See thou in All languages combined, or Wiktionary
Download JSON data for thou meaning in English (48.2kB)
{
"etymology_number": 1,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "enm",
"3": "thou"
},
"expansion": "Middle English thou",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "tho"
},
"expansion": "tho",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "thogh"
},
"expansion": "thogh",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "thoue"
},
"expansion": "thoue",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "thouȝ"
},
"expansion": "thouȝ",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "thow"
},
"expansion": "thow",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "thowe"
},
"expansion": "thowe",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "tou"
},
"expansion": "tou",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "towe"
},
"expansion": "towe",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "thu"
},
"expansion": "thu",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "thue"
},
"expansion": "thue",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "thugh"
},
"expansion": "thugh",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "tu"
},
"expansion": "tu",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "you"
},
"expansion": "you",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "Northern England"
},
"expansion": "(Northern England)",
"name": "qualifier"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "ðhu"
},
"expansion": "ðhu",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "þeou"
},
"expansion": "þeou",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "þeu"
},
"expansion": "þeu",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "þou"
},
"expansion": "þou",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "the latter three early Southwest England"
},
"expansion": "(the latter three early Southwest England)",
"name": "qualifier"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "ang",
"3": "þū"
},
"expansion": "Old English þū",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "gmw-pro",
"3": "*þū"
},
"expansion": "Proto-West Germanic *þū",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "gem-pro",
"3": "*þū",
"t": "you (singular), thou"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic *þū (“you (singular), thou”)",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*túh₂",
"t": "you, thou"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *túh₂ (“you, thou”)",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "stq",
"2": "du",
"t": "thou"
},
"expansion": "Saterland Frisian du (“thou”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "fy",
"2": "do",
"t": "thou"
},
"expansion": "West Frisian do (“thou”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "nl",
"2": "du"
},
"expansion": "Dutch du",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "nl",
"2": "dou"
},
"expansion": "dou",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "nl",
"2": "douw",
"t": "thou"
},
"expansion": "douw (“thou”)",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "li",
"2": "doe",
"t": "thou"
},
"expansion": "Limburgish doe (“thou”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "nds",
"2": "du",
"t": "thou"
},
"expansion": "Low German du (“thou”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "de",
"2": "du",
"t": "thou"
},
"expansion": "German du (“thou”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "da",
"2": "du",
"t": "thou"
},
"expansion": "Danish du (“thou”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "sv",
"2": "du",
"t": "thou"
},
"expansion": "Swedish du (“thou”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "fo",
"2": "tú",
"t": "thou"
},
"expansion": "Faroese tú (“thou”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "is",
"2": "þú",
"t": "thou"
},
"expansion": "Icelandic þú (“thou”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "got",
"2": "𐌸𐌿",
"t": "thou"
},
"expansion": "Gothic 𐌸𐌿 (þu, “thou”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "tu"
},
"expansion": "Latin tu",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "grc",
"2": "σύ"
},
"expansion": "Ancient Greek σύ (sú)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "grc",
"2": "τύ"
},
"expansion": "Ancient Greek τύ (tú)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "el",
"2": "εσύ"
},
"expansion": "Greek εσύ (esý)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ga",
"2": "tu"
},
"expansion": "Irish tu",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "lt",
"2": "tu"
},
"expansion": "Lithuanian tu",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "cu",
"2": "ty"
},
"expansion": "Old Church Slavonic ty",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "cy",
"2": "ti"
},
"expansion": "Welsh ti",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "hy",
"2": "դու"
},
"expansion": "Armenian դու (du)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "sq",
"2": "ti"
},
"expansion": "Albanian ti",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "fa",
"2": "تو"
},
"expansion": "Persian تو",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "1"
},
"expansion": "¹",
"name": "sup"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "1"
},
"expansion": "¹",
"name": "sup"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "fr",
"2": "vous"
},
"expansion": "vous",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "fr",
"2": "tu"
},
"expansion": "tu",
"name": "m"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Middle English thou, tho, thogh, thoue, thouȝ, thow, thowe, tou, towe, thu, thue, thugh, tu, you (Northern England), ðhu, þeou, þeu, þou (the latter three early Southwest England), from Old English þū, from Proto-West Germanic *þū, from Proto-Germanic *þū (“you (singular), thou”), from Proto-Indo-European *túh₂ (“you, thou”).\ncognates and usage evolution\nThe English word is cognate with Saterland Frisian du (“thou”), West Frisian do (“thou”), dialectal Dutch du, dou, douw (“thou”), Limburgish doe (“thou”), Low German du (“thou”), German du (“thou”), Danish du (“thou”), Swedish du (“thou”), Faroese tú (“thou”), Icelandic þú (“thou”), Gothic 𐌸𐌿 (þu, “thou”), Latin tu, Ancient Greek σύ (sú) (Doric Ancient Greek τύ (tú), Greek εσύ (esý)), Irish tu, Lithuanian tu, Old Church Slavonic ty, Welsh ti, Armenian դու (du), Albanian ti, Persian تو (to).\nThe informality of thou and its replacement by ye in formal situations date only to the 14th century and come from French influence, since French (as many European languages, but not Old English) uses the second-person plural (vous) instead of the second-person singular (tu) as a mark of politeness or respect.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "ye",
"tags": [
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "thee",
"tags": [
"objective"
]
},
{
"form": "thyself",
"tags": [
"reflexive"
]
},
{
"form": "thy",
"tags": [
"determiner",
"possessive"
]
},
{
"form": "thine",
"tags": [
"determiner",
"possessive"
]
},
{
"form": "thine",
"tags": [
"possessive",
"pronoun",
"without-noun"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"10": "thy",
"11": "or",
"12": "thine",
"13": "possessive pronoun",
"14": "thine",
"2": "pronoun",
"3": "plural",
"4": "ye",
"5": "objective case",
"6": "thee",
"7": "reflexive",
"8": "thyself",
"9": "possessive determiner"
},
"expansion": "thou (plural ye, objective case thee, reflexive thyself, possessive determiner thy or thine, possessive pronoun thine)",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "pron",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "topical",
"langcode": "en",
"name": "Religion",
"orig": "en:Religion",
"parents": [
"Culture",
"Society",
"All topics",
"Fundamental"
],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "English entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "3 4 13 16 38 19 7",
"kind": "other",
"name": "English entries with language name categories using raw markup",
"parents": [
"Entries with language name categories using raw markup",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "4 5 12 15 32 21 11",
"kind": "other",
"name": "English entries with topic categories using raw markup",
"parents": [
"Entries with topic categories using raw markup",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "English grammar appendices",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "5 8 18 19 35 11 5",
"kind": "other",
"name": "English heteronyms",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "10 5 10 12 32 23 7",
"kind": "other",
"name": "English personal pronouns",
"parents": [
"Personal pronouns",
"Pronouns",
"Lemmas"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "English pronouns",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Old Church Slavonic terms in nonstandard scripts",
"parents": [
"Terms in nonstandard scripts",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Old Church Slavonic terms with redundant script codes",
"parents": [
"Terms with redundant script codes",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Tunisian Arabic links with redundant target parameters",
"parents": [
"Links with redundant target parameters",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Tunisian Arabic terms with redundant script codes",
"parents": [
"Terms with redundant script codes",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"derived": [
{
"word": "holier-than-thou"
},
{
"word": "how farest thou"
},
{
"word": "methinks thou dost protest too much"
},
{
"word": "thou'dst"
},
{
"word": "thou'lt"
},
{
"word": "thou'rt"
},
{
"word": "thou'st"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"ref": "1742 April 4, Charles Wesley, A Sermon Preached on Sunday, April 4, 1742. Before the University of Oxford, London: Printed by J. Paramore, […], published 1783, →OCLC, page 10",
"text": "Art thou in earnest about thy soul? and canst thou tell the Searcher of Hearts, Thou, O God, art the thing that I long for? Lord, Thou knowest all things, Thou knowest that I would love thee?",
"type": "quotation"
}
],
"form_of": [
{
"extra": "you",
"word": "ye"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Nominative singular of ye (“you”)."
],
"id": "en-thou-en-pron-3RjCETTd",
"links": [
[
"religion",
"religion"
],
[
"humorous",
"humorous"
],
[
"ye",
"ye#English"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(archaic, dialectal, literary, religion, or humorous) Nominative singular of ye (“you”)."
],
"related": [
{
"tags": [
"colloquial"
],
"word": "Ime"
},
{
"word": "me"
},
{
"word": "myselfmemysen"
},
{
"word": "mine"
},
{
"tags": [
"archaic",
"before-vowel"
],
"word": "mymineme"
},
{
"word": "we"
},
{
"word": "us"
},
{
"word": "ourselvesourselfoursen"
},
{
"word": "ours"
},
{
"word": "our"
},
{
"word": "you"
},
{
"word": "yourselfyoursen"
},
{
"tags": [
"dialectal",
"obsolete"
],
"word": "yoursyourn"
},
{
"word": "your"
},
{
"word": "thee"
},
{
"word": "thyselftheeselfthysen"
},
{
"word": "thine"
},
{
"tags": [
"before-vowel"
],
"word": "thythine"
},
{
"tags": [
"archaic"
],
"word": "youye"
},
{
"word": "yourselves"
},
{
"word": "you ally'all you guys"
},
{
"word": "y'allselves"
},
{
"tags": [
"proscribed"
],
"word": "y'all's you guys' your guys'"
},
{
"tags": [
"nonstandard",
"proscribed"
],
"word": "y'all's your all's you guys' your guys'"
},
{
"word": "he"
},
{
"word": "him"
},
{
"tags": [
"archaic"
],
"word": "himselfhisselfhissen"
},
{
"tags": [
"dialectal",
"obsolete"
],
"word": "hishisn"
},
{
"word": "his"
},
{
"word": "she"
},
{
"word": "her"
},
{
"word": "herselfhersen"
},
{
"tags": [
"dialectal",
"obsolete"
],
"word": "hershern"
},
{
"word": "ithit"
},
{
"word": "itselfhitself"
},
{
"tags": [
"archaic"
],
"word": "itshis"
},
{
"tags": [
"archaic"
],
"word": "itshishits"
},
{
"word": "they"
},
{
"word": "them"
},
{
"word": "themself"
},
{
"word": "themselves"
},
{
"word": "theirs"
},
{
"word": "their"
},
{
"word": "one"
},
{
"word": "oneself"
},
{
"word": "–"
},
{
"word": "one's"
},
{
"word": "themhem"
},
{
"word": "'em"
},
{
"word": "themselvestheirsen"
},
{
"tags": [
"dialectal",
"obsolete"
],
"word": "theirstheirn"
}
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "du"
},
{
"word": "tha"
},
{
"word": "thoo"
},
{
"word": "thow"
},
{
"word": "thu"
},
{
"english": "Lancashire",
"tags": [
"Yorkshire"
],
"word": "tha"
},
{
"tags": [
"Scotland"
],
"word": "du"
}
],
"tags": [
"archaic",
"dialectal",
"form-of",
"humorous",
"literary",
"nominative",
"singular"
],
"topics": [
"lifestyle",
"religion"
],
"translations": [
{
"code": "ar",
"lang": "Arabic",
"roman": "ʔanta",
"sense": "singular nominative form of you",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "أَنْتَ"
},
{
"code": "ar",
"lang": "Arabic",
"roman": "ʔanti",
"sense": "singular nominative form of you",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "أَنْتِ"
},
{
"code": "arz",
"lang": "Arabic",
"roman": "ínta",
"sense": "singular nominative form of you",
"tags": [
"Egyptian-Arabic",
"masculine"
],
"word": "انت"
},
{
"code": "arz",
"lang": "Arabic",
"roman": "ínti",
"sense": "singular nominative form of you",
"tags": [
"Egyptian-Arabic",
"feminine"
],
"word": "انت"
},
{
"code": "aeb",
"lang": "Tunisian Arabic",
"roman": "ʔinti",
"sense": "singular nominative form of you",
"tags": [
"feminine",
"masculine"
],
"word": "اِنْتِ"
},
{
"code": "an",
"lang": "Aragonese",
"sense": "singular nominative form of you",
"word": "tu"
},
{
"code": "hy",
"lang": "Armenian",
"roman": "du",
"sense": "singular nominative form of you",
"word": "դու"
},
{
"code": "rup",
"lang": "Aromanian",
"sense": "singular nominative form of you",
"word": "tu"
},
{
"code": "as",
"lang": "Assamese",
"roman": "toi",
"sense": "singular nominative form of you",
"word": "তই"
},
{
"code": "as",
"lang": "Assamese",
"roman": "tumi",
"sense": "singular nominative form of you",
"word": "তুমি আপুনি"
},
{
"code": "ast",
"lang": "Asturian",
"sense": "singular nominative form of you",
"word": "tu"
},
{
"code": "be",
"lang": "Belarusian",
"roman": "ty",
"sense": "singular nominative form of you",
"word": "ты"
},
{
"code": "bn",
"lang": "Bengali",
"roman": "tui",
"sense": "singular nominative form of you",
"word": "তুই"
},
{
"code": "bg",
"lang": "Bulgarian",
"roman": "ti",
"sense": "singular nominative form of you",
"word": "ти"
},
{
"code": "ca",
"lang": "Catalan",
"sense": "singular nominative form of you",
"word": "tu"
},
{
"code": "cbk",
"lang": "Chavacano",
"sense": "singular nominative form of you",
"word": "tu"
},
{
"code": "cmn",
"lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
"roman": "nǐ",
"sense": "singular nominative form of you",
"word": "你"
},
{
"code": "cmn",
"english": "to God",
"lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
"roman": "nǐ",
"sense": "singular nominative form of you",
"word": "祢"
},
{
"code": "cmn",
"lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
"sense": "singular nominative form of you",
"tags": [
"archaic"
],
"word": "爾"
},
{
"code": "cmn",
"lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
"roman": "ěr",
"sense": "singular nominative form of you",
"word": "尔"
},
{
"code": "cmn",
"lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
"roman": "rǔ",
"sense": "singular nominative form of you",
"word": "汝"
},
{
"code": "co",
"lang": "Corsican",
"sense": "singular nominative form of you",
"word": "tù"
},
{
"code": "cs",
"lang": "Czech",
"sense": "singular nominative form of you",
"word": "ty"
},
{
"code": "dlm",
"lang": "Dalmatian",
"sense": "singular nominative form of you",
"word": "te"
},
{
"code": "da",
"lang": "Danish",
"sense": "singular nominative form of you",
"word": "du"
},
{
"code": "nl",
"lang": "Dutch",
"sense": "singular nominative form of you",
"tags": [
"archaic",
"dialectal"
],
"word": "gij"
},
{
"code": "nl",
"lang": "Dutch",
"sense": "singular nominative form of you",
"word": "jij"
},
{
"code": "eo",
"lang": "Esperanto",
"sense": "singular nominative form of you",
"word": "ci"
},
{
"code": "ext",
"lang": "Extremaduran",
"sense": "singular nominative form of you",
"word": "tú"
},
{
"code": "fax",
"lang": "Fala",
"sense": "singular nominative form of you",
"word": "tu"
},
{
"code": "fo",
"lang": "Faroese",
"sense": "singular nominative form of you",
"word": "tú"
},
{
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "singular nominative form of you",
"word": "sinä"
},
{
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "singular nominative form of you",
"tags": [
"feminine",
"masculine"
],
"word": "tu"
},
{
"code": "frm",
"lang": "Middle French",
"sense": "singular nominative form of you",
"word": "tu"
},
{
"code": "fro",
"lang": "Old French",
"sense": "singular nominative form of you",
"word": "tu"
},
{
"code": "fur",
"lang": "Friulian",
"sense": "singular nominative form of you",
"word": "tu"
},
{
"code": "gl",
"lang": "Galician",
"sense": "singular nominative form of you",
"tags": [
"feminine",
"masculine"
],
"word": "ti"
