See calumny in All languages combined, or Wiktionary
{
"derived": [
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "calumniate"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "calumniatory"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "calumnious"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "calumniousness"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "oath of calumny"
}
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"4": "*ḱh₂l-"
},
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},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "enm",
"3": "calumnīe",
"4": "",
"5": "false accusation, slander; (law) objection raised in bad faith"
},
"expansion": "Middle English calumnīe (“false accusation, slander; (law) objection raised in bad faith”)",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
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"2": "fro",
"3": "calomnie",
"4": "",
"5": "slander, calumny"
},
"expansion": "Old French calomnie (“slander, calumny”)",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "fr",
"2": "calomnie"
},
"expansion": "French calomnie",
"name": "cog"
},
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},
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"name": "glossary"
},
{
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"2": "la",
"3": "calumnia",
"4": "",
"5": "false statement, misrepresentation; false accusation, malicious charge"
},
"expansion": "Latin calumnia (“false statement, misrepresentation; false accusation, malicious charge”)",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*ḱelh₁-"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *ḱelh₁-",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "challenge",
"nocap": "1"
},
"expansion": "doublet of challenge",
"name": "doublet"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "fr",
"3": "calomnier",
"4": "",
"5": "to slander"
},
"expansion": "French calomnier (“to slander”)",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "LL.",
"3": "calumniāre"
},
"expansion": "Late Latin calumniāre",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "la",
"3": "calumpniārī"
},
"expansion": "Latin calumpniārī",
"name": "der"
},
{
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},
"expansion": "present",
"name": "glossary"
},
{
"args": {
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"name": "glossary"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "infinitive"
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"expansion": "infinitive",
"name": "glossary"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Late Middle English calumnīe (“false accusation, slander; (law) objection raised in bad faith”), borrowed from Old French calomnie (“slander, calumny”) (modern French calomnie), or directly from its etymon Latin calumnia (“false statement, misrepresentation; false accusation, malicious charge”), perhaps related to calvor (“to deceive”), ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *ḱelh₁- or *ḱh₂l-. The English word is a doublet of challenge.\nThe verb is derived from French calomnier (“to slander”), from Late Latin calumniāre, from Latin calumpniārī, calumniārī, present active infinitive of calumnior (“to blame unjustly, misrepresent, calumniate; (law) to accuse falsely, bring false information against”), from calumnia (see above) + -or.",
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{
"form": "calumnies",
"tags": [
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]
}
],
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},
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}
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"hyphenation": [
"ca‧lum‧ny"
],
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"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "noun",
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"examples": [
{
"ref": "1759, William Robertson, “Book V”, in The History of Scotland, during the Reigns of Queen Mary and of King James VI, till His Accession to the Crown of England. […], volume I, London: […] A[ndrew] Millar […], →OCLC, page 425:",
"text": "He [Thomas Howard, 4th Duke of Norfolk] mentioned to her [Elizabeth I of England] the rumour, which was ſpread of his marriage with the Scotch Queen [Mary, Queen of Scots]; he complained of it as a groundleſs calumny; and diſclaimed all thoughts of that kind, with many expreſſions full of contempt, both for Mary's character, and dominions.",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"ref": "1799, George Anastaplo, “[Appendix] Report of a House of Delegates Minority on the Virginia Resolutions (1799)”, in Reflections on Freedom of Speech and the First Amendment, Lexington, Ky.: University Press of Kentucky, published 2007, →ISBN, page 231:",
"text": "To publish all malicious calumnies against an individual with an intent to defame him, is a wrong on the part of the calumniator, and an injury to the individual, for which the law affords redress. To write or print these calumnies is such an aggravation of the crime, as to constitute an offense against the government, and the author of the libel is subject to the additional punishment which may be inflicted under an indictment.",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"ref": "1853 July, John S[tevens] C[abot] Abbott, “Napoleon Bonaparte”, in Harper’s New Monthly Magazine, volume VII, number XXXVIII, New York, N.Y.: Harper & Brothers, publishers, […], →OCLC, page 191, column 2:",
"text": "The First Consul looked upon her as his child. It was only in that country so fertile in the inventions of scandal, that so foolish an accusation could have been imagined, as that any feeling less pure than paternal affection actuated his conduct toward her. The vile calumny met with the contempt it merited.",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"ref": "1895 May 4, Gopal Krishna Gokhale, “Sir P. M. Mehta”, in Speeches of Gopal Krishna Gokhale, 3rd edition, Madras: G. A. Natesan & Co., published 1920, →OCLC, pages 789–799:",
"text": "He [James Westland] lost his temper when Mr. [Pherozeshah Merwanjee] Mehta spoke in his vigorous manner of the defects of the Civil Service, and complained bitterly that Mr. Mehta was introducing a new spirit in the discussions in the Legislative Council, and ended by accusing him of uttering a calumny. When, however, the speeches of the two were published, the public was in a position to judge who it was that had uttered a calumny.",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"ref": "1955 October 8, Lionel Gelber, quoting Konrad Adenauer, “Dr Adenauer’s Testament: World Indivisible. By Konrad Adenauer. Harper’s. $2.75. [book review]”, in Ram Singh, A. K. Mukerji, editors, Thought, air edition, volume VII, number 41, New Delhi: Printed on behalf of Siddhartha Publications Ltd., by R. L. Chadha at Naya Hindustan Press, →ISSN, →OCLC, page 15, column 1:",
"text": "We are convinced that the fine reputation and the worthy role of the German soldier, despite all the calumnies of recent years, are still cherished among our people and will remain so.",
"type": "quote"
}
],
"glosses": [
"A false accusation or charge brought to tarnish another's reputation or standing."
],
"id": "en-calumny-en-noun-V~xndF0G",
"links": [
[
"false",
"false"
],
[
"accusation",
"accusation"
],
[
"charge",
"charge#Noun"
],
[
"brought",
"bring"
],
[
"tarnish",
"tarnish"
],
[
"reputation",
"reputation"
],
[
"standing",
"standing#Noun"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(countable) A false accusation or charge brought to tarnish another's reputation or standing."
