See duzen in All languages combined, or Wiktionary
{
"coordinate_terms": [
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "erzen"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "ihrzen"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "siezen"
}
],
"derived": [
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "Duzbruder"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "Duzen"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "Duzfreund"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "Duzfreundin"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "duzfreundlich"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "Duzfreundschaft"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "duzfreundschaftlich"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "Duzkultur"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "Duzschwester"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "de",
"2": "gmh",
"3": "duzen"
},
"expansion": "Middle High German duzen",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "de",
"2": "goh",
"3": "*dūzzen"
},
"expansion": "Old High German *dūzzen",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "de",
"2": "du",
"3": "",
"alt2": "-zen"
},
"expansion": "du + -zen",
"name": "suf"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "thouten"
},
"expansion": "Middle English thouten",
"name": "cog"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Middle High German duzen, dutzen, dützen, from Old High German *dūzzen, *dūezzen, equivalent to du + -zen. Compare Middle English thouten.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "duzt",
"tags": [
"present",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "duzte",
"tags": [
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "geduzt",
"tags": [
"participle",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "haben",
"tags": [
"auxiliary"
]
},
{
"form": "weak",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "de-conj",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "haben",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"auxiliary"
]
},
{
"form": "duzen",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"infinitive"
]
},
{
"form": "duzend",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"participle",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "geduzt",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"participle",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "duze",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"indicative",
"present",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "duzen",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"indicative",
"plural",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "duze",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"singular",
"subjunctive",
"subjunctive-i"
]
},
{
"form": "duzen",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"plural",
"subjunctive",
"subjunctive-i"
]
},
{
"form": "duzt",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"indicative",
"present",
"second-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "duzt",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"indicative",
"plural",
"present",
"second-person"
]
},
{
"form": "duzest",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"second-person",
"singular",
"subjunctive",
"subjunctive-i"
]
},
{
"form": "duzet",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"plural",
"second-person",
"subjunctive",
"subjunctive-i"
]
},
{
"form": "duzt",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"indicative",
"present",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "duzen",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"indicative",
"plural",
"present",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "duze",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"singular",
"subjunctive",
"subjunctive-i",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "duzen",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"plural",
"subjunctive",
"subjunctive-i",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "duzte",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"indicative",
"preterite",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "duzten",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"indicative",
"plural",
"preterite"
]
},
{
"form": "duzte",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"formal",
"rare",
"singular",
"subjunctive",
"subjunctive-ii"
]
},
{
"form": "duzten",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"formal",
"plural",
"rare",
"subjunctive",
"subjunctive-ii"
]
},
{
"form": "duztest",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"indicative",
"preterite",
"second-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "duztet",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"indicative",
"plural",
"preterite",
"second-person"
]
},
{
"form": "duztest",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"formal",
"rare",
"second-person",
"singular",
"subjunctive",
"subjunctive-ii"
]
},
{
"form": "duztet",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"formal",
"plural",
"rare",
"second-person",
"subjunctive",
"subjunctive-ii"
]
},
{
"form": "duzte",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"indicative",
"preterite",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "duzten",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"indicative",
"plural",
"preterite",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "duzte",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"formal",
"rare",
"singular",
"subjunctive",
"subjunctive-ii",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "duzten",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"formal",
"plural",
"rare",
"subjunctive",
"subjunctive-ii",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "duz",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"imperative",
"second-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "duze",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"imperative",
"second-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "duzt",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"imperative",
"plural",
"second-person"
]
},
{
"form": "weak",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "de-conj",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "haben",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"auxiliary"