},
{
"code": "gl",
"lang": "Galician",
"sense": "singular nominative form of you",
"word": "tu"
},
{
"code": "roa-gal",
"lang": "Gallo",
"sense": "singular nominative form of you",
"word": "tu"
},
{
"code": "ka",
"lang": "Georgian",
"roman": "šen",
"sense": "singular nominative form of you",
"word": "შენ"
},
{
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "singular nominative form of you",
"word": "du"
},
{
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "singular nominative form of you",
"word": "Du"
},
{
"code": "got",
"lang": "Gothic",
"roman": "þu",
"sense": "singular nominative form of you",
"word": "𐌸𐌿"
},
{
"code": "grc",
"lang": "Ancient Greek",
"roman": "sú",
"sense": "singular nominative form of you",
"word": "σύ"
},
{
"code": "he",
"lang": "Hebrew",
"roman": "atá",
"sense": "singular nominative form of you",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "אתה"
},
{
"code": "he",
"lang": "Hebrew",
"roman": "at",
"sense": "singular nominative form of you",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "את"
},
{
"code": "hi",
"lang": "Hindi",
"roman": "tum",
"sense": "singular nominative form of you",
"word": "तुम"
},
{
"code": "hi",
"lang": "Hindi",
"roman": "tū",
"sense": "singular nominative form of you",
"word": "तू"
},
{
"code": "hu",
"lang": "Hungarian",
"sense": "singular nominative form of you",
"word": "te"
},
{
"code": "is",
"lang": "Icelandic",
"sense": "singular nominative form of you",
"word": "þú"
},
{
"code": "io",
"lang": "Ido",
"sense": "singular nominative form of you",
"word": "tu"
},
{
"code": "id",
"lang": "Indonesian",
"sense": "singular nominative form of you",
"word": "kamu"
},
{
"code": "ga",
"lang": "Irish",
"sense": "singular nominative form of you",
"word": "tú"
},
{
"code": "ruo",
"lang": "Istro-Romanian",
"sense": "singular nominative form of you",
"word": "tú"
},
{
"code": "it",
"lang": "Italian",
"sense": "singular nominative form of you",
"word": "tu"
},
{
"alt": "きみ",
"code": "ja",
"lang": "Japanese",
"roman": "kimi",
"sense": "singular nominative form of you",
"word": "君"
},
{
"alt": "なんじ",
"code": "ja",
"lang": "Japanese",
"roman": "nanji",
"sense": "singular nominative form of you",
"word": "汝"
},
{
"alt": "おまえ",
"code": "ja",
"lang": "Japanese",
"roman": "omae",
"sense": "singular nominative form of you",
"word": "お前"
},
{
"code": "ja",
"lang": "Japanese",
"roman": "anata",
"sense": "singular nominative form of you",
"word": "あなた"
},
{
"code": "xqa",
"lang": "Karakhanid",
"roman": "sen",
"sense": "singular nominative form of you",
"word": "سن"
},
{
"alt": "當身",
"code": "ko",
"lang": "Korean",
"roman": "dangsin",
"sense": "singular nominative form of you",
"word": "당신"
},
{
"code": "ko",
"lang": "Korean",
"roman": "neo",
"sense": "singular nominative form of you",
"word": "너"
},
{
"code": "ko",
"lang": "Korean",
"roman": "ne",
"sense": "singular nominative form of you",
"word": "네"
},
{
"code": "lld",
"lang": "Ladin",
"sense": "singular nominative form of you",
"word": "tu"
},
{
"code": "lad",
"lang": "Ladino",
"sense": "singular nominative form of you",
"word": "tu"
},
{
"code": "lad",
"lang": "Ladino",
"roman": "tu",
"sense": "singular nominative form of you",
"word": "טו"
},
{
"code": "lo",
"lang": "Lao",
"roman": "khun",
"sense": "singular nominative form of you",
"word": "ຄຸນ"
},
{
"code": "lo",
"lang": "Lao",
"roman": "thœ̄",
"sense": "singular nominative form of you",
"word": "ເຖີ"
},
{
"code": "lo",
"lang": "Lao",
"roman": "mư̄ng",
"sense": "singular nominative form of you",
"word": "ມືງ"
},
{
"code": "la",
"lang": "Latin",
"sense": "singular nominative form of you",
"word": "tu"
},
{
"code": "roa-leo",
"lang": "Leonese",
"sense": "singular nominative form of you",
"word": "tu"
},
{
"code": "lt",
"lang": "Lithuanian",
"sense": "singular nominative form of you",
"word": "tu"
},
{
"code": "khb",
"lang": "Lü",
"roman": "xun",
"sense": "singular nominative form of you",
"word": "ᦆᦳᧃ"
},
{
"code": "khb",
"lang": "Lü",
"roman": "thoe",
"sense": "singular nominative form of you",
"word": "ᦵᦒᦲ"
},
{
"code": "khb",
"lang": "Lü",
"roman": "mueng",
"sense": "singular nominative form of you",
"word": "ᦙᦹᧂ"
},
{
"code": "mk",
"lang": "Macedonian",
"roman": "ti",
"sense": "singular nominative form of you",
"word": "ти"
},
{
"code": "ms",
"lang": "Malay",
"sense": "singular nominative form of you",
"word": "engkau"
},
{
"code": "ruq",
"lang": "Megleno-Romanian",
"sense": "singular nominative form of you",
"word": "tu"
},
{
"code": "mwl",
"lang": "Mirandese",
"sense": "singular nominative form of you",
"word": "tu"
},
{
"code": "mxi",
"lang": "Mozarabic",
"roman": "tu",
"sense": "singular nominative form of you",
"word": "ت"
},
{
"code": "roa-oan",
"lang": "Navarro-Aragonese",
"sense": "singular nominative form of you",
"word": "tu"
},
{
"code": "nap",
"lang": "Neapolitan",
"sense": "singular nominative form of you",
"word": "tu"
},
{
"code": "nrf",
"lang": "Norman",
"sense": "singular nominative form of you",
"word": "tu"
},
{
"code": "nod",
"lang": "Northern Thai",
"sense": "singular nominative form of you",
"word": "ᨤᩩᨶ"
},
{
"code": "nod",
"lang": "Northern Thai",
"sense": "singular nominative form of you",
"word": "ᨮᩮᩬᩥ"
},
{
"code": "nod",
"lang": "Northern Thai",
"sense": "singular nominative form of you",
"word": "ᨾᩨ᩠ᨦ"
},
{
"code": "no",
"lang": "Norwegian",
"sense": "singular nominative form of you",
"word": "du"
},
{
"code": "oc",
"lang": "Occitan",
"sense": "singular nominative form of you",
"word": "tu"
},
{
"code": "oj",
"lang": "Ojibwe",
"sense": "singular nominative form of you",
"word": "giin"
},
{
"code": "roa-oca",
"lang": "Old Catalan",
"sense": "singular nominative form of you",
"word": "tu"
},
{
"code": "cu",
"lang": "Church Slavic",
"roman": "ty",
"sense": "singular nominative form of you",
"tags": [
"Cyrillic"
],
"word": "тꙑ"
},
{
"code": "cu",
"lang": "Church Slavic",
"roman": "ty",
"sense": "singular nominative form of you",
"tags": [
"Glagolitic"
],
"word": "ⱅⱏⰺ"
},
{
"code": "ang",
"lang": "Old English",
"sense": "singular nominative form of you",
"word": "þū"
},
{
"code": "sga",
"lang": "Old Irish",
"sense": "singular nominative form of you",
"word": "tú"
},
{
"code": "pro",
"lang": "Old Occitan",
"sense": "singular nominative form of you",
"word": "tu"
},
{
"code": "zlw-opl",
"lang": "Old Polish",
"sense": "singular nominative form of you",
"word": "ty"
},
{
"code": "roa-opt",
"lang": "Old Portuguese",
"sense": "singular nominative form of you",
"word": "tu"
},
{
"code": "otk",
"lang": "Old Turkic",
"roman": "s²n²",
"sense": "singular nominative form of you",
"word": "𐰾𐰤"
},
{
"code": "ota",
"lang": "Ottoman Turkish",
"roman": "sen",
"sense": "singular nominative form of you",
"word": "سن"
},
{
"code": "fa",
"lang": "Persian",
"roman": "to",
"sense": "singular nominative form of you",
"word": "تو"
},
{
"code": "pcd",
"lang": "Picard",
"sense": "singular nominative form of you",
"word": "tu"
},
{
"code": "pox",
"lang": "Polabian",
"sense": "singular nominative form of you",
"word": "tåi"
},
{
"code": "pl",
"lang": "Polish",
"sense": "singular nominative form of you",
"word": "ty"
},
{
"code": "pt",
"lang": "Portuguese",
"sense": "singular nominative form of you",
"word": "tu"
},
{
"code": "ro",
"lang": "Romanian",
"sense": "singular nominative form of you",
"word": "tu"
},
{
"code": "rm",
"lang": "Romansch",
"sense": "singular nominative form of you",
"word": "tu"
},
{
"code": "rm",
"lang": "Romansch",
"sense": "singular nominative form of you",
"word": "tü"
},
{
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "ty",
"sense": "singular nominative form of you",
"word": "ты"
},
{
"code": "sc",
"lang": "Sardinian",
"sense": "singular nominative form of you",
"word": "tue"
},
{
"code": "sco",
"lang": "Scots",
"sense": "singular nominative form of you",
"word": "thoo"
},
{
"code": "gd",
"lang": "Scottish Gaelic",
"sense": "singular nominative form of you",
"word": "thu"
},
{
"code": "gd",
"lang": "Scottish Gaelic",
"sense": "singular nominative form of you",
"word": "tu"
},
{
"code": "sh",
"lang": "Serbo-Croatian",
"sense": "singular nominative form of you",
"tags": [
"Cyrillic"
],
"word": "ти̑"
},
{
"code": "sh",
"lang": "Serbo-Croatian",
"sense": "singular nominative form of you",
"tags": [
"Roman"
],
"word": "tȋ"
},
{
"code": "scn",
"lang": "Sicilian",
"sense": "singular nominative form of you",
"word": "tu"
},
{
"code": "si",
"lang": "Sinhalese",
"roman": "oyā",
"sense": "singular nominative form of you",
"word": "ඔයා"
},
{
"code": "sk",
"lang": "Slovak",
"sense": "singular nominative form of you",
"word": "ty"
},
{
"code": "sl",
"lang": "Slovene",
"sense": "singular nominative form of you",
"word": "tí"
},
{
"code": "dsb",
"lang": "Lower Sorbian",
"sense": "singular nominative form of you",
"word": "ty"
},
{
"code": "hsb",
"lang": "Upper Sorbian",
"sense": "singular nominative form of you",
"word": "ty"
},
{
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "singular nominative form of you",
"tags": [
"feminine",
"masculine"
],
"word": "tú"
},
{
"code": "osp",
"lang": "Old Spanish",
"sense": "singular nominative form of you",
"word": "tu"
},
{
"code": "sv",
"lang": "Swedish",
"sense": "singular nominative form of you",
"word": "du"
},
{
"code": "th",
"lang": "Thai",
"roman": "kun",
"sense": "singular nominative form of you",
"word": "คุณ"
},
{
"code": "th",
"lang": "Thai",
"roman": "təə",
"sense": "singular nominative form of you",
"word": "เธอ"
},
{
"code": "th",
"lang": "Thai",
"roman": "mʉng",
"sense": "singular nominative form of you",
"word": "มึง"
},
{
"code": "tr",
"lang": "Turkish",
"sense": "singular nominative form of you",
"word": "sen"
},
{
"code": "ude",
"lang": "Udihe",
"sense": "singular nominative form of you",
"word": "си"
},
{
"code": "uk",
"lang": "Ukrainian",
"roman": "ty",
"sense": "singular nominative form of you",
"word": "ти"
},
{
"code": "ur",
"lang": "Urdu",
"roman": "tum",
"sense": "singular nominative form of you",
"word": "تم"
},
{
"code": "ur",
"lang": "Urdu",
"roman": "tū",
"sense": "singular nominative form of you",
"word": "تو"
},
{
"code": "vec",
"lang": "Venetian",
"sense": "singular nominative form of you",
"word": "ti"
},
{
"code": "vi",
"lang": "Vietnamese",
"sense": "singular nominative form of you",
"word": "mày"
},
{
"code": "vi",
"lang": "Vietnamese",
"sense": "singular nominative form of you",
"word": "ngươi"
},
{
"code": "vi",
"lang": "Vietnamese",
"sense": "singular nominative form of you",
"word": "mi"
},
{
"code": "wa",
"lang": "Walloon",
"sense": "singular nominative form of you",
"word": "tu"
},
{
"code": "cy",
"lang": "Welsh",
"sense": "singular nominative form of you",
"word": "ti"
},
{
"code": "wrh",
"lang": "Wiradjuri",
"sense": "singular nominative form of you",
"word": "ngindu"
},
{
"code": "yi",
"lang": "Yiddish",
"roman": "du",
"sense": "singular nominative form of you",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "דו"
}
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ðaʊ/"
},
{
"rhymes": "-aʊ"
},
{
"ipa": "/ðuː/"
},
{
"audio": "En-us-thou.ogg",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/e/ea/En-us-thou.ogg/En-us-thou.ogg.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ea/En-us-thou.ogg",
"tags": [
"General-American"
],
"text": "Audio (GA)"
},
{
"enpr": "''th''ou"
}
],
"word": "thou"
}
{
"etymology_number": 2,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "enm",
"3": "thouen"
},
"expansion": "Middle English thouen",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "theu"
},
"expansion": "theu",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "thew"
},
"expansion": "thew",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "thou"
},
"expansion": "thou",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "thowe"
},
"expansion": "thowe",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "thowen"
},
"expansion": "thowen",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "thui"
},
"expansion": "thui",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "thuy",
"t": "to address (a person) with thou, particularly in a contemptuous or polite manner"
},
"expansion": "thuy (“to address (a person) with thou, particularly in a contemptuous or polite manner”)",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "pronoun"
},
"expansion": "pronoun",
"name": "glossary"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "thou"
},
"expansion": "thou",
"name": "m"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Late Middle English thouen, theu, thew, thou, thowe, thowen, thui, thuy (“to address (a person) with thou, particularly in a contemptuous or polite manner”), from the pronoun thou: see etymology 1 above.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "thous",
"tags": [
"present",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "thouing",
"tags": [
"participle",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "thoued",
"tags": [
"participle",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "thoued",
"tags": [
"past"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "thou (third-person singular simple present thous, present participle thouing, simple past and past participle thoued)",
"name": "en-verb"
}
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "verb",
"related": [
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "tutoy"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "tutoyer"
}
],
"senses": [
{
"antonyms": [
{
"word": "you"
}
],
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "5 4 11 10 25 41 4",
"kind": "other",
"name": "English second person pronouns",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "0 0 1 3 23 46 26",
"kind": "topical",
"langcode": "en",
"name": "Quakerism",
"orig": "en:Quakerism",
"parents": [
"Protestantism",
"Christianity",
"Abrahamism",
"Religion",
"Culture",
"Society",
"All topics",
"Fundamental"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"text": "Don’t thou them as thous thee! – a Yorkshire English admonition to overly familiar children",
"type": "example"
},
{
"ref": "c. 1530, “Hickscorner”, in W[illiam] Carew Hazlitt, editor, A Select Collection of Old English Plays. Originally Published by Robert Dodsley in the Year 1744. […], 4th edition, volume I, London: Reeves and Turner, […], published 1874, page 180",
"text": "Avaunt, caitiff, dost thou thou me! / I am come of good kin, I tell thee! / My mother was a lady of the stews' blood born, / And (knight of the halter) my father ware an horn; / Therefore I take it in full great scorn, / That thou shouldest thus check me.",
"type": "quotation"
},
{
"ref": "1677, William Gibson, “An Answer to John Cheyney’s Pamphlet Entituled The Shibboleth of Quakerism”, in The Life of God, which is the Light and Salvation of Men, Exalted: […], [London]: [s.n.], →OCLC, page 134",
"text": "What! doſt thou not believe that God's Thouing and Theeing was and is ſound Speech? [...] And Theeing & Thouing of one ſingle Perſon was the language of Chriſt Jeſus, and the Holy Prophets and Apoſtles both under the Diſpenſations of Law and Goſpel, [...]",
"type": "quotation"
},
{
"ref": "1755, [Voltaire [pseudonym; François-Marie Arouet]], “Ferdinand III. Forty-seventh Emperor.”, in Annals of the Empire from the Reign of Charlemagne […] In Two Volumes, volume II, London: Printed for A[ndrew] Millar, […], →OCLC, page 257",
"text": "The emperors before Rodolphus I. ſent all their mandates in Latin, thouing every prince, as the grammar of that language allows. This thouing of the counts of the empire was continued in the German language which diſallows ſuch expreſſions.",
"type": "quotation"
},
{
"ref": "1811, Miguel Cervantes de Saavedra, “Of Matters Relating and Appertaining to this Adventure, and to this Memorable History”, in Charles Jarvis, transl., The Life and Exploits of Don Quixote de la Mancha. Translated from the Spanish [...] In Four Volumes, volume IV, London: Printed [by Harding & Wright] for Lackington, Allen, and Co. [et al.], →OCLC, part II, book III, pages 57–58",
"text": "Unfortunate we the duennas! though we descended in a direct male-line from Hector of Troy, our mistresses will never forbear \"thouing\" us, were they to be made queens for it.",
"type": "quotation"
},
{
"ref": "1917, Russell Osborne Stidston, “Inferiors to Superiors”, in The Use of Ye in the Function of Thou in Middle English Literature from Ms. Auchinleck to Ms. Vernon: A Study of Grammar and Social Intercourse in Fourteenth-century England: […], Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University, →OCLC, section 1 (The Higher Classes to Royalty), page 22",
"text": "In Guy a duke in council thous his emperor [...] In Bevis the earl addresses the emperor of Almaine [...] while the young son of the family, Bevis, thous him not only as his father's murderer [...], but even when he is pretending friendship for him [...].",
"type": "quotation"
}
],
"glosses": [
"To address (a person) using the pronoun thou, especially as an expression of contempt or familiarity."
