See tough on Wiktionary
{
"derived": [
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "do it tough"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "hang tough"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "semitough"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "supertough"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "tough act to follow"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "tough as nails"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "tough as old boots"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "tough as teak"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "tough bananas"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "tough break"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "tough-cake"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "tough call"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "tough case"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "tough cookie"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "tough cookies"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "tough crowd"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "toughen"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "tough going"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "tough-guy"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "tough guy"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "tough-guyness"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "toughie"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "toughish"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "tough love"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "tough-love"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "tough luck"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "toughly"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "tough-minded"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "toughness"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "tough nut"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "tough nut to crack"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "tough on crime"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "tough pill to swallow"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "tough-pitch"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "tough road to hoe"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "tough row to hoe"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "tough sell"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "tough shit"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "tough-skinned"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "tough sledding"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "tough tacos"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "tough tarts"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "tough times"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "tough titties"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "tough titty"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "tough titty said the kitty"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "tough toodles"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "tough tooshie"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "tough tuchus"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "tough tushie"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "toughy"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "ultratough"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "when the going gets tough, the tough get going"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*denḱ-"
},
"expansion": "",
"name": "root"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "enm",
"3": "tough"
},
"expansion": "Middle English tough",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "ang",
"3": "tōh",
"t": "tough, tenacious, holding fast together; pliant; sticky, glutinous, clammy"
},
"expansion": "Old English tōh (“tough, tenacious, holding fast together; pliant; sticky, glutinous, clammy”)",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "gmw-pro",
"3": "*tą̄h(ī)"
},
"expansion": "Proto-West Germanic *tą̄h(ī)",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "gem-pro",
"3": "*tanhuz",
"t": "fitting; clinging; tenacious; tough"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic *tanhuz (“fitting; clinging; tenacious; tough”)",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*denḱ-",
"4": "",
"5": "to bite"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *denḱ- (“to bite”)",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "sco",
"2": "teuch",
"3": "",
"4": "tough"
},
"expansion": "Scots teuch (“tough”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "nl",
"2": "taai",
"3": "",
"4": "tough"
},
"expansion": "Dutch taai (“tough”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "nds",
"2": "tage"
},
"expansion": "Low German tage",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "de",
"2": "zäh",
"3": "",
"4": "tough"
},
"expansion": "German zäh (“tough”)",
"name": "cog"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Middle English tough, towgh, tou, toȝ, from Old English tōh (“tough, tenacious, holding fast together; pliant; sticky, glutinous, clammy”), from Proto-West Germanic *tą̄h(ī), from Proto-Germanic *tanhuz (“fitting; clinging; tenacious; tough”), from Proto-Indo-European *denḱ- (“to bite”).\nCognates\nCognate with Scots teuch (“tough”), tūch (“tough”), Dutch taai (“tough”), Low German tage, taag, taë, taa (“tough”), German zäh (“tough”), dialectal German zach (“tough; boring”).",
"forms": [
{
"form": "tougher",
"tags": [
"comparative"
]
},
{
"form": "toughest",
"tags": [
"superlative"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "er"
},
"expansion": "tough (comparative tougher, superlative toughest)",
"name": "en-adj"
}
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "adj",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [],
"examples": [
{
"text": "The tent, made of tough canvas, held up to many abuses.",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Strong and resilient; sturdy."
],
"id": "en-tough-en-adj-jgHUjYSn",
"links": [
[
"Strong",
"strong"
],
[
"resilient",
"resilient"
],
[
"sturdy",
"sturdy"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(of a material) Strong and resilient; sturdy."
],
"raw_tags": [
"of a material"
]
},
{
"categories": [],
"examples": [
{
"text": "To soften a tough cut of meat, the recipe suggested simmering it for hours.",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Difficult to cut or chew."
],
"id": "en-tough-en-adj-5Ia-JF3D",
"links": [
[
"Difficult",
"difficult"
],
[
"cut",
"cut"
],
[
"chew",
"chew"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(of food) Difficult to cut or chew."
],
"raw_tags": [
"of food"
],
"translations": [
{
"_dis1": "1 60 2 2 3 1 27 2 3",
"code": "bg",
"lang": "Bulgarian",
"roman": "žilav",
"sense": "difficult to chew",
"word": "жилав"
},
{
"_dis1": "1 60 2 2 3 1 27 2 3",
"code": "bg",
"lang": "Bulgarian",
"roman": "korav",
"sense": "difficult to chew",
"word": "корав"
},
{
"_dis1": "1 60 2 2 3 1 27 2 3",
"code": "nl",
"lang": "Dutch",
"sense": "difficult to chew",
"word": "taai"
},
{
"_dis1": "1 60 2 2 3 1 27 2 3",
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "difficult to chew",
"word": "sitkeä"
},
{
"_dis1": "1 60 2 2 3 1 27 2 3",
"code": "gl",
"lang": "Galician",
"sense": "difficult to chew",
"word": "duro"
},
{
"_dis1": "1 60 2 2 3 1 27 2 3",
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "difficult to chew",
"word": "zäh"
},
{
"_dis1": "1 60 2 2 3 1 27 2 3",
"code": "el",
"lang": "Greek",
"roman": "sklirós",
"sense": "difficult to chew",
"word": "σκληρός"
},
{
"_dis1": "1 60 2 2 3 1 27 2 3",
"code": "hu",
"lang": "Hungarian",
"sense": "difficult to chew",
"word": "rágós"
},
{
"_dis1": "1 60 2 2 3 1 27 2 3",
"code": "ga",
"lang": "Irish",
"sense": "difficult to chew",
"word": "righin"
},
{
"_dis1": "1 60 2 2 3 1 27 2 3",
"code": "it",
"lang": "Italian",
"sense": "difficult to chew",
"word": "duro"
},
{
"_dis1": "1 60 2 2 3 1 27 2 3",
"code": "it",
"lang": "Italian",
"sense": "difficult to chew",
"word": "coriaceo"
},
{
"_dis1": "1 60 2 2 3 1 27 2 3",
"code": "km",
"lang": "Khmer",
"roman": "rɨng",
"sense": "difficult to chew",
"word": "រឹង"
},
{
"_dis1": "1 60 2 2 3 1 27 2 3",
"code": "km",
"lang": "Khmer",
"roman": "svət",
"sense": "difficult to chew",
"word": "ស្វិត"
},
{
"_dis1": "1 60 2 2 3 1 27 2 3",
"code": "mi",
"lang": "Maori",
"sense": "difficult to chew",
"word": "kākatikati"
},
{
"_dis1": "1 60 2 2 3 1 27 2 3",
"code": "mi",
"lang": "Maori",
"sense": "difficult to chew",
"word": "pūioio"
},
{
"_dis1": "1 60 2 2 3 1 27 2 3",
"code": "mi",
"lang": "Maori",
"sense": "difficult to chew",
"word": "kākoa"
},
{
"_dis1": "1 60 2 2 3 1 27 2 3",
"code": "ps",
"lang": "Pashto",
"roman": "klak",
"sense": "difficult to chew",
"word": "کلک"
},
{
"_dis1": "1 60 2 2 3 1 27 2 3",
"code": "fa",
"lang": "Persian",
"roman": "seft",
"sense": "difficult to chew",
"word": "سفت"
},
{
"_dis1": "1 60 2 2 3 1 27 2 3",
"code": "fa",
"lang": "Persian",
"roman": "čeğer",
"sense": "difficult to chew",
"word": "چغر"
},
{
"_dis1": "1 60 2 2 3 1 27 2 3",
"code": "pdt",
"lang": "Plautdietsch",
"sense": "difficult to chew",
"word": "toag"
},
{
"_dis1": "1 60 2 2 3 1 27 2 3",
"code": "pl",
"lang": "Polish",
"sense": "difficult to chew",
"word": "twardy"
},
{
"_dis1": "1 60 2 2 3 1 27 2 3",
"code": "pt",
"lang": "Portuguese",
"sense": "difficult to chew",
"word": "duro"
},
{
"_dis1": "1 60 2 2 3 1 27 2 3",
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "žóstkij",
"sense": "difficult to chew",
"word": "жёсткий"
},
{
"_dis1": "1 60 2 2 3 1 27 2 3",
"code": "gd",
"lang": "Scottish Gaelic",
"sense": "difficult to chew",
"word": "righinn"
},
{
"_dis1": "1 60 2 2 3 1 27 2 3",
"code": "sv",
"lang": "Swedish",
"sense": "difficult to chew",
"word": "seg"
},
{
"_dis1": "1 60 2 2 3 1 27 2 3",
"code": "tr",
"lang": "Turkish",
"sense": "difficult to chew",
"word": "sert"
},
{
"_dis1": "1 60 2 2 3 1 27 2 3",
"code": "vi",
"lang": "Vietnamese",
"sense": "difficult to chew",
"word": "khó nhai"
},
{
"_dis1": "1 60 2 2 3 1 27 2 3",
"code": "vi",
"lang": "Vietnamese",
"sense": "difficult to chew",
"word": "dai"
}
]
},
{
"categories": [],
"examples": [
{
"text": "Only a tough species will survive in the desert.",
"type": "example"
},
{
"ref": "2010, Brian Lovett, Hunting Tough Turkeys, Stackpole Books, page 3:",
"text": "But before you quit turkey hunting and take up model-train collecting, let me give you the good news: you can score on tough turkeys. In fact, you can kill the toughest turkey in the woods.",
"type": "quote"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Rugged or physically hardy."
],
"id": "en-tough-en-adj-hcSJxMQH",
"links": [
[
"Rugged",
"rugged"
],
[
"physically",
"physically"
],
[
"hardy",
"hardy"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(of a person or animal) Rugged or physically hardy."
],
"raw_tags": [
"of a person or animal"
],
"translations": [
{
"_dis1": "7 1 79 3 2 2 1 2 4",
"code": "eu",
"lang": "Basque",
"sense": "rugged or physically hardy",
"word": "gogor"
},
{
"_dis1": "7 1 79 3 2 2 1 2 4",
"code": "bg",
"lang": "Bulgarian",
"roman": "ustojčiv",
"sense": "rugged or physically hardy",
"word": "устойчив"
},
{
"_dis1": "7 1 79 3 2 2 1 2 4",
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "rugged or physically hardy",
"word": "sitkeä"
},
{
"_dis1": "7 1 79 3 2 2 1 2 4",
"code": "fur",
"lang": "Friulian",
"sense": "rugged or physically hardy",
"word": "dûr"
},
{
"_dis1": "7 1 79 3 2 2 1 2 4",
"code": "ka",
"lang": "Georgian",
"roman": "gamʒle",
"sense": "rugged or physically hardy",
"word": "გამძლე"
},
{
"_dis1": "7 1 79 3 2 2 1 2 4",
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "rugged or physically hardy",
"word": "widerstandsfähig"
},
{
"_dis1": "7 1 79 3 2 2 1 2 4",
"code": "el",
"lang": "Greek",
"roman": "sklirós",
"sense": "rugged or physically hardy",
"word": "σκληρός"
},
{
"_dis1": "7 1 79 3 2 2 1 2 4",
"code": "el",
"lang": "Greek",
"roman": "trachýs",
"sense": "rugged or physically hardy",
"word": "τραχύς"
},
{
"_dis1": "7 1 79 3 2 2 1 2 4",
"code": "hi",
"lang": "Hindi",
"roman": "saxt",
"sense": "rugged or physically hardy",
"word": "सख़्त"
},
{
"_dis1": "7 1 79 3 2 2 1 2 4",
"code": "hi",
"lang": "Hindi",
"roman": "sakht",
"sense": "rugged or physically hardy",
"word": "सख्त"
},
{
"_dis1": "7 1 79 3 2 2 1 2 4",
"code": "it",
"lang": "Italian",
"sense": "rugged or physically hardy",
"word": "duro"
},
{
"_dis1": "7 1 79 3 2 2 1 2 4",
"code": "it",
"lang": "Italian",
"sense": "rugged or physically hardy",
"word": "resistente"
},
{
"_dis1": "7 1 79 3 2 2 1 2 4",
"code": "km",
"lang": "Khmer",
"roman": "mŏəm",
"sense": "rugged or physically hardy",
"word": "មាំ"
},
{
"_dis1": "7 1 79 3 2 2 1 2 4",
"code": "mi",
"lang": "Maori",
"sense": "rugged or physically hardy",
"word": "pūioio"
},
{
"_dis1": "7 1 79 3 2 2 1 2 4",
"code": "ps",
"lang": "Pashto",
"roman": "klak",
"sense": "rugged or physically hardy",
"word": "کلک"
},
{
"_dis1": "7 1 79 3 2 2 1 2 4",
"code": "ps",
"lang": "Pashto",
"roman": "saxt",
"sense": "rugged or physically hardy",
"word": "سخت"
},
{
"_dis1": "7 1 79 3 2 2 1 2 4",
"code": "pdt",
"lang": "Plautdietsch",
"sense": "rugged or physically hardy",
"word": "toag"
},
{
"_dis1": "7 1 79 3 2 2 1 2 4",
"code": "pl",
"lang": "Polish",
"sense": "rugged or physically hardy",
"word": "wytrzymały"
},
{
"_dis1": "7 1 79 3 2 2 1 2 4",
"code": "pl",
"lang": "Polish",
"sense": "rugged or physically hardy",
"word": "odporny"
},
{
"_dis1": "7 1 79 3 2 2 1 2 4",
"code": "pt",
"lang": "Portuguese",
"sense": "rugged or physically hardy",
"word": "resistente"
},
{
"_dis1": "7 1 79 3 2 2 1 2 4",
"code": "gd",
"lang": "Scottish Gaelic",
"sense": "rugged or physically hardy",
"word": "fulangach"
},
{
"_dis1": "7 1 79 3 2 2 1 2 4",
"code": "gd",
"lang": "Scottish Gaelic",
"sense": "rugged or physically hardy",
"word": "tapaidh"
},
{
"_dis1": "7 1 79 3 2 2 1 2 4",
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "rugged or physically hardy",
"word": "resistente"
},
{
"_dis1": "7 1 79 3 2 2 1 2 4",
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "rugged or physically hardy",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "rudo"
},
{
"_dis1": "7 1 79 3 2 2 1 2 4",
"code": "sv",
"lang": "Swedish",
"sense": "rugged or physically hardy",
"word": "tålig"
},
{
"_dis1": "7 1 79 3 2 2 1 2 4",
"code": "vi",
"lang": "Vietnamese",
"sense": "rugged or physically hardy",
"word": "dẻo dai"
},
{
"_dis1": "7 1 79 3 2 2 1 2 4",
"code": "vi",
"lang": "Vietnamese",
"sense": "rugged or physically hardy",
"word": "mạnh mẽ"
}
]
},
{
"categories": [],
"examples": [
{
"text": "He had a reputation as a tough negotiator.",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Stubborn or persistent; capable of stubbornness or persistence."