],
"tags": [
"countable"
],
"translations": [
{
"_dis1": "92 8",
"code": "bn",
"lang": "Bengali",
"roman": "elzam",
"sense": "false accusation or charge brought to tarnish another's reputation or standing",
"word": "এলজাম"
},
{
"_dis1": "92 8",
"code": "eo",
"lang": "Esperanto",
"sense": "false accusation or charge brought to tarnish another's reputation or standing",
"word": "kalumnio"
},
{
"_dis1": "92 8",
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "false accusation or charge brought to tarnish another's reputation or standing",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "Verleumdung"
},
{
"_dis1": "92 8",
"code": "la",
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"sense": "false accusation or charge brought to tarnish another's reputation or standing",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "crīmen"
},
{
"_dis1": "92 8",
"code": "la",
"lang": "Latin",
"sense": "false accusation or charge brought to tarnish another's reputation or standing",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "crīminātiō"
},
{
"_dis1": "92 8",
"code": "pt",
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"sense": "false accusation or charge brought to tarnish another's reputation or standing",
"word": "calúnia"
},
{
"_dis1": "92 8",
"code": "sh",
"lang": "Serbo-Croatian",
"sense": "false accusation or charge brought to tarnish another's reputation or standing",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "objeda"
},
{
"_dis1": "92 8",
"code": "sh",
"lang": "Serbo-Croatian",
"sense": "false accusation or charge brought to tarnish another's reputation or standing",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "kleveta"
}
]
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"examples": [
{
"text": "Accusations of abuse were pure extortive calumny in a malicious bid to make money.",
"type": "example"
},
{
"ref": "1586 March 4, James Carmichael, “[Letters and Papers of Mr James Carmichael, Minister of Haddington. M.D.LXXXIV.–M.D.LXXXVI.] A Part of Mr Carmichael’s Letter to His Father-in-law, against the Subscriptioun of the Kingis Acts, 4th Martij 1585–6.”, in David Laing, editor, The Miscellany of the Wodrow Society: Containing Tracts and Original Letters, Chiefly Relating to the Ecclesiastical Affairs of Scotland during the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries, volume I, Edinburgh: Printed for the Wodrow Society, published 1844, →OCLC, page 444:",
"text": "Thus have I frielie, in reverence and love, schewit my opinion in this matter, and that privatlie to your self alone, to consider it mair deiplie, without bitternes or upbraiding calumnie to thame who sie and hes socht out this mater mair warelie, whose harts I trust ze sal find far from calumnie or seiking praise to them selfs by reproche of uthers,[…]",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"ref": "c. 1599–1602 (date written), William Shake-speare, The Tragicall Historie of Hamlet, Prince of Denmarke: […] (First Quarto), London: […] [Valentine Simmes] for N[icholas] L[ing] and Iohn Trundell, published 1603, →OCLC, [Act III, scene i]:",
"text": "If thou doſt marry, Ile giue thee / This plague to thy dowry: / Be thou as chaſte as yce, as pure as ſnowe, / Thou ſhalt not ſcape calumny, to a Nunnery goe.",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"ref": "1609, Robert Pitcairn, “[Criminal Trials and Other Proceedings before the High Court of Justiciary.] Extract from Letter, the Privy Council to the King, Relative to Lord Maxwell, &c.”, in Criminal Trials in Scotland, from A.D. M.CCC.LXXXVIII to A.D. M.DC.XXIV, Embracing the Entire Reigns of James IV. and V., Mary Queen of Scots, and James VI. […], volume III, Edinburgh: William Tait, […]; London: Longman, Rees, Orme, Brown, Green, and Longman, published 1833, →OCLC, page 50:",
"text": "And quhairas ʒour Ma[jesty] is informed, that theſe who wer appoynted to proſequut the Lord Maxwell hes keipit companie with him, theaſe that hes commandement of ʒour Ma[jesty]s Guairdis humlie craves tryall of that calumnie;[…]",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"ref": "1722 May 1, Richard Meadowcourt, The Sinful Causes, and Fatal Effects of the Practice of Calumny and Defamation in Religious Controversy, Exemplified, and Describ’d. In a Sermon Preach’d before the University of Oxford, in Merton-College Chappel, May the First, 1722. […], London: Printed by W. Wilkins, for J. Peele, […], →OCLC, paragraph 2, page 9:",
"text": "In ſhort, no Inſtruments or Methods of Calumny, and Defamation will be left unemployed to cruſh the Man, who has the Courage to oppoſe the Errors, which Avarice, and Self-Intereſt combine to eſtabliſh.",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"ref": "1774 November, G. D., “The Tar’s Engagement”, in Sylvanus Urban [pseudonym; Edward Cave], editor, The Gentleman’s Magazine, and Historical Chronicle, volume XLIV, London: Printed […], for D[avid] Henry, and sold by F[rancis] Newbery, […], →OCLC, page 534, column 1:",
"text": "There meet two rivals of Neptunian race, / Hoſtilities begin with fierce grimace: / In ſcorn, contempt, in oaths and calumny, / In virulence, and vile contumely, […]",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"ref": "2015, Pope Francis, “Martyrs of the Church”, in Encountering Truth: Meeting God in the Everyday, New York, N.Y.: Image, Crown Publishing Group, →ISBN:",
"text": "Stephen, the first martyr of the Church, was a victim of calumny. And calumny is worse than a sin; calumny is a direct expression of Satan.",
"type": "quote"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Falsifications or misrepresentations intended to disparage or discredit another."
],
"id": "en-calumny-en-noun-ym6mrLeS",
"links": [
[
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"falsification"
],
[
"misrepresentation",
"misrepresentation"
],
[
"disparage",
"disparage"
],
[
"discredit",
"discredit"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(uncountable) Falsifications or misrepresentations intended to disparage or discredit another."
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "calumniousness"
},
{
"word": "defamation"
},
{
"word": "obloquy"
},
{
"word": "traducement"
},
{
"word": "vilification"
},
{
"word": "slander"
}
],
"tags": [
"uncountable"
],
"translations": [
{
"_dis1": "9 91",
"code": "ar",
"lang": "Arabic",
"roman": "ṭaʕn",
"sense": "falsifications or misrepresentations intended to disparage or discredit another",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "طَعْن"
},
{
"_dis1": "9 91",
"code": "syc",
"lang": "Aramaic",
"sense": "falsifications or misrepresentations intended to disparage or discredit another",
"tags": [
"Classical-Syriac"
],
"word": "ܓܘܢܝܐ"
},
{
"_dis1": "9 91",
"code": "xcl",
"lang": "Old Armenian",
"roman": "banear",
"sense": "falsifications or misrepresentations intended to disparage or discredit another",
"tags": [
"dialectal"
],
"word": "բանեար"
},
{
"_dis1": "9 91",
"code": "xcl",
"lang": "Old Armenian",
"roman": "kttankʻ",
"sense": "falsifications or misrepresentations intended to disparage or discredit another",
"word": "կտտանք"
},
{
"_dis1": "9 91",
"code": "bn",
"lang": "Bengali",
"roman": "elzam",
"sense": "falsifications or misrepresentations intended to disparage or discredit another",
"word": "এলজাম"
},
{
"_dis1": "9 91",
"code": "bg",
"lang": "Bulgarian",
"roman": "klevetá",
"sense": "falsifications or misrepresentations intended to disparage or discredit another",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "клевета́"
},
{
"_dis1": "9 91",
"code": "ca",
"lang": "Catalan",
"sense": "falsifications or misrepresentations intended to disparage or discredit another",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "calúmnia"
},
{
"_dis1": "9 91",
"code": "cmn",
"lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
"sense": "falsifications or misrepresentations intended to disparage or discredit another",
"word": "讒言"
},
{
"_dis1": "9 91",
"code": "cmn",
"lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
"roman": "chányán",
"sense": "falsifications or misrepresentations intended to disparage or discredit another",
"word": "谗言"
},
{
"_dis1": "9 91",
"code": "cmn",
"lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
"roman": "yán",
"sense": "falsifications or misrepresentations intended to disparage or discredit another",
"word": "唌"
},
{
"_dis1": "9 91",
"code": "cmn",
"lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
"sense": "falsifications or misrepresentations intended to disparage or discredit another",
"word": "誹謗"
},
{
"_dis1": "9 91",
"code": "cmn",
"lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
"roman": "fěibàng",
"sense": "falsifications or misrepresentations intended to disparage or discredit another",
"word": "诽谤"
},
{
"_dis1": "9 91",
"code": "ang",
"lang": "Old English",
"sense": "falsifications or misrepresentations intended to disparage or discredit another",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "hōl"
},
{
"_dis1": "9 91",
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "falsifications or misrepresentations intended to disparage or discredit another",
"word": "herjaus"
},
{
"_dis1": "9 91",
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "falsifications or misrepresentations intended to disparage or discredit another",
"word": "panettelu"
},
{