],
"id": "en-thou-en-verb-c0ZT-KQa",
"links": [
[
"address",
"address#Verb"
],
[
"pronoun",
"pronoun"
],
[
"thou",
"#Pronoun"
],
[
"expression",
"expression"
],
[
"contempt",
"contempt"
],
[
"familiarity",
"familiarity"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(transitive) To address (a person) using the pronoun thou, especially as an expression of contempt or familiarity."
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "thee"
}
],
"tags": [
"transitive"
],
"translations": [
{
"_dis1": "94 6",
"code": "ast",
"lang": "Asturian",
"sense": "to address (a person) using the familiar second-person pronoun",
"word": "tutiar"
},
{
"_dis1": "94 6",
"code": "be",
"lang": "Belarusian",
"roman": "týkacʹ",
"sense": "to address (a person) using the familiar second-person pronoun",
"tags": [
"imperfective"
],
"word": "ты́каць"
},
{
"_dis1": "94 6",
"code": "ca",
"lang": "Catalan",
"sense": "to address (a person) using the familiar second-person pronoun",
"word": "tutejar"
},
{
"_dis1": "94 6",
"code": "cs",
"lang": "Czech",
"sense": "to address (a person) using the familiar second-person pronoun",
"tags": [
"imperfective"
],
"word": "tykat"
},
{
"_dis1": "94 6",
"code": "da",
"lang": "Danish",
"sense": "to address (a person) using the familiar second-person pronoun",
"word": "sige du"
},
{
"_dis1": "94 6",
"code": "nl",
"lang": "Dutch",
"sense": "to address (a person) using the familiar second-person pronoun",
"word": "tutoyeren"
},
{
"_dis1": "94 6",
"code": "nl",
"lang": "Dutch",
"sense": "to address (a person) using the familiar second-person pronoun",
"word": "jijen"
},
{
"_dis1": "94 6",
"code": "nl",
"lang": "Dutch",
"sense": "to address (a person) using the familiar second-person pronoun",
"word": "jouen"
},
{
"_dis1": "94 6",
"code": "et",
"lang": "Estonian",
"sense": "to address (a person) using the familiar second-person pronoun",
"word": "sinatama"
},
{
"_dis1": "94 6",
"code": "fo",
"lang": "Faroese",
"sense": "to address (a person) using the familiar second-person pronoun",
"word": "túa"
},
{
"_dis1": "94 6",
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "to address (a person) using the familiar second-person pronoun",
"word": "sinutella"
},
{
"_dis1": "94 6",
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "to address (a person) using the familiar second-person pronoun",
"word": "tutoyer"
},
{
"_dis1": "94 6",
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "to address (a person) using the familiar second-person pronoun",
"word": "duzen"
},
{
"_dis1": "94 6",
"code": "el",
"lang": "Greek",
"note": "μιλώ στον ενικό (miló ston enikó, literally “speak in the singular”)",
"sense": "to address (a person) using the familiar second-person pronoun"
},
{
"_dis1": "94 6",
"code": "hu",
"lang": "Hungarian",
"sense": "to address (a person) using the familiar second-person pronoun",
"word": "tegez"
},
{
"_dis1": "94 6",
"code": "is",
"lang": "Icelandic",
"sense": "to address (a person) using the familiar second-person pronoun",
"word": "þúa"
},
{
"_dis1": "94 6",
"code": "ia",
"lang": "Interlingua",
"sense": "to address (a person) using the familiar second-person pronoun",
"word": "tutear"
},
{
"_dis1": "94 6",
"code": "it",
"lang": "Italian",
"sense": "to address (a person) using the familiar second-person pronoun",
"word": "dare del tu"
},
{
"_dis1": "94 6",
"alt": "よびすてにする",
"code": "ja",
"lang": "Japanese",
"roman": "yobisute ni suru",
"sense": "to address (a person) using the familiar second-person pronoun",
"word": "呼び捨てにする"
},
{
"_dis1": "94 6",
"code": "ko",
"lang": "Korean",
"roman": "neo-rago bureuda",
"sense": "to address (a person) using the familiar second-person pronoun",
"word": "너라고 부르다"
},
{
"_dis1": "94 6",
"code": "lt",
"lang": "Lithuanian",
"sense": "to address (a person) using the familiar second-person pronoun",
"word": "tujinti"
},
{
"_dis1": "94 6",
"code": "ms",
"lang": "Malay",
"sense": "to address (a person) using the familiar second-person pronoun",
"word": "berengkau"
},
{
"_dis1": "94 6",
"code": "nb",
"lang": "Norwegian Bokmål",
"sense": "to address (a person) using the familiar second-person pronoun",
"word": "si 'du'"
},
{
"_dis1": "94 6",
"code": "oc",
"lang": "Occitan",
"sense": "to address (a person) using the familiar second-person pronoun",
"word": "tutejar"
},
{
"_dis1": "94 6",
"code": "pl",
"lang": "Polish",
"sense": "to address (a person) using the familiar second-person pronoun",
"tags": [
"imperfective"
],
"word": "mówić na ty"
},
{
"_dis1": "94 6",
"code": "pl",
"lang": "Polish",
"sense": "to address (a person) using the familiar second-person pronoun",
"tags": [
"colloquial",
"imperfective"
],
"word": "tykać"
},
{
"_dis1": "94 6",
"code": "pt",
"lang": "Portuguese",
"sense": "to address (a person) using the familiar second-person pronoun",
"word": "tutear"
},
{
"_dis1": "94 6",
"code": "pt",
"lang": "Portuguese",
"sense": "to address (a person) using the familiar second-person pronoun",
"word": "tratar por tu"
},
{
"_dis1": "94 6",
"code": "ro",
"lang": "Romanian",
"sense": "to address (a person) using the familiar second-person pronoun",
"word": "a tutui"
},
{
"_dis1": "94 6",
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "týkatʹ",
"sense": "to address (a person) using the familiar second-person pronoun",
"tags": [
"colloquial",
"imperfective"
],
"word": "ты́кать"
},
{
"_dis1": "94 6",
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "týknutʹ",
"sense": "to address (a person) using the familiar second-person pronoun",
"tags": [
"perfective"
],
"word": "ты́кнуть"
},
{
"_dis1": "94 6",
"alt": "obraščátʹsja na «ty»",
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"sense": "to address (a person) using the familiar second-person pronoun",
"tags": [
"imperfective"
],
"word": "обраща́ться на «ты»"
},
{
"_dis1": "94 6",
"code": "sh",
"lang": "Serbo-Croatian",
"sense": "to address (a person) using the familiar second-person pronoun",
"tags": [
"Cyrillic",
"imperfective"
],
"word": "ти́кати"
},
{
"_dis1": "94 6",
"code": "sh",
"lang": "Serbo-Croatian",
"sense": "to address (a person) using the familiar second-person pronoun",
"tags": [
"Cyrillic"
],
"word": "говорити ти"
},
{
"_dis1": "94 6",
"code": "sh",
"lang": "Serbo-Croatian",
"sense": "to address (a person) using the familiar second-person pronoun",
"tags": [
"Roman",
"imperfective"
],
"word": "tíkati"
},
{
"_dis1": "94 6",
"code": "sh",
"lang": "Serbo-Croatian",
"sense": "to address (a person) using the familiar second-person pronoun",
"tags": [
"Roman"
],
"word": "govoriti ti"
},
{
"_dis1": "94 6",
"code": "sk",
"lang": "Slovak",
"sense": "to address (a person) using the familiar second-person pronoun",
"tags": [
"imperfective"
],
"word": "tykať"
},
{
"_dis1": "94 6",
"code": "sl",
"lang": "Slovene",
"sense": "to address (a person) using the familiar second-person pronoun",
"tags": [
"imperfective"
],
"word": "tíkati"
},
{
"_dis1": "94 6",
"code": "hsb",
"lang": "Upper Sorbian",
"sense": "to address (a person) using the familiar second-person pronoun",
"tags": [
"imperfective"
],
"word": "tykać"
},
{
"_dis1": "94 6",
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "to address (a person) using the familiar second-person pronoun",
"word": "tutear"
},
{
"_dis1": "94 6",
"code": "sv",
"lang": "Swedish",
"sense": "to address (a person) using the familiar second-person pronoun",
"word": "dua"
},
{
"_dis1": "94 6",
"code": "tr",
"lang": "Turkish",
"sense": "to address (a person) using the familiar second-person pronoun",
"word": "sen"
},
{
"_dis1": "94 6",
"code": "uk",
"lang": "Ukrainian",
"roman": "týkaty",
"sense": "to address (a person) using the familiar second-person pronoun",
"tags": [
"imperfective"
],
"word": "ти́кати"
}
]
},
{
"antonyms": [
{
"word": "you"
}
],
"categories": [],
"examples": [
{
"ref": "2006, Julian Dibbell, chapter 5, in Play Money: Or, How I Quit My Day Job and Made Millions Trading Virtual Loot, New York, N.Y.: Basic Books",
"text": "The hardcore role-players will wake up one day feeling, like a dead weight on their chest, the strain of endless texting in Renaissance Faire English—yet dutifully go on theeing and thouing all the same.",
"type": "quotation"
},
{
"ref": "2009, David R. Keeston [pseudonym; Alan D. Jenkins], “Seeing God in the Ordinary”, in The Hitch Hikers’ Guide to the Gospel, [Morrisville, N.C.]: Lulu.com, page 39",
"text": "You want to hear the word of God, and be challenged to go out and change the world. Instead, you are, for the fifth Sunday in a row, mewling on about purple-headed mountains (which is a bit of an imaginative stretch, since you live in East Anglia) and \"theeing\" and \"thouing\" all over the place.",
"type": "quotation"
}
],
"glosses": [
"To use the word thou."
],
"id": "en-thou-en-verb-hG98TtCO",
"links": [
[
"use",
"use#Verb"
],
[
"word",
"word#Noun"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(intransitive) To use the word thou."
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "thee"
}
],
"tags": [
"intransitive"
],
"translations": [
{
"_dis1": "4 96",
"code": "nl",
"lang": "Dutch",
"sense": "to use the word thou",
"word": "tutoyeren"
},
{
"_dis1": "4 96",
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "to use the word thou",
"word": "tutoyer"
},
{
"_dis1": "4 96",
"code": "is",
"lang": "Icelandic",
"sense": "to use the word thou",
"word": "þúa"
}
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ðaʊ/",
"tags": [
"General-American",
"Received-Pronunciation"
]
},
{
"rhymes": "-aʊ"
},
{
"audio": "En-us-thou.ogg",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/e/ea/En-us-thou.ogg/En-us-thou.ogg.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ea/En-us-thou.ogg",
"tags": [
"General-American"
],
"text": "Audio (GA)"
},
{
"enpr": "''th''ou"
}
],
"word": "thou"
}
{
"etymology_number": 3,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "thousandth",
"3": "thou(sandth)"
},
"expansion": "Clipping of thou(sandth)",
"name": "clipping"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "2"
},
"expansion": "²",
"name": "sup"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "2"
},
"expansion": "²",
"name": "sup"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Clipping of thou(sandth).",
"forms": [
{
"form": "thous",
"tags": [
"plural"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "thou (plural thous)",
"name": "en-noun"
}
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "British English",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"ref": "1946 November and December, Cecil J. Allen, “British Locomotive Practice and Performance”, in Railway Magazine, page 344",
"text": "But to continue, \"At Horwich they had gone all scientific, and talked in 'thous.,' though apparently some of their work was to the nearest half-inch. […].\"",
"type": "quotation"
},
{
"ref": "1984, Robert D. Adams, William C. Wake, “Surface Preparation”, in Structural Adhesive Joints in Engineering, Barking, Essex: Elsevier Applied Science Publishers, published 1986, →DOI, pages 220–221",
"text": "All these methods remove metal and can, in fact, remove a few thou from the surface. For accurately machined parts, therefore, none of these methods are suitable but wet blasting with a fine alumina which gives a polishing–cleaning action may be operated within the required tolerances.",
"type": "quotation"
},
{
"ref": "2000, Mike Bishop, Vern Tardel, “Bells and Whistles”, in How to Build a Traditional Ford Hot Rod, revised edition, Osceola, Wis.: MBI Publishing Company, page 131, column 2",
"text": "Make no mistake, we’re talking about some major repositioning; the rear ends of the cones didn’t move just a few thou’ or even 1/4 or 1/2 inch in one direction. These beauties moved around big time.",
"type": "quotation"
}
],
"glosses": [
"A unit of length equal to one-thousandth of an inch (25.4 µm)."
],
"id": "en-thou-en-noun-oShUYF9H",
"links": [
[
"unit",
"unit"
],
[
"length",
"length"
],
[
"equal",
"equal#Adjective"
],
[
"one",
"one"
],
[
"thousandth",
"thousandth"
],
[
"inch",
"inch#Noun"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(Britain) A unit of length equal to one-thousandth of an inch (25.4 µm)."