],
"id": "en-tough-en-adj-KlIxUQQ-",
"links": [
[
"Stubborn",
"stubborn"
],
[
"persistent",
"persistent"
],
[
"capable",
"capable"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(of a person) Stubborn or persistent; capable of stubbornness or persistence."
],
"raw_tags": [
"of a person"
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"Harsh or severe."
],
"id": "en-tough-en-adj-LNBg1H~o",
"links": [
[
"Harsh",
"harsh"
],
[
"severe",
"severe"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(of weather, etc.) Harsh or severe."
],
"raw_tags": [
"of weather"
],
"tags": [
"usually"
],
"translations": [
{
"_dis1": "1 2 2 1 81 2 3 1 7",
"code": "bg",
"lang": "Bulgarian",
"roman": "truden",
"sense": "harsh or severe",
"word": "труден"
},
{
"_dis1": "1 2 2 1 81 2 3 1 7",
"code": "cmn",
"lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
"sense": "harsh or severe",
"word": "艱苦"
},
{
"_dis1": "1 2 2 1 81 2 3 1 7",
"code": "cmn",
"lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
"roman": "jiānkǔ",
"sense": "harsh or severe",
"word": "艰苦"
},
{
"_dis1": "1 2 2 1 81 2 3 1 7",
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "harsh or severe",
"word": "ankara"
},
{
"_dis1": "1 2 2 1 81 2 3 1 7",
"code": "gl",
"lang": "Galician",
"sense": "harsh or severe",
"word": "duro"
},
{
"_dis1": "1 2 2 1 81 2 3 1 7",
"code": "ka",
"lang": "Georgian",
"roman": "mḳacri",
"sense": "harsh or severe",
"word": "მკაცრი"
},
{
"_dis1": "1 2 2 1 81 2 3 1 7",
"alt": "つらい",
"code": "ja",
"lang": "Japanese",
"roman": "tsurai",
"sense": "harsh or severe",
"word": "辛い"
},
{
"_dis1": "1 2 2 1 81 2 3 1 7",
"code": "ja",
"lang": "Japanese",
"roman": "taihen",
"sense": "harsh or severe",
"word": "たいへん"
},
{
"_dis1": "1 2 2 1 81 2 3 1 7",
"code": "ja",
"lang": "Japanese",
"roman": "kitsui",
"sense": "harsh or severe",
"word": "きつい"
},
{
"_dis1": "1 2 2 1 81 2 3 1 7",
"code": "km",
"lang": "Khmer",
"roman": "prət",
"sense": "harsh or severe",
"word": "ប្រិត"
},
{
"_dis1": "1 2 2 1 81 2 3 1 7",
"code": "mi",
"lang": "Maori",
"sense": "harsh or severe",
"word": "taikaha"
},
{
"_dis1": "1 2 2 1 81 2 3 1 7",
"code": "pt",
"lang": "Portuguese",
"sense": "harsh or severe",
"word": "severo"
},
{
"_dis1": "1 2 2 1 81 2 3 1 7",
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "tjažólyj",
"sense": "harsh or severe",
"word": "тяжёлый"
},
{
"_dis1": "1 2 2 1 81 2 3 1 7",
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "trúdnyj",
"sense": "harsh or severe",
"word": "тру́дный"
},
{
"_dis1": "1 2 2 1 81 2 3 1 7",
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "tjážkij",
"sense": "harsh or severe",
"word": "тя́жкий"
},
{
"_dis1": "1 2 2 1 81 2 3 1 7",
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "harsh or severe",
"word": "severo"
},
{
"_dis1": "1 2 2 1 81 2 3 1 7",
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "harsh or severe",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "rudo"
},
{
"_dis1": "1 2 2 1 81 2 3 1 7",
"code": "sv",
"lang": "Swedish",
"sense": "harsh or severe",
"word": "svår"
},
{
"_dis1": "1 2 2 1 81 2 3 1 7",
"code": "vi",
"lang": "Vietnamese",
"sense": "harsh or severe",
"word": "khắc nghiệt"
}
]
},
{
"categories": [],
"examples": [
{
"text": "A bunch of the tough boys from the wrong side of the tracks threatened him.",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Rowdy or rough."
],
"id": "en-tough-en-adj-MFdHzKOK",
"links": [
[
"Rowdy",
"rowdy"
],
[
"rough",
"rough"
]
],
"translations": [
{
"_dis1": "1 1 3 1 2 89 1 1 2",
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "rowdy or rough",
"word": "kova"
},
{
"_dis1": "1 1 3 1 2 89 1 1 2",
"code": "ka",
"lang": "Georgian",
"roman": "uxeši",
"sense": "rowdy or rough",
"word": "უხეში"
},
{
"_dis1": "1 1 3 1 2 89 1 1 2",
"code": "ka",
"lang": "Georgian",
"roman": "xuligani",
"sense": "rowdy or rough",
"word": "ხულიგანი"
},
{
"_dis1": "1 1 3 1 2 89 1 1 2",
"code": "el",
"lang": "Greek",
"roman": "sklirós",
"sense": "rowdy or rough",
"word": "σκληρός"
},
{
"_dis1": "1 1 3 1 2 89 1 1 2",
"code": "km",
"lang": "Khmer",
"roman": "kɑmnaac",
"sense": "rowdy or rough",
"word": "កំណាច"
},
{
"_dis1": "1 1 3 1 2 89 1 1 2",
"code": "pt",
"lang": "Portuguese",
"sense": "rowdy or rough",
"word": "durão"
},
{
"_dis1": "1 1 3 1 2 89 1 1 2",
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "rowdy or rough",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "rudo"
},
{
"_dis1": "1 1 3 1 2 89 1 1 2",
"code": "sv",
"lang": "Swedish",
"sense": "rowdy or rough",
"word": "tuff"
},
{
"_dis1": "1 1 3 1 2 89 1 1 2",
"code": "vi",
"lang": "Vietnamese",
"sense": "rowdy or rough",
"word": "du côn"
}
]
},
{
"categories": [],
"examples": [
{
"text": "This is a tough crowd.",
"type": "example"
},
{
"text": "1998, Lois Liederman Davitz, Joel Robert Davitz, 20 Tough Questions Teenagers Ask and 20 Tough Answers, Paulist Press, pages 6-7,\nBut let's get back to the tough question about sex before marriage. And this is a tough question. In fact we would rank the question you've both raised as pretty high on our list of tough questions."
},
{
"ref": "2012, BioWare, Mass Effect 3 (Science Fiction), Redwood City: Electronic Arts, →OCLC, PC, scene: Earth:",
"text": "Anderson: We fought hard to get here. But now the toughest part of our mission begins.\nAnderson: We've got to drive right through the heart of Reaper-controlled territory, break past their defenses, and get to that beacon.",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"text": "2010, Rushworth M. Kidder, Good Kids, Tough Choices, Wiley (Jossey-Bass), page 96,\nWhat Lara faced, in fact, falls right into the pool of light beneath our second lens: making tough choices."
}
],
"glosses": [
"Difficult or demanding."
],
"id": "en-tough-en-adj-WvmR0SzY",
"links": [
[
"Difficult",
"difficult"
],
[
"demanding",
"demanding"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(of questions, etc.) Difficult or demanding."
],
"raw_tags": [
"of questions"
],
"tags": [
"usually"
],
"translations": [
{
"_dis1": "1 15 1 1 2 1 75 1 3",
"code": "bg",
"lang": "Bulgarian",
"roman": "truden",
"sense": "difficult or demanding",
"word": "труден"
},
{
"_dis1": "1 15 1 1 2 1 75 1 3",
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "difficult or demanding",
"word": "hankala"
},
{
"_dis1": "1 15 1 1 2 1 75 1 3",
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "difficult or demanding",
"word": "vaativa"
},
{
"_dis1": "1 15 1 1 2 1 75 1 3",
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "difficult or demanding",
"word": "dur"
},
{
"_dis1": "1 15 1 1 2 1 75 1 3",
"code": "gl",
"lang": "Galician",
"sense": "difficult or demanding",
"word": "difícil"
},
{
"_dis1": "1 15 1 1 2 1 75 1 3",
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "difficult or demanding",
"word": "knifflig"
},
{
"_dis1": "1 15 1 1 2 1 75 1 3",
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "difficult or demanding",
"word": "schwierig"
},
{
"_dis1": "1 15 1 1 2 1 75 1 3",
"code": "km",
"lang": "Khmer",
"roman": "pibaak",
"sense": "difficult or demanding",
"word": "ពិបាក"
},
{
"_dis1": "1 15 1 1 2 1 75 1 3",
"code": "ps",
"lang": "Pashto",
"roman": "grân",
"sense": "difficult or demanding",
"word": "ګران"
},
{
"_dis1": "1 15 1 1 2 1 75 1 3",
"code": "pt",
"lang": "Portuguese",
"sense": "difficult or demanding",
"word": "difícil"
},
{
"_dis1": "1 15 1 1 2 1 75 1 3",
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "difficult or demanding",
"word": "de mano dura"
},
{
"_dis1": "1 15 1 1 2 1 75 1 3",
"code": "sv",
"lang": "Swedish",
"sense": "difficult or demanding",
"word": "tuff"
},
{
"_dis1": "1 15 1 1 2 1 75 1 3",
"code": "sv",
"lang": "Swedish",
"sense": "difficult or demanding",
"word": "svår"
},
{
"_dis1": "1 15 1 1 2 1 75 1 3",
"code": "vi",
"lang": "Vietnamese",
"sense": "difficult or demanding",
"word": "khó"
},
{
"_dis1": "1 15 1 1 2 1 75 1 3",
"code": "vi",
"lang": "Vietnamese",
"sense": "difficult or demanding",
"word": "ngoan cố"
}
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "2 2 5 4 17 1 2 43 5 3 15 2 1",
"kind": "other",
"name": "English entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "1 4 4 1 15 1 4 37 1 9 12 5 5",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Entries with translation boxes",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
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{
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"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "3 5 5 3 13 3 4 36 4 9 9 3 3",
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"name": "Terms with German translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
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},
{
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"source": "w+disamb"
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"_dis": "5 3 8 9 8 4 2 23 10 6 18 2 2",
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"_dis": "1 4 4 1 14 1 3 44 1 7 11 4 4",
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"name": "Terms with Russian translations",
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"_dis": "7 4 4 4 13 6 3 30 7 9 9 2 2",
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},
{
"_dis": "1 4 3 1 15 1 4 43 1 8 11 5 5",
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"_dis": "7 4 4 4 13 6 3 31 6 8 9 2 2",
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{
"_dis": "6 3 3 3 11 5 3 27 6 7 21 2 2",
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}
],
"glosses": [
"Undergoing plastic deformation before breaking."