"_dis1": "9 91",
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "falsifications or misrepresentations intended to disparage or discredit another",
"word": "vääristely"
},
{
"_dis1": "9 91",
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "falsifications or misrepresentations intended to disparage or discredit another",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "calomnie"
},
{
"_dis1": "9 91",
"code": "ka",
"lang": "Georgian",
"roman": "cilisc̣ameba",
"sense": "falsifications or misrepresentations intended to disparage or discredit another",
"word": "ცილისწამება"
},
{
"_dis1": "9 91",
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "falsifications or misrepresentations intended to disparage or discredit another",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "Rufmord"
},
{
"_dis1": "9 91",
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "falsifications or misrepresentations intended to disparage or discredit another",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "Verleumdung"
},
{
"_dis1": "9 91",
"code": "el",
"lang": "Greek",
"roman": "agkýli",
"sense": "falsifications or misrepresentations intended to disparage or discredit another",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "αγκύλι"
},
{
"_dis1": "9 91",
"code": "grc",
"lang": "Ancient Greek",
"roman": "diabolḗ",
"sense": "falsifications or misrepresentations intended to disparage or discredit another",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "δῐᾰβολή"
},
{
"_dis1": "9 91",
"code": "hil",
"lang": "Hiligaynon",
"sense": "falsifications or misrepresentations intended to disparage or discredit another",
"word": "butáng-bútang"
},
{
"_dis1": "9 91",
"code": "hu",
"lang": "Hungarian",
"sense": "falsifications or misrepresentations intended to disparage or discredit another",
"word": "rágalmazás"
},
{
"_dis1": "9 91",
"code": "hu",
"lang": "Hungarian",
"sense": "falsifications or misrepresentations intended to disparage or discredit another",
"word": "rágalom"
},
{
"_dis1": "9 91",
"code": "is",
"lang": "Icelandic",
"sense": "falsifications or misrepresentations intended to disparage or discredit another",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "áburður"
},
{
"_dis1": "9 91",
"code": "is",
"lang": "Icelandic",
"sense": "falsifications or misrepresentations intended to disparage or discredit another",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "illmælgi"
},
{
"_dis1": "9 91",
"code": "is",
"lang": "Icelandic",
"sense": "falsifications or misrepresentations intended to disparage or discredit another",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "illmæli"
},
{
"_dis1": "9 91",
"code": "is",
"lang": "Icelandic",
"sense": "falsifications or misrepresentations intended to disparage or discredit another",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "níð"
},
{
"_dis1": "9 91",
"code": "is",
"lang": "Icelandic",
"sense": "falsifications or misrepresentations intended to disparage or discredit another",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "rógur"
},
{
"_dis1": "9 91",
"code": "io",
"lang": "Ido",
"sense": "falsifications or misrepresentations intended to disparage or discredit another",
"word": "kalumnio"
},
{
"_dis1": "9 91",
"code": "ga",
"lang": "Irish",
"sense": "falsifications or misrepresentations intended to disparage or discredit another",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "guilmne"
},
{
"_dis1": "9 91",
"code": "it",
"lang": "Italian",
"sense": "falsifications or misrepresentations intended to disparage or discredit another",
"word": "calunnia"
},
{
"_dis1": "9 91",
"alt": "ちゅうしょう",
"code": "ja",
"lang": "Japanese",
"roman": "chūshō",
"sense": "falsifications or misrepresentations intended to disparage or discredit another",
"word": "中傷"
},
{
"_dis1": "9 91",
"code": "la",
"lang": "Latin",
"sense": "falsifications or misrepresentations intended to disparage or discredit another",
"word": "calumnia"
},
{
"_dis1": "9 91",
"code": "lt",
"lang": "Lithuanian",
"sense": "falsifications or misrepresentations intended to disparage or discredit another",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "šmeižtas"
},
{
"_dis1": "9 91",
"code": "no",
"lang": "Norwegian",
"sense": "falsifications or misrepresentations intended to disparage or discredit another",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "baksnakk"
},
{
"_dis1": "9 91",
"code": "no",
"lang": "Norwegian",
"sense": "falsifications or misrepresentations intended to disparage or discredit another",
"tags": [
"common-gender"
],
"word": "baksnakking"
},
{
"_dis1": "9 91",
"code": "no",
"lang": "Norwegian",
"sense": "falsifications or misrepresentations intended to disparage or discredit another",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "baktalelse"
},
{
"_dis1": "9 91",
"code": "no",
"lang": "Norwegian",
"sense": "falsifications or misrepresentations intended to disparage or discredit another",
"tags": [
"common-gender"
],
"word": "baktaling"
},
{
"_dis1": "9 91",
"code": "pl",
"lang": "Polish",
"sense": "falsifications or misrepresentations intended to disparage or discredit another",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "kalumnia"
},
{
"_dis1": "9 91",
"code": "pl",
"lang": "Polish",
"sense": "falsifications or misrepresentations intended to disparage or discredit another",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "oszczerstwo"
},
{
"_dis1": "9 91",
"code": "pt",
"lang": "Portuguese",
"sense": "falsifications or misrepresentations intended to disparage or discredit another",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "calúnia"
},
{
"_dis1": "9 91",
"code": "ro",
"lang": "Romanian",
"sense": "falsifications or misrepresentations intended to disparage or discredit another",
"tags": [
"feminine",
"obsolete",
"rare"
],
"word": "defaimă"
},
{
"_dis1": "9 91",
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "izvét",
"sense": "falsifications or misrepresentations intended to disparage or discredit another",
"tags": [
"masculine",
"obsolete"
],
"word": "изве́т"
},
{
"_dis1": "9 91",
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "klevetá",
"sense": "falsifications or misrepresentations intended to disparage or discredit another",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "клевета́"
},
{
"_dis1": "9 91",
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "navét",
"sense": "falsifications or misrepresentations intended to disparage or discredit another",
"tags": [
"colloquial",
"masculine"
],
"word": "наве́т"
},
{
"_dis1": "9 91",
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "nagovór",
"sense": "falsifications or misrepresentations intended to disparage or discredit another",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "нагово́р"
},
{
"_dis1": "9 91",
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "pokljóp",
"sense": "falsifications or misrepresentations intended to disparage or discredit another",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "поклёп"
},
{
"_dis1": "9 91",
"code": "gd",
"lang": "Scottish Gaelic",
"sense": "falsifications or misrepresentations intended to disparage or discredit another",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "mì-theist"
},
{
"_dis1": "9 91",
"code": "sh",
"lang": "Serbo-Croatian",
"sense": "falsifications or misrepresentations intended to disparage or discredit another",
"tags": [
"Cyrillic",
"feminine"
],
"word": "клевета"
},
{
"_dis1": "9 91",
"code": "sh",
"lang": "Serbo-Croatian",
"sense": "falsifications or misrepresentations intended to disparage or discredit another",
"tags": [
"Roman",
"feminine"
],
"word": "kleveta"
},
{
"_dis1": "9 91",
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "falsifications or misrepresentations intended to disparage or discredit another",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "calumnia"
},
{
"_dis1": "9 91",
"code": "sv",
"lang": "Swedish",
"sense": "falsifications or misrepresentations intended to disparage or discredit another",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "förtal"
},
{
"_dis1": "9 91",
"code": "tl",
"lang": "Tagalog",
"sense": "falsifications or misrepresentations intended to disparage or discredit another",
"word": "pananakwat"
},
{
"_dis1": "9 91",
"code": "tl",
"lang": "Tagalog",
"sense": "falsifications or misrepresentations intended to disparage or discredit another",
"word": "sakwat"
},
{
"_dis1": "9 91",
"code": "tr",
"lang": "Turkish",
"sense": "falsifications or misrepresentations intended to disparage or discredit another",
"word": "bühtan"
},
{
"_dis1": "9 91",
"code": "tr",
"lang": "Turkish",
"sense": "falsifications or misrepresentations intended to disparage or discredit another",
"word": "iftira"
},
{
"_dis1": "9 91",
"code": "tr",
"lang": "Turkish",
"sense": "falsifications or misrepresentations intended to disparage or discredit another",
"word": "karalama"
},
{
"_dis1": "9 91",
"code": "uk",
"lang": "Ukrainian",
"roman": "náklep",
"sense": "falsifications or misrepresentations intended to disparage or discredit another",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "на́клеп"
}
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ˈkæləmni/",
"tags": [
"General-American",
"Received-Pronunciation"
]
},
{