],
"synonyms": [
{
"tags": [
"US"
],
"word": "mil"
}
],
"tags": [
"Britain"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/θaʊ/",
"tags": [
"General-American",
"Received-Pronunciation"
]
},
{
"rhymes": "-aʊ"
},
{
"audio": "LL-Q1860 (eng)-Vealhurl-thou (number).wav",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/8/8e/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-thou_%28number%29.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-thou_%28number%29.wav.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/8/8e/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-thou_%28number%29.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-thou_%28number%29.wav.ogg",
"tags": [
"Southern-England"
],
"text": "Audio (Southern England)"
},
{
"enpr": "thou"
}
],
"word": "thou"
}
{
"etymology_number": 4,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "thousand",
"3": "thou(sand)"
},
"expansion": "Clipping of thou(sand)",
"name": "clipping"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Clipping of thou(sand).",
"forms": [
{
"form": "thou",
"tags": [
"plural"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "thou"
},
"expansion": "thou (plural thou)",
"name": "en-noun"
}
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "4 6 20 34 23 9 5",
"kind": "topical",
"langcode": "en",
"name": "Thousand",
"orig": "en:Thousand",
"parents": [
"Numbers",
"All topics",
"Terms by semantic function",
"Fundamental"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"ref": "1977, Larry Pointer, “Belle Fourche”, in In Search of Butch Cassidy (Red River Books), Norman, Okla.: University of Oklahoma Press, published 1988, page 132",
"text": "Butch [Cassidy] gave him 3 thous in cash 1 thous for the lawyer another thous if the lawyer wins & 1 thous for Tom O'Day.",
"type": "quotation"
},
{
"ref": "1999, Don Winslow, chapter 58, in California Fire and Life, New York, N.Y.: Alfred A. Knopf; 1st Vintage Crime/Black Lizard edition, New York, N.Y.: Vintage Books, September 2007, page 169",
"text": "He has a few thou in the account, enough to make your everyday living expenses, not enough to keep current with the bigger bills.",
"type": "quotation"
},
{
"ref": "2000 November, Sheri S[tewart] Tepper, “Benita”, in The Fresco, New York, N.Y.: Eos, HarperCollins; 1st Eos paperback edition, New York, N.Y.: Eos, HarperCollins, February 2002, page 17",
"text": "Well, we'll need a few thou, Carlos. Got to get together a few thou first. For rent, you know. Rent and making contacts with artists, all that.",
"type": "quotation"
}
],
"glosses": [
"A thousand, especially a thousand of some currency (dollars, pounds sterling, etc.)."
],
"id": "en-thou-en-noun-NVJxReJz",
"links": [
[
"thousand",
"thousand"
],
[
"currency",
"currency"
],
[
"dollar",
"dollar"
],
[
"pounds sterling",
"pound sterling"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(slang) A thousand, especially a thousand of some currency (dollars, pounds sterling, etc.)."
],
"tags": [
"slang"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/θaʊ/",
"tags": [
"General-American",
"Received-Pronunciation"
]
},
{
"rhymes": "-aʊ"
},
{
"audio": "LL-Q1860 (eng)-Vealhurl-thou (number).wav",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/8/8e/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-thou_%28number%29.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-thou_%28number%29.wav.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/8/8e/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-thou_%28number%29.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-thou_%28number%29.wav.ogg",
"tags": [
"Southern-England"
],
"text": "Audio (Southern England)"
},
{
"enpr": "thou"
}
],
"word": "thou"
}
{
"etymology_number": 5,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "though"
},
"expansion": "though",
"name": "m"
}
],
"etymology_text": "See though.",
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "-"
},
"expansion": "thou (not comparable)",
"name": "en-adv"
}
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "adv",
"senses": [
{
"alt_of": [
{
"word": "though"
}
],
"categories": [],
"glosses": [
"Misspelling of though."
],
"id": "en-thou-en-adv--VAaR-XH",
"links": [
[
"though",
"though#English"
]
],
"tags": [
"alt-of",
"misspelling",
"not-comparable"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ðəʊ/",
"tags": [
"Received-Pronunciation"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/ðoʊ/",
"tags": [
"General-American"
]
},
{
"audio": "En-us-though.ogg",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/de/En-us-though.ogg/En-us-though.ogg.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/de/En-us-though.ogg",
"tags": [
"General-American"
],
"text": "Audio (GA)"
},
{
"enpr": "''th''ō"
}
],
"word": "thou"
}
{
"etymology_number": 5,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "though"
},
"expansion": "though",
"name": "m"
}
],
"etymology_text": "See though.",
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "thou",
"name": "en-con"
}
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "conj",
"senses": [
{
"alt_of": [
{
"word": "though"
}
],
"categories": [],
"glosses": [
"Misspelling of though."
],
"id": "en-thou-en-conj--VAaR-XH",
"links": [
[
"though",
"though#English"
]
],
"tags": [
"alt-of",
"misspelling"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ðəʊ/",
"tags": [
"Received-Pronunciation"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/ðoʊ/",
"tags": [
"General-American"
]
},
{
"audio": "En-us-though.ogg",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/de/En-us-though.ogg/En-us-though.ogg.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/de/En-us-though.ogg",
"tags": [
"General-American"
],
"text": "Audio (GA)"
},
{
"enpr": "''th''ō"
}
],
"word": "thou"
}
{
"categories": [
"English 1-syllable words",
"English adverbs",
"English conjunctions",
"English entries with incorrect language header",
"English entries with language name categories using raw markup",
"English entries with topic categories using raw markup",
"English grammar appendices",
"English heteronyms",
"English lemmas",
"English personal pronouns",
"English pronouns",
"English second person pronouns",
"English terms derived from Middle English",
"English terms derived from Old English",
"English terms derived from Proto-Germanic",
"English terms derived from Proto-Indo-European",
"English terms derived from Proto-West Germanic",
"English terms inherited from Middle English",
"English terms inherited from Old English",
"English terms inherited from Proto-Germanic",
"English terms inherited from Proto-West Germanic",
"English terms with IPA pronunciation",
"English terms with audio links",
"English uncomparable adverbs",
"Old Church Slavonic terms in nonstandard scripts",
"Old Church Slavonic terms with redundant script codes",
"Rhymes:English/aʊ",
"Rhymes:English/aʊ/1 syllable",
"Tunisian Arabic links with redundant target parameters",
"Tunisian Arabic terms with redundant script codes",
"en:Quakerism",
"en:Thousand"
],
"derived": [
{
"word": "holier-than-thou"
},
{
"word": "how farest thou"
},
{
"word": "methinks thou dost protest too much"
},
{
"word": "thou'dst"
},
{
"word": "thou'lt"
},
{
"word": "thou'rt"
},
{
"word": "thou'st"
}
],
"etymology_number": 1,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "enm",
"3": "thou"
},
"expansion": "Middle English thou",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "tho"
},
"expansion": "tho",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "thogh"
},
"expansion": "thogh",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "thoue"
},
"expansion": "thoue",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "thouȝ"
},
"expansion": "thouȝ",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "thow"
},
"expansion": "thow",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "thowe"
},
"expansion": "thowe",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "tou"
},
"expansion": "tou",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "towe"
},
"expansion": "towe",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "thu"
},
"expansion": "thu",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "thue"
},
"expansion": "thue",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "thugh"
},
"expansion": "thugh",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "tu"
},
"expansion": "tu",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "you"
},
"expansion": "you",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "Northern England"
},
"expansion": "(Northern England)",
"name": "qualifier"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "ðhu"
},
"expansion": "ðhu",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "þeou"
},
"expansion": "þeou",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "þeu"
},
"expansion": "þeu",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "þou"
},
"expansion": "þou",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "the latter three early Southwest England"
},
"expansion": "(the latter three early Southwest England)",
"name": "qualifier"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "ang",
"3": "þū"
},
"expansion": "Old English þū",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "gmw-pro",
"3": "*þū"
},
"expansion": "Proto-West Germanic *þū",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "gem-pro",
"3": "*þū",
"t": "you (singular), thou"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic *þū (“you (singular), thou”)",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*túh₂",
"t": "you, thou"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *túh₂ (“you, thou”)",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "stq",
"2": "du",
"t": "thou"
},
"expansion": "Saterland Frisian du (“thou”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "fy",
"2": "do",
"t": "thou"
},
"expansion": "West Frisian do (“thou”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "nl",
"2": "du"
},
"expansion": "Dutch du",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "nl",
"2": "dou"
},
"expansion": "dou",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "nl",
"2": "douw",
"t": "thou"
},
"expansion": "douw (“thou”)",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "li",
"2": "doe",
"t": "thou"
},
"expansion": "Limburgish doe (“thou”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "nds",
"2": "du",
"t": "thou"
},
"expansion": "Low German du (“thou”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "de",
"2": "du",
"t": "thou"
},
"expansion": "German du (“thou”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "da",
"2": "du",
"t": "thou"
},
"expansion": "Danish du (“thou”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "sv",
"2": "du",
"t": "thou"
},
"expansion": "Swedish du (“thou”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "fo",
"2": "tú",
"t": "thou"
},
"expansion": "Faroese tú (“thou”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "is",
"2": "þú",
"t": "thou"
},
"expansion": "Icelandic þú (“thou”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "got",
"2": "𐌸𐌿",
"t": "thou"
},
"expansion": "Gothic 𐌸𐌿 (þu, “thou”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "tu"
},
"expansion": "Latin tu",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "grc",
"2": "σύ"
},
"expansion": "Ancient Greek σύ (sú)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "grc",
"2": "τύ"
},
"expansion": "Ancient Greek τύ (tú)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "el",
"2": "εσύ"
},
"expansion": "Greek εσύ (esý)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ga",
"2": "tu"
},
"expansion": "Irish tu",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "lt",
"2": "tu"
},
"expansion": "Lithuanian tu",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "cu",
"2": "ty"
},
"expansion": "Old Church Slavonic ty",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "cy",
"2": "ti"
},
"expansion": "Welsh ti",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "hy",
"2": "դու"
},
"expansion": "Armenian դու (du)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "sq",
"2": "ti"
},
"expansion": "Albanian ti",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "fa",
"2": "تو"
},
"expansion": "Persian تو",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "1"
},
"expansion": "¹",
"name": "sup"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "1"
},
"expansion": "¹",
"name": "sup"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "fr",
"2": "vous"
},
"expansion": "vous",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "fr",
"2": "tu"
},
"expansion": "tu",
"name": "m"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Middle English thou, tho, thogh, thoue, thouȝ, thow, thowe, tou, towe, thu, thue, thugh, tu, you (Northern England), ðhu, þeou, þeu, þou (the latter three early Southwest England), from Old English þū, from Proto-West Germanic *þū, from Proto-Germanic *þū (“you (singular), thou”), from Proto-Indo-European *túh₂ (“you, thou”).\ncognates and usage evolution\nThe English word is cognate with Saterland Frisian du (“thou”), West Frisian do (“thou”), dialectal Dutch du, dou, douw (“thou”), Limburgish doe (“thou”), Low German du (“thou”), German du (“thou”), Danish du (“thou”), Swedish du (“thou”), Faroese tú (“thou”), Icelandic þú (“thou”), Gothic 𐌸𐌿 (þu, “thou”), Latin tu, Ancient Greek σύ (sú) (Doric Ancient Greek τύ (tú), Greek εσύ (esý)), Irish tu, Lithuanian tu, Old Church Slavonic ty, Welsh ti, Armenian դու (du), Albanian ti, Persian تو (to).\nThe informality of thou and its replacement by ye in formal situations date only to the 14th century and come from French influence, since French (as many European languages, but not Old English) uses the second-person plural (vous) instead of the second-person singular (tu) as a mark of politeness or respect.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "ye",
"tags": [
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "thee",
"tags": [
"objective"
]
},
{
"form": "thyself",
"tags": [
"reflexive"
]
},
{
"form": "thy",
"tags": [
"determiner",
"possessive"
]
},
{
"form": "thine",
"tags": [
"determiner",
"possessive"
]
},
{
"form": "thine",
"tags": [
"possessive",
"pronoun",
"without-noun"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"10": "thy",
"11": "or",
"12": "thine",
"13": "possessive pronoun",
"14": "thine",
"2": "pronoun",
"3": "plural",
"4": "ye",
"5": "objective case",
"6": "thee",
"7": "reflexive",
"8": "thyself",
"9": "possessive determiner"
},
"expansion": "thou (plural ye, objective case thee, reflexive thyself, possessive determiner thy or thine, possessive pronoun thine)",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "pron",
"related": [
{
"tags": [
"colloquial"
],
"word": "Ime"
},
{
"word": "me"
},
{
"word": "myselfmemysen"
},
{
"word": "mine"
},
{
"tags": [
"archaic",
"before-vowel"
],
"word": "mymineme"
},
{
"word": "we"
},
{
"word": "us"
},
{
"word": "ourselvesourselfoursen"
},
{
"word": "ours"
},
{
"word": "our"
},
{
"word": "you"
},
{
"word": "yourselfyoursen"
},
{
"tags": [
"dialectal",
"obsolete"
],
"word": "yoursyourn"
},
{
"word": "your"
},
{
"word": "thee"
},
{
"word": "thyselftheeselfthysen"
},
{
"word": "thine"
},
{
"tags": [
"before-vowel"
],
"word": "thythine"
},
{
"tags": [
"archaic"
],
"word": "youye"
},
{
"word": "yourselves"
},
{
"word": "you ally'all you guys"
},
{
"word": "y'allselves"
},
{
"tags": [
"proscribed"
],
"word": "y'all's you guys' your guys'"
},
{
"tags": [
"nonstandard",
"proscribed"
],
"word": "y'all's your all's you guys' your guys'"
},
{
"word": "he"
},
{
"word": "him"
},
{
"tags": [
"archaic"
],
"word": "himselfhisselfhissen"
},
{
"tags": [
"dialectal",
"obsolete"
],
"word": "hishisn"
},
{
"word": "his"
},
{
"word": "she"
},
{
"word": "her"
},
{
"word": "herselfhersen"
},
{
"tags": [
"dialectal",
"obsolete"
],
"word": "hershern"
},
{
"word": "ithit"
},
{
"word": "itselfhitself"
},
{
"tags": [
"archaic"
],
"word": "itshis"
},
{
"tags": [
"archaic"
],
"word": "itshishits"
},
{
"word": "they"
},
{
"word": "them"
},
{
"word": "themself"
},
{
"word": "themselves"
},
{
"word": "theirs"
},
{
"word": "their"
},
{
"word": "one"
},
{
"word": "oneself"
},
{
"word": "–"
},
{
"word": "one's"
},
{
"word": "themhem"
},
{
"word": "'em"
},
{
"word": "themselvestheirsen"
},
{
"tags": [
"dialectal",
"obsolete"
],
"word": "theirstheirn"
}
],
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"English dialectal terms",
"English literary terms",
"English terms with archaic senses",
"English terms with quotations",
"en:Religion"
],
"examples": [
{
"ref": "1742 April 4, Charles Wesley, A Sermon Preached on Sunday, April 4, 1742. Before the University of Oxford, London: Printed by J. Paramore, […], published 1783, →OCLC, page 10",
"text": "Art thou in earnest about thy soul? and canst thou tell the Searcher of Hearts, Thou, O God, art the thing that I long for? Lord, Thou knowest all things, Thou knowest that I would love thee?",
"type": "quotation"
}
],
"form_of": [
{
"extra": "you",
"word": "ye"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Nominative singular of ye (“you”)."
],
"links": [
[
"religion",
"religion"
],
[
"humorous",
"humorous"
],
[
"ye",
"ye#English"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(archaic, dialectal, literary, religion, or humorous) Nominative singular of ye (“you”)."