]
},
{
"form": "habe geduzt",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"indicative",
"multiword-construction",
"perfect",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "haben geduzt",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"indicative",
"multiword-construction",
"perfect",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "habe geduzt",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"multiword-construction",
"perfect",
"singular",
"subjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "haben geduzt",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"multiword-construction",
"perfect",
"plural",
"subjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "hast geduzt",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"indicative",
"multiword-construction",
"perfect",
"second-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "habt geduzt",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"indicative",
"multiword-construction",
"perfect",
"plural",
"second-person"
]
},
{
"form": "habest geduzt",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"multiword-construction",
"perfect",
"second-person",
"singular",
"subjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "habet geduzt",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"multiword-construction",
"perfect",
"plural",
"second-person",
"subjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "hat geduzt",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"indicative",
"multiword-construction",
"perfect",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "haben geduzt",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"indicative",
"multiword-construction",
"perfect",
"plural",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "habe geduzt",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"multiword-construction",
"perfect",
"singular",
"subjunctive",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "haben geduzt",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"multiword-construction",
"perfect",
"plural",
"subjunctive",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "hatte geduzt",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"indicative",
"multiword-construction",
"pluperfect",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "hatten geduzt",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"indicative",
"multiword-construction",
"pluperfect",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "hätte geduzt",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"multiword-construction",
"pluperfect",
"singular",
"subjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "hätten geduzt",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"multiword-construction",
"pluperfect",
"plural",
"subjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "hattest geduzt",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"indicative",
"multiword-construction",
"pluperfect",
"second-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "hattet geduzt",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"indicative",
"multiword-construction",
"pluperfect",
"plural",
"second-person"
]
},
{
"form": "hättest geduzt",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"multiword-construction",
"pluperfect",
"second-person",
"singular",
"subjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "hättet geduzt",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"multiword-construction",
"pluperfect",
"plural",
"second-person",
"subjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "hatte geduzt",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"indicative",
"multiword-construction",
"pluperfect",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "hatten geduzt",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"indicative",
"multiword-construction",
"pluperfect",
"plural",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "hätte geduzt",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"multiword-construction",
"pluperfect",
"singular",
"subjunctive",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "hätten geduzt",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"multiword-construction",
"pluperfect",
"plural",
"subjunctive",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "duzen werden",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"future",
"future-i",
"infinitive",
"multiword-construction"
]
},
{
"form": "werde duzen",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"future",
"future-i",
"multiword-construction",
"singular",
"subjunctive",
"subjunctive-i"
]
},
{
"form": "werden duzen",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"future",
"future-i",
"multiword-construction",
"plural",
"subjunctive",
"subjunctive-i"
]
},
{
"form": "werdest duzen",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"future",
"future-i",
"multiword-construction",
"second-person",
"singular",
"subjunctive",
"subjunctive-i"
]
},
{
"form": "werdet duzen",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"future",
"future-i",
"multiword-construction",
"plural",
"second-person",
"subjunctive",
"subjunctive-i"
]
},
{
"form": "werde duzen",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"future",
"future-i",
"multiword-construction",
"singular",
"subjunctive",
"subjunctive-i",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "werden duzen",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"future",
"future-i",
"multiword-construction",
"plural",
"subjunctive",
"subjunctive-i",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "werde duzen",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"future",
"future-i",
"indicative",
"multiword-construction",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "werden duzen",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"future",
"future-i",
"indicative",
"multiword-construction",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "würde duzen",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"future",
"future-i",
"multiword-construction",
"singular",
"subjunctive",
"subjunctive-ii"
]
},
{
"form": "würden duzen",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"future",
"future-i",
"multiword-construction",
"plural",
"subjunctive",
"subjunctive-ii"
]
},
{
"form": "wirst duzen",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"future",