"audio": "LL-Q1860 (eng)-Vealhurl-calumny.wav",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/12/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-calumny.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-calumny.wav.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/12/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-calumny.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-calumny.wav.ogg"
},
{
"audio": "en-au-calumny.ogg",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/e/ea/En-au-calumny.ogg/En-au-calumny.ogg.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ea/En-au-calumny.ogg"
}
],
"word": "calumny"
}
{
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*ḱelh₁-",
"4": "*ḱh₂l-"
},
"expansion": "",
"name": "root"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "enm",
"3": "calumnīe",
"4": "",
"5": "false accusation, slander; (law) objection raised in bad faith"
},
"expansion": "Middle English calumnīe (“false accusation, slander; (law) objection raised in bad faith”)",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "fro",
"3": "calomnie",
"4": "",
"5": "slander, calumny"
},
"expansion": "Old French calomnie (“slander, calumny”)",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "fr",
"2": "calomnie"
},
"expansion": "French calomnie",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "etymon"
},
"expansion": "etymon",
"name": "glossary"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "la",
"3": "calumnia",
"4": "",
"5": "false statement, misrepresentation; false accusation, malicious charge"
},
"expansion": "Latin calumnia (“false statement, misrepresentation; false accusation, malicious charge”)",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*ḱelh₁-"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *ḱelh₁-",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "challenge",
"nocap": "1"
},
"expansion": "doublet of challenge",
"name": "doublet"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "fr",
"3": "calomnier",
"4": "",
"5": "to slander"
},
"expansion": "French calomnier (“to slander”)",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "LL.",
"3": "calumniāre"
},
"expansion": "Late Latin calumniāre",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "la",
"3": "calumpniārī"
},
"expansion": "Latin calumpniārī",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "present"
},
"expansion": "present",
"name": "glossary"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "active"
},
"expansion": "active",
"name": "glossary"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "infinitive"
},
"expansion": "infinitive",
"name": "glossary"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Late Middle English calumnīe (“false accusation, slander; (law) objection raised in bad faith”), borrowed from Old French calomnie (“slander, calumny”) (modern French calomnie), or directly from its etymon Latin calumnia (“false statement, misrepresentation; false accusation, malicious charge”), perhaps related to calvor (“to deceive”), ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *ḱelh₁- or *ḱh₂l-. The English word is a doublet of challenge.\nThe verb is derived from French calomnier (“to slander”), from Late Latin calumniāre, from Latin calumpniārī, calumniārī, present active infinitive of calumnior (“to blame unjustly, misrepresent, calumniate; (law) to accuse falsely, bring false information against”), from calumnia (see above) + -or.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "calumnies",
"tags": [
"present",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "calumnying",
"tags": [
"participle",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "calumnied",
"tags": [
"participle",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "calumnied",
"tags": [
"past"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "calumny (third-person singular simple present calumnies, present participle calumnying, simple past and past participle calumnied)",
"name": "en-verb"
}
],
"hyphenation": [
"ca‧lum‧ny"
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "verb",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
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},
{
"_dis": "41 37 22",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Ukrainian translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"ref": "1849, Wolfgang Menzel, “The Great Elector”, in Mrs. George Horrocks, transl., The History of Germany, from the Earliest Period to the Present Time. … Translated from the Fourth German Edition. … In Three Volumes, volume II, London: Henry G[eorge] Bohn, […], →OCLC, part XX (The Age of Louis the Fourteenth), page 492:",
"text": "His [Dominieus Dietrich's] memory has been basely calumnied by many German historians.",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"ref": "1997, [Jean-Jacques] Rousseau, “[Discourse on the Sciences and Arts or First Discourse, part II.] Observations [to Stanislas, King of Poland]”, in Victor Gourevitch, editor, The Discourses and Other Earl Political Writings (Cambridge Texts in the History of Political Thought), Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, published 2003, →ISBN, paragraph 39, page 41:",
"text": "However, the Priests of the idols, not content with persecuting Christians, began to calumny them; the Philosophers, finding a Religion that preached humility unrewarding, joined their Priests. Ridicule and insults were showered […] on the new Sect from all sides.",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"ref": "1999, Geoffrey Cubitt, “Robespierre and Conspiracy Theories”, in Colin Haydon, William Doyle, editors, Robespierre, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, published 2006, →ISBN, page 87:",
"text": "It is this coalition that seeks to tear the Republic apart, by ceaselessly calumnying the people of Paris and all the representatives whom it has honoured with its trust …",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"ref": "2008, Paul-Henri Thiry; Baron d’Holbach, “Bergier’s Refutation”, in David Holohan, transl., Christianity Unveiled (Rescued from Obscurity Series), Kingston-upon-Thames, Surrey: Hodgson Press, →ISBN, § 3, page 176:",
"text": "He rails, he piles on the abuse, he calumnies without any sense of decency or restraint, and his gloomy character makes him see everything as black.",
"type": "quote"
}
],
"glosses": [
"To make false accusations or levy false charges against a person with the intent to tarnish that person's reputation or standing; to calumniate."
],
"id": "en-calumny-en-verb-EbfNdyxJ",
"links": [
[
"false",
"false"
],
[
"accusation",
"accusation"
],
[
"levy",
"levy#Verb"
],
[
"charges",
"charge#Noun"
],
[
"intent",
"intent"
],
[
"tarnish",
"tarnish"
],
[
"reputation",
"reputation"
],
[
"standing",
"standing#Noun"
],
[
"calumniate",
"calumniate"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(transitive, formal) To make false accusations or levy false charges against a person with the intent to tarnish that person's reputation or standing; to calumniate."
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "defame"
}
],
"tags": [
"formal",
"transitive"
],
"translations": [
{
"code": "ar",
"lang": "Arabic",
"roman": "ṭaʕn",
"sense": "to make false accusations or levy false charges against a person with the intent to tarnish that person's reputation or standing — see also calumniate",
"word": "طَعْن"
},
{
"code": "bn",
"lang": "Bengali",
"roman": "elzam deẇa",
"sense": "to make false accusations or levy false charges against a person with the intent to tarnish that person's reputation or standing — see also calumniate",
"word": "এলজাম দেওয়া"
},
{
"code": "cmn",
"lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
"sense": "to make false accusations or levy false charges against a person with the intent to tarnish that person's reputation or standing — see also calumniate",
"word": "誹謗"
},
{
"code": "cmn",
"lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
"roman": "fěibàng",
"sense": "to make false accusations or levy false charges against a person with the intent to tarnish that person's reputation or standing — see also calumniate",
"word": "诽谤"
},
{
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "to make false accusations or levy false charges against a person with the intent to tarnish that person's reputation or standing — see also calumniate",
"word": "verleumden"
},
{
"code": "sh",
"lang": "Serbo-Croatian",
"sense": "to make false accusations or levy false charges against a person with the intent to tarnish that person's reputation or standing — see also calumniate",
"word": "klevetati"
},
{
"code": "sh",
"lang": "Serbo-Croatian",
"sense": "to make false accusations or levy false charges against a person with the intent to tarnish that person's reputation or standing — see also calumniate",
"word": "oklevetati"
},
{
"code": "sh",
"lang": "Serbo-Croatian",
"sense": "to make false accusations or levy false charges against a person with the intent to tarnish that person's reputation or standing — see also calumniate",
"word": "obijediti"
},
{
"code": "sh",
"lang": "Serbo-Croatian",
"sense": "to make false accusations or levy false charges against a person with the intent to tarnish that person's reputation or standing — see also calumniate",
"word": "obediti"
}
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/kəˈlʌmni/",
"tags": [
"General-American",
"Received-Pronunciation"
]
},
{