],
"tags": [
"archaic",
"dialectal",
"form-of",
"humorous",
"literary",
"nominative",
"singular"
],
"topics": [
"lifestyle",
"religion"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ðaʊ/"
},
{
"rhymes": "-aʊ"
},
{
"ipa": "/ðuː/"
},
{
"audio": "En-us-thou.ogg",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/e/ea/En-us-thou.ogg/En-us-thou.ogg.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ea/En-us-thou.ogg",
"tags": [
"General-American"
],
"text": "Audio (GA)"
},
{
"enpr": "''th''ou"
}
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "du"
},
{
"word": "tha"
},
{
"word": "thoo"
},
{
"word": "thow"
},
{
"word": "thu"
},
{
"english": "Lancashire",
"tags": [
"Yorkshire"
],
"word": "tha"
},
{
"word": "thow"
},
{
"word": "thu"
},
{
"tags": [
"Scotland"
],
"word": "du"
}
],
"translations": [
{
"code": "ar",
"lang": "Arabic",
"roman": "ʔanta",
"sense": "singular nominative form of you",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "أَنْتَ"
},
{
"code": "ar",
"lang": "Arabic",
"roman": "ʔanti",
"sense": "singular nominative form of you",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "أَنْتِ"
},
{
"code": "arz",
"lang": "Arabic",
"roman": "ínta",
"sense": "singular nominative form of you",
"tags": [
"Egyptian-Arabic",
"masculine"
],
"word": "انت"
},
{
"code": "arz",
"lang": "Arabic",
"roman": "ínti",
"sense": "singular nominative form of you",
"tags": [
"Egyptian-Arabic",
"feminine"
],
"word": "انت"
},
{
"code": "aeb",
"lang": "Tunisian Arabic",
"roman": "ʔinti",
"sense": "singular nominative form of you",
"tags": [
"feminine",
"masculine"
],
"word": "اِنْتِ"
},
{
"code": "an",
"lang": "Aragonese",
"sense": "singular nominative form of you",
"word": "tu"
},
{
"code": "hy",
"lang": "Armenian",
"roman": "du",
"sense": "singular nominative form of you",
"word": "դու"
},
{
"code": "rup",
"lang": "Aromanian",
"sense": "singular nominative form of you",
"word": "tu"
},
{
"code": "as",
"lang": "Assamese",
"roman": "toi",
"sense": "singular nominative form of you",
"word": "তই"
},
{
"code": "as",
"lang": "Assamese",
"roman": "tumi",
"sense": "singular nominative form of you",
"word": "তুমি আপুনি"
},
{
"code": "ast",
"lang": "Asturian",
"sense": "singular nominative form of you",
"word": "tu"
},
{
"code": "be",
"lang": "Belarusian",
"roman": "ty",
"sense": "singular nominative form of you",
"word": "ты"
},
{
"code": "bn",
"lang": "Bengali",
"roman": "tui",
"sense": "singular nominative form of you",
"word": "তুই"
},
{
"code": "bg",
"lang": "Bulgarian",
"roman": "ti",
"sense": "singular nominative form of you",
"word": "ти"
},
{
"code": "ca",
"lang": "Catalan",
"sense": "singular nominative form of you",
"word": "tu"
},
{
"code": "cbk",
"lang": "Chavacano",
"sense": "singular nominative form of you",
"word": "tu"
},
{
"code": "cmn",
"lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
"roman": "nǐ",
"sense": "singular nominative form of you",
"word": "你"
},
{
"code": "cmn",
"english": "to God",
"lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
"roman": "nǐ",
"sense": "singular nominative form of you",
"word": "祢"
},
{
"code": "cmn",
"lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
"sense": "singular nominative form of you",
"tags": [
"archaic"
],
"word": "爾"
},
{
"code": "cmn",
"lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
"roman": "ěr",
"sense": "singular nominative form of you",
"word": "尔"
},
{
"code": "cmn",
"lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
"roman": "rǔ",
"sense": "singular nominative form of you",
"word": "汝"
},
{
"code": "co",
"lang": "Corsican",
"sense": "singular nominative form of you",
"word": "tù"
},
{
"code": "cs",
"lang": "Czech",
"sense": "singular nominative form of you",
"word": "ty"
},
{
"code": "dlm",
"lang": "Dalmatian",
"sense": "singular nominative form of you",
"word": "te"
},
{
"code": "da",
"lang": "Danish",
"sense": "singular nominative form of you",
"word": "du"
},
{
"code": "nl",
"lang": "Dutch",
"sense": "singular nominative form of you",
"tags": [
"archaic",
"dialectal"
],
"word": "gij"
},
{
"code": "nl",
"lang": "Dutch",
"sense": "singular nominative form of you",
"word": "jij"
},
{
"code": "eo",
"lang": "Esperanto",
"sense": "singular nominative form of you",
"word": "ci"
},
{
"code": "ext",
"lang": "Extremaduran",
"sense": "singular nominative form of you",
"word": "tú"
},
{
"code": "fax",
"lang": "Fala",
"sense": "singular nominative form of you",
"word": "tu"
},
{
"code": "fo",
"lang": "Faroese",
"sense": "singular nominative form of you",
"word": "tú"
},
{
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "singular nominative form of you",
"word": "sinä"
},
{
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "singular nominative form of you",
"tags": [
"feminine",
"masculine"
],
"word": "tu"
},
{
"code": "frm",
"lang": "Middle French",
"sense": "singular nominative form of you",
"word": "tu"
},
{
"code": "fro",
"lang": "Old French",
"sense": "singular nominative form of you",
"word": "tu"
},
{
"code": "fur",
"lang": "Friulian",
"sense": "singular nominative form of you",
"word": "tu"
},
{
"code": "gl",
"lang": "Galician",
"sense": "singular nominative form of you",
"tags": [
"feminine",
"masculine"
],
"word": "ti"
},
{
"code": "gl",
"lang": "Galician",
"sense": "singular nominative form of you",
"word": "tu"
},
{
"code": "roa-gal",
"lang": "Gallo",
"sense": "singular nominative form of you",
"word": "tu"
},
{
"code": "ka",
"lang": "Georgian",
"roman": "šen",
"sense": "singular nominative form of you",
"word": "შენ"
},
{
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "singular nominative form of you",
"word": "du"
},
{
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "singular nominative form of you",
"word": "Du"
},
{
"code": "got",
"lang": "Gothic",
"roman": "þu",
"sense": "singular nominative form of you",
"word": "𐌸𐌿"
},
{
"code": "grc",
"lang": "Ancient Greek",
"roman": "sú",
"sense": "singular nominative form of you",
"word": "σύ"
},
{
"code": "he",
"lang": "Hebrew",
"roman": "atá",
"sense": "singular nominative form of you",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "אתה"
},
{
"code": "he",
"lang": "Hebrew",
"roman": "at",
"sense": "singular nominative form of you",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "את"
},
{
"code": "hi",
"lang": "Hindi",
"roman": "tum",
"sense": "singular nominative form of you",
"word": "तुम"
},
{
"code": "hi",
"lang": "Hindi",
"roman": "tū",
"sense": "singular nominative form of you",
"word": "तू"
},
{
"code": "hu",
"lang": "Hungarian",
"sense": "singular nominative form of you",
"word": "te"
},
{
"code": "is",
"lang": "Icelandic",
"sense": "singular nominative form of you",
"word": "þú"
},
{
"code": "io",
"lang": "Ido",
"sense": "singular nominative form of you",
"word": "tu"
},
{
"code": "id",
"lang": "Indonesian",
"sense": "singular nominative form of you",
"word": "kamu"
},
{
"code": "ga",
"lang": "Irish",
"sense": "singular nominative form of you",
"word": "tú"
},
{
"code": "ruo",
"lang": "Istro-Romanian",
"sense": "singular nominative form of you",
"word": "tú"
},
{
"code": "it",
"lang": "Italian",
"sense": "singular nominative form of you",
"word": "tu"
},
{
"alt": "きみ",
"code": "ja",
"lang": "Japanese",
"roman": "kimi",
"sense": "singular nominative form of you",
"word": "君"
},
{
"alt": "なんじ",
"code": "ja",
"lang": "Japanese",
"roman": "nanji",
"sense": "singular nominative form of you",
"word": "汝"
},
{
"alt": "おまえ",
"code": "ja",
"lang": "Japanese",
"roman": "omae",
"sense": "singular nominative form of you",
"word": "お前"
},
{
"code": "ja",
"lang": "Japanese",
"roman": "anata",
"sense": "singular nominative form of you",
"word": "あなた"
},
{
"code": "xqa",
"lang": "Karakhanid",
"roman": "sen",
"sense": "singular nominative form of you",
"word": "سن"
},
{
"alt": "當身",
"code": "ko",
"lang": "Korean",
"roman": "dangsin",
"sense": "singular nominative form of you",
"word": "당신"
},
{
"code": "ko",
"lang": "Korean",
"roman": "neo",
"sense": "singular nominative form of you",
"word": "너"
},
{
"code": "ko",
"lang": "Korean",
"roman": "ne",
"sense": "singular nominative form of you",
"word": "네"
},
{
"code": "lld",
"lang": "Ladin",
"sense": "singular nominative form of you",
"word": "tu"
},
{
"code": "lad",
"lang": "Ladino",
"sense": "singular nominative form of you",
"word": "tu"
},
{
"code": "lad",
"lang": "Ladino",
"roman": "tu",
"sense": "singular nominative form of you",
"word": "טו"
},
{
"code": "lo",
"lang": "Lao",
"roman": "khun",
"sense": "singular nominative form of you",
"word": "ຄຸນ"
},
{
"code": "lo",
"lang": "Lao",
"roman": "thœ̄",
"sense": "singular nominative form of you",
"word": "ເຖີ"
},
{
"code": "lo",
"lang": "Lao",
"roman": "mư̄ng",
"sense": "singular nominative form of you",
"word": "ມືງ"
},
{
"code": "la",
"lang": "Latin",
"sense": "singular nominative form of you",
"word": "tu"
},
{
"code": "roa-leo",
"lang": "Leonese",
"sense": "singular nominative form of you",
"word": "tu"
},
{
"code": "lt",
"lang": "Lithuanian",
"sense": "singular nominative form of you",
"word": "tu"
},
{
"code": "khb",
"lang": "Lü",
"roman": "xun",
"sense": "singular nominative form of you",
"word": "ᦆᦳᧃ"
},
{
"code": "khb",
"lang": "Lü",
"roman": "thoe",
"sense": "singular nominative form of you",
"word": "ᦵᦒᦲ"
},
{
"code": "khb",
"lang": "Lü",
"roman": "mueng",
"sense": "singular nominative form of you",
"word": "ᦙᦹᧂ"
},
{
"code": "mk",
"lang": "Macedonian",
"roman": "ti",
"sense": "singular nominative form of you",
"word": "ти"
},
{
"code": "ms",
"lang": "Malay",
"sense": "singular nominative form of you",
"word": "engkau"
},
{
"code": "ruq",
"lang": "Megleno-Romanian",
"sense": "singular nominative form of you",
"word": "tu"
},
{
"code": "mwl",
"lang": "Mirandese",
"sense": "singular nominative form of you",
"word": "tu"
},
{
"code": "mxi",
"lang": "Mozarabic",
"roman": "tu",
"sense": "singular nominative form of you",
"word": "ت"
},
{
"code": "roa-oan",
"lang": "Navarro-Aragonese",
"sense": "singular nominative form of you",
"word": "tu"
},
{
"code": "nap",
"lang": "Neapolitan",
"sense": "singular nominative form of you",
"word": "tu"
},
{
"code": "nrf",
"lang": "Norman",
"sense": "singular nominative form of you",
"word": "tu"
},
{
"code": "nod",
"lang": "Northern Thai",
"sense": "singular nominative form of you",
"word": "ᨤᩩᨶ"
},
{
"code": "nod",
"lang": "Northern Thai",
"sense": "singular nominative form of you",
"word": "ᨮᩮᩬᩥ"
},
{
"code": "nod",
"lang": "Northern Thai",
"sense": "singular nominative form of you",
"word": "ᨾᩨ᩠ᨦ"
},
{
"code": "no",
"lang": "Norwegian",
"sense": "singular nominative form of you",
"word": "du"
},
{
"code": "oc",
"lang": "Occitan",
"sense": "singular nominative form of you",
"word": "tu"
},
{
"code": "oj",
"lang": "Ojibwe",
"sense": "singular nominative form of you",
"word": "giin"
},
{
"code": "roa-oca",
"lang": "Old Catalan",
"sense": "singular nominative form of you",
"word": "tu"
},
{
"code": "cu",
"lang": "Church Slavic",
"roman": "ty",
"sense": "singular nominative form of you",
"tags": [
"Cyrillic"
],
"word": "тꙑ"
},
{
"code": "cu",
"lang": "Church Slavic",
"roman": "ty",
"sense": "singular nominative form of you",
"tags": [
"Glagolitic"
],
"word": "ⱅⱏⰺ"
},
{
"code": "ang",
"lang": "Old English",
"sense": "singular nominative form of you",
"word": "þū"
},
{
"code": "sga",
"lang": "Old Irish",
"sense": "singular nominative form of you",
"word": "tú"
},
{
"code": "pro",
"lang": "Old Occitan",
"sense": "singular nominative form of you",
"word": "tu"
},
{
"code": "zlw-opl",
"lang": "Old Polish",
"sense": "singular nominative form of you",
"word": "ty"
},
{
"code": "roa-opt",
"lang": "Old Portuguese",
"sense": "singular nominative form of you",
"word": "tu"
},
{
"code": "otk",
"lang": "Old Turkic",
"roman": "s²n²",
"sense": "singular nominative form of you",
"word": "𐰾𐰤"
},
{
"code": "ota",
"lang": "Ottoman Turkish",
"roman": "sen",
"sense": "singular nominative form of you",
"word": "سن"
},
{
"code": "fa",
"lang": "Persian",
"roman": "to",
"sense": "singular nominative form of you",
"word": "تو"
},
{
"code": "pcd",
"lang": "Picard",
"sense": "singular nominative form of you",
"word": "tu"
},
{
"code": "pox",
"lang": "Polabian",
"sense": "singular nominative form of you",
"word": "tåi"
},
{
"code": "pl",
"lang": "Polish",
"sense": "singular nominative form of you",
"word": "ty"
},
{
"code": "pt",
"lang": "Portuguese",
"sense": "singular nominative form of you",
"word": "tu"
},
{
"code": "ro",
"lang": "Romanian",
"sense": "singular nominative form of you",
"word": "tu"
},
{
"code": "rm",
"lang": "Romansch",
"sense": "singular nominative form of you",
"word": "tu"
},
{
"code": "rm",
"lang": "Romansch",
"sense": "singular nominative form of you",
"word": "tü"
},
{
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "ty",
"sense": "singular nominative form of you",
"word": "ты"
},
{
"code": "sc",
"lang": "Sardinian",
"sense": "singular nominative form of you",
"word": "tue"
},
{
"code": "sco",
"lang": "Scots",
"sense": "singular nominative form of you",
"word": "thoo"
},
{
"code": "gd",
"lang": "Scottish Gaelic",
"sense": "singular nominative form of you",
"word": "thu"
},
{
"code": "gd",
"lang": "Scottish Gaelic",
"sense": "singular nominative form of you",
"word": "tu"
},
{
"code": "sh",
"lang": "Serbo-Croatian",
"sense": "singular nominative form of you",
"tags": [
"Cyrillic"
],
"word": "ти̑"
},
{
"code": "sh",
"lang": "Serbo-Croatian",
"sense": "singular nominative form of you",
"tags": [
"Roman"
],
"word": "tȋ"
},
{
"code": "scn",
"lang": "Sicilian",
"sense": "singular nominative form of you",
"word": "tu"
},
{
"code": "si",
"lang": "Sinhalese",
"roman": "oyā",
"sense": "singular nominative form of you",
"word": "ඔයා"
},
{
"code": "sk",
"lang": "Slovak",
"sense": "singular nominative form of you",
"word": "ty"
},
{
"code": "sl",
"lang": "Slovene",
"sense": "singular nominative form of you",
"word": "tí"
},
{
"code": "dsb",
"lang": "Lower Sorbian",
"sense": "singular nominative form of you",
"word": "ty"
},
{
"code": "hsb",
"lang": "Upper Sorbian",
"sense": "singular nominative form of you",
"word": "ty"
},
{
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "singular nominative form of you",
"tags": [
"feminine",
"masculine"
],
"word": "tú"
},
{
"code": "osp",
"lang": "Old Spanish",
"sense": "singular nominative form of you",
"word": "tu"
},
{
"code": "sv",
"lang": "Swedish",
"sense": "singular nominative form of you",
"word": "du"
},
{
"code": "th",
"lang": "Thai",
"roman": "kun",
"sense": "singular nominative form of you",
"word": "คุณ"
},
{
"code": "th",
"lang": "Thai",
"roman": "təə",
"sense": "singular nominative form of you",
"word": "เธอ"
},
{
"code": "th",
"lang": "Thai",
"roman": "mʉng",
"sense": "singular nominative form of you",
"word": "มึง"
},
{
"code": "tr",
"lang": "Turkish",
"sense": "singular nominative form of you",
"word": "sen"
},
{
"code": "ude",
"lang": "Udihe",
"sense": "singular nominative form of you",
"word": "си"
},
{
"code": "uk",
"lang": "Ukrainian",
"roman": "ty",
"sense": "singular nominative form of you",
"word": "ти"
},
{
"code": "ur",
"lang": "Urdu",
"roman": "tum",
"sense": "singular nominative form of you",
"word": "تم"
},
{
"code": "ur",
"lang": "Urdu",
"roman": "tū",
"sense": "singular nominative form of you",
"word": "تو"
},
{
"code": "vec",
"lang": "Venetian",
"sense": "singular nominative form of you",
"word": "ti"
},
{
"code": "vi",
"lang": "Vietnamese",
"sense": "singular nominative form of you",
"word": "mày"
},
{
"code": "vi",
"lang": "Vietnamese",
"sense": "singular nominative form of you",
"word": "ngươi"
},
{
"code": "vi",
"lang": "Vietnamese",
"sense": "singular nominative form of you",
"word": "mi"
},
{
"code": "wa",
"lang": "Walloon",
"sense": "singular nominative form of you",
"word": "tu"
},
{
"code": "cy",
"lang": "Welsh",
"sense": "singular nominative form of you",
"word": "ti"
},
{
"code": "wrh",
"lang": "Wiradjuri",
"sense": "singular nominative form of you",
"word": "ngindu"
},
{
"code": "yi",
"lang": "Yiddish",
"roman": "du",
"sense": "singular nominative form of you",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "דו"
}
],
"word": "thou"
}
{
"categories": [
"English 1-syllable words",
"English adverbs",
"English conjunctions",
"English entries with language name categories using raw markup",
"English entries with topic categories using raw markup",
"English heteronyms",
"English lemmas",
"English personal pronouns",
"English second person pronouns",
"English terms derived from Middle English",
"English terms inherited from Middle English",
"English terms with IPA pronunciation",
"English terms with audio links",
"English uncomparable adverbs",
"English verbs",
"Requests for review of Danish translations",
"Requests for review of Norwegian Bokmål translations",
"Rhymes:English/aʊ",
"Rhymes:English/aʊ/1 syllable",
"en:Quakerism",
"en:Thousand"
],