],
"id": "en-tough-en-adj-4qxNUPIi",
"raw_glosses": [
"(material science) Undergoing plastic deformation before breaking."
],
"tags": [
"material"
],
"topics": [
"science",
"sciences"
],
"translations": [
{
"_dis1": "2 1 2 1 7 1 1 83 2",
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "material science: undergoing plastic deformation before breaking",
"word": "sitkeä"
},
{
"_dis1": "2 1 2 1 7 1 1 83 2",
"code": "ka",
"lang": "Georgian",
"roman": "mṭḳice",
"sense": "material science: undergoing plastic deformation before breaking",
"word": "მტკიცე"
},
{
"_dis1": "2 1 2 1 7 1 1 83 2",
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "material science: undergoing plastic deformation before breaking",
"word": "zäh"
},
{
"_dis1": "2 1 2 1 7 1 1 83 2",
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "próčnyj",
"sense": "material science: undergoing plastic deformation before breaking",
"word": "про́чный"
},
{
"_dis1": "2 1 2 1 7 1 1 83 2",
"code": "sv",
"lang": "Swedish",
"sense": "material science: undergoing plastic deformation before breaking",
"word": "seg"
},
{
"_dis1": "2 1 2 1 7 1 1 83 2",
"code": "vi",
"lang": "Vietnamese",
"sense": "material science: undergoing plastic deformation before breaking",
"word": "dẻo"
},
{
"_dis1": "2 1 2 1 7 1 1 83 2",
"code": "vi",
"lang": "Vietnamese",
"sense": "material science: undergoing plastic deformation before breaking",
"word": "bền"
}
]
},
{
"categories": [],
"examples": [
{
"text": "tough on crime",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
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],
"id": "en-tough-en-adj-ZoD4VXsl",
"links": [
[
"Strict",
"strict"
],
[
"lenient",
"lenient"
]
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"enpr": "tŭf"
},
{
"ipa": "/tʌf/"
},
{
"audio": "en-us-tough.ogg",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/e/e4/En-us-tough.ogg/En-us-tough.ogg.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e4/En-us-tough.ogg"
},
{
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},
{
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}
],
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],
"word": "tough"
}
{
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},
{
"args": {
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"2": "enm",
"3": "tough"
},
"expansion": "Middle English tough",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "ang",
"3": "tōh",
"t": "tough, tenacious, holding fast together; pliant; sticky, glutinous, clammy"
},
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"name": "inh"
},
{
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},
{
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"2": "gem-pro",
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"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*denḱ-",
"4": "",
"5": "to bite"
},
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"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "sco",
"2": "teuch",
"3": "",
"4": "tough"
},
"expansion": "Scots teuch (“tough”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
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"2": "taai",
"3": "",
"4": "tough"
},
"expansion": "Dutch taai (“tough”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
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"name": "cog"
},
{
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"2": "zäh",
"3": "",
"4": "tough"
},
"expansion": "German zäh (“tough”)",
"name": "cog"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Middle English tough, towgh, tou, toȝ, from Old English tōh (“tough, tenacious, holding fast together; pliant; sticky, glutinous, clammy”), from Proto-West Germanic *tą̄h(ī), from Proto-Germanic *tanhuz (“fitting; clinging; tenacious; tough”), from Proto-Indo-European *denḱ- (“to bite”).\nCognates\nCognate with Scots teuch (“tough”), tūch (“tough”), Dutch taai (“tough”), Low German tage, taag, taë, taa (“tough”), German zäh (“tough”), dialectal German zach (“tough; boring”).",
"head_templates": [
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"name": "en-interj"
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],
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{
"categories": [],
"examples": [
{
"text": "If you don't like it, tough!",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
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],
"id": "en-tough-en-intj-serOKfD-",
"raw_glosses": [
"(slang) Used to indicate lack of sympathy"
],
"tags": [
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],
"translations": [
{
"code": "nl",
"lang": "Dutch",
"sense": "lack of sympathy",
"word": "jammer"
},
{
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "lack of sympathy",
"word": "harmi"
},
{
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "lack of sympathy",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "Pech"
},
{
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "lack of sympathy",
"word": "Pech gehabt"
},
{
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "lack of sympathy",
"word": "ni modo"
},
{
"code": "sv",
"lang": "Swedish",
"sense": "lack of sympathy",
"word": "trist för dig"
}
]
}
],
"sounds": [
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},
{
"ipa": "/tʌf/"
},
{
"audio": "en-us-tough.ogg",
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"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e4/En-us-tough.ogg"
},
{
"rhymes": "-ʌf"
},
{
"homophone": "tuff"
}
],
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],
"word": "tough"
}
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},
{
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"t": "tough, tenacious, holding fast together; pliant; sticky, glutinous, clammy"
},
"expansion": "Old English tōh (“tough, tenacious, holding fast together; pliant; sticky, glutinous, clammy”)",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "gmw-pro",
"3": "*tą̄h(ī)"
},
"expansion": "Proto-West Germanic *tą̄h(ī)",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "gem-pro",
"3": "*tanhuz",
"t": "fitting; clinging; tenacious; tough"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic *tanhuz (“fitting; clinging; tenacious; tough”)",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*denḱ-",
"4": "",
"5": "to bite"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *denḱ- (“to bite”)",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "sco",
"2": "teuch",
"3": "",
"4": "tough"
},
"expansion": "Scots teuch (“tough”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "nl",
"2": "taai",
"3": "",
"4": "tough"
},
"expansion": "Dutch taai (“tough”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "nds",
"2": "tage"
},
"expansion": "Low German tage",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "de",
"2": "zäh",
"3": "",
"4": "tough"
},
"expansion": "German zäh (“tough”)",
"name": "cog"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Middle English tough, towgh, tou, toȝ, from Old English tōh (“tough, tenacious, holding fast together; pliant; sticky, glutinous, clammy”), from Proto-West Germanic *tą̄h(ī), from Proto-Germanic *tanhuz (“fitting; clinging; tenacious; tough”), from Proto-Indo-European *denḱ- (“to bite”).\nCognates\nCognate with Scots teuch (“tough”), tūch (“tough”), Dutch taai (“tough”), Low German tage, taag, taë, taa (“tough”), German zäh (“tough”), dialectal German zach (“tough; boring”).",
"forms": [
{
"form": "toughs",
"tags": [
"plural"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "tough (plural toughs)",
"name": "en-noun"
}
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [],
"examples": [
{
"text": "They were doing fine until they encountered a bunch of toughs from the opposition.",
"type": "example"
},
{
"ref": "2018, Sandeep Jauhar, Heart: a History, →ISBN, page 54:",
"text": "He was in his early fifties, extensively tattooed, just the sort of tough I wouldn't want to meet alone in a parking lot at night, but right then he was whimpering.",
"type": "quote"
}
],
"glosses": [
"A person who obtains things by force; a thug or bully."
],
"id": "en-tough-en-noun-Z8ZKZuoI",
"links": [
[
"thug",
"thug"
],
[
"bully",
"bully"
]
],
"translations": [
{
"code": "el",
"lang": "Greek",
"roman": "sklirós",
"sense": "one who obtains things by force",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "σκληρός"
},
{
"code": "pt",
"lang": "Portuguese",
"sense": "one who obtains things by force",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "valentão"
},
{
"code": "yi",
"lang": "Yiddish",
"roman": "shtarker",
"sense": "one who obtains things by force",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "שטאַרקער"
}
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"enpr": "tŭf"
},
{
"ipa": "/tʌf/"
},
{
"audio": "en-us-tough.ogg",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/e/e4/En-us-tough.ogg/En-us-tough.ogg.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e4/En-us-tough.ogg"
},
{
"rhymes": "-ʌf"
},
{
"homophone": "tuff"
}
],
"wikipedia": [
"tough"
],
"word": "tough"
}
{
"derived": [
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "tough out"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "tough it out"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*denḱ-"
},
"expansion": "",
"name": "root"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "enm",
"3": "tough"
},
"expansion": "Middle English tough",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "ang",
"3": "tōh",
"t": "tough, tenacious, holding fast together; pliant; sticky, glutinous, clammy"
},
"expansion": "Old English tōh (“tough, tenacious, holding fast together; pliant; sticky, glutinous, clammy”)",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "gmw-pro",
"3": "*tą̄h(ī)"
},
"expansion": "Proto-West Germanic *tą̄h(ī)",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "gem-pro",
"3": "*tanhuz",
"t": "fitting; clinging; tenacious; tough"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic *tanhuz (“fitting; clinging; tenacious; tough”)",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*denḱ-",
"4": "",
"5": "to bite"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *denḱ- (“to bite”)",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "sco",
"2": "teuch",
"3": "",
"4": "tough"
},
"expansion": "Scots teuch (“tough”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "nl",
"2": "taai",
"3": "",
"4": "tough"
},
"expansion": "Dutch taai (“tough”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "nds",
"2": "tage"
},
"expansion": "Low German tage",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "de",
"2": "zäh",
"3": "",
"4": "tough"
},
"expansion": "German zäh (“tough”)",
"name": "cog"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Middle English tough, towgh, tou, toȝ, from Old English tōh (“tough, tenacious, holding fast together; pliant; sticky, glutinous, clammy”), from Proto-West Germanic *tą̄h(ī), from Proto-Germanic *tanhuz (“fitting; clinging; tenacious; tough”), from Proto-Indo-European *denḱ- (“to bite”).\nCognates\nCognate with Scots teuch (“tough”), tūch (“tough”), Dutch taai (“tough”), Low German tage, taag, taë, taa (“tough”), German zäh (“tough”), dialectal German zach (“tough; boring”).",
"forms": [
{
"form": "toughs",
"tags": [
"present",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "toughing",
"tags": [
"participle",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "toughed",
"tags": [
"participle",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "toughed",
"tags": [
"past"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "tough (third-person singular simple present toughs, present participle toughing, simple past and past participle toughed)",
"name": "en-verb"
}
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "verb",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [],
"examples": [
{
"ref": "2009, Paul Walsh, You and I and Others, →ISBN, pages 64 - 65:",
"text": "We shall reminisce on how we toughed it through the winters as they reached the firm, long arm around to give the cold embrace, with ardor seldom loosed till warm winds Marched or Apriled in to soften winter's knuckles -- send rivulets of courage down to dandelions and tulips.",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"ref": "2011, Henry David Thoreau, Damion Searls, The Journal of Henry David Thoreau, 1837-1861, →ISBN, page 254:",
"text": "“No,” said Minott, “I've toughed it through the winter, and i want to stay and hear the bluebirds once more.",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"ref": "2012, Jerry Hopkins -, Extreme Cuisine: The Weird and Wonderful Foods That People Eat, →ISBN:",
"text": "Universal Plant Edibility Test The following sounds like a lot of work—it is!—but that's because it comes from the US Army Survival Manual as republished in 1994 as \"a civilian's best guide for toughing it, anyplace in the world...a must for campers, hikers, explorers, pilots, and others whose vocation or avocations require familiarity with the wilderness or out-of-doors...\"",
"type": "quote"
}
],
"glosses": [
"To endure."
],
"id": "en-tough-en-verb--R8EIG49",
"links": [
[
"endure",
"endure"
]
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"To toughen."