"audio": "LL-Q1860 (eng)-Vealhurl-calumny2.wav",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/aa/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-calumny2.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-calumny2.wav.mp3",
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}
],
"word": "calumny"
}
{
"categories": [
"English countable nouns",
"English doublets",
"English entries with incorrect language header",
"English heteronyms",
"English lemmas",
"English nouns",
"English terms derived from French",
"English terms derived from Late Latin",
"English terms derived from Latin",
"English terms derived from Middle English",
"English terms derived from Old French",
"English terms derived from Proto-Indo-European",
"English terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *ḱelh₁-",
"English terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *ḱh₂l-",
"English terms inherited from Middle English",
"English uncountable nouns",
"English verbs",
"Entries with translation boxes",
"Pages with 1 entry",
"Pages with entries",
"Terms with Ancient Greek translations",
"Terms with Arabic translations",
"Terms with Bengali translations",
"Terms with Bulgarian translations",
"Terms with Catalan translations",
"Terms with Classical Syriac translations",
"Terms with Esperanto translations",
"Terms with Finnish translations",
"Terms with French translations",
"Terms with Georgian translations",
"Terms with German translations",
"Terms with Greek translations",
"Terms with Hiligaynon translations",
"Terms with Hungarian translations",
"Terms with Icelandic translations",
"Terms with Ido translations",
"Terms with Irish translations",
"Terms with Italian translations",
"Terms with Japanese translations",
"Terms with Latin translations",
"Terms with Lithuanian translations",
"Terms with Mandarin translations",
"Terms with Norwegian translations",
"Terms with Old Armenian translations",
"Terms with Old English translations",
"Terms with Polish translations",
"Terms with Portuguese translations",
"Terms with Romanian translations",
"Terms with Russian translations",
"Terms with Scottish Gaelic translations",
"Terms with Serbo-Croatian translations",
"Terms with Spanish translations",
"Terms with Swedish translations",
"Terms with Tagalog translations",
"Terms with Turkish translations",
"Terms with Ukrainian translations"
],
"derived": [
{
"word": "calumniate"
},
{
"word": "calumniatory"
},
{
"word": "calumnious"
},
{
"word": "calumniousness"
},
{
"word": "oath of calumny"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*ḱelh₁-",
"4": "*ḱh₂l-"
},
"expansion": "",
"name": "root"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "enm",
"3": "calumnīe",
"4": "",
"5": "false accusation, slander; (law) objection raised in bad faith"
},
"expansion": "Middle English calumnīe (“false accusation, slander; (law) objection raised in bad faith”)",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "fro",
"3": "calomnie",
"4": "",
"5": "slander, calumny"
},
"expansion": "Old French calomnie (“slander, calumny”)",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "fr",
"2": "calomnie"
},
"expansion": "French calomnie",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "etymon"
},
"expansion": "etymon",
"name": "glossary"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "la",
"3": "calumnia",
"4": "",
"5": "false statement, misrepresentation; false accusation, malicious charge"
},
"expansion": "Latin calumnia (“false statement, misrepresentation; false accusation, malicious charge”)",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*ḱelh₁-"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *ḱelh₁-",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "challenge",
"nocap": "1"
},
"expansion": "doublet of challenge",
"name": "doublet"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "fr",
"3": "calomnier",
"4": "",
"5": "to slander"
},
"expansion": "French calomnier (“to slander”)",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "LL.",
"3": "calumniāre"
},
"expansion": "Late Latin calumniāre",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "la",
"3": "calumpniārī"
},
"expansion": "Latin calumpniārī",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "present"
},
"expansion": "present",
"name": "glossary"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "active"
},
"expansion": "active",
"name": "glossary"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "infinitive"
},
"expansion": "infinitive",
"name": "glossary"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Late Middle English calumnīe (“false accusation, slander; (law) objection raised in bad faith”), borrowed from Old French calomnie (“slander, calumny”) (modern French calomnie), or directly from its etymon Latin calumnia (“false statement, misrepresentation; false accusation, malicious charge”), perhaps related to calvor (“to deceive”), ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *ḱelh₁- or *ḱh₂l-. The English word is a doublet of challenge.\nThe verb is derived from French calomnier (“to slander”), from Late Latin calumniāre, from Latin calumpniārī, calumniārī, present active infinitive of calumnior (“to blame unjustly, misrepresent, calumniate; (law) to accuse falsely, bring false information against”), from calumnia (see above) + -or.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "calumnies",
"tags": [
"plural"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "~"
},
"expansion": "calumny (countable and uncountable, plural calumnies)",
"name": "en-noun"
}
],
"hyphenation": [
"ca‧lum‧ny"
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"English countable nouns",
"English terms with quotations"
],
"examples": [
{
"ref": "1759, William Robertson, “Book V”, in The History of Scotland, during the Reigns of Queen Mary and of King James VI, till His Accession to the Crown of England. […], volume I, London: […] A[ndrew] Millar […], →OCLC, page 425:",
"text": "He [Thomas Howard, 4th Duke of Norfolk] mentioned to her [Elizabeth I of England] the rumour, which was ſpread of his marriage with the Scotch Queen [Mary, Queen of Scots]; he complained of it as a groundleſs calumny; and diſclaimed all thoughts of that kind, with many expreſſions full of contempt, both for Mary's character, and dominions.",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"ref": "1799, George Anastaplo, “[Appendix] Report of a House of Delegates Minority on the Virginia Resolutions (1799)”, in Reflections on Freedom of Speech and the First Amendment, Lexington, Ky.: University Press of Kentucky, published 2007, →ISBN, page 231:",
"text": "To publish all malicious calumnies against an individual with an intent to defame him, is a wrong on the part of the calumniator, and an injury to the individual, for which the law affords redress. To write or print these calumnies is such an aggravation of the crime, as to constitute an offense against the government, and the author of the libel is subject to the additional punishment which may be inflicted under an indictment.",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"ref": "1853 July, John S[tevens] C[abot] Abbott, “Napoleon Bonaparte”, in Harper’s New Monthly Magazine, volume VII, number XXXVIII, New York, N.Y.: Harper & Brothers, publishers, […], →OCLC, page 191, column 2:",
"text": "The First Consul looked upon her as his child. It was only in that country so fertile in the inventions of scandal, that so foolish an accusation could have been imagined, as that any feeling less pure than paternal affection actuated his conduct toward her. The vile calumny met with the contempt it merited.",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"ref": "1895 May 4, Gopal Krishna Gokhale, “Sir P. M. Mehta”, in Speeches of Gopal Krishna Gokhale, 3rd edition, Madras: G. A. Natesan & Co., published 1920, →OCLC, pages 789–799:",
"text": "He [James Westland] lost his temper when Mr. [Pherozeshah Merwanjee] Mehta spoke in his vigorous manner of the defects of the Civil Service, and complained bitterly that Mr. Mehta was introducing a new spirit in the discussions in the Legislative Council, and ended by accusing him of uttering a calumny. When, however, the speeches of the two were published, the public was in a position to judge who it was that had uttered a calumny.",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"ref": "1955 October 8, Lionel Gelber, quoting Konrad Adenauer, “Dr Adenauer’s Testament: World Indivisible. By Konrad Adenauer. Harper’s. $2.75. [book review]”, in Ram Singh, A. K. Mukerji, editors, Thought, air edition, volume VII, number 41, New Delhi: Printed on behalf of Siddhartha Publications Ltd., by R. L. Chadha at Naya Hindustan Press, →ISSN, →OCLC, page 15, column 1:",
"text": "We are convinced that the fine reputation and the worthy role of the German soldier, despite all the calumnies of recent years, are still cherished among our people and will remain so.",
"type": "quote"
}
],
"glosses": [
"A false accusation or charge brought to tarnish another's reputation or standing."
],
"links": [
[
"false",
"false"
],
[
"accusation",
"accusation"
],
[
"charge",
"charge#Noun"
],
[
"brought",
"bring"
],
[
"tarnish",
"tarnish"
],
[
"reputation",
"reputation"
],
[
"standing",
"standing#Noun"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(countable) A false accusation or charge brought to tarnish another's reputation or standing."