"future-i",
"indicative",
"multiword-construction",
"second-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "werdet duzen",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"future",
"future-i",
"indicative",
"multiword-construction",
"plural",
"second-person"
]
},
{
"form": "würdest duzen",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"future",
"future-i",
"multiword-construction",
"second-person",
"singular",
"subjunctive",
"subjunctive-ii"
]
},
{
"form": "würdet duzen",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"future",
"future-i",
"multiword-construction",
"plural",
"second-person",
"subjunctive",
"subjunctive-ii"
]
},
{
"form": "wird duzen",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"future",
"future-i",
"indicative",
"multiword-construction",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "werden duzen",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"future",
"future-i",
"indicative",
"multiword-construction",
"plural",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "würde duzen",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"future",
"future-i",
"multiword-construction",
"singular",
"subjunctive",
"subjunctive-ii",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "würden duzen",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"future",
"future-i",
"multiword-construction",
"plural",
"subjunctive",
"subjunctive-ii",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "geduzt haben werden",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"future",
"future-ii",
"infinitive",
"multiword-construction"
]
},
{
"form": "werde geduzt haben",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"future",
"future-ii",
"multiword-construction",
"singular",
"subjunctive",
"subjunctive-i"
]
},
{
"form": "werden geduzt haben",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"future",
"future-ii",
"multiword-construction",
"plural",
"subjunctive",
"subjunctive-i"
]
},
{
"form": "werdest geduzt haben",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"future",
"future-ii",
"multiword-construction",
"second-person",
"singular",
"subjunctive",
"subjunctive-i"
]
},
{
"form": "werdet geduzt haben",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"future",
"future-ii",
"multiword-construction",
"plural",
"second-person",
"subjunctive",
"subjunctive-i"
]
},
{
"form": "werde geduzt haben",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"future",
"future-ii",
"multiword-construction",
"singular",
"subjunctive",
"subjunctive-i",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "werden geduzt haben",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"future",
"future-ii",
"multiword-construction",
"plural",
"subjunctive",
"subjunctive-i",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "werde geduzt haben",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"future",
"future-ii",
"indicative",
"multiword-construction",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "werden geduzt haben",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"future",
"future-ii",
"indicative",
"multiword-construction",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "würde geduzt haben",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"future",
"future-ii",
"multiword-construction",
"singular",
"subjunctive",
"subjunctive-ii"
]
},
{
"form": "würden geduzt haben",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"future",
"future-ii",
"multiword-construction",
"plural",
"subjunctive",
"subjunctive-ii"
]
},
{
"form": "wirst geduzt haben",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"future",
"future-ii",
"indicative",
"multiword-construction",
"second-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "werdet geduzt haben",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"future",
"future-ii",
"indicative",
"multiword-construction",
"plural",
"second-person"
]
},
{
"form": "würdest geduzt haben",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"future",
"future-ii",
"multiword-construction",
"second-person",
"singular",
"subjunctive",
"subjunctive-ii"
]
},
{
"form": "würdet geduzt haben",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"future",
"future-ii",
"multiword-construction",
"plural",
"second-person",
"subjunctive",
"subjunctive-ii"
]
},
{
"form": "wird geduzt haben",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"future",
"future-ii",
"indicative",
"multiword-construction",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "werden geduzt haben",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"future",
"future-ii",
"indicative",
"multiword-construction",
"plural",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "würde geduzt haben",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"future",
"future-ii",
"multiword-construction",
"singular",
"subjunctive",
"subjunctive-ii",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "würden geduzt haben",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"future",
"future-ii",
"multiword-construction",
"plural",
"subjunctive",
"subjunctive-ii",
"third-person"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "duzen (weak, third-person singular present duzt, past tense duzte, past participle geduzt, auxiliary haben)",
"name": "de-verb"
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"name": "de-conj"
}
],
"lang": "German",
"lang_code": "de",
"pos": "verb",
"related": [
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "du"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "Du"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "ich"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "du-e2"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "er"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "sie-se2"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "es"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "wir"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "ihr"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "SieIhr3"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "meinermein3"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "deinerdein3"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "seinersein3"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "ihrer"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "unser"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "euer"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "IhrerEuer3"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "mir"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "dir"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "ihm"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "uns"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "euch"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "ihnen"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "IhnenEuch3"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "mich"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "dich"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "ihn"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "SieEuch3"
