": "bg",
"roman": "oplitam",
"sense": "entangle",
"word": "оплитам"
},
{
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"lang_code": "de",
"sense": "entangle",
"word": "verwirren"
},
{
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"lang_code": "de",
"sense": "entangle",
"word": "verwickeln"
},
{
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"lang_code": "de",
"sense": "entangle",
"word": "hängenbleiben"
},
{
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"lang_code": "de",
"sense": "entangle",
"word": "sich verfangen"
},
{
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"lang_code": "de",
"sense": "entangle",
"word": "festhängen"
},
{
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"lang_code": "ru",
"roman": "zapútyvatʹ",
"sense": "entangle",
"word": "запу́тывать"
},
{
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"lang_code": "es",
"sense": "entangle",
"word": "enredar"
},
{
"code": "bg",
"lang": "Bulgarian",
"lang_code": "bg",
"roman": "fauliram",
"sense": "make contact with an opposing player in order to gain advantage that is deemed to contravene the rules",
"word": "фаулирам"
},
{
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"lang_code": "fi",
"sense": "make contact with an opposing player in order to gain advantage that is deemed to contravene the rules",
"word": "rikkoa sääntöjä"
},
{
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"lang_code": "de",
"sense": "make contact with an opposing player in order to gain advantage that is deemed to contravene the rules",
"word": "foulen"
},
{
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"lang_code": "de",
"sense": "make contact with an opposing player in order to gain advantage that is deemed to contravene the rules",
"word": "kollidieren"
},
{
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"lang_code": "de",
"sense": "make contact with an opposing player in order to gain advantage that is deemed to contravene the rules",
"word": "zusammenstossen"
},
{
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"lang_code": "de",
"sense": "make contact with an opposing player in order to gain advantage that is deemed to contravene the rules",
"word": "zusammenstoßen"
},
{
"code": "pl",
"lang": "Polish",
"lang_code": "pl",
"sense": "make contact with an opposing player in order to gain advantage that is deemed to contravene the rules",
"tags": [
"imperfective"
],
"word": "faulować"
},
{
"code": "pl",
"lang": "Polish",
"lang_code": "pl",
"sense": "make contact with an opposing player in order to gain advantage that is deemed to contravene the rules",
"tags": [
"perfective"
],
"word": "sfaulować"
},
{
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"lang_code": "fi",
"sense": "hit outside of the baselines",
"word": "lyödä ulos"
},
{
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"lang_code": "fi",
"sense": "hit outside of the baselines",
"word": "lyödä väärä"
},
{
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"lang_code": "de",
"sense": "hit outside of the baselines",
"word": "foulen"
},
{
"code": "pl",
"lang": "Polish",
"lang_code": "pl",
"sense": "hit outside of the baselines",
"tags": [
"imperfective"
],
"word": "faulować"
},
{
"code": "pl",
"lang": "Polish",
"lang_code": "pl",
"sense": "hit outside of the baselines",
"tags": [
"perfective"
],
"word": "sfaulować"
},
{
"code": "bg",
"lang": "Bulgarian",
"lang_code": "bg",
"roman": "zadrăstvam se",
"sense": "become clogged",
"word": "задръствам се"
},
{
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"lang_code": "fi",
"sense": "become clogged",
"word": "tukkeutua"
},
{
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"lang_code": "de",
"sense": "become clogged",
"word": "verstopften"
},
{
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"lang_code": "de",
"sense": "become clogged",
"word": "blockieren"
},
{
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"lang_code": "ru",
"roman": "zasorjatʹsja",
"sense": "become clogged",
"word": "засоряться"
},
{
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"lang_code": "es",
"sense": "become clogged",
"word": "taparse"
},
{
"code": "bg",
"lang": "Bulgarian",
"lang_code": "bg",
"roman": "oplitam se",
"sense": "become entangled",
"word": "оплитам се"
},
{
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"lang_code": "fi",
"sense": "become entangled",
"word": "sotkeutua"
},
{
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"lang_code": "de",
"sense": "become entangled",
"word": "verwirrt werden"
},
{
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"lang_code": "de",