],
"tags": [
"countable"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"English terms with quotations",
"English terms with usage examples",
"English uncountable nouns"
],
"examples": [
{
"text": "Accusations of abuse were pure extortive calumny in a malicious bid to make money.",
"type": "example"
},
{
"ref": "1586 March 4, James Carmichael, “[Letters and Papers of Mr James Carmichael, Minister of Haddington. M.D.LXXXIV.–M.D.LXXXVI.] A Part of Mr Carmichael’s Letter to His Father-in-law, against the Subscriptioun of the Kingis Acts, 4th Martij 1585–6.”, in David Laing, editor, The Miscellany of the Wodrow Society: Containing Tracts and Original Letters, Chiefly Relating to the Ecclesiastical Affairs of Scotland during the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries, volume I, Edinburgh: Printed for the Wodrow Society, published 1844, →OCLC, page 444:",
"text": "Thus have I frielie, in reverence and love, schewit my opinion in this matter, and that privatlie to your self alone, to consider it mair deiplie, without bitternes or upbraiding calumnie to thame who sie and hes socht out this mater mair warelie, whose harts I trust ze sal find far from calumnie or seiking praise to them selfs by reproche of uthers,[…]",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"ref": "c. 1599–1602 (date written), William Shake-speare, The Tragicall Historie of Hamlet, Prince of Denmarke: […] (First Quarto), London: […] [Valentine Simmes] for N[icholas] L[ing] and Iohn Trundell, published 1603, →OCLC, [Act III, scene i]:",
"text": "If thou doſt marry, Ile giue thee / This plague to thy dowry: / Be thou as chaſte as yce, as pure as ſnowe, / Thou ſhalt not ſcape calumny, to a Nunnery goe.",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"ref": "1609, Robert Pitcairn, “[Criminal Trials and Other Proceedings before the High Court of Justiciary.] Extract from Letter, the Privy Council to the King, Relative to Lord Maxwell, &c.”, in Criminal Trials in Scotland, from A.D. M.CCC.LXXXVIII to A.D. M.DC.XXIV, Embracing the Entire Reigns of James IV. and V., Mary Queen of Scots, and James VI. […], volume III, Edinburgh: William Tait, […]; London: Longman, Rees, Orme, Brown, Green, and Longman, published 1833, →OCLC, page 50:",
"text": "And quhairas ʒour Ma[jesty] is informed, that theſe who wer appoynted to proſequut the Lord Maxwell hes keipit companie with him, theaſe that hes commandement of ʒour Ma[jesty]s Guairdis humlie craves tryall of that calumnie;[…]",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"ref": "1722 May 1, Richard Meadowcourt, The Sinful Causes, and Fatal Effects of the Practice of Calumny and Defamation in Religious Controversy, Exemplified, and Describ’d. In a Sermon Preach’d before the University of Oxford, in Merton-College Chappel, May the First, 1722. […], London: Printed by W. Wilkins, for J. Peele, […], →OCLC, paragraph 2, page 9:",
"text": "In ſhort, no Inſtruments or Methods of Calumny, and Defamation will be left unemployed to cruſh the Man, who has the Courage to oppoſe the Errors, which Avarice, and Self-Intereſt combine to eſtabliſh.",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"ref": "1774 November, G. D., “The Tar’s Engagement”, in Sylvanus Urban [pseudonym; Edward Cave], editor, The Gentleman’s Magazine, and Historical Chronicle, volume XLIV, London: Printed […], for D[avid] Henry, and sold by F[rancis] Newbery, […], →OCLC, page 534, column 1:",
"text": "There meet two rivals of Neptunian race, / Hoſtilities begin with fierce grimace: / In ſcorn, contempt, in oaths and calumny, / In virulence, and vile contumely, […]",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"ref": "2015, Pope Francis, “Martyrs of the Church”, in Encountering Truth: Meeting God in the Everyday, New York, N.Y.: Image, Crown Publishing Group, →ISBN:",
"text": "Stephen, the first martyr of the Church, was a victim of calumny. And calumny is worse than a sin; calumny is a direct expression of Satan.",
"type": "quote"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Falsifications or misrepresentations intended to disparage or discredit another."
],
"links": [
[
"Falsifications",
"falsification"
],
[
"misrepresentation",
"misrepresentation"
],
[
"disparage",
"disparage"
],
[
"discredit",
"discredit"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(uncountable) Falsifications or misrepresentations intended to disparage or discredit another."
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "calumniousness"
},
{
"word": "defamation"
},
{
"word": "obloquy"
},
{
"word": "traducement"
},
{
"word": "vilification"
},
{
"word": "slander"
}
],
"tags": [
"uncountable"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ˈkæləmni/",
"tags": [
"General-American",
"Received-Pronunciation"
]
},
{
"audio": "LL-Q1860 (eng)-Vealhurl-calumny.wav",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/12/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-calumny.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-calumny.wav.mp3",
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},
{
"audio": "en-au-calumny.ogg",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/e/ea/En-au-calumny.ogg/En-au-calumny.ogg.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ea/En-au-calumny.ogg"
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],
"translations": [
{
"code": "bn",
"lang": "Bengali",
"roman": "elzam",
"sense": "false accusation or charge brought to tarnish another's reputation or standing",
"word": "এলজাম"
},
{
"code": "eo",
"lang": "Esperanto",
"sense": "false accusation or charge brought to tarnish another's reputation or standing",
"word": "kalumnio"
},
{
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "false accusation or charge brought to tarnish another's reputation or standing",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "Verleumdung"
},
{
"code": "la",
"lang": "Latin",
"sense": "false accusation or charge brought to tarnish another's reputation or standing",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "crīmen"
},
{
"code": "la",
"lang": "Latin",
"sense": "false accusation or charge brought to tarnish another's reputation or standing",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "crīminātiō"
},
{
"code": "pt",
"lang": "Portuguese",
"sense": "false accusation or charge brought to tarnish another's reputation or standing",
"word": "calúnia"
},
{
"code": "sh",
"lang": "Serbo-Croatian",
"sense": "false accusation or charge brought to tarnish another's reputation or standing",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "objeda"
},
{
"code": "sh",
"lang": "Serbo-Croatian",
"sense": "false accusation or charge brought to tarnish another's reputation or standing",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "kleveta"
},
{
"code": "ar",
"lang": "Arabic",
"roman": "ṭaʕn",
"sense": "falsifications or misrepresentations intended to disparage or discredit another",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "طَعْن"
},
{
"code": "syc",
"lang": "Aramaic",
"sense": "falsifications or misrepresentations intended to disparage or discredit another",
"tags": [
"Classical-Syriac"
],
"word": "ܓܘܢܝܐ"
},
{
"code": "xcl",
"lang": "Old Armenian",
"roman": "banear",
"sense": "falsifications or misrepresentations intended to disparage or discredit another",
"tags": [
"dialectal"
],
"word": "բանեար"
},
{
"code": "xcl",
"lang": "Old Armenian",
"roman": "kttankʻ",
"sense": "falsifications or misrepresentations intended to disparage or discredit another",
"word": "կտտանք"
},
{
"code": "bn",
"lang": "Bengali",
"roman": "elzam",
"sense": "falsifications or misrepresentations intended to disparage or discredit another",
"word": "এলজাম"
},
{
"code": "bg",
"lang": "Bulgarian",
"roman": "klevetá",
"sense": "falsifications or misrepresentations intended to disparage or discredit another",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "клевета́"
},
{
"code": "ca",
"lang": "Catalan",
"sense": "falsifications or misrepresentations intended to disparage or discredit another",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "calúmnia"
},
{
"code": "cmn",
"lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
"sense": "falsifications or misrepresentations intended to disparage or discredit another",
"word": "讒言"
},
{
"code": "cmn",
"lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
"roman": "chányán",
"sense": "falsifications or misrepresentations intended to disparage or discredit another",
"word": "谗言"
},
{
"code": "cmn",
"lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
"roman": "yán",
"sense": "falsifications or misrepresentations intended to disparage or discredit another",
"word": "唌"
},
{
"code": "cmn",
"lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
"sense": "falsifications or misrepresentations intended to disparage or discredit another",
"word": "誹謗"
},
{
"code": "cmn",
"lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
"roman": "fěibàng",
"sense": "falsifications or misrepresentations intended to disparage or discredit another",
"word": "诽谤"
},
{
"code": "ang",
"lang": "Old English",
"sense": "falsifications or misrepresentations intended to disparage or discredit another",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "hōl"
},
{
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "falsifications or misrepresentations intended to disparage or discredit another",
"word": "herjaus"
},
{
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "falsifications or misrepresentations intended to disparage or discredit another",
"word": "panettelu"
},
{
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "falsifications or misrepresentations intended to disparage or discredit another",
"word": "vääristely"
},
{