],
"id": "en-tough-en-verb-Lk3uRyqi",
"links": [
[
"toughen",
"toughen"
]
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"enpr": "tŭf"
},
{
"ipa": "/tʌf/"
},
{
"audio": "en-us-tough.ogg",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/e/e4/En-us-tough.ogg/En-us-tough.ogg.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e4/En-us-tough.ogg"
},
{
"rhymes": "-ʌf"
},
{
"homophone": "tuff"
}
],
"wikipedia": [
"tough"
],
"word": "tough"
}
{
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "de",
"2": "en",
"3": "tough"
},
"expansion": "Borrowed from English tough",
"name": "bor+"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "de",
"2": "taff"
},
"expansion": "German taff",
"name": "cog"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Borrowed from English tough; see also German taff.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "tougher",
"tags": [
"masculine",
"nominative",
"singular",
"strong"
]
},
{
"form": "tougher",
"tags": [
"comparative"
]
},
{
"form": "am toughsten",
"tags": [
"superlative"
]
},
{
"form": "am toughesten",
"tags": [
"superlative"
]
},
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "de-adecl",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "tough",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"masculine",
"predicative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "tough",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"feminine",
"predicative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "tough",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"neuter",
"predicative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "tough",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"plural",
"predicative"
]
},
{
"form": "tougher",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"masculine",
"nominative",
"singular",
"strong",
"without-article"
]
},
{
"form": "toughe",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"feminine",
"nominative",
"singular",
"strong",
"without-article"
]
},
{
"form": "toughes",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"neuter",
"nominative",
"singular",
"strong",
"without-article"
]
},
{
"form": "toughe",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"plural",
"strong",
"without-article"
]
},
{
"form": "toughen",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"masculine",
"singular",
"strong",
"without-article"
]
},
{
"form": "tougher",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"feminine",
"genitive",
"singular",
"strong",
"without-article"
]
},
{
"form": "toughen",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"neuter",
"singular",
"strong",
"without-article"
]
},
{
"form": "tougher",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"plural",
"strong",
"without-article"
]
},
{
"form": "toughem",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"masculine",
"singular",
"strong",
"without-article"
]
},
{
"form": "tougher",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"feminine",
"singular",
"strong",
"without-article"
]
},
{
"form": "toughem",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"neuter",
"singular",
"strong",
"without-article"
]
},
{
"form": "toughen",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"plural",
"strong",
"without-article"
]
},
{
"form": "toughen",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"masculine",
"singular",
"strong",
"without-article"
]
},
{
"form": "toughe",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"feminine",
"singular",
"strong",
"without-article"
]
},
{
"form": "toughes",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"neuter",
"singular",
"strong",
"without-article"
]
},
{
"form": "toughe",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"plural",
"strong",
"without-article"
]
},
{
"form": "der toughe",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"definite",
"includes-article",
"masculine",
"nominative",
"singular",
"weak"
]
},
{
"form": "die toughe",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"definite",
"feminine",
"includes-article",
"nominative",
"singular",
"weak"
]
},
{
"form": "das toughe",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"definite",
"includes-article",
"neuter",
"nominative",
"singular",
"weak"
]
},
{
"form": "die toughen",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"definite",
"includes-article",
"nominative",
"plural",
"weak"
]
},
{
"form": "des toughen",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"definite",
"genitive",
"includes-article",
"masculine",
"singular",
"weak"
]
},
{
"form": "der toughen",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"definite",
"feminine",
"genitive",
"includes-article",
"singular",
"weak"
]
},
{
"form": "des toughen",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"definite",
"genitive",
"includes-article",
"neuter",
"singular",
"weak"
]
},
{
"form": "der toughen",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"definite",
"genitive",
"includes-article",
"plural",
"weak"
]
},
{
"form": "dem toughen",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"definite",
"includes-article",
"masculine",
"singular",
"weak"
]
},
{
"form": "der toughen",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"definite",
"feminine",
"includes-article",
"singular",
"weak"
]
},
{
"form": "dem toughen",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"definite",
"includes-article",
"neuter",
"singular",
"weak"
]
},
{
"form": "den toughen",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"definite",
"includes-article",
"plural",
"weak"
]
},
{
"form": "den toughen",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"definite",
"includes-article",
"masculine",
"singular",
"weak"
]
},
{
"form": "die toughe",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"definite",
"feminine",
"includes-article",
"singular",
"weak"
]
},
{
"form": "das toughe",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"definite",
"includes-article",
"neuter",
"singular",
"weak"
]
},
{
"form": "die toughen",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"definite",
"includes-article",
"plural",
"weak"
]
},
{
"form": "ein tougher",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"includes-article",
"indefinite",
"masculine",
"mixed",
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "eine toughe",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"feminine",
"includes-article",
"indefinite",
"mixed",
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "ein toughes",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"includes-article",
"indefinite",
"mixed",
"neuter",
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "toughen",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"indefinite",
"mixed",
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "keine toughen",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"includes-article",
"indefinite",
"mixed",
"negative",
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "eines toughen",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"includes-article",
"indefinite",
"masculine",
"mixed",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "einer toughen",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"feminine",
"genitive",
"includes-article",
"indefinite",
"mixed",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "eines toughen",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"includes-article",
"indefinite",
"mixed",
"neuter",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "toughen",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"indefinite",
"mixed",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "keiner toughen",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"includes-article",
"indefinite",
"mixed",
"negative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "einem toughen",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"includes-article",
"indefinite",
"masculine",
"mixed",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "einer toughen",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"feminine",
"includes-article",
"indefinite",
"mixed",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "einem toughen",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"includes-article",
"indefinite",
"mixed",
"neuter",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "toughen",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"indefinite",
"mixed",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "keinen toughen",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"includes-article",
"indefinite",
"mixed",
"negative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "einen toughen",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"includes-article",
"indefinite",
"masculine",
"mixed",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "eine toughe",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"feminine",
"includes-article",
"indefinite",
"mixed",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "ein toughes",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"includes-article",
"indefinite",
"mixed",
"neuter",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "toughen",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"indefinite",
"mixed",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "keine toughen",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"includes-article",
"indefinite",
"mixed",
"negative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "de-adecl",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "tougher",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"comparative",
"masculine",
"predicative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "tougher",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"comparative",
"feminine",
"predicative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "tougher",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"comparative",
"neuter",
"predicative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "tougher",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"comparative",
"plural",
"predicative"
]
},
{
"form": "tougherer",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"comparative",
"masculine",
"nominative",
"singular",
"strong",
"without-article"
]
},
{
"form": "toughere",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"comparative",
"feminine",
"nominative",
"singular",
"strong",
"without-article"
]
},
{
"form": "tougheres",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"comparative",
"neuter",
"nominative",
"singular",
"strong",
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"form": "den toughsten",
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"tags": [
"dative",
"definite",
"includes-article",
"plural",
"superlative",
"weak"
]
},
{
"form": "den toughesten",
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"dative",
"definite",
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"plural",
"superlative",
"weak"
]
},
{
"form": "den toughsten",
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{
"form": "den toughesten",
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},
{
"form": "die toughste",
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"accusative",
"definite",
"feminine",
"includes-article",
"singular",
"superlative",
"weak"
]
},
{
"form": "die tougheste",
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"definite",
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},
{
"form": "das toughste",
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"definite",
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"neuter",
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},
{
"form": "das tougheste",
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},
{
"form": "die toughsten",
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"definite",
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"plural",
"superlative",
"weak"
]
},
{
"form": "die toughesten",
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"accusative",
"definite",
"includes-article",
"plural",
"superlative",
"weak"
]
},
{
"form": "ein toughster",
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"includes-article",
"indefinite",
"masculine",
"mixed",
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},
{
"form": "ein toughester",
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"includes-article",
"indefinite",
"masculine",
"mixed",
"nominative",
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]
},
{
"form": "eine toughste",
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"feminine",
"includes-article",
"indefinite",
"mixed",
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]
},
{
"form": "eine tougheste",
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"feminine",
"includes-article",
"indefinite",
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"singular",
"superlative"
]
},
{
"form": "ein toughstes",
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"includes-article",
"indefinite",
"mixed",
"neuter",
"nominative",
"singular",
"superlative"
]
},
{
"form": "ein toughestes",
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"tags": [
"includes-article",
"indefinite",
"mixed",
"neuter",
"nominative",
"singular",
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]
},
{
"form": "toughsten",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"indefinite",
"mixed",
"nominative",
"plural",
"superlative"
]
},
{
"form": "keine toughsten",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"includes-article",
"indefinite",
"mixed",
"negative",
"nominative",
"plural",
"superlative"
]
},
{
"form": "toughesten",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"indefinite",
"mixed",
"nominative",
"plural",
"superlative"
]
},
{
"form": "keine toughesten",
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"tags": [
"includes-article",
"indefinite",
"mixed",
"negative",
"nominative",
"plural",
"superlative"
]
},
{
"form": "eines toughsten",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"includes-article",
"indefinite",
"masculine",
"mixed",
"singular",
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]
},
{
"form": "eines toughesten",
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"tags": [
"genitive",
"includes-article",
"indefinite",
"masculine",
"mixed",
"singular",
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]
},
{
"form": "einer toughsten",
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"feminine",
"genitive",
"includes-article",
"indefinite",
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"singular",
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]
},
{
"form": "einer toughesten",
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"tags": [
"feminine",
"genitive",
"includes-article",
"indefinite",
"mixed",
"singular",
"superlative"
]
},
{