"sense": "become entangled",
"word": "sich verwickeln"
},
{
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"lang_code": "de",
"sense": "become entangled",
"word": "sich verfangen"
},
{
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"lang_code": "ru",
"roman": "zaputyvatʹsja",
"sense": "become entangled",
"word": "запутываться"
},
{
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"lang_code": "es",
"sense": "become entangled",
"word": "enredarse"
},
{
"code": "bg",
"lang": "Bulgarian",
"lang_code": "bg",
"roman": "fauliram",
"sense": "commit a foul",
"word": "фаулирам"
},
{
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"lang_code": "de",
"sense": "commit a foul",
"word": "foulen"
},
{
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"lang_code": "de",
"sense": "commit a foul",
"word": "unanständig spielen"
},
{
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"lang_code": "de",
"sense": "commit a foul",
"word": "unfair spielen"
},
{
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"lang_code": "de",
"sense": "commit a foul",
"word": "falsch spielen"
},
{
"code": "pl",
"lang": "Polish",
"lang_code": "pl",
"sense": "commit a foul",
"tags": [
"imperfective"
],
"word": "faulować"
},
{
"code": "pl",
"lang": "Polish",
"lang_code": "pl",
"sense": "commit a foul",
"tags": [
"perfective"
],
"word": "sfaulować"
},
{
"code": "pt",
"lang": "Portuguese",
"lang_code": "pt",
"sense": "commit a foul",
"word": "fazer uma falta"
},
{
"code": "pt",
"lang": "Portuguese",
"lang_code": "pt",
"sense": "commit a foul",
"word": "cometer uma falta"
},
{
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"lang_code": "ru",
"roman": "folítʹ",
"sense": "commit a foul",
"word": "фоли́ть"
},
{
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"lang_code": "es",
"sense": "commit a foul",
"word": "cometer una falta"
},
{
"code": "sv",
"lang": "Swedish",
"lang_code": "sv",
"sense": "commit a foul",
"word": "foula"
},
{
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"lang_code": "de",
"sense": "hit a ball outside of the baselines",
"word": "foulen"
},
{
"code": "pl",
"lang": "Polish",
"lang_code": "pl",
"sense": "hit a ball outside of the baselines",
"tags": [
"imperfective"
],
"word": "faulować"
},
{
"code": "pl",
"lang": "Polish",
"lang_code": "pl",
"sense": "hit a ball outside of the baselines",
"tags": [
"perfective"
],
"word": "sfaulować"
},
{
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"lang_code": "ru",
"roman": "zafalivatʹ",
"sense": "hit a ball outside of the baselines",
"tags": [
"slang"
],
"word": "зафаливать"
}
],
"word": "foul"
}
{
"categories": [
"English countable nouns",
"English entries with incorrect language header",
"English lemmas",
"English nouns",
"English terms derived from Middle English",
"English terms derived from Old English",
"English terms derived from Proto-Germanic",
"English terms derived from Proto-West Germanic",
"English terms inherited from Middle English",
"English terms inherited from Old English",
"English terms inherited from Proto-West Germanic",
"English terms with homophones",
"English verbs",
"Entries with translation boxes",
"Pages with 6 entries",
"Pages with entries",
"Rhymes:English/aʊl",
"Rhymes:English/aʊl/1 syllable",
"Rhymes:English/aʊəl",
"Rhymes:English/aʊəl/2 syllables",
"Terms with Arabic translations",
"Terms with Basque translations",
"Terms with Bulgarian translations",
"Terms with Cantonese translations",
"Terms with Catalan translations",
"Terms with Czech translations",
"Terms with Dutch translations",
"Terms with Estonian translations",
"Terms with Finnish translations",
"Terms with French translations",
"Terms with Galician translations",
"Terms with German translations",
"Terms with Greek translations",
"Terms with Hungarian translations",
"Terms with Italian translations",
"Terms with Japanese translations",
"Terms with Korean translations",
"Terms with Latin translations",
"Terms with Mandarin translations",
"Terms with Māori translations",
"Terms with Persian translations",
"Terms with Pohnpeian translations",
"Terms with Polish translations",
"Terms with Portuguese translations",
"Terms with Russian translations",
"Terms with Spanish translations",
"Terms with Swahili translations",
"Terms with Swedish translations",
"Terms with Turkish translations",
"en:Hygiene"
],
"derived": [
{
"word": "offensive foul"
},
{
"word": "party foul"
},
{
"word": "personal foul"
},
{
"word": "professional foul"
},
{
"word": "technical foul"
}
],
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Cantonese",