}
],
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "75 25",
"kind": "other",
"name": "German entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "67 33",
"kind": "other",
"name": "German verbs using haben as auxiliary",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "70 30",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 2 entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "79 21",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"english": "The fact that Dutch people often come across as relaxed and informal to German people also has to do with the fact that Dutchmen are very quick to use the informal form of address, especially at unexpected moments. Unlike in Germany, however, the Dutch informal you does not imply any particular familiarity; it's more comparable to the English you. In business dealings, it is customary to start addressing each other with the informal you without any prior notice, in the middle of a conversation. (...) Being on first-name terms does not signal that people have become closer in any way, that they find the other person likeable, or that they'll negotiate any less toughly. Especially between Germans and Dutch there often arise misunderstandings in this respect. If, for example, a manager allows himself to be addressed using the informal you, Germans tend to interpret this as a sign of a particularly good work environment, whereas the informal you is simply a conventional way of addressing people.",
"ref": "2017, Ute Schürings, Benelux. Porträt einer Region [Benelux. Portrait of a region], Berlin: Landeszentralen für politische Bildung/Christoph Links Verlag, pages 61-62:",
"text": "Das Niederländer auf Deutsche oft locker und informell wirken, hat auch damit zu tun, das man sich sehr rasch und vor allem unvermittelt duzt. Anders als in Deutschland bedeutet das niederländische Du allerdings keine besondere Nähe, es ist eher mit dem englischen you zu vergleichen. Im Geschäftskontakt ist es üblich, sich ohne Vorankündigung zu duzen, mitten im Gespräch. (...) Duzen signalisiert nicht, dass man sich in irgendeiner Weise näher gekommen ist, den anderen sympathisch findet oder weniger hart verhandelt. Da gibt es gerade zwischen Deutschen und Niederländern oft Missverständnisse. Wenn etwa ein Vorgesetzter sich duzen lässt, denken Deutsche oft, hier herrsche eine besonders gute Arbeitsatmosphäre – dabei ist das Du einfach eine Anredekonvention.",
"type": "quote"
}
],
"glosses": [
"to address informally using the pronoun du, to thou"
],
"id": "en-duzen-de-verb-4Ht84V-Z",
"links": [
[
"du",
"du#German"
],
[
"thou",
"thou"
]
],
"tags": [
"weak"
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"to be on first-name terms"
],
"id": "en-duzen-de-verb-P1m2IAyX",
"links": [
[
"on first-name terms",
"on first-name terms"
]
],
"tags": [
"weak"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ˈduːtsn̩/"
},
{
"ipa": "/ˈduːtsən/"
},
{
"audio": "De-duzen.ogg",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/7/72/De-duzen.ogg/De-duzen.ogg.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/72/De-duzen.ogg"
}
],
"word": "duzen"
}
{
"categories": [
"German entries with incorrect language header",
"German lemmas",
"German terms derived from Middle High German",
"German terms derived from Old High German",
"German terms inherited from Middle High German",
"German terms inherited from Old High German",
"German verbs",
"German verbs using haben as auxiliary",
"German weak verbs",
"Pages with 2 entries",
"Pages with entries"
],
"coordinate_terms": [
{
"word": "erzen"
},
{
"word": "ihrzen"
},
{
"word": "siezen"
}
],
"derived": [
{
"word": "Duzbruder"
},
{
"word": "Duzen"
},
{
"word": "Duzfreund"
},
{
"word": "Duzfreundin"
},
{
"word": "duzfreundlich"
},
{
"word": "Duzfreundschaft"
},
{
"word": "duzfreundschaftlich"
},
{
"word": "Duzkultur"
},
{
"word": "Duzschwester"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "de",
"2": "gmh",
"3": "duzen"
},
"expansion": "Middle High German duzen",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "de",
"2": "goh",
"3": "*dūzzen"
},
"expansion": "Old High German *dūzzen",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "de",
"2": "du",
"3": "",
"alt2": "-zen"
},
"expansion": "du + -zen",
"name": "suf"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "thouten"
},
"expansion": "Middle English thouten",
"name": "cog"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Middle High German duzen, dutzen, dützen, from Old High German *dūzzen, *dūezzen, equivalent to du + -zen. Compare Middle English thouten.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "duzt",
"tags": [
"present",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "duzte",
"tags": [
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "geduzt",
"tags": [
"participle",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "haben",
"tags": [
"auxiliary"
]
},
{
"form": "weak",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "de-conj",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "haben",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"auxiliary"
]
},
{
"form": "duzen",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"infinitive"
]
},
{
"form": "duzend",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"participle",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "geduzt",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"participle",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "duze",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"indicative",
"present",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "duzen",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"indicative",