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "falsifications or misrepresentations intended to disparage or discredit another",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "calomnie"
},
{
"code": "ka",
"lang": "Georgian",
"roman": "cilisc̣ameba",
"sense": "falsifications or misrepresentations intended to disparage or discredit another",
"word": "ცილისწამება"
},
{
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "falsifications or misrepresentations intended to disparage or discredit another",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "Rufmord"
},
{
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "falsifications or misrepresentations intended to disparage or discredit another",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "Verleumdung"
},
{
"code": "el",
"lang": "Greek",
"roman": "agkýli",
"sense": "falsifications or misrepresentations intended to disparage or discredit another",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "αγκύλι"
},
{
"code": "grc",
"lang": "Ancient Greek",
"roman": "diabolḗ",
"sense": "falsifications or misrepresentations intended to disparage or discredit another",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "δῐᾰβολή"
},
{
"code": "hil",
"lang": "Hiligaynon",
"sense": "falsifications or misrepresentations intended to disparage or discredit another",
"word": "butáng-bútang"
},
{
"code": "hu",
"lang": "Hungarian",
"sense": "falsifications or misrepresentations intended to disparage or discredit another",
"word": "rágalmazás"
},
{
"code": "hu",
"lang": "Hungarian",
"sense": "falsifications or misrepresentations intended to disparage or discredit another",
"word": "rágalom"
},
{
"code": "is",
"lang": "Icelandic",
"sense": "falsifications or misrepresentations intended to disparage or discredit another",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "áburður"
},
{
"code": "is",
"lang": "Icelandic",
"sense": "falsifications or misrepresentations intended to disparage or discredit another",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "illmælgi"
},
{
"code": "is",
"lang": "Icelandic",
"sense": "falsifications or misrepresentations intended to disparage or discredit another",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "illmæli"
},
{
"code": "is",
"lang": "Icelandic",
"sense": "falsifications or misrepresentations intended to disparage or discredit another",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "níð"
},
{
"code": "is",
"lang": "Icelandic",
"sense": "falsifications or misrepresentations intended to disparage or discredit another",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "rógur"
},
{
"code": "io",
"lang": "Ido",
"sense": "falsifications or misrepresentations intended to disparage or discredit another",
"word": "kalumnio"
},
{
"code": "ga",
"lang": "Irish",
"sense": "falsifications or misrepresentations intended to disparage or discredit another",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "guilmne"
},
{
"code": "it",
"lang": "Italian",
"sense": "falsifications or misrepresentations intended to disparage or discredit another",
"word": "calunnia"
},
{
"alt": "ちゅうしょう",
"code": "ja",
"lang": "Japanese",
"roman": "chūshō",
"sense": "falsifications or misrepresentations intended to disparage or discredit another",
"word": "中傷"
},
{
"code": "la",
"lang": "Latin",
"sense": "falsifications or misrepresentations intended to disparage or discredit another",
"word": "calumnia"
},
{
"code": "lt",
"lang": "Lithuanian",
"sense": "falsifications or misrepresentations intended to disparage or discredit another",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "šmeižtas"
},
{
"code": "no",
"lang": "Norwegian",
"sense": "falsifications or misrepresentations intended to disparage or discredit another",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "baksnakk"
},
{
"code": "no",
"lang": "Norwegian",
"sense": "falsifications or misrepresentations intended to disparage or discredit another",
"tags": [
"common-gender"
],
"word": "baksnakking"
},
{
"code": "no",
"lang": "Norwegian",
"sense": "falsifications or misrepresentations intended to disparage or discredit another",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "baktalelse"
},
{
"code": "no",
"lang": "Norwegian",
"sense": "falsifications or misrepresentations intended to disparage or discredit another",
"tags": [
"common-gender"
],
"word": "baktaling"
},
{
"code": "pl",
"lang": "Polish",
"sense": "falsifications or misrepresentations intended to disparage or discredit another",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "kalumnia"
},
{
"code": "pl",
"lang": "Polish",
"sense": "falsifications or misrepresentations intended to disparage or discredit another",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "oszczerstwo"
},
{
"code": "pt",
"lang": "Portuguese",
"sense": "falsifications or misrepresentations intended to disparage or discredit another",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "calúnia"
},
{
"code": "ro",
"lang": "Romanian",
"sense": "falsifications or misrepresentations intended to disparage or discredit another",
"tags": [
"feminine",
"obsolete",
"rare"
],
"word": "defaimă"
},
{
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "izvét",
"sense": "falsifications or misrepresentations intended to disparage or discredit another",
"tags": [
"masculine",
"obsolete"
],
"word": "изве́т"
},
{
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "klevetá",
"sense": "falsifications or misrepresentations intended to disparage or discredit another",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "клевета́"
},
{
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "navét",
"sense": "falsifications or misrepresentations intended to disparage or discredit another",
"tags": [
"colloquial",
"masculine"
],
"word": "наве́т"
},
{
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "nagovór",
"sense": "falsifications or misrepresentations intended to disparage or discredit another",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "нагово́р"
},
{
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "pokljóp",
"sense": "falsifications or misrepresentations intended to disparage or discredit another",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "поклёп"
},
{
"code": "gd",
"lang": "Scottish Gaelic",
"sense": "falsifications or misrepresentations intended to disparage or discredit another",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "mì-theist"
},
{
"code": "sh",
"lang": "Serbo-Croatian",
"sense": "falsifications or misrepresentations intended to disparage or discredit another",
"tags": [
"Cyrillic",
"feminine"
],
"word": "клевета"
},
{
"code": "sh",
"lang": "Serbo-Croatian",
"sense": "falsifications or misrepresentations intended to disparage or discredit another",
"tags": [
"Roman",
"feminine"
],
"word": "kleveta"
},
{
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "falsifications or misrepresentations intended to disparage or discredit another",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "calumnia"
},
{
"code": "sv",
"lang": "Swedish",
"sense": "falsifications or misrepresentations intended to disparage or discredit another",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "förtal"
},
{
"code": "tl",
"lang": "Tagalog",
"sense": "falsifications or misrepresentations intended to disparage or discredit another",
"word": "pananakwat"
},
{
"code": "tl",
"lang": "Tagalog",
"sense": "falsifications or misrepresentations intended to disparage or discredit another",
"word": "sakwat"
},
{
"code": "tr",
"lang": "Turkish",
"sense": "falsifications or misrepresentations intended to disparage or discredit another",
"word": "bühtan"
},
{
"code": "tr",
"lang": "Turkish",
"sense": "falsifications or misrepresentations intended to disparage or discredit another",
"word": "iftira"
},
{
"code": "tr",
"lang": "Turkish",
"sense": "falsifications or misrepresentations intended to disparage or discredit another",
"word": "karalama"
},
{
"code": "uk",
"lang": "Ukrainian",
"roman": "náklep",
"sense": "falsifications or misrepresentations intended to disparage or discredit another",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "на́клеп"
}
],
"word": "calumny"
}
{
"categories": [
"English countable nouns",
"English doublets",
"English entries with incorrect language header",
"English heteronyms",
"English lemmas",
"English nouns",
"English terms derived from French",
"English terms derived from Late Latin",
"English terms derived from Latin",
"English terms derived from Middle English",
"English terms derived from Old French",
"English terms derived from Proto-Indo-European",
"English terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *ḱelh₁-",
"English terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *ḱh₂l-",
"English terms inherited from Middle English",
"English uncountable nouns",
"English verbs",
"Entries with translation boxes",
"Pages with 1 entry",
"Pages with entries",
"Terms with Ancient Greek translations",
"Terms with Arabic translations",
"Terms with Bengali translations",
"Terms with Bulgarian translations",
"Terms with Catalan translations",
"Terms with Classical Syriac translations",
"Terms with Esperanto translations",
"Terms with Finnish translations",
"Terms with French translations",
"Terms with Georgian translations",
"Terms with German translations",
"Terms with Greek translations",
"Terms with Hiligaynon translations",
"Terms with Hungarian translations",
"Terms with Icelandic translations",
"Terms with Ido translations",
"Terms with Irish translations",
"Terms with Italian translations",
"Terms with Japanese translations",
"Terms with Latin translations",
"Terms with Lithuanian translations",
"Terms with Mandarin translations",
"Terms with Norwegian translations",
"Terms with Old Armenian translations",
"Terms with Old English translations",
"Terms with Polish translations",
"Terms with Portuguese translations",