"lang_code": "yue",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"word": "foul"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Pohnpeian",
"lang_code": "pon",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"word": "aur"
}
],
"lang": "Japanese",
"lang_code": "ja",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"roman": "fauru",
"word": "ファウル"
},
{
"lang": "Korean",
"lang_code": "ko",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"roman": "paul",
"word": "파울"
},
{
"lang": "Polish",
"lang_code": "pl",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"word": "faul"
},
{
"lang": "Romanian",
"lang_code": "ro",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"word": "fault"
},
{
"lang": "Russian",
"lang_code": "ru",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"roman": "fol",
"word": "фол"
},
{
"lang": "Swahili",
"lang_code": "sw",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"word": "fauli"
},
{
"lang": "Swahili",
"lang_code": "sw",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"word": "faulo"
},
{
"lang": "Turkish",
"lang_code": "tr",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"word": "faul"
}
],
"etymology_number": "2",
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "",
"2": "i",
"3": "I"
},
"expansion": "I",
"name": "yesno"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "Inherited"
},
"expansion": "Inherited",
"name": "glossary"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "enm",
"3": "foulen",
"4": "",
"5": "",
"g": "",
"g2": "",
"g3": "",
"id": "",
"lit": "",
"nocat": "",
"pos": "",
"sc": "",
"sort": "",
"tr": "",
"ts": ""
},
"expansion": "Middle English foulen",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "enm",
"3": "foulen"
},
"expansion": "Inherited from Middle English foulen",
"name": "inh+"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "ang",
"3": "fūlian",
"t": "to become foul; rot; decay"
},
"expansion": "Old English fūlian (“to become foul; rot; decay”)",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "gmw-pro",
"3": "*fūlēn"
},
"expansion": "Proto-West Germanic *fūlēn",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "gem-pro",
"3": "*fūlāną",
"t": "to rot; decay"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic *fūlāną (“to rot; decay”)",
"name": "der"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Inherited from Middle English foulen, fulen, from Old English fūlian (“to become foul; rot; decay”), from Proto-West Germanic *fūlēn, from Proto-Germanic *fūlāną (“to rot; decay”).",
"forms": [
{
"form": "fouls",
"tags": [
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "foule",
"tags": [
"alternative",
"obsolete"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "foul (plural fouls)",
"name": "en-noun"
}
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "noun",
"related": [
{
"word": "foul fish"
}
],
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"English terms with quotations",
"en:Sports"
],
"examples": [
{
"bold_text_offsets": [
[
302,
306
]
],
"ref": "2011 December 10, Arindam Rej, “Norwich 4 - 2 Newcastle”, in BBC Sport:",
"text": "A second Norwich goal in four minutes arrived after some dire Newcastle defending. Gosling gave the ball away with a sloppy back-pass, allowing Crofts to curl in a cross that the unmarked Morison powered in with a firm, 12-yard header.\nGosling's plight worsened when he was soon shown a red card for a foul on Martin.",
"type": "quotation"
},
{
"bold_text_offsets": [
[
100,
105
]
],
"ref": "2011, Charley Rosen, Crazy Basketball: A Life In and Out of Bounds, Lincoln, NE: University of Nebraska Press, →ISBN, page 216:",
"text": "Even though we were swept, we did outstat the Fast Breakers in one category: they had six technical fouls for the series (three for Bibby, two for Matthews, and one for Shouse), and we totaled nine (three each for Mannion and me, one each for Jose Slaughter, Lewis, and Lamp).",
"type": "quotation"
}
],
"glosses": [
"A breach of the rules of a game, especially one involving inappropriate contact with an opposing player in order to gain an advantage; for example, tripping someone up in soccer, or contact of any kind in basketball."
],
"links": [
[
"sports",
"sports"
],
[
"breach",
"breach"
],
[
"rule",
"rule"
],
[
"game",
"game"
],
[
"tripping someone up",
"trip up"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(sports) A breach of the rules of a game, especially one involving inappropriate contact with an opposing player in order to gain an advantage; for example, tripping someone up in soccer, or contact of any kind in basketball."