"form": "eines toughsten",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"includes-article",
"indefinite",
"mixed",
"neuter",
"singular",
"superlative"
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},
{
"form": "eines toughesten",
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"genitive",
"includes-article",
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"singular",
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},
{
"form": "toughsten",
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},
{
"form": "keiner toughsten",
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"genitive",
"includes-article",
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},
{
"form": "toughesten",
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"genitive",
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},
{
"form": "keiner toughesten",
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"mixed",
"negative",
"plural",
"superlative"
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},
{
"form": "einem toughsten",
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"dative",
"includes-article",
"indefinite",
"masculine",
"mixed",
"singular",
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]
},
{
"form": "einem toughesten",
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]
},
{
"form": "einer toughsten",
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]
},
{
"form": "einer toughesten",
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"dative",
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},
{
"form": "einem toughsten",
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},
{
"form": "einem toughesten",
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},
{
"form": "toughsten",
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]
},
{
"form": "keinen toughsten",
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"dative",
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]
},
{
"form": "toughesten",
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"dative",
"indefinite",
"mixed",
"plural",
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]
},
{
"form": "keinen toughesten",
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"includes-article",
"indefinite",
"mixed",
"negative",
"plural",
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]
},
{
"form": "einen toughsten",
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"accusative",
"includes-article",
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]
},
{
"form": "einen toughesten",
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},
{
"form": "eine toughste",
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},
{
"form": "eine tougheste",
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},
{
"form": "ein toughstes",
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{
"form": "ein toughestes",
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},
{
"form": "toughsten",
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]
},
{
"form": "keine toughsten",
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},
{
"form": "toughesten",
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"accusative",
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"plural",
"superlative"
]
},
{
"form": "keine toughesten",
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}
],
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],
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],
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"extra": "tough; robust; assertive and not overly sensitive",
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}
],
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"kind": "other",
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{
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}
],
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],
"id": "en-tough-de-adj-WVnvVv5v",
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[
"taff",
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]
],
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],
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"alternative",
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]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/taf/"
},
{
"audio": "De-tough.ogg",
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}
],
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}
{
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"expansion": "tough",
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],
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{
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{
"word": "tow"
}
],
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],
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],
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"links": [
[
"tow",
"tow#Middle_English"
]
],
"tags": [
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]
}
],
"word": "tough"
}
{
"categories": [
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"English countable nouns",
"English entries with incorrect language header",
"English interjections",
"English lemmas",
"English nouns",
"English terms derived from Middle English",
"English terms derived from Old English",
"English terms derived from Proto-Germanic",
"English terms derived from Proto-Indo-European",
"English terms derived from Proto-West Germanic",
"English terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *denḱ-",
"English terms inherited from Middle English",
"English terms inherited from Old English",
"English terms inherited from Proto-Germanic",
"English terms inherited from Proto-West Germanic",
"English terms with homophones",
"English verbs",
"Entries with translation boxes",
"Pages with 3 entries",
"Pages with entries",
"Requests for review of Dutch translations",
"Requests for review of Hebrew translations",
"Requests for review of Italian translations",
"Requests for review of Lingala translations",
"Rhymes:English/ʌf",
"Rhymes:English/ʌf/1 syllable",
"Terms with Basque translations",
"Terms with Bulgarian translations",
"Terms with Dutch translations",
"Terms with Finnish translations",
"Terms with French translations",
"Terms with Friulian translations",
"Terms with Galician translations",
"Terms with Georgian translations",
"Terms with German translations",
"Terms with Greek translations",
"Terms with Hebrew translations",
"Terms with Hindi translations",
"Terms with Hungarian translations",
"Terms with Irish translations",
"Terms with Italian translations",
"Terms with Japanese translations",
"Terms with Khmer translations",
"Terms with Lingala translations",
"Terms with Mandarin translations",
"Terms with Maori translations",
"Terms with Pashto translations",
"Terms with Persian translations",
"Terms with Plautdietsch translations",
"Terms with Polish translations",
"Terms with Portuguese translations",
"Terms with Russian translations",
"Terms with Scottish Gaelic translations",
"Terms with Spanish translations",
"Terms with Swedish translations",
"Terms with Turkish translations",
"Terms with Vietnamese translations",
"Terms with Yiddish translations"
],
"derived": [
{
"word": "do it tough"
},
{
"word": "hang tough"
},
{
"word": "semitough"
},
{
"word": "supertough"
},
{
"word": "tough act to follow"
},
{
"word": "tough as nails"
},
{
"word": "tough as old boots"
},
{
"word": "tough as teak"
},
{
"word": "tough bananas"
},
{
"word": "tough break"
},
{
"word": "tough-cake"
},
{
"word": "tough call"
},
{
"word": "tough case"
},
{
"word": "tough cookie"
},
{
"word": "tough cookies"
},
{
"word": "tough crowd"
},
{
"word": "toughen"
},
{
"word": "tough going"
},
{
"word": "tough-guy"
},
{
"word": "tough guy"
},
{
"word": "tough-guyness"
},
{
"word": "toughie"
},
{
"word": "toughish"
},
{
"word": "tough love"
},
{
"word": "tough-love"
},
{
"word": "tough luck"
},
{
"word": "toughly"
},
{
"word": "tough-minded"
},
{
"word": "toughness"
},
{
"word": "tough nut"
},
{
"word": "tough nut to crack"
},
{
"word": "tough on crime"
},
{
"word": "tough pill to swallow"
},
{
"word": "tough-pitch"
},
{
"word": "tough road to hoe"
},
{
"word": "tough row to hoe"
},
{
"word": "tough sell"
},
{
"word": "tough shit"
},
{
"word": "tough-skinned"
},
{
"word": "tough sledding"
},
{
"word": "tough tacos"
},
{
"word": "tough tarts"
},
{
"word": "tough times"
},
{
"word": "tough titties"
},
{
"word": "tough titty"
},
{
"word": "tough titty said the kitty"
},
{
"word": "tough toodles"
},
{
"word": "tough tooshie"
},
{
"word": "tough tuchus"
},
{
"word": "tough tushie"
},
{
"word": "toughy"
},
{
"word": "ultratough"
},
{
"word": "when the going gets tough, the tough get going"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
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},
"expansion": "",
"name": "root"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "enm",
"3": "tough"
},
"expansion": "Middle English tough",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "ang",
"3": "tōh",
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},
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"name": "inh"
},
{
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},
{
"args": {
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},
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},
{
"args": {
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"4": "",
"5": "to bite"
},
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"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "sco",
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"3": "",
"4": "tough"
},
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},
{
"args": {
"1": "nl",
"2": "taai",
"3": "",
"4": "tough"
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{
"args": {
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"expansion": "Low German tage",
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},
{
"args": {
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"2": "zäh",
"3": "",
"4": "tough"
},
"expansion": "German zäh (“tough”)",
"name": "cog"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Middle English tough, towgh, tou, toȝ, from Old English tōh (“tough, tenacious, holding fast together; pliant; sticky, glutinous, clammy”), from Proto-West Germanic *tą̄h(ī), from Proto-Germanic *tanhuz (“fitting; clinging; tenacious; tough”), from Proto-Indo-European *denḱ- (“to bite”).\nCognates\nCognate with Scots teuch (“tough”), tūch (“tough”), Dutch taai (“tough”), Low German tage, taag, taë, taa (“tough”), German zäh (“tough”), dialectal German zach (“tough; boring”).",
"forms": [
{
"form": "tougher",
"tags": [
"comparative"
]
},
{
"form": "toughest",
"tags": [
"superlative"
]
}
],
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},
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],
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],
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{
"text": "The tent, made of tough canvas, held up to many abuses.",
"type": "example"
}
],
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],
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[
"Strong",
"strong"
],
[
"resilient",
"resilient"
],
[
"sturdy",
"sturdy"
]
],
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"(of a material) Strong and resilient; sturdy."
],
"raw_tags": [
"of a material"
]
},
{
"categories": [
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],
"examples": [
{
"text": "To soften a tough cut of meat, the recipe suggested simmering it for hours.",
"type": "example"
}
],
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"Difficult to cut or chew."
],
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[
"Difficult",
"difficult"
],
[
"cut",
"cut"
],
[
"chew",
"chew"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(of food) Difficult to cut or chew."
],
"raw_tags": [
"of food"
]
},
{
"categories": [
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"English terms with usage examples"
],
"examples": [
{
"text": "Only a tough species will survive in the desert.",
"type": "example"
},
{
"ref": "2010, Brian Lovett, Hunting Tough Turkeys, Stackpole Books, page 3:",
"text": "But before you quit turkey hunting and take up model-train collecting, let me give you the good news: you can score on tough turkeys. In fact, you can kill the toughest turkey in the woods.",
"type": "quote"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Rugged or physically hardy."
],
"links": [
[
"Rugged",
"rugged"
],
[
"physically",
"physically"
],
[
"hardy",
"hardy"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(of a person or animal) Rugged or physically hardy."
],
"raw_tags": [
"of a person or animal"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"English terms with usage examples"
],
"examples": [
{
"text": "He had a reputation as a tough negotiator.",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Stubborn or persistent; capable of stubbornness or persistence."
],
"links": [
[
"Stubborn",
"stubborn"
],
[
"persistent",
"persistent"
],
[
"capable",
"capable"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(of a person) Stubborn or persistent; capable of stubbornness or persistence."
],
"raw_tags": [
"of a person"
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"Harsh or severe."
],
"links": [
[
"Harsh",
"harsh"
],
[
"severe",
"severe"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(of weather, etc.) Harsh or severe."
],
"raw_tags": [
"of weather"
],
"tags": [
"usually"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"English terms with usage examples"
],
"examples": [
{
"text": "A bunch of the tough boys from the wrong side of the tracks threatened him.",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Rowdy or rough."
],
"links": [
[
"Rowdy",
"rowdy"
],
[
"rough",
"rough"
]
]
},
{
"categories": [
"English terms with quotations",
"English terms with usage examples"
],
"examples": [
{
"text": "This is a tough crowd.",
"type": "example"
},
{
"text": "1998, Lois Liederman Davitz, Joel Robert Davitz, 20 Tough Questions Teenagers Ask and 20 Tough Answers, Paulist Press, pages 6-7,\nBut let's get back to the tough question about sex before marriage. And this is a tough question. In fact we would rank the question you've both raised as pretty high on our list of tough questions."
},
{
"ref": "2012, BioWare, Mass Effect 3 (Science Fiction), Redwood City: Electronic Arts, →OCLC, PC, scene: Earth:",
"text": "Anderson: We fought hard to get here. But now the toughest part of our mission begins.\nAnderson: We've got to drive right through the heart of Reaper-controlled territory, break past their defenses, and get to that beacon.",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"text": "2010, Rushworth M. Kidder, Good Kids, Tough Choices, Wiley (Jossey-Bass), page 96,\nWhat Lara faced, in fact, falls right into the pool of light beneath our second lens: making tough choices."