"etymology_number": 2,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "enm",
"3": "thouen"
},
"expansion": "Middle English thouen",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "theu"
},
"expansion": "theu",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "thew"
},
"expansion": "thew",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "thou"
},
"expansion": "thou",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "thowe"
},
"expansion": "thowe",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "thowen"
},
"expansion": "thowen",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "thui"
},
"expansion": "thui",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "thuy",
"t": "to address (a person) with thou, particularly in a contemptuous or polite manner"
},
"expansion": "thuy (“to address (a person) with thou, particularly in a contemptuous or polite manner”)",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "pronoun"
},
"expansion": "pronoun",
"name": "glossary"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "thou"
},
"expansion": "thou",
"name": "m"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Late Middle English thouen, theu, thew, thou, thowe, thowen, thui, thuy (“to address (a person) with thou, particularly in a contemptuous or polite manner”), from the pronoun thou: see etymology 1 above.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "thous",
"tags": [
"present",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "thouing",
"tags": [
"participle",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "thoued",
"tags": [
"participle",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "thoued",
"tags": [
"past"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "thou (third-person singular simple present thous, present participle thouing, simple past and past participle thoued)",
"name": "en-verb"
}
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "verb",
"related": [
{
"word": "tutoy"
},
{
"word": "tutoyer"
}
],
"senses": [
{
"antonyms": [
{
"word": "you"
}
],
"categories": [
"English terms with quotations",
"English terms with usage examples",
"English transitive verbs"
],
"examples": [
{
"text": "Don’t thou them as thous thee! – a Yorkshire English admonition to overly familiar children",
"type": "example"
},
{
"ref": "c. 1530, “Hickscorner”, in W[illiam] Carew Hazlitt, editor, A Select Collection of Old English Plays. Originally Published by Robert Dodsley in the Year 1744. […], 4th edition, volume I, London: Reeves and Turner, […], published 1874, page 180",
"text": "Avaunt, caitiff, dost thou thou me! / I am come of good kin, I tell thee! / My mother was a lady of the stews' blood born, / And (knight of the halter) my father ware an horn; / Therefore I take it in full great scorn, / That thou shouldest thus check me.",
"type": "quotation"
},
{
"ref": "1677, William Gibson, “An Answer to John Cheyney’s Pamphlet Entituled The Shibboleth of Quakerism”, in The Life of God, which is the Light and Salvation of Men, Exalted: […], [London]: [s.n.], →OCLC, page 134",
"text": "What! doſt thou not believe that God's Thouing and Theeing was and is ſound Speech? [...] And Theeing & Thouing of one ſingle Perſon was the language of Chriſt Jeſus, and the Holy Prophets and Apoſtles both under the Diſpenſations of Law and Goſpel, [...]",
"type": "quotation"
},
{
"ref": "1755, [Voltaire [pseudonym; François-Marie Arouet]], “Ferdinand III. Forty-seventh Emperor.”, in Annals of the Empire from the Reign of Charlemagne […] In Two Volumes, volume II, London: Printed for A[ndrew] Millar, […], →OCLC, page 257",
"text": "The emperors before Rodolphus I. ſent all their mandates in Latin, thouing every prince, as the grammar of that language allows. This thouing of the counts of the empire was continued in the German language which diſallows ſuch expreſſions.",
"type": "quotation"
},
{
"ref": "1811, Miguel Cervantes de Saavedra, “Of Matters Relating and Appertaining to this Adventure, and to this Memorable History”, in Charles Jarvis, transl., The Life and Exploits of Don Quixote de la Mancha. Translated from the Spanish [...] In Four Volumes, volume IV, London: Printed [by Harding & Wright] for Lackington, Allen, and Co. [et al.], →OCLC, part II, book III, pages 57–58",
"text": "Unfortunate we the duennas! though we descended in a direct male-line from Hector of Troy, our mistresses will never forbear \"thouing\" us, were they to be made queens for it.",
"type": "quotation"
},
{
"ref": "1917, Russell Osborne Stidston, “Inferiors to Superiors”, in The Use of Ye in the Function of Thou in Middle English Literature from Ms. Auchinleck to Ms. Vernon: A Study of Grammar and Social Intercourse in Fourteenth-century England: […], Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University, →OCLC, section 1 (The Higher Classes to Royalty), page 22",
"text": "In Guy a duke in council thous his emperor [...] In Bevis the earl addresses the emperor of Almaine [...] while the young son of the family, Bevis, thous him not only as his father's murderer [...], but even when he is pretending friendship for him [...].",
"type": "quotation"
}
],
"glosses": [
"To address (a person) using the pronoun thou, especially as an expression of contempt or familiarity."
],
"links": [
[
"address",
"address#Verb"
],
[
"pronoun",
"pronoun"
],
[
"thou",
"#Pronoun"
],
[
"expression",
"expression"
],
[
"contempt",
"contempt"
],
[
"familiarity",
"familiarity"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(transitive) To address (a person) using the pronoun thou, especially as an expression of contempt or familiarity."
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "thee"
}
],
"tags": [
"transitive"
]
},
{
"antonyms": [
{
"word": "you"
}
],
"categories": [
"English intransitive verbs",
"English terms with quotations"
],
"examples": [
{
"ref": "2006, Julian Dibbell, chapter 5, in Play Money: Or, How I Quit My Day Job and Made Millions Trading Virtual Loot, New York, N.Y.: Basic Books",
"text": "The hardcore role-players will wake up one day feeling, like a dead weight on their chest, the strain of endless texting in Renaissance Faire English—yet dutifully go on theeing and thouing all the same.",
"type": "quotation"
},
{
"ref": "2009, David R. Keeston [pseudonym; Alan D. Jenkins], “Seeing God in the Ordinary”, in The Hitch Hikers’ Guide to the Gospel, [Morrisville, N.C.]: Lulu.com, page 39",
"text": "You want to hear the word of God, and be challenged to go out and change the world. Instead, you are, for the fifth Sunday in a row, mewling on about purple-headed mountains (which is a bit of an imaginative stretch, since you live in East Anglia) and \"theeing\" and \"thouing\" all over the place.",
"type": "quotation"
}
],
"glosses": [
"To use the word thou."
],
"links": [
[
"use",
"use#Verb"
],
[
"word",
"word#Noun"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(intransitive) To use the word thou."
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "thee"
}
],
"tags": [
"intransitive"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ðaʊ/",
"tags": [
"General-American",
"Received-Pronunciation"
]
},
{
"rhymes": "-aʊ"
},
{
"audio": "En-us-thou.ogg",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/e/ea/En-us-thou.ogg/En-us-thou.ogg.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ea/En-us-thou.ogg",
"tags": [
"General-American"
],
"text": "Audio (GA)"
},
{
"enpr": "''th''ou"
}
],
"translations": [
{
"code": "ast",
"lang": "Asturian",
"sense": "to address (a person) using the familiar second-person pronoun",
"word": "tutiar"
},
{
"code": "be",
"lang": "Belarusian",
"roman": "týkacʹ",
"sense": "to address (a person) using the familiar second-person pronoun",
"tags": [
"imperfective"
],
"word": "ты́каць"
},
{
"code": "ca",
"lang": "Catalan",
"sense": "to address (a person) using the familiar second-person pronoun",
"word": "tutejar"
},
{
"code": "cs",
"lang": "Czech",
"sense": "to address (a person) using the familiar second-person pronoun",
"tags": [
"imperfective"
],
"word": "tykat"
},
{
"code": "da",
"lang": "Danish",
"sense": "to address (a person) using the familiar second-person pronoun",
"word": "sige du"
},
{
"code": "nl",
"lang": "Dutch",
"sense": "to address (a person) using the familiar second-person pronoun",
"word": "tutoyeren"
},
{
"code": "nl",
"lang": "Dutch",
"sense": "to address (a person) using the familiar second-person pronoun",
"word": "jijen"
},
{
"code": "nl",
"lang": "Dutch",
"sense": "to address (a person) using the familiar second-person pronoun",
"word": "jouen"
},
{
"code": "et",
"lang": "Estonian",
"sense": "to address (a person) using the familiar second-person pronoun",
"word": "sinatama"
},
{
"code": "fo",
"lang": "Faroese",
"sense": "to address (a person) using the familiar second-person pronoun",
"word": "túa"
},
{
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "to address (a person) using the familiar second-person pronoun",
"word": "sinutella"
},
{
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "to address (a person) using the familiar second-person pronoun",
"word": "tutoyer"
},
{
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "to address (a person) using the familiar second-person pronoun",
"word": "duzen"
},
{
"code": "el",
"lang": "Greek",
"note": "μιλώ στον ενικό (miló ston enikó, literally “speak in the singular”)",
"sense": "to address (a person) using the familiar second-person pronoun"
},
{
"code": "hu",
"lang": "Hungarian",
"sense": "to address (a person) using the familiar second-person pronoun",
"word": "tegez"
},
{
"code": "is",
"lang": "Icelandic",
"sense": "to address (a person) using the familiar second-person pronoun",
"word": "þúa"
},
{
"code": "ia",
"lang": "Interlingua",
"sense": "to address (a person) using the familiar second-person pronoun",
"word": "tutear"
},
{
"code": "it",
"lang": "Italian",
"sense": "to address (a person) using the familiar second-person pronoun",
"word": "dare del tu"
},
{
"alt": "よびすてにする",
"code": "ja",
"lang": "Japanese",
"roman": "yobisute ni suru",
"sense": "to address (a person) using the familiar second-person pronoun",
"word": "呼び捨てにする"
},
{
"code": "ko",
"lang": "Korean",
"roman": "neo-rago bureuda",
"sense": "to address (a person) using the familiar second-person pronoun",
"word": "너라고 부르다"
},
{
"code": "lt",
"lang": "Lithuanian",
"sense": "to address (a person) using the familiar second-person pronoun",
"word": "tujinti"
},
{
"code": "ms",
"lang": "Malay",
"sense": "to address (a person) using the familiar second-person pronoun",
"word": "berengkau"
},
{
"code": "nb",
"lang": "Norwegian Bokmål",
"sense": "to address (a person) using the familiar second-person pronoun",
"word": "si 'du'"
},
{
"code": "oc",
"lang": "Occitan",
"sense": "to address (a person) using the familiar second-person pronoun",
"word": "tutejar"
},
{
"code": "pl",
"lang": "Polish",
"sense": "to address (a person) using the familiar second-person pronoun",
"tags": [
"imperfective"
],
"word": "mówić na ty"
},
{
"code": "pl",
"lang": "Polish",
"sense": "to address (a person) using the familiar second-person pronoun",
"tags": [
"colloquial",
"imperfective"
],
"word": "tykać"
},
{
"code": "pt",
"lang": "Portuguese",
"sense": "to address (a person) using the familiar second-person pronoun",
"word": "tutear"
},
{
"code": "pt",
"lang": "Portuguese",
"sense": "to address (a person) using the familiar second-person pronoun",
"word": "tratar por tu"
},
{
"code": "ro",
"lang": "Romanian",
"sense": "to address (a person) using the familiar second-person pronoun",
"word": "a tutui"
},
{
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "týkatʹ",
"sense": "to address (a person) using the familiar second-person pronoun",
"tags": [
"colloquial",
"imperfective"
],
"word": "ты́кать"
},
{
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "týknutʹ",
"sense": "to address (a person) using the familiar second-person pronoun",
"tags": [
"perfective"
],
"word": "ты́кнуть"
},
{
"alt": "obraščátʹsja na «ty»",
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"sense": "to address (a person) using the familiar second-person pronoun",
"tags": [
"imperfective"
],
"word": "обраща́ться на «ты»"
},
{
"code": "sh",
"lang": "Serbo-Croatian",
"sense": "to address (a person) using the familiar second-person pronoun",
"tags": [
"Cyrillic",
"imperfective"
],
"word": "ти́кати"
},
{
"code": "sh",
"lang": "Serbo-Croatian",
"sense": "to address (a person) using the familiar second-person pronoun",
"tags": [
"Cyrillic"
],
"word": "говорити ти"
},
{
"code": "sh",
"lang": "Serbo-Croatian",
"sense": "to address (a person) using the familiar second-person pronoun",
"tags": [
"Roman",
"imperfective"
],
"word": "tíkati"
},
{
"code": "sh",
"lang": "Serbo-Croatian",
"sense": "to address (a person) using the familiar second-person pronoun",
"tags": [
"Roman"
],
"word": "govoriti ti"
},
{
"code": "sk",
"lang": "Slovak",
"sense": "to address (a person) using the familiar second-person pronoun",
"tags": [
"imperfective"
],
"word": "tykať"
},
{
"code": "sl",
"lang": "Slovene",
"sense": "to address (a person) using the familiar second-person pronoun",
"tags": [
"imperfective"
],
"word": "tíkati"
},
{
"code": "hsb",
"lang": "Upper Sorbian",
"sense": "to address (a person) using the familiar second-person pronoun",
"tags": [
"imperfective"
],
"word": "tykać"
},
{
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "to address (a person) using the familiar second-person pronoun",
"word": "tutear"
},
{
"code": "sv",
"lang": "Swedish",
"sense": "to address (a person) using the familiar second-person pronoun",
"word": "dua"
},
{
"code": "tr",
"lang": "Turkish",
"sense": "to address (a person) using the familiar second-person pronoun",
"word": "sen"
},
{
"code": "uk",
"lang": "Ukrainian",
"roman": "týkaty",
"sense": "to address (a person) using the familiar second-person pronoun",
"tags": [
"imperfective"
],
"word": "ти́кати"
},
{
"code": "nl",
"lang": "Dutch",
"sense": "to use the word thou",
"word": "tutoyeren"
},
{
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "to use the word thou",
"word": "tutoyer"
},
{
"code": "is",
"lang": "Icelandic",
"sense": "to use the word thou",
"word": "þúa"
}
],
"word": "thou"
}
{
"categories": [
"English 1-syllable words",
"English adverbs",
"English clippings",
"English conjunctions",
"English countable nouns",
"English entries with language name categories using raw markup",
"English entries with topic categories using raw markup",
"English heteronyms",
"English lemmas",
"English nouns",
"English personal pronouns",
"English second person pronouns",
"English terms with IPA pronunciation",
"English terms with audio links",
"English uncomparable adverbs",
"Rhymes:English/aʊ",
"Rhymes:English/aʊ/1 syllable",
"en:Quakerism",
"en:Thousand"
],
"etymology_number": 3,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "thousandth",
"3": "thou(sandth)"
},
"expansion": "Clipping of thou(sandth)",
"name": "clipping"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "2"
},
"expansion": "²",
"name": "sup"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "2"
},
"expansion": "²",
"name": "sup"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Clipping of thou(sandth).",
"forms": [
{
"form": "thous",
"tags": [
"plural"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "thou (plural thous)",
"name": "en-noun"
}
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"British English",
"English terms with quotations"
],
"examples": [
{
"ref": "1946 November and December, Cecil J. Allen, “British Locomotive Practice and Performance”, in Railway Magazine, page 344",
"text": "But to continue, \"At Horwich they had gone all scientific, and talked in 'thous.,' though apparently some of their work was to the nearest half-inch. […].\"",
"type": "quotation"
},
{
"ref": "1984, Robert D. Adams, William C. Wake, “Surface Preparation”, in Structural Adhesive Joints in Engineering, Barking, Essex: Elsevier Applied Science Publishers, published 1986, →DOI, pages 220–221",
"text": "All these methods remove metal and can, in fact, remove a few thou from the surface. For accurately machined parts, therefore, none of these methods are suitable but wet blasting with a fine alumina which gives a polishing–cleaning action may be operated within the required tolerances.",
"type": "quotation"
},
{
"ref": "2000, Mike Bishop, Vern Tardel, “Bells and Whistles”, in How to Build a Traditional Ford Hot Rod, revised edition, Osceola, Wis.: MBI Publishing Company, page 131, column 2",
"text": "Make no mistake, we’re talking about some major repositioning; the rear ends of the cones didn’t move just a few thou’ or even 1/4 or 1/2 inch in one direction. These beauties moved around big time.",
"type": "quotation"
}
],
"glosses": [
"A unit of length equal to one-thousandth of an inch (25.4 µm)."