],
"topics": [
"hobbies",
"lifestyle",
"sports"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"en:Bowling"
],
"glosses": [
"A (usually accidental) contact between a bowler and the lane before the bowler has released the ball."
],
"links": [
[
"bowling",
"bowling#Noun"
],
[
"accidental",
"accidental"
],
[
"contact",
"contact"
],
[
"bowler",
"bowler"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(bowling) A (usually accidental) contact between a bowler and the lane before the bowler has released the ball."
],
"topics": [
"bowling",
"hobbies",
"lifestyle",
"sports"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"English terms with usage examples",
"en:Baseball"
],
"examples": [
{
"bold_text_offsets": [
[
12,
16
]
],
"text": "Jones hit a foul up over the screen.",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"A foul ball, a ball which has been hit outside of the base lines."
],
"links": [
[
"baseball",
"baseball"
],
[
"foul ball",
"foul ball"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(baseball) A foul ball, a ball which has been hit outside of the base lines."
],
"topics": [
"ball-games",
"baseball",
"games",
"hobbies",
"lifestyle",
"sports"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"English terms with quotations",
"en:Fishing",
"en:Nautical"
],
"examples": [
{
"bold_text_offsets": [
[
223,
227
]
],
"ref": "1875, J.C. Wilcocks, The Sea-Fisherman, London: Longmans, Green, and Co., page 62:",
"text": "The baits are now cast clear of the boat, the lead being thrown into the water away from them; for if dropped on the snood, as I have seen done by many unthinking persons who have only been accustomed to chopstick lines, a foul is the natural result.",
"type": "quotation"
}
],
"glosses": [
"A tangle or entanglement."
],
"links": [
[
"nautical",
"nautical"
],
[
"fishing",
"fishing#Noun"
],
[
"entanglement",
"entanglement"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(nautical, fishing) A tangle or entanglement."
],
"topics": [
"fishing",
"hobbies",
"lifestyle",
"nautical",
"transport"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"enpr": "foul"
},
{
"ipa": "/faʊl/"
},
{
"rhymes": "-aʊl"
},
{
"enpr": "fou'əl"
},
{
"ipa": "/ˈfaʊ.əl/"
},
{
"audio": "en-us-foul.ogg",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/9/9b/En-us-foul.ogg/En-us-foul.ogg.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9b/En-us-foul.ogg",
"tags": [
"US"
]
},
{
"rhymes": "-aʊəl"
},
{
"homophone": "fowl"
}
],
"translations": [
{
"code": "ar",
"lang": "Arabic",
"lang_code": "ar",
"roman": "muḵālafa",
"sense": "offence in sports",
"word": "مُخَالَفَة"
},
{
"code": "eu",
"lang": "Basque",
"lang_code": "eu",
"sense": "offence in sports",
"word": "falta"
},
{
"code": "bg",
"lang": "Bulgarian",
"lang_code": "bg",
"roman": "faul",
"sense": "offence in sports",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "фаул"
},
{
"code": "ca",
"lang": "Catalan",
"lang_code": "ca",
"sense": "offence in sports",
"word": "falta"
},
{
"code": "cmn",
"lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
"lang_code": "cmn",
"roman": "fànguī",
"sense": "offence in sports",
"word": "犯規 /犯规"
},
{
"code": "yue",
"lang": "Chinese Cantonese",
"lang_code": "yue",
"roman": "faan⁶ kwai¹",
"sense": "offence in sports",
"word": "犯規 /犯规"
},
{
"code": "cs",
"lang": "Czech",
"lang_code": "cs",
"sense": "offence in sports",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "faul"
},
{
"code": "et",
"lang": "Estonian",
"lang_code": "et",
"sense": "offence in sports",
"word": "vastik"
},
{
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"lang_code": "fi",
"sense": "offence in sports",
"word": "rike"
},
{
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"lang_code": "fi",
"sense": "offence in sports",
"word": "rikkominen"
},
{
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"lang_code": "fr",
"sense": "offence in sports",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "faute"
},
{
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"lang_code": "de",
"sense": "offence in sports",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "Foul"
},
{
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"lang_code": "de",