}
],
"glosses": [
"Difficult or demanding."
],
"links": [
[
"Difficult",
"difficult"
],
[
"demanding",
"demanding"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(of questions, etc.) Difficult or demanding."
],
"raw_tags": [
"of questions"
],
"tags": [
"usually"
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"Undergoing plastic deformation before breaking."
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(material science) Undergoing plastic deformation before breaking."
],
"tags": [
"material"
],
"topics": [
"science",
"sciences"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"English terms with usage examples"
],
"examples": [
{
"text": "tough on crime",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Strict, not lenient."
],
"links": [
[
"Strict",
"strict"
],
[
"lenient",
"lenient"
]
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"enpr": "tŭf"
},
{
"ipa": "/tʌf/"
},
{
"audio": "en-us-tough.ogg",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/e/e4/En-us-tough.ogg/En-us-tough.ogg.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e4/En-us-tough.ogg"
},
{
"rhymes": "-ʌf"
},
{
"homophone": "tuff"
}
],
"translations": [
{
"code": "bg",
"lang": "Bulgarian",
"roman": "žilav",
"sense": "difficult to chew",
"word": "жилав"
},
{
"code": "bg",
"lang": "Bulgarian",
"roman": "korav",
"sense": "difficult to chew",
"word": "корав"
},
{
"code": "nl",
"lang": "Dutch",
"sense": "difficult to chew",
"word": "taai"
},
{
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "difficult to chew",
"word": "sitkeä"
},
{
"code": "gl",
"lang": "Galician",
"sense": "difficult to chew",
"word": "duro"
},
{
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "difficult to chew",
"word": "zäh"
},
{
"code": "el",
"lang": "Greek",
"roman": "sklirós",
"sense": "difficult to chew",
"word": "σκληρός"
},
{
"code": "hu",
"lang": "Hungarian",
"sense": "difficult to chew",
"word": "rágós"
},
{
"code": "ga",
"lang": "Irish",
"sense": "difficult to chew",
"word": "righin"
},
{
"code": "it",
"lang": "Italian",
"sense": "difficult to chew",
"word": "duro"
},
{
"code": "it",
"lang": "Italian",
"sense": "difficult to chew",
"word": "coriaceo"
},
{
"code": "km",
"lang": "Khmer",
"roman": "rɨng",
"sense": "difficult to chew",
"word": "រឹង"
},
{
"code": "km",
"lang": "Khmer",
"roman": "svət",
"sense": "difficult to chew",
"word": "ស្វិត"
},
{
"code": "mi",
"lang": "Maori",
"sense": "difficult to chew",
"word": "kākatikati"
},
{
"code": "mi",
"lang": "Maori",
"sense": "difficult to chew",
"word": "pūioio"
},
{
"code": "mi",
"lang": "Maori",
"sense": "difficult to chew",
"word": "kākoa"
},
{
"code": "ps",
"lang": "Pashto",
"roman": "klak",
"sense": "difficult to chew",
"word": "کلک"
},
{
"code": "fa",
"lang": "Persian",
"roman": "seft",
"sense": "difficult to chew",
"word": "سفت"
},
{
"code": "fa",
"lang": "Persian",
"roman": "čeğer",
"sense": "difficult to chew",
"word": "چغر"
},
{
"code": "pdt",
"lang": "Plautdietsch",
"sense": "difficult to chew",
"word": "toag"
},
{
"code": "pl",
"lang": "Polish",
"sense": "difficult to chew",
"word": "twardy"
},
{
"code": "pt",
"lang": "Portuguese",
"sense": "difficult to chew",
"word": "duro"
},
{
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "žóstkij",
"sense": "difficult to chew",
"word": "жёсткий"
},
{
"code": "gd",
"lang": "Scottish Gaelic",
"sense": "difficult to chew",
"word": "righinn"
},
{
"code": "sv",
"lang": "Swedish",
"sense": "difficult to chew",
"word": "seg"
},
{
"code": "tr",
"lang": "Turkish",
"sense": "difficult to chew",
"word": "sert"
},
{
"code": "vi",
"lang": "Vietnamese",
"sense": "difficult to chew",
"word": "khó nhai"
},
{
"code": "vi",
"lang": "Vietnamese",
"sense": "difficult to chew",
"word": "dai"
},
{
"code": "eu",
"lang": "Basque",
"sense": "rugged or physically hardy",
"word": "gogor"
},
{
"code": "bg",
"lang": "Bulgarian",
"roman": "ustojčiv",
"sense": "rugged or physically hardy",
"word": "устойчив"
},
{
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "rugged or physically hardy",
"word": "sitkeä"
},
{
"code": "fur",
"lang": "Friulian",
"sense": "rugged or physically hardy",
"word": "dûr"
},
{
"code": "ka",
"lang": "Georgian",
"roman": "gamʒle",
"sense": "rugged or physically hardy",
"word": "გამძლე"
},
{
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "rugged or physically hardy",
"word": "widerstandsfähig"
},
{
"code": "el",
"lang": "Greek",
"roman": "sklirós",
"sense": "rugged or physically hardy",
"word": "σκληρός"
},
{
"code": "el",
"lang": "Greek",
"roman": "trachýs",
"sense": "rugged or physically hardy",
"word": "τραχύς"
},
{
"code": "hi",
"lang": "Hindi",
"roman": "saxt",
"sense": "rugged or physically hardy",
"word": "सख़्त"
},
{
"code": "hi",
"lang": "Hindi",
"roman": "sakht",
"sense": "rugged or physically hardy",
"word": "सख्त"
},
{
"code": "it",
"lang": "Italian",
"sense": "rugged or physically hardy",
"word": "duro"
},
{
"code": "it",
"lang": "Italian",
"sense": "rugged or physically hardy",
"word": "resistente"
},
{
"code": "km",
"lang": "Khmer",
"roman": "mŏəm",
"sense": "rugged or physically hardy",
"word": "មាំ"
},
{
"code": "mi",
"lang": "Maori",
"sense": "rugged or physically hardy",
"word": "pūioio"
},
{
"code": "ps",
"lang": "Pashto",
"roman": "klak",
"sense": "rugged or physically hardy",
"word": "کلک"
},
{
"code": "ps",
"lang": "Pashto",
"roman": "saxt",
"sense": "rugged or physically hardy",
"word": "سخت"
},
{
"code": "pdt",
"lang": "Plautdietsch",
"sense": "rugged or physically hardy",
"word": "toag"
},
{
"code": "pl",
"lang": "Polish",
"sense": "rugged or physically hardy",
"word": "wytrzymały"
},
{
"code": "pl",
"lang": "Polish",
"sense": "rugged or physically hardy",
"word": "odporny"
},
{
"code": "pt",
"lang": "Portuguese",
"sense": "rugged or physically hardy",
"word": "resistente"
},
{
"code": "gd",
"lang": "Scottish Gaelic",
"sense": "rugged or physically hardy",
"word": "fulangach"
},
{
"code": "gd",
"lang": "Scottish Gaelic",
"sense": "rugged or physically hardy",
"word": "tapaidh"
},
{
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "rugged or physically hardy",
"word": "resistente"
},
{
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "rugged or physically hardy",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "rudo"
},
{
"code": "sv",
"lang": "Swedish",
"sense": "rugged or physically hardy",
"word": "tålig"
},
{
"code": "vi",
"lang": "Vietnamese",
"sense": "rugged or physically hardy",
"word": "dẻo dai"
},
{
"code": "vi",
"lang": "Vietnamese",
"sense": "rugged or physically hardy",
"word": "mạnh mẽ"
},
{
"code": "bg",
"lang": "Bulgarian",
"roman": "truden",
"sense": "harsh or severe",
"word": "труден"
},
{
"code": "cmn",
"lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
"sense": "harsh or severe",
"word": "艱苦"
},
{
"code": "cmn",
"lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
"roman": "jiānkǔ",
"sense": "harsh or severe",
"word": "艰苦"
},
{
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "harsh or severe",
"word": "ankara"
},
{
"code": "gl",
"lang": "Galician",
"sense": "harsh or severe",
"word": "duro"
},
{
"code": "ka",
"lang": "Georgian",
"roman": "mḳacri",
"sense": "harsh or severe",
"word": "მკაცრი"
},
{
"alt": "つらい",
"code": "ja",
"lang": "Japanese",
"roman": "tsurai",
"sense": "harsh or severe",
"word": "辛い"
},
{
"code": "ja",
"lang": "Japanese",
"roman": "taihen",
"sense": "harsh or severe",
"word": "たいへん"
},
{
"code": "ja",
"lang": "Japanese",
"roman": "kitsui",
"sense": "harsh or severe",
"word": "きつい"
},
{
"code": "km",
"lang": "Khmer",
"roman": "prət",
"sense": "harsh or severe",
"word": "ប្រិត"
},
{
"code": "mi",
"lang": "Maori",
"sense": "harsh or severe",
"word": "taikaha"
},
{
"code": "pt",
"lang": "Portuguese",
"sense": "harsh or severe",
"word": "severo"
},
{
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "tjažólyj",
"sense": "harsh or severe",
"word": "тяжёлый"
},
{
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "trúdnyj",
"sense": "harsh or severe",
"word": "тру́дный"
},
{
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "tjážkij",
"sense": "harsh or severe",
"word": "тя́жкий"
},
{
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "harsh or severe",
"word": "severo"
},
{
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "harsh or severe",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "rudo"
},
{
"code": "sv",
"lang": "Swedish",
"sense": "harsh or severe",
"word": "svår"
},
{
"code": "vi",
"lang": "Vietnamese",
"sense": "harsh or severe",
"word": "khắc nghiệt"
},
{
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "rowdy or rough",
"word": "kova"
},
{
"code": "ka",
"lang": "Georgian",
"roman": "uxeši",
"sense": "rowdy or rough",
"word": "უხეში"
},
{
"code": "ka",
"lang": "Georgian",
"roman": "xuligani",
"sense": "rowdy or rough",
"word": "ხულიგანი"
},
{
"code": "el",
"lang": "Greek",
"roman": "sklirós",
"sense": "rowdy or rough",
"word": "σκληρός"
},
{
"code": "km",
"lang": "Khmer",
"roman": "kɑmnaac",
"sense": "rowdy or rough",
"word": "កំណាច"
},
{
"code": "pt",
"lang": "Portuguese",
"sense": "rowdy or rough",
"word": "durão"
},
{
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "rowdy or rough",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "rudo"
},
{
"code": "sv",
"lang": "Swedish",
"sense": "rowdy or rough",
"word": "tuff"
},
{
"code": "vi",
"lang": "Vietnamese",
"sense": "rowdy or rough",
"word": "du côn"
},
{
"code": "bg",
"lang": "Bulgarian",
"roman": "truden",
"sense": "difficult or demanding",
"word": "труден"
},
{
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "difficult or demanding",
"word": "hankala"
},
{
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "difficult or demanding",
"word": "vaativa"
},
{
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "difficult or demanding",
"word": "dur"
},
{
"code": "gl",
"lang": "Galician",
"sense": "difficult or demanding",
"word": "difícil"
},
{
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "difficult or demanding",
"word": "knifflig"
},
{
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "difficult or demanding",
"word": "schwierig"
},
{
"code": "km",
"lang": "Khmer",
"roman": "pibaak",
"sense": "difficult or demanding",
"word": "ពិបាក"
},
{
"code": "ps",
"lang": "Pashto",
"roman": "grân",
"sense": "difficult or demanding",
"word": "ګران"
},
{
"code": "pt",
"lang": "Portuguese",
"sense": "difficult or demanding",
"word": "difícil"
},
{
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "difficult or demanding",
"word": "de mano dura"
},
{
"code": "sv",
"lang": "Swedish",
"sense": "difficult or demanding",
"word": "tuff"
},
{
"code": "sv",
"lang": "Swedish",
"sense": "difficult or demanding",
"word": "svår"
},
{
"code": "vi",
"lang": "Vietnamese",
"sense": "difficult or demanding",
"word": "khó"
},
{
"code": "vi",
"lang": "Vietnamese",
"sense": "difficult or demanding",
"word": "ngoan cố"
},
{
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "material science: undergoing plastic deformation before breaking",
"word": "sitkeä"
},
{
"code": "ka",
"lang": "Georgian",
"roman": "mṭḳice",
"sense": "material science: undergoing plastic deformation before breaking",
"word": "მტკიცე"
},
{
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "material science: undergoing plastic deformation before breaking",
"word": "zäh"
},
{
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "próčnyj",
"sense": "material science: undergoing plastic deformation before breaking",
"word": "про́чный"
},
{
"code": "sv",
"lang": "Swedish",
"sense": "material science: undergoing plastic deformation before breaking",
"word": "seg"
},
{
"code": "vi",
"lang": "Vietnamese",
"sense": "material science: undergoing plastic deformation before breaking",
"word": "dẻo"
},
{
"code": "vi",
"lang": "Vietnamese",
"sense": "material science: undergoing plastic deformation before breaking",
"word": "bền"
}
],
"wikipedia": [
"tough"
],
"word": "tough"
}
{
"categories": [
"English adjectives",
"English countable nouns",
"English entries with incorrect language header",
"English interjections",
"English lemmas",
"English nouns",
"English terms derived from Middle English",
"English terms derived from Old English",
"English terms derived from Proto-Germanic",
"English terms derived from Proto-Indo-European",
"English terms derived from Proto-West Germanic",
"English terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *denḱ-",
"English terms inherited from Middle English",
"English terms inherited from Old English",
"English terms inherited from Proto-Germanic",
"English terms inherited from Proto-West Germanic",
"English terms with homophones",
"English verbs",
"Entries with translation boxes",
"Pages with 3 entries",
"Pages with entries",
"Requests for review of Dutch translations",
"Requests for review of Hebrew translations",
"Requests for review of Italian translations",
"Requests for review of Lingala translations",
"Rhymes:English/ʌf",
"Rhymes:English/ʌf/1 syllable",
"Terms with Basque translations",
"Terms with Bulgarian translations",
"Terms with Dutch translations",
"Terms with Finnish translations",
"Terms with French translations",
"Terms with Friulian translations",
"Terms with Galician translations",
"Terms with Georgian translations",
"Terms with German translations",
"Terms with Greek translations",
"Terms with Hebrew translations",
"Terms with Hindi translations",
"Terms with Hungarian translations",
"Terms with Irish translations",
"Terms with Italian translations",
"Terms with Japanese translations",
"Terms with Khmer translations",
"Terms with Lingala translations",
"Terms with Mandarin translations",
"Terms with Maori translations",
"Terms with Pashto translations",
"Terms with Persian translations",
"Terms with Plautdietsch translations",
"Terms with Polish translations",
"Terms with Portuguese translations",
"Terms with Russian translations",
"Terms with Scottish Gaelic translations",
"Terms with Spanish translations",
"Terms with Swedish translations",
"Terms with Turkish translations",
"Terms with Vietnamese translations",
"Terms with Yiddish translations"
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*denḱ-"
},
"expansion": "",
"name": "root"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "enm",
"3": "tough"
},
"expansion": "Middle English tough",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "ang",
"3": "tōh",
"t": "tough, tenacious, holding fast together; pliant; sticky, glutinous, clammy"
},
"expansion": "Old English tōh (“tough, tenacious, holding fast together; pliant; sticky, glutinous, clammy”)",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "gmw-pro",
"3": "*tą̄h(ī)"
},
"expansion": "Proto-West Germanic *tą̄h(ī)",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "gem-pro",
"3": "*tanhuz",
"t": "fitting; clinging; tenacious; tough"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic *tanhuz (“fitting; clinging; tenacious; tough”)",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*denḱ-",