],
"links": [
[
"unit",
"unit"
],
[
"length",
"length"
],
[
"equal",
"equal#Adjective"
],
[
"one",
"one"
],
[
"thousandth",
"thousandth"
],
[
"inch",
"inch#Noun"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(Britain) A unit of length equal to one-thousandth of an inch (25.4 µm)."
],
"synonyms": [
{
"tags": [
"US"
],
"word": "mil"
}
],
"tags": [
"Britain"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/θaʊ/",
"tags": [
"General-American",
"Received-Pronunciation"
]
},
{
"rhymes": "-aʊ"
},
{
"audio": "LL-Q1860 (eng)-Vealhurl-thou (number).wav",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/8/8e/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-thou_%28number%29.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-thou_%28number%29.wav.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/8/8e/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-thou_%28number%29.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-thou_%28number%29.wav.ogg",
"tags": [
"Southern-England"
],
"text": "Audio (Southern England)"
},
{
"enpr": "thou"
}
],
"word": "thou"
}
{
"categories": [
"English 1-syllable words",
"English adverbs",
"English clippings",
"English conjunctions",
"English countable nouns",
"English entries with language name categories using raw markup",
"English entries with topic categories using raw markup",
"English heteronyms",
"English indeclinable nouns",
"English lemmas",
"English nouns",
"English nouns with irregular plurals",
"English personal pronouns",
"English second person pronouns",
"English terms with IPA pronunciation",
"English terms with audio links",
"English uncomparable adverbs",
"Rhymes:English/aʊ",
"Rhymes:English/aʊ/1 syllable",
"en:Quakerism",
"en:Thousand"
],
"etymology_number": 4,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "thousand",
"3": "thou(sand)"
},
"expansion": "Clipping of thou(sand)",
"name": "clipping"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Clipping of thou(sand).",
"forms": [
{
"form": "thou",
"tags": [
"plural"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "thou"
},
"expansion": "thou (plural thou)",
"name": "en-noun"
}
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"English slang",
"English terms with quotations"
],
"examples": [
{
"ref": "1977, Larry Pointer, “Belle Fourche”, in In Search of Butch Cassidy (Red River Books), Norman, Okla.: University of Oklahoma Press, published 1988, page 132",
"text": "Butch [Cassidy] gave him 3 thous in cash 1 thous for the lawyer another thous if the lawyer wins & 1 thous for Tom O'Day.",
"type": "quotation"
},
{
"ref": "1999, Don Winslow, chapter 58, in California Fire and Life, New York, N.Y.: Alfred A. Knopf; 1st Vintage Crime/Black Lizard edition, New York, N.Y.: Vintage Books, September 2007, page 169",
"text": "He has a few thou in the account, enough to make your everyday living expenses, not enough to keep current with the bigger bills.",
"type": "quotation"
},
{
"ref": "2000 November, Sheri S[tewart] Tepper, “Benita”, in The Fresco, New York, N.Y.: Eos, HarperCollins; 1st Eos paperback edition, New York, N.Y.: Eos, HarperCollins, February 2002, page 17",
"text": "Well, we'll need a few thou, Carlos. Got to get together a few thou first. For rent, you know. Rent and making contacts with artists, all that.",
"type": "quotation"
}
],
"glosses": [
"A thousand, especially a thousand of some currency (dollars, pounds sterling, etc.)."
],
"links": [
[
"thousand",
"thousand"
],
[
"currency",
"currency"
],
[
"dollar",
"dollar"
],
[
"pounds sterling",
"pound sterling"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(slang) A thousand, especially a thousand of some currency (dollars, pounds sterling, etc.)."
],
"tags": [
"slang"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/θaʊ/",
"tags": [
"General-American",
"Received-Pronunciation"
]
},
{
"rhymes": "-aʊ"
},
{
"audio": "LL-Q1860 (eng)-Vealhurl-thou (number).wav",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/8/8e/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-thou_%28number%29.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-thou_%28number%29.wav.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/8/8e/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-thou_%28number%29.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-thou_%28number%29.wav.ogg",
"tags": [
"Southern-England"
],
"text": "Audio (Southern England)"
},
{
"enpr": "thou"
}
],
"word": "thou"
}
{
"categories": [
"English 1-syllable words",
"English adverbs",
"English conjunctions",
"English entries with language name categories using raw markup",
"English entries with topic categories using raw markup",
"English heteronyms",
"English lemmas",
"English personal pronouns",
"English second person pronouns",
"English terms with IPA pronunciation",
"English terms with audio links",
"English uncomparable adverbs",
"en:Quakerism",
"en:Thousand"
],
"etymology_number": 5,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "though"
},
"expansion": "though",
"name": "m"
}
],
"etymology_text": "See though.",
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "-"
},
"expansion": "thou (not comparable)",
"name": "en-adv"
}
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "adv",
"senses": [
{
"alt_of": [
{
"word": "though"
}
],
"categories": [
"English misspellings"
],
"glosses": [
"Misspelling of though."
],
"links": [
[
"though",
"though#English"
]
],
"tags": [
"alt-of",
"misspelling",
"not-comparable"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ðəʊ/",
"tags": [
"Received-Pronunciation"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/ðoʊ/",
"tags": [
"General-American"
]
},
{
"audio": "En-us-though.ogg",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/de/En-us-though.ogg/En-us-though.ogg.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/de/En-us-though.ogg",
"tags": [
"General-American"
],
"text": "Audio (GA)"
},
{
"enpr": "''th''ō"
}
],
"word": "thou"
}
{
"categories": [
"English 1-syllable words",
"English adverbs",
"English conjunctions",
"English entries with language name categories using raw markup",
"English entries with topic categories using raw markup",
"English heteronyms",
"English lemmas",
"English personal pronouns",
"English second person pronouns",
"English terms with IPA pronunciation",
"English terms with audio links",
"English uncomparable adverbs",
"en:Quakerism",
"en:Thousand"
],
"etymology_number": 5,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "though"
},
"expansion": "though",
"name": "m"
}
],
"etymology_text": "See though.",
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "thou",
"name": "en-con"
}
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "conj",
"senses": [
{
"alt_of": [
{
"word": "though"
}
],
"categories": [
"English misspellings"
],
"glosses": [
"Misspelling of though."
],
"links": [
[
"though",
"though#English"
]
],
"tags": [
"alt-of",
"misspelling"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ðəʊ/",
"tags": [
"Received-Pronunciation"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/ðoʊ/",
"tags": [
"General-American"
]
},
{
"audio": "En-us-though.ogg",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/de/En-us-though.ogg/En-us-though.ogg.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/de/En-us-though.ogg",
"tags": [
"General-American"
],
"text": "Audio (GA)"
},
{
"enpr": "''th''ō"
}
],
"word": "thou"
}
{
"called_from": "form_descriptions/2013",
"msg": "more than one value in \"roman\": apuni vs. tumi",
"path": [
"thou"
],
"section": "English",
"subsection": "pronoun",
"title": "thou",
"trace": ""
}
{
"called_from": "form_descriptions/1089",
"msg": "suspicious unhandled suffix in Danish: 'sige du', originally 'sige du'",
"path": [
"thou"
],
"section": "English",
"subsection": "verb",
"title": "thou",
"trace": ""
}
{
"called_from": "XYZunsorted",
"msg": "thou/English/verb: 'word' should be a non-empty string (it is a mandatory field): {\"code\": \"el\", \"lang\": \"Greek\", \"note\": \"\\u03bc\\u03b9\\u03bb\\u03ce \\u03c3\\u03c4\\u03bf\\u03bd \\u03b5\\u03bd\\u03b9\\u03ba\\u03cc (mil\\u00f3 ston enik\\u00f3, literally \\u201cspeak in the singular\\u201d)\", \"sense\": \"to address (a person) using the familiar second-person pronoun\"}: {\"categories\": [\"English 1-syllable words\", \"English adverbs\", \"English conjunctions\", \"English entries with language name categories using raw markup\", \"English entries with topic categories using raw markup\", \"English heteronyms\", \"English lemmas\", \"English personal pronouns\", \"English second person pronouns\", \"English terms derived from Middle English\", \"English terms inherited from Middle English\", \"English terms with IPA pronunciation\", \"English terms with audio links\", \"English uncomparable adverbs\", \"English verbs\", \"Requests for review of Danish translations\", \"Requests for review of Norwegian Bokm\\u00e5l translations\", \"Rhymes:English/a\\u028a\", \"Rhymes:English/a\\u028a/1 syllable\", \"en:Quakerism\", \"en:Thousand\"], \"etymology_number\": 2, \"etymology_templates\": [{\"args\": {\"1\": \"en\", \"2\": \"enm\", \"3\": \"thouen\"}, \"expansion\": \"Middle English thouen\", \"name\": \"inh\"}, {\"args\": {\"1\": \"enm\", \"2\": \"theu\"}, \"expansion\": \"theu\", \"name\": \"m\"}, {\"args\": {\"1\": \"enm\", \"2\": \"thew\"}, \"expansion\": \"thew\", \"name\": \"m\"}, {\"args\": {\"1\": \"enm\", \"2\": \"thou\"}, \"expansion\": \"thou\", \"name\": \"m\"}, {\"args\": {\"1\": \"enm\", \"2\": \"thowe\"}, \"expansion\": \"thowe\", \"name\": \"m\"}, {\"args\": {\"1\": \"enm\", \"2\": \"thowen\"}, \"expansion\": \"thowen\", \"name\": \"m\"}, {\"args\": {\"1\": \"enm\", \"2\": \"thui\"}, \"expansion\": \"thui\", \"name\": \"m\"}, {\"args\": {\"1\": \"enm\", \"2\": \"thuy\", \"t\": \"to address (a person) with thou, particularly in a contemptuous or polite manner\"}, \"expansion\": \"thuy (\\u201cto address (a person) with thou, particularly in a contemptuous or polite manner\\u201d)\", \"name\": \"m\"}, {\"args\": {\"1\": \"pronoun\"}, \"expansion\": \"pronoun\", \"name\": \"glossary\"}, {\"args\": {\"1\": \"enm\", \"2\": \"thou\"}, \"expansion\": \"thou\", \"name\": \"m\"}], \"etymology_text\": \"From Late Middle English thouen, theu, thew, thou, thowe, thowen, thui, thuy (\\u201cto address (a person) with thou, particularly in a contemptuous or polite manner\\u201d), from the pronoun thou: see etymology 1 above.\", \"forms\": [{\"form\": \"thous\", \"tags\": [\"present\", \"singular\", \"third-person\"]}, {\"form\": \"thouing\", \"tags\": [\"participle\", \"present\"]}, {\"form\": \"thoued\", \"tags\": [\"participle\", \"past\"]}, {\"form\": \"thoued\", \"tags\": [\"past\"]}], \"head_templates\": [{\"args\": {}, \"expansion\": \"thou (third-person singular simple present thous, present participle thouing, simple past and past participle thoued)\", \"name\": \"en-verb\"}], \"lang\": \"English\", \"lang_code\": \"en\", \"pos\": \"verb\", \"related\": [{\"word\": \"tutoy\"}, {\"word\": \"tutoyer\"}], \"senses\": [{\"antonyms\": [{\"word\": \"you\"}], \"categories\": [\"English terms with quotations\", \"English terms with usage examples\", \"English transitive verbs\"], \"examples\": [{\"text\": \"Don\\u2019t thou them as thous thee! \\u2013 a Yorkshire English admonition to overly familiar children\", \"type\": \"example\"}, {\"ref\": \"c. 1530, \\u201cHickscorner\\u201d, in W[illiam] Carew Hazlitt, editor, A Select Collection of Old English Plays. Originally Published by Robert Dodsley in the Year 1744. [\\u2026], 4th edition, volume I, London: Reeves and Turner, [\\u2026], published 1874, page 180\", \"text\": \"Avaunt, caitiff, dost thou thou me! / I am come of good kin, I tell thee! / My mother was a lady of the stews' blood born, / And (knight of the halter) my father ware an horn; / Therefore I take it in full great scorn, / That thou shouldest thus check me.\", \"type\": \"quotation\"}, {\"ref\": \"1677, William Gibson, \\u201cAn Answer to John Cheyney\\u2019s Pamphlet Entituled The Shibboleth of Quakerism\\u201d, in The Life of God, which is the Light and Salvation of Men, Exalted: [\\u2026], [London]: [s.n.], \\u2192OCLC, page 134\", \"text\": \"What! do\\u017ft thou not believe that God's Thouing and Theeing was and is \\u017found Speech? [...] And Theeing & Thouing of one \\u017fingle Per\\u017fon was the language of Chri\\u017ft Je\\u017fus, and the Holy Prophets and Apo\\u017ftles both under the Di\\u017fpen\\u017fations of Law and Go\\u017fpel, [...]\", \"type\": \"quotation\"}, {\"ref\": \"1755, [Voltaire [pseudonym; Fran\\u00e7ois-Marie Arouet]], \\u201cFerdinand III. Forty-seventh Emperor.