"plural",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "duze",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"singular",
"subjunctive",
"subjunctive-i"
]
},
{
"form": "duzen",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"plural",
"subjunctive",
"subjunctive-i"
]
},
{
"form": "duzt",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"indicative",
"present",
"second-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "duzt",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"indicative",
"plural",
"present",
"second-person"
]
},
{
"form": "duzest",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"second-person",
"singular",
"subjunctive",
"subjunctive-i"
]
},
{
"form": "duzet",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"plural",
"second-person",
"subjunctive",
"subjunctive-i"
]
},
{
"form": "duzt",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"indicative",
"present",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "duzen",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"indicative",
"plural",
"present",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "duze",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"singular",
"subjunctive",
"subjunctive-i",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "duzen",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"plural",
"subjunctive",
"subjunctive-i",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "duzte",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"indicative",
"preterite",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "duzten",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"indicative",
"plural",
"preterite"
]
},
{
"form": "duzte",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"formal",
"rare",
"singular",
"subjunctive",
"subjunctive-ii"
]
},
{
"form": "duzten",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"formal",
"plural",
"rare",
"subjunctive",
"subjunctive-ii"
]
},
{
"form": "duztest",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"indicative",
"preterite",
"second-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "duztet",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"indicative",
"plural",
"preterite",
"second-person"
]
},
{
"form": "duztest",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"formal",
"rare",
"second-person",
"singular",
"subjunctive",
"subjunctive-ii"
]
},
{
"form": "duztet",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"formal",
"plural",
"rare",
"second-person",
"subjunctive",
"subjunctive-ii"
]
},
{
"form": "duzte",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"indicative",
"preterite",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "duzten",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"indicative",
"plural",
"preterite",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "duzte",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"formal",
"rare",
"singular",
"subjunctive",
"subjunctive-ii",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "duzten",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"formal",
"plural",
"rare",
"subjunctive",
"subjunctive-ii",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "duz",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"imperative",
"second-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "duze",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"imperative",
"second-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "duzt",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"imperative",
"plural",
"second-person"
]
},
{
"form": "weak",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "de-conj",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "haben",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"auxiliary"
]
},
{
"form": "habe geduzt",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"indicative",
"multiword-construction",
"perfect",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "haben geduzt",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"indicative",
"multiword-construction",
"perfect",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "habe geduzt",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"multiword-construction",
"perfect",
"singular",
"subjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "haben geduzt",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"multiword-construction",
"perfect",
"plural",
"subjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "hast geduzt",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"indicative",
"multiword-construction",
"perfect",
"second-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "habt geduzt",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"indicative",
"multiword-construction",
"perfect",
"plural",
"second-person"
]
},
{
"form": "habest geduzt",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"multiword-construction",
"perfect",
"second-person",
"singular",
"subjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "habet geduzt",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"multiword-construction",
"perfect",
"plural",
"second-person",
"subjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "hat geduzt",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"indicative",
"multiword-construction",
"perfect",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "haben geduzt",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"indicative",
"multiword-construction",
"perfect",
"plural",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "habe geduzt",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"multiword-construction",
"perfect",
"singular",
"subjunctive",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "haben geduzt",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"multiword-construction",
"perfect",
"plural",
"subjunctive",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "hatte geduzt",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"indicative",
"multiword-construction",
"pluperfect",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "hatten geduzt",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"indicative",
"multiword-construction",
"pluperfect",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "hätte geduzt",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"multiword-construction",
"pluperfect",
"singular",
"subjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "hätten geduzt",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"multiword-construction",
"pluperfect",
"plural",
"subjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "hattest geduzt",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"indicative",
"multiword-construction",
"pluperfect",
"second-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "hattet geduzt",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"indicative",
"multiword-construction",
"pluperfect",
"plural",
"second-person"
]
},
{
"form": "hättest geduzt",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"multiword-construction",
"pluperfect",
"second-person",
"singular",
"subjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "hättet geduzt",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"multiword-construction",
"pluperfect",
"plural",
"second-person",
"subjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "hatte geduzt",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"indicative",
"multiword-construction",
"pluperfect",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "hatten geduzt",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"indicative",
"multiword-construction",
"pluperfect",
"plural",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "hätte geduzt",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"multiword-construction",
"pluperfect",
"singular",
"subjunctive",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "hätten geduzt",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"multiword-construction",
"pluperfect",
"plural",
"subjunctive",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "duzen werden",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"future",
"future-i",
"infinitive",
"multiword-construction"
]
},
{
"form": "werde duzen",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"future",
"future-i",
"multiword-construction",
"singular",
"subjunctive",
"subjunctive-i"
]
},
{
"form": "werden duzen",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"future",
"future-i",
"multiword-construction",
"plural",
"subjunctive",
"subjunctive-i"
]
},
{
"form": "werdest duzen",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"future",
"future-i",
"multiword-construction",
"second-person",
"singular",
"subjunctive",
"subjunctive-i"
]
},
{
"form": "werdet duzen",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"future",
"future-i",
"multiword-construction",
"plural",
"second-person",
"subjunctive",
"subjunctive-i"
]
},
{
"form": "werde duzen",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"future",
"future-i",
"multiword-construction",
"singular",
"subjunctive",
"subjunctive-i",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "werden duzen",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"future",
"future-i",
"multiword-construction",
"plural",
"subjunctive",
"subjunctive-i",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "werde duzen",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"future",
"future-i",
"indicative",
"multiword-construction",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "werden duzen",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"future",
"future-i",
"indicative",
"multiword-construction",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "würde duzen",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"future",
"future-i",
"multiword-construction",
"singular",
"subjunctive",
"subjunctive-ii"
]
},
{
"form": "würden duzen",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"future",
"future-i",
"multiword-construction",
"plural",
"subjunctive",
"subjunctive-ii"
]
},
{
"form": "wirst duzen",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"future",
"future-i",
"indicative",
"multiword-construction",
"second-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "werdet duzen",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"future",
"future-i",
"indicative",
"multiword-construction",
"plural",
"second-person"
]
},
{
"form": "würdest duzen",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"future",
"future-i",
"multiword-construction",
"second-person",
"singular",
"subjunctive",
"subjunctive-ii"
]
},
{
"form": "würdet duzen",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"future",
"future-i",
"multiword-construction",
"plural",
"second-person",
"subjunctive",
"subjunctive-ii"
]
},
{
"form": "wird duzen",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"future",
"future-i",
"indicative",
"multiword-construction",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "werden duzen",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"future",
"future-i",
"indicative",
"multiword-construction",
"plural",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "würde duzen",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"future",
"future-i",
"multiword-construction",
"singular",
"subjunctive",
"subjunctive-ii",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "würden duzen",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"future",
"future-i",
"multiword-construction",
"plural",
"subjunctive",
"subjunctive-ii",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "geduzt haben werden",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"future",
"future-ii",
"infinitive",
"multiword-construction"
]
},
{
"form": "werde geduzt haben",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"future",
"future-ii",
"multiword-construction",
"singular",
"subjunctive",
"subjunctive-i"
]
},
{
"form": "werden geduzt haben",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"future",
"future-ii",
"multiword-construction",
"plural",
"subjunctive",
"subjunctive-i"
]
},
{
"form": "werdest geduzt haben",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"future",
"future-ii",
"multiword-construction",
"second-person",
"singular",
"subjunctive",
"subjunctive-i"
]
},
{
"form": "werdet geduzt haben",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"future",
"future-ii",
"multiword-construction",
"plural",
"second-person",
"subjunctive",
"subjunctive-i"
]
},
{
"form": "werde geduzt haben",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"future",
"future-ii",
"multiword-construction",
"singular",
"subjunctive",
"subjunctive-i",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "werden geduzt haben",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"future",