"sense": "offence in sports",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "Regelverstoß"
},
{
"code": "el",
"lang": "Greek",
"lang_code": "el",
"roman": "fáoul",
"sense": "offence in sports",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "φάουλ"
},
{
"code": "hu",
"lang": "Hungarian",
"lang_code": "hu",
"sense": "offence in sports",
"word": "szabálytalanság"
},
{
"code": "hu",
"lang": "Hungarian",
"lang_code": "hu",
"sense": "offence in sports",
"tags": [
"informal"
],
"word": "falt"
},
{
"code": "it",
"lang": "Italian",
"lang_code": "it",
"sense": "offence in sports",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "fallo"
},
{
"code": "ja",
"lang": "Japanese",
"lang_code": "ja",
"roman": "fauru",
"sense": "offence in sports",
"word": "ファウル"
},
{
"code": "ko",
"lang": "Korean",
"lang_code": "ko",
"roman": "paul",
"sense": "offence in sports",
"word": "파울"
},
{
"code": "mi",
"lang": "Māori",
"lang_code": "mi",
"sense": "offence in sports",
"word": "hapa"
},
{
"code": "mi",
"lang": "Māori",
"lang_code": "mi",
"sense": "offence in sports",
"word": "hapa"
},
{
"code": "fa",
"lang": "Persian",
"lang_code": "fa",
"roman": "fol",
"sense": "offence in sports",
"word": "فول"
},
{
"code": "fa",
"lang": "Persian",
"lang_code": "fa",
"roman": "xatâ",
"sense": "offence in sports",
"word": "خطا"
},
{
"code": "pon",
"lang": "Pohnpeian",
"lang_code": "pon",
"sense": "offence in sports",
"word": "aur"
},
{
"code": "pl",
"lang": "Polish",
"lang_code": "pl",
"sense": "offence in sports",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "faul"
},
{
"code": "pt",
"lang": "Portuguese",
"lang_code": "pt",
"sense": "offence in sports",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "falta"
},
{
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"lang_code": "ru",
"roman": "fol",
"sense": "offence in sports",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "фол"
},
{
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"lang_code": "es",
"sense": "offence in sports",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "falta"
},
{
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"lang_code": "es",
"sense": "offence in sports",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "faul"
},
{
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"lang_code": "es",
"sense": "offence in sports",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "foul"
},
{
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"lang_code": "es",
"sense": "offence in sports",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "fao"
},
{
"code": "sw",
"lang": "Swahili",
"lang_code": "sw",
"sense": "offence in sports",
"word": "fauli"
},
{
"code": "sw",
"lang": "Swahili",
"lang_code": "sw",
"sense": "offence in sports",
"word": "faulo"
},
{
"code": "sv",
"lang": "Swedish",
"lang_code": "sv",
"sense": "offence in sports",
"tags": [
"common-gender"
],
"topics": [
"basketball",
"ball-games",
"games",
"sports",
"hobbies",
"lifestyle"
],
"word": "foul"
},
{
"code": "sv",
"lang": "Swedish",
"lang_code": "sv",
"note": "general term",
"sense": "offence in sports",
"tags": [
"common-gender"
],
"word": "regelöverträdelse"
},
{
"code": "sv",
"lang": "Swedish",
"lang_code": "sv",
"note": "general term",
"sense": "offence in sports",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "regelbrott"
},
{
"code": "tr",
"lang": "Turkish",
"lang_code": "tr",
"sense": "offence in sports",
"word": "faul"
}
],
"word": "foul"
}
Download raw JSONL data for foul meaning in English (79.2kB)
{
"called_from": "form_descriptions/1089",
"msg": "suspicious unhandled suffix in English: 'by fair means or foul', originally 'by fair means or foul'",
"path": [
"foul"
],
"section": "English",
"subsection": "adjective",
"title": "foul",
"trace": ""
}
{
"called_from": "page/2530",
"msg": "skipping string in the middle of translations: </table></div></div>\n\n",
"path": [
"foul"
],
"section": "English",
"subsection": "noun",
"title": "foul",
"trace": ""
}
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable English dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2026-09-06 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2026-09-02 using wiktextract (ccec6f1 and 4deed51). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.