"4": "",
"5": "to bite"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *denḱ- (“to bite”)",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "sco",
"2": "teuch",
"3": "",
"4": "tough"
},
"expansion": "Scots teuch (“tough”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "nl",
"2": "taai",
"3": "",
"4": "tough"
},
"expansion": "Dutch taai (“tough”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "nds",
"2": "tage"
},
"expansion": "Low German tage",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "de",
"2": "zäh",
"3": "",
"4": "tough"
},
"expansion": "German zäh (“tough”)",
"name": "cog"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Middle English tough, towgh, tou, toȝ, from Old English tōh (“tough, tenacious, holding fast together; pliant; sticky, glutinous, clammy”), from Proto-West Germanic *tą̄h(ī), from Proto-Germanic *tanhuz (“fitting; clinging; tenacious; tough”), from Proto-Indo-European *denḱ- (“to bite”).\nCognates\nCognate with Scots teuch (“tough”), tūch (“tough”), Dutch taai (“tough”), Low German tage, taag, taë, taa (“tough”), German zäh (“tough”), dialectal German zach (“tough; boring”).",
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "tough",
"name": "en-interj"
}
],
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"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "intj",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"English slang",
"English terms with usage examples"
],
"examples": [
{
"text": "If you don't like it, tough!",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Used to indicate lack of sympathy"
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(slang) Used to indicate lack of sympathy"
],
"tags": [
"slang"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"enpr": "tŭf"
},
{
"ipa": "/tʌf/"
},
{
"audio": "en-us-tough.ogg",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/e/e4/En-us-tough.ogg/En-us-tough.ogg.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e4/En-us-tough.ogg"
},
{
"rhymes": "-ʌf"
},
{
"homophone": "tuff"
}
],
"translations": [
{
"code": "nl",
"lang": "Dutch",
"sense": "lack of sympathy",
"word": "jammer"
},
{
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "lack of sympathy",
"word": "harmi"
},
{
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "lack of sympathy",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "Pech"
},
{
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "lack of sympathy",
"word": "Pech gehabt"
},
{
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "lack of sympathy",
"word": "ni modo"
},
{
"code": "sv",
"lang": "Swedish",
"sense": "lack of sympathy",
"word": "trist för dig"
}
],
"wikipedia": [
"tough"
],
"word": "tough"
}
{
"categories": [
"English adjectives",
"English countable nouns",
"English entries with incorrect language header",
"English interjections",
"English lemmas",
"English nouns",
"English terms derived from Middle English",
"English terms derived from Old English",
"English terms derived from Proto-Germanic",
"English terms derived from Proto-Indo-European",
"English terms derived from Proto-West Germanic",
"English terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *denḱ-",
"English terms inherited from Middle English",
"English terms inherited from Old English",
"English terms inherited from Proto-Germanic",
"English terms inherited from Proto-West Germanic",
"English terms with homophones",
"English verbs",
"Entries with translation boxes",
"Pages with 3 entries",
"Pages with entries",
"Requests for review of Dutch translations",
"Requests for review of Hebrew translations",
"Requests for review of Italian translations",
"Requests for review of Lingala translations",
"Rhymes:English/ʌf",
"Rhymes:English/ʌf/1 syllable",
"Terms with Basque translations",
"Terms with Bulgarian translations",
"Terms with Dutch translations",
"Terms with Finnish translations",
"Terms with French translations",
"Terms with Friulian translations",
"Terms with Galician translations",
"Terms with Georgian translations",
"Terms with German translations",
"Terms with Greek translations",
"Terms with Hebrew translations",
"Terms with Hindi translations",
"Terms with Hungarian translations",
"Terms with Irish translations",
"Terms with Italian translations",
"Terms with Japanese translations",
"Terms with Khmer translations",
"Terms with Lingala translations",
"Terms with Mandarin translations",
"Terms with Maori translations",
"Terms with Pashto translations",
"Terms with Persian translations",
"Terms with Plautdietsch translations",
"Terms with Polish translations",
"Terms with Portuguese translations",
"Terms with Russian translations",
"Terms with Scottish Gaelic translations",
"Terms with Spanish translations",
"Terms with Swedish translations",
"Terms with Turkish translations",
"Terms with Vietnamese translations",
"Terms with Yiddish translations"
],
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},
"expansion": "",
"name": "root"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "enm",
"3": "tough"
},
"expansion": "Middle English tough",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "ang",
"3": "tōh",
"t": "tough, tenacious, holding fast together; pliant; sticky, glutinous, clammy"
},
"expansion": "Old English tōh (“tough, tenacious, holding fast together; pliant; sticky, glutinous, clammy”)",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "gmw-pro",
"3": "*tą̄h(ī)"
},
"expansion": "Proto-West Germanic *tą̄h(ī)",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "gem-pro",
"3": "*tanhuz",
"t": "fitting; clinging; tenacious; tough"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic *tanhuz (“fitting; clinging; tenacious; tough”)",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*denḱ-",
"4": "",
"5": "to bite"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *denḱ- (“to bite”)",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "sco",
"2": "teuch",
"3": "",
"4": "tough"
},
"expansion": "Scots teuch (“tough”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "nl",
"2": "taai",
"3": "",
"4": "tough"
},
"expansion": "Dutch taai (“tough”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
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},
"expansion": "Low German tage",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "de",
"2": "zäh",
"3": "",
"4": "tough"
},
"expansion": "German zäh (“tough”)",
"name": "cog"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Middle English tough, towgh, tou, toȝ, from Old English tōh (“tough, tenacious, holding fast together; pliant; sticky, glutinous, clammy”), from Proto-West Germanic *tą̄h(ī), from Proto-Germanic *tanhuz (“fitting; clinging; tenacious; tough”), from Proto-Indo-European *denḱ- (“to bite”).\nCognates\nCognate with Scots teuch (“tough”), tūch (“tough”), Dutch taai (“tough”), Low German tage, taag, taë, taa (“tough”), German zäh (“tough”), dialectal German zach (“tough; boring”).",
"forms": [
{
"form": "toughs",
"tags": [
"plural"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "tough (plural toughs)",
"name": "en-noun"
}
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"English terms with quotations",
"English terms with usage examples"
],
"examples": [
{
"text": "They were doing fine until they encountered a bunch of toughs from the opposition.",
"type": "example"
},
{
"ref": "2018, Sandeep Jauhar, Heart: a History, →ISBN, page 54:",
"text": "He was in his early fifties, extensively tattooed, just the sort of tough I wouldn't want to meet alone in a parking lot at night, but right then he was whimpering.",
"type": "quote"
}
],
"glosses": [
"A person who obtains things by force; a thug or bully."
],
"links": [
[
"thug",
"thug"
],
[
"bully",
"bully"
]
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"enpr": "tŭf"
},
{
"ipa": "/tʌf/"
},
{
"audio": "en-us-tough.ogg",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/e/e4/En-us-tough.ogg/En-us-tough.ogg.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e4/En-us-tough.ogg"
},
{
"rhymes": "-ʌf"
},
{
"homophone": "tuff"
}
],
"translations": [
{
"code": "el",
"lang": "Greek",
"roman": "sklirós",
"sense": "one who obtains things by force",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "σκληρός"
},
{
"code": "pt",
"lang": "Portuguese",
"sense": "one who obtains things by force",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "valentão"
},
{
"code": "yi",
"lang": "Yiddish",
"roman": "shtarker",
"sense": "one who obtains things by force",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "שטאַרקער"
}
],
"wikipedia": [
"tough"
],
"word": "tough"
}
{
"categories": [
"English adjectives",
"English countable nouns",
"English entries with incorrect language header",
"English interjections",
"English lemmas",
"English nouns",
"English terms derived from Middle English",
"English terms derived from Old English",
"English terms derived from Proto-Germanic",
"English terms derived from Proto-Indo-European",
"English terms derived from Proto-West Germanic",
"English terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *denḱ-",
"English terms inherited from Middle English",
"English terms inherited from Old English",
"English terms inherited from Proto-Germanic",
"English terms inherited from Proto-West Germanic",
"English terms with homophones",
"English verbs",
"Entries with translation boxes",
"Pages with 3 entries",
"Pages with entries",
"Requests for review of Dutch translations",
"Requests for review of Hebrew translations",
"Requests for review of Italian translations",
"Requests for review of Lingala translations",
"Rhymes:English/ʌf",
"Rhymes:English/ʌf/1 syllable",
"Terms with Basque translations",
"Terms with Bulgarian translations",
"Terms with Dutch translations",
"Terms with Finnish translations",
"Terms with French translations",
"Terms with Friulian translations",
"Terms with Galician translations",
"Terms with Georgian translations",
"Terms with German translations",
"Terms with Greek translations",
"Terms with Hebrew translations",
"Terms with Hindi translations",
"Terms with Hungarian translations",
"Terms with Irish translations",
"Terms with Italian translations",
"Terms with Japanese translations",
"Terms with Khmer translations",
"Terms with Lingala translations",
"Terms with Mandarin translations",
"Terms with Maori translations",
"Terms with Pashto translations",
"Terms with Persian translations",
"Terms with Plautdietsch translations",
"Terms with Polish translations",
"Terms with Portuguese translations",
"Terms with Russian translations",
"Terms with Scottish Gaelic translations",
"Terms with Spanish translations",
"Terms with Swedish translations",
"Terms with Turkish translations",
"Terms with Vietnamese translations",
"Terms with Yiddish translations"
],
"derived": [
{
"word": "tough out"
},
{
"word": "tough it out"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
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"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*denḱ-"
},
"expansion": "",
"name": "root"
},
{
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},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "ang",
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"t": "tough, tenacious, holding fast together; pliant; sticky, glutinous, clammy"
},
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"name": "inh"
},
{
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},
"expansion": "Proto-West Germanic *tą̄h(ī)",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
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},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic *tanhuz (“fitting; clinging; tenacious; tough”)",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*denḱ-",
"4": "",
"5": "to bite"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *denḱ- (“to bite”)",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "sco",
"2": "teuch",
"3": "",
"4": "tough"
},
"expansion": "Scots teuch (“tough”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "nl",
"2": "taai",
"3": "",
"4": "tough"
},
"expansion": "Dutch taai (“tough”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "nds",
"2": "tage"
},
"expansion": "Low German tage",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "de",
"2": "zäh",
"3": "",
"4": "tough"
},
"expansion": "German zäh (“tough”)",
"name": "cog"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Middle English tough, towgh, tou, toȝ, from Old English tōh (“tough, tenacious, holding fast together; pliant; sticky, glutinous, clammy”), from Proto-West Germanic *tą̄h(ī), from Proto-Germanic *tanhuz (“fitting; clinging; tenacious; tough”), from Proto-Indo-European *denḱ- (“to bite”).\nCognates\nCognate with Scots teuch (“tough”), tūch (“tough”), Dutch taai (“tough”), Low German tage, taag, taë, taa (“tough”), German zäh (“tough”), dialectal German zach (“tough; boring”).",
"forms": [
{
"form": "toughs",
"tags": [
"present",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "toughing",
"tags": [
"participle",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "toughed",
"tags": [
"participle",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "toughed",
"tags": [
"past"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "tough (third-person singular simple present toughs, present participle toughing, simple past and past participle toughed)",
"name": "en-verb"
}
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "verb",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"English terms with quotations"
],
"examples": [
{
"ref": "2009, Paul Walsh, You and I and Others, →ISBN, pages 64 - 65:",
"text": "We shall reminisce on how we toughed it through the winters as they reached the firm, long arm around to give the cold embrace, with ardor seldom loosed till warm winds Marched or Apriled in to soften winter's knuckles -- send rivulets of courage down to dandelions and tulips.",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"ref": "2011, Henry David Thoreau, Damion Searls, The Journal of Henry David Thoreau, 1837-1861, →ISBN, page 254:",
"text": "“No,” said Minott, “I've toughed it through the winter, and i want to stay and hear the bluebirds once more.",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"ref": "2012, Jerry Hopkins -, Extreme Cuisine: The Weird and Wonderful Foods That People Eat, →ISBN:",
"text": "Universal Plant Edibility Test The following sounds like a lot of work—it is!—but that's because it comes from the US Army Survival Manual as republished in 1994 as \"a civilian's best guide for toughing it, anyplace in the world...a must for campers, hikers, explorers, pilots, and others whose vocation or avocations require familiarity with the wilderness or out-of-doors...\"",
"type": "quote"
}
],
"glosses": [
"To endure."
],
"links": [
[
"endure",
"endure"
]
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"To toughen."