"Terms with Romanian translations",
"Terms with Russian translations",
"Terms with Scottish Gaelic translations",
"Terms with Serbo-Croatian translations",
"Terms with Spanish translations",
"Terms with Swedish translations",
"Terms with Tagalog translations",
"Terms with Turkish translations",
"Terms with Ukrainian translations"
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*ḱelh₁-",
"4": "*ḱh₂l-"
},
"expansion": "",
"name": "root"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "enm",
"3": "calumnīe",
"4": "",
"5": "false accusation, slander; (law) objection raised in bad faith"
},
"expansion": "Middle English calumnīe (“false accusation, slander; (law) objection raised in bad faith”)",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "fro",
"3": "calomnie",
"4": "",
"5": "slander, calumny"
},
"expansion": "Old French calomnie (“slander, calumny”)",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "fr",
"2": "calomnie"
},
"expansion": "French calomnie",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "etymon"
},
"expansion": "etymon",
"name": "glossary"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "la",
"3": "calumnia",
"4": "",
"5": "false statement, misrepresentation; false accusation, malicious charge"
},
"expansion": "Latin calumnia (“false statement, misrepresentation; false accusation, malicious charge”)",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*ḱelh₁-"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *ḱelh₁-",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "challenge",
"nocap": "1"
},
"expansion": "doublet of challenge",
"name": "doublet"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "fr",
"3": "calomnier",
"4": "",
"5": "to slander"
},
"expansion": "French calomnier (“to slander”)",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "LL.",
"3": "calumniāre"
},
"expansion": "Late Latin calumniāre",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "la",
"3": "calumpniārī"
},
"expansion": "Latin calumpniārī",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "present"
},
"expansion": "present",
"name": "glossary"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "active"
},
"expansion": "active",
"name": "glossary"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "infinitive"
},
"expansion": "infinitive",
"name": "glossary"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Late Middle English calumnīe (“false accusation, slander; (law) objection raised in bad faith”), borrowed from Old French calomnie (“slander, calumny”) (modern French calomnie), or directly from its etymon Latin calumnia (“false statement, misrepresentation; false accusation, malicious charge”), perhaps related to calvor (“to deceive”), ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *ḱelh₁- or *ḱh₂l-. The English word is a doublet of challenge.\nThe verb is derived from French calomnier (“to slander”), from Late Latin calumniāre, from Latin calumpniārī, calumniārī, present active infinitive of calumnior (“to blame unjustly, misrepresent, calumniate; (law) to accuse falsely, bring false information against”), from calumnia (see above) + -or.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "calumnies",
"tags": [
"present",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "calumnying",
"tags": [
"participle",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "calumnied",
"tags": [
"participle",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "calumnied",
"tags": [
"past"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "calumny (third-person singular simple present calumnies, present participle calumnying, simple past and past participle calumnied)",
"name": "en-verb"
}
],
"hyphenation": [
"ca‧lum‧ny"
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "verb",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"English formal terms",
"English terms with quotations",
"English transitive verbs"
],
"examples": [
{
"ref": "1849, Wolfgang Menzel, “The Great Elector”, in Mrs. George Horrocks, transl., The History of Germany, from the Earliest Period to the Present Time. … Translated from the Fourth German Edition. … In Three Volumes, volume II, London: Henry G[eorge] Bohn, […], →OCLC, part XX (The Age of Louis the Fourteenth), page 492:",
"text": "His [Dominieus Dietrich's] memory has been basely calumnied by many German historians.",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"ref": "1997, [Jean-Jacques] Rousseau, “[Discourse on the Sciences and Arts or First Discourse, part II.] Observations [to Stanislas, King of Poland]”, in Victor Gourevitch, editor, The Discourses and Other Earl Political Writings (Cambridge Texts in the History of Political Thought), Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, published 2003, →ISBN, paragraph 39, page 41:",
"text": "However, the Priests of the idols, not content with persecuting Christians, began to calumny them; the Philosophers, finding a Religion that preached humility unrewarding, joined their Priests. Ridicule and insults were showered […] on the new Sect from all sides.",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"ref": "1999, Geoffrey Cubitt, “Robespierre and Conspiracy Theories”, in Colin Haydon, William Doyle, editors, Robespierre, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, published 2006, →ISBN, page 87:",
"text": "It is this coalition that seeks to tear the Republic apart, by ceaselessly calumnying the people of Paris and all the representatives whom it has honoured with its trust …",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"ref": "2008, Paul-Henri Thiry; Baron d’Holbach, “Bergier’s Refutation”, in David Holohan, transl., Christianity Unveiled (Rescued from Obscurity Series), Kingston-upon-Thames, Surrey: Hodgson Press, →ISBN, § 3, page 176:",
"text": "He rails, he piles on the abuse, he calumnies without any sense of decency or restraint, and his gloomy character makes him see everything as black.",
"type": "quote"
}
],
"glosses": [
"To make false accusations or levy false charges against a person with the intent to tarnish that person's reputation or standing; to calumniate."
],
"links": [
[
"false",
"false"
],
[
"accusation",
"accusation"
],
[
"levy",
"levy#Verb"
],
[
"charges",
"charge#Noun"
],
[
"intent",
"intent"
],
[
"tarnish",
"tarnish"
],
[
"reputation",
"reputation"
],
[
"standing",
"standing#Noun"
],
[
"calumniate",
"calumniate"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(transitive, formal) To make false accusations or levy false charges against a person with the intent to tarnish that person's reputation or standing; to calumniate."
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "defame"
}
],
"tags": [
"formal",
"transitive"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/kəˈlʌmni/",
"tags": [
"General-American",
"Received-Pronunciation"
]
},
{
"audio": "LL-Q1860 (eng)-Vealhurl-calumny2.wav",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/aa/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-calumny2.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-calumny2.wav.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/aa/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-calumny2.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-calumny2.wav.ogg"
}
],
"translations": [
{
"code": "ar",
"lang": "Arabic",
"roman": "ṭaʕn",
"sense": "to make false accusations or levy false charges against a person with the intent to tarnish that person's reputation or standing — see also calumniate",
"word": "طَعْن"
},
{
"code": "bn",
"lang": "Bengali",
"roman": "elzam deẇa",
"sense": "to make false accusations or levy false charges against a person with the intent to tarnish that person's reputation or standing — see also calumniate",
"word": "এলজাম দেওয়া"
},
{
"code": "cmn",
"lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
"sense": "to make false accusations or levy false charges against a person with the intent to tarnish that person's reputation or standing — see also calumniate",
"word": "誹謗"
},
{
"code": "cmn",
"lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
"roman": "fěibàng",
"sense": "to make false accusations or levy false charges against a person with the intent to tarnish that person's reputation or standing — see also calumniate",
"word": "诽谤"
},
{
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "to make false accusations or levy false charges against a person with the intent to tarnish that person's reputation or standing — see also calumniate",
"word": "verleumden"
},
{
"code": "sh",
"lang": "Serbo-Croatian",
"sense": "to make false accusations or levy false charges against a person with the intent to tarnish that person's reputation or standing — see also calumniate",
"word": "klevetati"
},
{
"code": "sh",
"lang": "Serbo-Croatian",
"sense": "to make false accusations or levy false charges against a person with the intent to tarnish that person's reputation or standing — see also calumniate",
"word": "oklevetati"
},
{
"code": "sh",
"lang": "Serbo-Croatian",
"sense": "to make false accusations or levy false charges against a person with the intent to tarnish that person's reputation or standing — see also calumniate",
"word": "obijediti"
},
{
"code": "sh",
"lang": "Serbo-Croatian",
"sense": "to make false accusations or levy false charges against a person with the intent to tarnish that person's reputation or standing — see also calumniate",
"word": "obediti"
}
],
"word": "calumny"
}
Download raw JSONL data for calumny meaning in English (35.3kB)
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable English dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2024-12-21 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2024-12-04 using wiktextract (d8cb2f3 and 4e554ae). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.