"future-ii",
"multiword-construction",
"plural",
"subjunctive",
"subjunctive-i",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "werde geduzt haben",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"future",
"future-ii",
"indicative",
"multiword-construction",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "werden geduzt haben",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"future",
"future-ii",
"indicative",
"multiword-construction",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "würde geduzt haben",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"future",
"future-ii",
"multiword-construction",
"singular",
"subjunctive",
"subjunctive-ii"
]
},
{
"form": "würden geduzt haben",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"future",
"future-ii",
"multiword-construction",
"plural",
"subjunctive",
"subjunctive-ii"
]
},
{
"form": "wirst geduzt haben",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"future",
"future-ii",
"indicative",
"multiword-construction",
"second-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "werdet geduzt haben",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"future",
"future-ii",
"indicative",
"multiword-construction",
"plural",
"second-person"
]
},
{
"form": "würdest geduzt haben",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"future",
"future-ii",
"multiword-construction",
"second-person",
"singular",
"subjunctive",
"subjunctive-ii"
]
},
{
"form": "würdet geduzt haben",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"future",
"future-ii",
"multiword-construction",
"plural",
"second-person",
"subjunctive",
"subjunctive-ii"
]
},
{
"form": "wird geduzt haben",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"future",
"future-ii",
"indicative",
"multiword-construction",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "werden geduzt haben",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"future",
"future-ii",
"indicative",
"multiword-construction",
"plural",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "würde geduzt haben",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"future",
"future-ii",
"multiword-construction",
"singular",
"subjunctive",
"subjunctive-ii",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "würden geduzt haben",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"future",
"future-ii",
"multiword-construction",
"plural",
"subjunctive",
"subjunctive-ii",
"third-person"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "duzen (weak, third-person singular present duzt, past tense duzte, past participle geduzt, auxiliary haben)",
"name": "de-verb"
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"name": "de-conj"
}
],
"lang": "German",
"lang_code": "de",
"pos": "verb",
"related": [
{
"word": "du"
},
{
"word": "Du"
},
{
"word": "ich"
},
{
"word": "du-e2"
},
{
"word": "er"
},
{
"word": "sie-se2"
},
{
"word": "es"
},
{
"word": "wir"
},
{
"word": "ihr"
},
{
"word": "SieIhr3"
},
{
"word": "meinermein3"
},
{
"word": "deinerdein3"
},
{
"word": "seinersein3"
},
{
"word": "ihrer"
},
{
"word": "unser"
},
{
"word": "euer"
},
{
"word": "IhrerEuer3"
},
{
"word": "mir"
},
{
"word": "dir"
},
{
"word": "ihm"
},
{
"word": "uns"
},
{
"word": "euch"
},
{
"word": "ihnen"
},
{
"word": "IhnenEuch3"
},
{
"word": "mich"
},
{
"word": "dich"
},
{
"word": "ihn"
},
{
"word": "SieEuch3"
}
],
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"German terms with quotations"
],
"examples": [
{
"english": "The fact that Dutch people often come across as relaxed and informal to German people also has to do with the fact that Dutchmen are very quick to use the informal form of address, especially at unexpected moments. Unlike in Germany, however, the Dutch informal you does not imply any particular familiarity; it's more comparable to the English you. In business dealings, it is customary to start addressing each other with the informal you without any prior notice, in the middle of a conversation. (...) Being on first-name terms does not signal that people have become closer in any way, that they find the other person likeable, or that they'll negotiate any less toughly. Especially between Germans and Dutch there often arise misunderstandings in this respect. If, for example, a manager allows himself to be addressed using the informal you, Germans tend to interpret this as a sign of a particularly good work environment, whereas the informal you is simply a conventional way of addressing people.",
"ref": "2017, Ute Schürings, Benelux. Porträt einer Region [Benelux. Portrait of a region], Berlin: Landeszentralen für politische Bildung/Christoph Links Verlag, pages 61-62:",
"text": "Das Niederländer auf Deutsche oft locker und informell wirken, hat auch damit zu tun, das man sich sehr rasch und vor allem unvermittelt duzt. Anders als in Deutschland bedeutet das niederländische Du allerdings keine besondere Nähe, es ist eher mit dem englischen you zu vergleichen. Im Geschäftskontakt ist es üblich, sich ohne Vorankündigung zu duzen, mitten im Gespräch. (...) Duzen signalisiert nicht, dass man sich in irgendeiner Weise näher gekommen ist, den anderen sympathisch findet oder weniger hart verhandelt. Da gibt es gerade zwischen Deutschen und Niederländern oft Missverständnisse. Wenn etwa ein Vorgesetzter sich duzen lässt, denken Deutsche oft, hier herrsche eine besonders gute Arbeitsatmosphäre – dabei ist das Du einfach eine Anredekonvention.",
"type": "quote"
}
],
"glosses": [
"to address informally using the pronoun du, to thou"
],
"links": [
[
"du",
"du#German"
],
[
"thou",
"thou"
]
],
"tags": [
"weak"
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"to be on first-name terms"
],
"links": [
[
"on first-name terms",
"on first-name terms"
]
],
"tags": [
"weak"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ˈduːtsn̩/"
},
{
"ipa": "/ˈduːtsən/"
},
{
"audio": "De-duzen.ogg",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/7/72/De-duzen.ogg/De-duzen.ogg.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/72/De-duzen.ogg"
}
],
"word": "duzen"
}
Download raw JSONL data for duzen meaning in German (17.9kB)
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable German dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2024-12-08 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2024-12-04 using wiktextract (bb46d54 and 0c3c9f6). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.