],
"links": [
[
"toughen",
"toughen"
]
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"enpr": "tŭf"
},
{
"ipa": "/tʌf/"
},
{
"audio": "en-us-tough.ogg",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/e/e4/En-us-tough.ogg/En-us-tough.ogg.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e4/En-us-tough.ogg"
},
{
"rhymes": "-ʌf"
},
{
"homophone": "tuff"
}
],
"wikipedia": [
"tough"
],
"word": "tough"
}
{
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "de",
"2": "en",
"3": "tough"
},
"expansion": "Borrowed from English tough",
"name": "bor+"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "de",
"2": "taff"
},
"expansion": "German taff",
"name": "cog"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Borrowed from English tough; see also German taff.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "tougher",
"tags": [
"masculine",
"nominative",
"singular",
"strong"
]
},
{
"form": "tougher",
"tags": [
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]
},
{
"form": "am toughsten",
"tags": [
"superlative"
]
},
{
"form": "am toughesten",
"tags": [
"superlative"
]
},
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "de-adecl",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
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]
},
{
"form": "tough",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"masculine",
"predicative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "tough",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
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"predicative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "tough",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
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"predicative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "tough",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
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"predicative"
]
},
{
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"source": "declension",
"tags": [
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"nominative",
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"strong",
"without-article"
]
},
{
"form": "toughe",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
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"nominative",
"singular",
"strong",
"without-article"
]
},
{
"form": "toughes",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"neuter",
"nominative",
"singular",
"strong",
"without-article"
]
},
{
"form": "toughe",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"plural",
"strong",
"without-article"
]
},
{
"form": "toughen",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"masculine",
"singular",
"strong",
"without-article"
]
},
{
"form": "tougher",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"feminine",
"genitive",
"singular",
"strong",
"without-article"
]
},
{
"form": "toughen",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"neuter",
"singular",
"strong",
"without-article"
]
},
{
"form": "tougher",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"plural",
"strong",
"without-article"
]
},
{
"form": "toughem",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"masculine",
"singular",
"strong",
"without-article"
]
},
{
"form": "tougher",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"feminine",
"singular",
"strong",
"without-article"
]
},
{
"form": "toughem",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"neuter",
"singular",
"strong",
"without-article"
]
},
{
"form": "toughen",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"plural",
"strong",
"without-article"
]
},
{
"form": "toughen",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"masculine",
"singular",
"strong",
"without-article"
]
},
{
"form": "toughe",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"feminine",
"singular",
"strong",
"without-article"
]
},
{
"form": "toughes",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"neuter",
"singular",
"strong",
"without-article"
]
},
{
"form": "toughe",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"plural",
"strong",
"without-article"
]
},
{
"form": "der toughe",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"definite",
"includes-article",
"masculine",
"nominative",
"singular",
"weak"
]
},
{
"form": "die toughe",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"definite",
"feminine",
"includes-article",
"nominative",
"singular",
"weak"
]
},
{
"form": "das toughe",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"definite",
"includes-article",
"neuter",
"nominative",
"singular",
"weak"
]
},
{
"form": "die toughen",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"definite",
"includes-article",
"nominative",
"plural",
"weak"
]
},
{
"form": "des toughen",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"definite",
"genitive",
"includes-article",
"masculine",
"singular",
"weak"
]
},
{
"form": "der toughen",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"definite",
"feminine",
"genitive",
"includes-article",
"singular",
"weak"
]
},
{
"form": "des toughen",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"definite",
"genitive",
"includes-article",
"neuter",
"singular",
"weak"
]
},
{
"form": "der toughen",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"definite",
"genitive",
"includes-article",
"plural",
"weak"
]
},
{
"form": "dem toughen",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"definite",
"includes-article",
"masculine",
"singular",
"weak"
]
},
{
"form": "der toughen",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"definite",
"feminine",
"includes-article",
"singular",
"weak"
]
},
{
"form": "dem toughen",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"definite",
"includes-article",
"neuter",
"singular",
"weak"
]
},
{
"form": "den toughen",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
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"weak"
]
},
{
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"accusative",
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"singular",
"weak"
]
},
{
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]
},
{
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]
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{
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]
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{
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"indefinite",
"masculine",
"mixed",
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "eine toughe",
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"feminine",
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"indefinite",
"mixed",
"nominative",
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]
},
{
"form": "ein toughes",
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"neuter",
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]
},
{
"form": "toughen",
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"indefinite",
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"nominative",
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]
},
{
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"negative",
"nominative",
"plural"
]
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{
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"genitive",
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"indefinite",
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"mixed",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "einer toughen",
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"feminine",
"genitive",
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"singular"
]
},
{
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]
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{
"form": "toughen",
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"genitive",
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"mixed",
"plural"
]
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{
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"negative",
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]
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{
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"singular"
]
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{
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]
},
{
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]
},
{
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"plural"
]
},
{
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"negative",
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]
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{
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"indefinite",
"masculine",
"mixed",
"singular"
]
},
{
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"singular"
]
},
{
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"mixed",
"neuter",
"singular"
]
},
{
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"mixed",
"plural"
]
},
{
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"accusative",
"includes-article",
"indefinite",
"mixed",
"negative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
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"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "de-adecl",
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]
},
{
"form": "tougher",
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"masculine",
"predicative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "tougher",
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"predicative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "tougher",
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]
},
{
"form": "tougher",
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]
},
{
"form": "tougherer",
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"strong",
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]
},
{
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]
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{
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]
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{
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]
},
{
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"strong",
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]
},
{
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"singular",
"strong",
"without-article"
]
},
{
"form": "tougheren",
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"strong",
"without-article"
]
},
{
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"strong",
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]
},
{
"form": "tougherem",
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"dative",
"masculine",
"singular",
"strong",
"without-article"
]
},
{
"form": "tougherer",
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"feminine",
"singular",
"strong",
"without-article"
]
},
{
"form": "tougherem",
"source": "declension",
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"comparative",
"dative",
"neuter",
"singular",
"strong",
"without-article"
]
},
{
"form": "tougheren",
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"plural",
"strong",
"without-article"
]
},
{
"form": "tougheren",
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"masculine",
"singular",
"strong",
"without-article"
]
},
{
"form": "toughere",
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"accusative",
"comparative",
"feminine",
"singular",
"strong",
"without-article"
]
},
{
"form": "tougheres",
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"neuter",
"singular",
"strong",
"without-article"
]
},
{
"form": "toughere",
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"accusative",
"comparative",
"plural",
"strong",
"without-article"
]
},
{
"form": "der toughere",
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"definite",
"includes-article",
"masculine",
"nominative",
"singular",
"weak"
]
},
{
"form": "die toughere",
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"definite",
"feminine",
"includes-article",
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"singular",
"weak"
]
},
{
"form": "das toughere",
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"definite",
"includes-article",
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"nominative",
"singular",
"weak"
]
},
{
"form": "die tougheren",
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"definite",
"includes-article",
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"plural",
"weak"
]
},
{
"form": "des tougheren",
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"definite",
"genitive",
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"masculine",
"singular",
"weak"
]
},
{
"form": "der tougheren",
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"definite",
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"singular",
"weak"
]
},
{
"form": "des tougheren",
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"singular",
"weak"
]
},
{
"form": "der tougheren",
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"genitive",
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"plural",
"weak"
]
},
{
"form": "dem tougheren",
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"definite",
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"singular",
"weak"
]
},
{
"form": "der tougheren",
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"dative",
"definite",
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"includes-article",
"singular",
"weak"
]
},
{
"form": "dem tougheren",
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"definite",
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"singular",
"weak"
]
},
{
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"definite",
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"plural",
"weak"
]
},
{
"form": "den tougheren",
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"singular",
"weak"
]
},
{
"form": "die toughere",
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"definite",
"feminine",
"includes-article",
"singular",
"weak"
]
},
{
"form": "das toughere",
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"singular",
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]
},
{
"form": "die tougheren",
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"weak"
]
},
{
"form": "ein tougherer",
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"indefinite",
"masculine",
"mixed",
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"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "eine toughere",
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"indefinite",
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"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "ein tougheres",
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"indefinite",
"mixed",
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"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "tougheren",
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]
},
{
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"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "eines tougheren",
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"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "einer tougheren",
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"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "eines tougheren",
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"singular"
]
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{
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]
},
{
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]
},
{
"form": "einem tougheren",
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]
},
{
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]
},
{
"form": "einem tougheren",
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]
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{
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{
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]
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]
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]
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]
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]
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]
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{
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{
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{
"form": "toughste",
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{
"form": "tougheste",
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{
"form": "der toughste",
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{
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{
"form": "die tougheste",
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{
"form": "das toughste",
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{
"form": "das tougheste",
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{
"form": "die toughsten",
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},
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
"form": "des toughesten",
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{
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{
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},
{
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{
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{
"form": "der toughsten",
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},
{
"form": "der toughesten",
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},
{
"form": "dem toughsten",
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},
{
"form": "dem toughesten",
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{
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},
{
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{
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{
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{
"form": "die tougheste",
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{
"form": "das toughste",
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{
"form": "das tougheste",
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{
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{
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},
{
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},
{
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"indefinite",
"masculine",
"mixed",
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]
},
{
"form": "eine toughste",
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"includes-article",
"indefinite",
"mixed",
"nominative",
"singular",
"superlative"
]
},
{
"form": "eine tougheste",
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"includes-article",
"indefinite",
"mixed",
"nominative",
"singular",
"superlative"
]
},
{
"form": "ein toughstes",
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"indefinite",
"mixed",
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]
},
{
"form": "ein toughestes",
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]
},
{
"form": "toughsten",
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]
},
{
"form": "keine toughsten",
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"indefinite",
"mixed",
"negative",
"nominative",
"plural",
"superlative"
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},
{
"form": "toughesten",
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"tags": [
"indefinite",
"mixed",
"nominative",
"plural",
"superlative"
]
},
{
"form": "keine toughesten",
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"superlative"
]
},
{
"form": "eines toughsten",
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"indefinite",
"masculine",
"mixed",
"singular",
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]
},
{
"form": "eines toughesten",
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"tags": [
"genitive",
"includes-article",
"indefinite",
"masculine",
"mixed",
"singular",
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]
},
{
"form": "einer toughsten",
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},
{
"form": "einer toughesten",
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},
{
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{
"form": "eines toughesten",
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},
{
"form": "toughsten",
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"superlative"
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},
{
"form": "keiner toughsten",
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"includes-article",
"indefinite",
"mixed",
"negative",
"plural",
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},
{
"form": "toughesten",
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"tags": [
"genitive",
"indefinite",
"mixed",
"plural",
"superlative"
]
},
{
"form": "keiner toughesten",
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},
{
"form": "einem toughsten",
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"indefinite",
"masculine",
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},
{
"form": "einem toughesten",
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},
{
"form": "einer toughsten",
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},
{
"form": "einer toughesten",
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]
},
{
"form": "einem toughsten",
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"mixed",
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]
},
{
"form": "einem toughesten",
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]
},
{
"form": "toughsten",
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"plural",
"superlative"
]
},
{
"form": "keinen toughsten",
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"includes-article",
"indefinite",
"mixed",
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"plural",
"superlative"
]
},
{
"form": "toughesten",
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"tags": [
"dative",
"indefinite",
"mixed",
"plural",
"superlative"
]
},
{
"form": "keinen toughesten",
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"tags": [
"dative",
"includes-article",
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"plural",
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]
},
{
"form": "einen toughsten",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"includes-article",
"indefinite",
"masculine",
"mixed",
"singular",
"superlative"
]
},
{
"form": "einen toughesten",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"includes-article",
"indefinite",
"masculine",
"mixed",
"singular",
"superlative"
]
},
{
"form": "eine toughste",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"feminine",
"includes-article",
"indefinite",
"mixed",
"singular",
"superlative"
]
},
{
"form": "eine tougheste",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"feminine",
"includes-article",
"indefinite",
"mixed",
"singular",
"superlative"
]
},
{
"form": "ein toughstes",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"includes-article",
"indefinite",
"mixed",
"neuter",
"singular",
"superlative"
]
},
{
"form": "ein toughestes",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"includes-article",
"indefinite",
"mixed",
"neuter",
"singular",
"superlative"
]
},
{
"form": "toughsten",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"indefinite",
"mixed",
"plural",
"superlative"
]
},
{
"form": "keine toughsten",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"includes-article",
"indefinite",
"mixed",
"negative",
"plural",
"superlative"
]
},
{
"form": "toughesten",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"indefinite",
"mixed",
"plural",
"superlative"
]
},
{
"form": "keine toughesten",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"includes-article",
"indefinite",
"mixed",
"negative",
"plural",
"superlative"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "comp.sup:+st:+est"
},
"expansion": "tough (strong nominative masculine singular tougher, comparative tougher, superlative am toughsten or am toughesten)",
"name": "de-adj"
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "comp.sup:+st:+est"
},
"name": "de-adecl"
}
],
"lang": "German",
"lang_code": "de",
"pos": "adj",
"senses": [
{
"alt_of": [
{
"extra": "tough; robust; assertive and not overly sensitive",
"word": "taff"
}
],
"categories": [
"German adjectives",
"German entries with incorrect language header",
"German lemmas",
"German slang",
"German terms borrowed from English",
"German terms derived from English",
"Pages with 3 entries",
"Pages with entries"
],
"glosses": [
"Alternative form of taff (“tough; robust; assertive and not overly sensitive”)"
],
"links": [
[
"taff",
"taff#German"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(slang) Alternative form of taff (“tough; robust; assertive and not overly sensitive”)"
],
"tags": [
"alt-of",
"alternative",
"slang"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/taf/"
},
{
"audio": "De-tough.ogg",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/e/e9/De-tough.ogg/De-tough.ogg.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e9/De-tough.ogg"
}
],
"word": "tough"
}
{
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "noun"
},
"expansion": "tough",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Middle English",
"lang_code": "enm",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"alt_of": [
{
"word": "tow"
}
],
"categories": [
"Middle English entries with incorrect language header",
"Middle English lemmas",
"Middle English nouns",
"Pages with 3 entries",
"Pages with entries"
],
"glosses": [
"Alternative form of tow"
],
"links": [
[
"tow",
"tow#Middle_English"
]
],
"tags": [
"alt-of",
"alternative"
]
}
],
"word": "tough"
}
Download raw JSONL data for tough meaning in All languages combined (70.0kB)
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable All languages combined dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2024-11-06 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2024-10-02 using wiktextract (fbeafe8 and 7f03c9b). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.