\\u201d, in Annals of the Empire from the Reign of Charlemagne [\\u2026] In Two Volumes, volume II, London: Printed for A[ndrew] Millar, [\\u2026], \\u2192OCLC, page 257\", \"text\": \"The emperors before Rodolphus I. \\u017fent all their mandates in Latin, thouing every prince, as the grammar of that language allows. This thouing of the counts of the empire was continued in the German language which di\\u017fallows \\u017fuch expre\\u017f\\u017fions.\", \"type\": \"quotation\"}, {\"ref\": \"1811, Miguel Cervantes de Saavedra, \\u201cOf Matters Relating and Appertaining to this Adventure, and to this Memorable History\\u201d, in Charles Jarvis, transl., The Life and Exploits of Don Quixote de la Mancha. Translated from the Spanish [...] In Four Volumes, volume IV, London: Printed [by Harding & Wright] for Lackington, Allen, and Co. [et al.], \\u2192OCLC, part II, book III, pages 57\\u201358\", \"text\": \"Unfortunate we the duennas! though we descended in a direct male-line from Hector of Troy, our mistresses will never forbear \\\"thouing\\\" us, were they to be made queens for it.\", \"type\": \"quotation\"}, {\"ref\": \"1917, Russell Osborne Stidston, \\u201cInferiors to Superiors\\u201d, in The Use of Ye in the Function of Thou in Middle English Literature from Ms. Auchinleck to Ms. Vernon: A Study of Grammar and Social Intercourse in Fourteenth-century England: [\\u2026], Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University, \\u2192OCLC, section 1 (The Higher Classes to Royalty), page 22\", \"text\": \"In Guy a duke in council thous his emperor [...] In Bevis the earl addresses the emperor of Almaine [...] while the young son of the family, Bevis, thous him not only as his father's murderer [...], but even when he is pretending friendship for him [...].\", \"type\": \"quotation\"}], \"glosses\": [\"To address (a person) using the pronoun thou, especially as an expression of contempt or familiarity.\"], \"links\": [[\"address\", \"address#Verb\"], [\"pronoun\", \"pronoun\"], [\"thou\", \"#Pronoun\"], [\"expression\", \"expression\"], [\"contempt\", \"contempt\"], [\"familiarity\", \"familiarity\"]], \"raw_glosses\": [\"(transitive) To address (a person) using the pronoun thou, especially as an expression of contempt or familiarity.\"], \"synonyms\": [{\"word\": \"thee\"}], \"tags\": [\"transitive\"]}, {\"antonyms\": [{\"word\": \"you\"}], \"categories\": [\"English intransitive verbs\", \"English terms with quotations\"], \"examples\": [{\"ref\": \"2006, Julian Dibbell, chapter 5, in Play Money: Or, How I Quit My Day Job and Made Millions Trading Virtual Loot, New York, N.Y.: Basic Books\", \"text\": \"The hardcore role-players will wake up one day feeling, like a dead weight on their chest, the strain of endless texting in Renaissance Faire English\\u2014yet dutifully go on theeing and thouing all the same.\", \"type\": \"quotation\"}, {\"ref\": \"2009, David R. Keeston [pseudonym; Alan D. Jenkins], \\u201cSeeing God in the Ordinary\\u201d, in The Hitch Hikers\\u2019 Guide to the Gospel, [Morrisville, N.C.]: Lulu.com, page 39\", \"text\": \"You want to hear the word of God, and be challenged to go out and change the world. Instead, you are, for the fifth Sunday in a row, mewling on about purple-headed mountains (which is a bit of an imaginative stretch, since you live in East Anglia) and \\\"theeing\\\" and \\\"thouing\\\" all over the place.\", \"type\": \"quotation\"}], \"glosses\": [\"To use the word thou.\"], \"links\": [[\"use\", \"use#Verb\"], [\"word\", \"word#Noun\"]], \"raw_glosses\": [\"(intransitive) To use the word thou.\"], \"synonyms\": [{\"word\": \"thee\"}], \"tags\": [\"intransitive\"]}], \"sounds\": [{\"ipa\": \"/\\u00f0a\\u028a/\", \"tags\": [\"General-American\", \"Received-Pronunciation\"]}, {\"rhymes\": \"-a\\u028a\"}, {\"audio\": \"En-us-thou.ogg\", \"mp3_url\": \"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/e/ea/En-us-thou.ogg/En-us-thou.ogg.mp3\", \"ogg_url\": \"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ea/En-us-thou.ogg\", \"tags\": [\"General-American\"], \"text\": \"Audio (GA)\"}, {\"enpr\": \"''th''ou\"}], \"translations\": [{\"code\": \"ast\", \"lang\": \"Asturian\", \"sense\": \"to address (a person) using the familiar second-person pronoun\", \"word\": \"tutiar\"}, {\"code\": \"be\", \"lang\": \"Belarusian\", \"roman\": \"t\\u00fdkac\\u02b9\", \"sense\": \"to address (a person) using the familiar second-person pronoun\", \"tags\": [\"imperfective\"], \"word\": \"\\u0442\\u044b\\u0301\\u043a\\u0430\\u0446\\u044c\"}, {\"code\": \"ca\", \"lang\": \"Catalan\", \"sense\": \"to address (a person) using the familiar second-person pronoun\", \"word\": \"tutejar\"}, {\"code\": \"cs\", \"lang\": \"Czech\", \"sense\": \"to address (a person) using the familiar second-person pronoun\", \"tags\": [\"imperfective\"], \"word\": \"tykat\"}, {\"code\": \"da\", \"lang\": \"Danish\", \"sense\": \"to address (a person) using the familiar second-person pronoun\", \"word\": \"sige du\"}, {\"code\": \"nl\", \"lang\": \"Dutch\", \"sense\": \"to address (a person) using the familiar second-person pronoun\", \"word\": \"tutoyeren\"}, {\"code\": \"nl\", \"lang\": \"Dutch\", \"sense\": \"to address (a person) using the familiar second-person pronoun\", \"word\": \"jijen\"}, {\"code\": \"nl\", \"lang\": \"Dutch\", \"sense\": \"to address (a person) using the familiar second-person pronoun\", \"word\": \"jouen\"}, {\"code\": \"et\", \"lang\": \"Estonian\", \"sense\": \"to address (a person) using the familiar second-person pronoun\", \"word\": \"sinatama\"}, {\"code\": \"fo\", \"lang\": \"Faroese\", \"sense\": \"to address (a person) using the familiar second-person pronoun\", \"word\": \"t\\u00faa\"}, {\"code\": \"fi\", \"lang\": \"Finnish\", \"sense\": \"to address (a person) using the familiar second-person pronoun\", \"word\": \"sinutella\"}, {\"code\": \"fr\", \"lang\": \"French\", \"sense\": \"to address (a person) using the familiar second-person pronoun\", \"word\": \"tutoyer\"}, {\"code\": \"de\", \"lang\": \"German\", \"sense\": \"to address (a person) using the familiar second-person pronoun\", \"word\": \"duzen\"}, {\"code\": \"el\", \"lang\": \"Greek\", \"note\": \"\\u03bc\\u03b9\\u03bb\\u03ce \\u03c3\\u03c4\\u03bf\\u03bd \\u03b5\\u03bd\\u03b9\\u03ba\\u03cc (mil\\u00f3 ston enik\\u00f3, literally \\u201cspeak in the singular\\u201d)\", \"sense\": \"to address (a person) using the familiar second-person pronoun\"}, {\"code\": \"hu\", \"lang\": \"Hungarian\", \"sense\": \"to address (a person) using the familiar second-person pronoun\", \"word\": \"tegez\"}, {\"code\": \"is\", \"lang\": \"Icelandic\", \"sense\": \"to address (a person) using the familiar second-person pronoun\", \"word\": \"\\u00fe\\u00faa\"}, {\"code\": \"ia\", \"lang\": \"Interlingua\", \"sense\": \"to address (a person) using the familiar second-person pronoun\", \"word\": \"tutear\"}, {\"code\": \"it\", \"lang\": \"Italian\", \"sense\": \"to address (a person) using the familiar second-person pronoun\", \"word\": \"dare del tu\"}, {\"alt\": \"\\u3088\\u3073\\u3059\\u3066\\u306b\\u3059\\u308b\", \"code\": \"ja\", \"lang\": \"Japanese\", \"roman\": \"yobisute ni suru\", \"sense\": \"to address (a person) using the familiar second-person pronoun\", \"word\": \"\\u547c\\u3073\\u6368\\u3066\\u306b\\u3059\\u308b\"}, {\"code\": \"ko\", \"lang\": \"Korean\", \"roman\": \"neo-rago bureuda\", \"sense\": \"to address (a person) using the familiar second-person pronoun\", \"word\": \"\\ub108\\ub77c\\uace0 \\ubd80\\ub974\\ub2e4\"}, {\"code\": \"lt\", \"lang\": \"Lithuanian\", \"sense\": \"to address (a person) using the familiar second-person pronoun\", \"word\": \"tujinti\"}, {\"code\": \"ms\", \"lang\": \"Malay\", \"sense\": \"to address (a person) using the familiar second-person pronoun\", \"word\": \"berengkau\"}, {\"code\": \"nb\", \"lang\": \"Norwegian Bokm\\u00e5l\", \"sense\": \"to address (a person) using the familiar second-person pronoun\", \"word\": \"si 'du'\"}, {\"code\": \"oc\", \"lang\": \"Occitan\", \"sense\": \"to address (a person) using the familiar second-person pronoun\", \"word\": \"tutejar\"}, {\"code\": \"pl\", \"lang\": \"Polish\", \"sense\": \"to address (a person) using the familiar second-person pronoun\", \"tags\": [\"imperfective\"], \"word\": \"m\\u00f3wi\\u0107 na ty\"}, {\"code\": \"pl\", \"lang\": \"Polish\", \"sense\": \"to address (a person) using the familiar second-person pronoun\", \"tags\": [\"colloquial\", \"imperfective\"], \"word\": \"tyka\\u0107\"}, {\"code\": \"pt\", \"lang\": \"Portuguese\", \"sense\": \"to address (a person) using the familiar second-person pronoun\", \"word\": \"tutear\"}, {\"code\": \"pt\", \"lang\": \"Portuguese\", \"sense\": \"to address (a person) using the familiar second-person pronoun\", \"word\": \"tratar por tu\"}, {\"code\": \"ro\", \"lang\": \"Romanian\", \"sense\": \"to address (a person) using the familiar second-person pronoun\", \"word\": \"a tutui\"}, {\"code\": \"ru\", \"lang\": \"Russian\", \"roman\": \"t\\u00fdkat\\u02b9\", \"sense\": \"to address (a person) using the familiar second-person pronoun\", \"tags\": [\"colloquial\", \"imperfective\"], \"word\": \"\\u0442\\u044b\\u0301\\u043a\\u0430\\u0442\\u044c\"}, {\"code\": \"ru\", \"lang\": \"Russian\", \"roman\": \"t\\u00fdknut\\u02b9\", \"sense\": \"to address (a person) using the familiar second-person pronoun\", \"tags\": [\"perfective\"], \"word\": \"\\u0442\\u044b\\u0301\\u043a\\u043d\\u0443\\u0442\\u044c\"}, {\"alt\": \"obra\\u0161\\u010d\\u00e1t\\u02b9sja na \\u00abty\\u00bb\", \"code\": \"ru\", \"lang\": \"Russian\", \"sense\": \"to address (a person) using the familiar second-person pronoun\", \"tags\": [\"imperfective\"], \"word\": \"\\u043e\\u0431\\u0440\\u0430\\u0449\\u0430\\u0301\\u0442\\u044c\\u0441\\u044f \\u043d\\u0430 \\u00ab\\u0442\\u044b\\u00bb\"}, {\"code\": \"sh\", \"lang\": \"Serbo-Croatian\", \"sense\": \"to address (a person) using the familiar second-person pronoun\", \"tags\": [\"Cyrillic\", \"imperfective\"], \"word\": \"\\u0442\\u0438\\u0301\\u043a\\u0430\\u0442\\u0438\"}, {\"code\": \"sh\", \"lang\": \"Serbo-Croatian\", \"sense\": \"to address (a person) using the familiar second-person pronoun\", \"tags\": [\"Cyrillic\"], \"word\": \"\\u0433\\u043e\\u0432\\u043e\\u0440\\u0438\\u0442\\u0438 \\u0442\\u0438\"}, {\"code\": \"sh\", \"lang\": \"Serbo-Croatian\", \"sense\": \"to address (a person) using the familiar second-person pronoun\", \"tags\": [\"Roman\", \"imperfective\"], \"word\": \"t\\u00edkati\"}, {\"code\": \"sh\", \"lang\": \"Serbo-Croatian\", \"sense\": \"to address (a person) using the familiar second-person pronoun\", \"tags\": [\"Roman\"], \"word\": \"govoriti ti\"}, {\"code\": \"sk\", \"lang\": \"Slovak\", \"sense\": \"to address (a person) using the familiar second-person pronoun\", \"tags\": [\"imperfective\"], \"word\": \"tyka\\u0165\"}, {\"code\": \"sl\", \"lang\": \"Slovene\", \"sense\": \"to address (a person) using the familiar second-person pronoun\", \"tags\": [\"imperfective\"], \"word\": \"t\\u00edkati\"}, {\"code\": \"hsb\", \"lang\": \"Upper Sorbian\", \"sense\": \"to address (a person) using the familiar second-person pronoun\", \"tags\": [\"imperfective\"], \"word\": \"tyka\\u0107\"}, {\"code\": \"es\", \"lang\": \"Spanish\", \"sense\": \"to address (a person) using the familiar second-person pronoun\", \"word\": \"tutear\"}, {\"code\": \"sv\", \"lang\": \"Swedish\", \"sense\": \"to address (a person) using the familiar second-person pronoun\", \"word\": \"dua\"}, {\"code\": \"tr\", \"lang\": \"Turkish\", \"sense\": \"to address (a person) using the familiar second-person pronoun\", \"word\": \"sen\"}, {\"code\": \"uk\", \"lang\": \"Ukrainian\", \"roman\": \"t\\u00fdkaty\", \"sense\": \"to address (a person) using the familiar second-person pronoun\", \"tags\": [\"imperfective\"], \"word\": \"\\u0442\\u0438\\u0301\\u043a\\u0430\\u0442\\u0438\"}, {\"code\": \"nl\", \"lang\": \"Dutch\", \"sense\": \"to use the word thou\", \"word\": \"tutoyeren\"}, {\"code\": \"fr\", \"lang\": \"French\", \"sense\": \"to use the word thou\", \"word\": \"tutoyer\"}, {\"code\": \"is\", \"lang\": \"Icelandic\", \"sense\": \"to use the word thou\", \"word\": \"\\u00fe\\u00faa\"}], \"word\": \"thou\"}",
"path": [],
"section": "English",
"subsection": "verb",
"title": "thou",
"trace": ""
}
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable English dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2024-04-17 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2024-04-01 using wiktextract (0b52755 and 5cb0836). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.