See twardy in All languages combined, or Wiktionary
{
"derived": [
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "twardy znak"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "Inherited"
},
"expansion": "Inherited",
"name": "glossary"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "pl",
"2": "zlw-opl",
"3": "twardy",
"4": "",
"5": "",
"g": "",
"g2": "",
"g3": "",
"id": "",
"lit": "",
"nocat": "",
"pos": "",
"sc": "",
"sort": "",
"tr": "",
"ts": ""
},
"expansion": "Old Polish twardy",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "pl",
"2": "zlw-opl",
"3": "twardy"
},
"expansion": "Inherited from Old Polish twardy",
"name": "inh+"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "pl",
"2": "sla-pro",
"3": "*tvьrdъ"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Slavic *tvьrdъ",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "pl",
"2": "ine-bsl-pro",
"3": "*twírtas"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Balto-Slavic *twírtas",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "pl",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*twerH-"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *twerH-",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "pl",
"2": "kwarc",
"3": "kwarzec"
},
"expansion": "Doublet of kwarc and kwarzec",
"name": "dbt"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Inherited from Old Polish twardy, from Proto-Slavic *tvьrdъ, from Proto-Balto-Slavic *twírtas, from Proto-Indo-European *twerH-. Doublet of kwarc and kwarzec.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "twardszy",
"tags": [
"comparative"
]
},
{
"form": "najtwardszy",
"tags": [
"superlative"
]
},
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "pl-adecl",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "twardy",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"masculine",
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "twarda",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"feminine",
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "twarde",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"neuter",
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "twardzi",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"plural",
"virile"
]
},
{
"form": "twarde",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"error-unrecognized-form",
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "twardego",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"masculine",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "twardej",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"feminine",
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "twardego",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"neuter",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "twardych",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"error-unrecognized-form",
"genitive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "twardych",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"plural",
"virile"
]
},
{
"form": "twardemu",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"masculine",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "twardej",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"feminine",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "twardemu",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"neuter",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "twardym",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"error-unrecognized-form",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "twardym",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"plural",
"virile"
]
},
{
"form": "twardego",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"animate",
"masculine",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "twardy",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"inanimate",
"masculine",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "twardą",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"feminine",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "twarde",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"neuter",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "twardych",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"plural",
"virile"
]
},
{
"form": "twarde",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"error-unrecognized-form",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "twardym",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"masculine",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "twardą",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"feminine",
"instrumental",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "twardym",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"neuter",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "twardymi",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"error-unrecognized-form",
"instrumental",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "twardymi",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"plural",
"virile"
]
},
{
"form": "twardym",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"locative",
"masculine",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "twardej",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"feminine",
"locative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "twardym",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"locative",
"neuter",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "twardych",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"error-unrecognized-form",
"locative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "twardych",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"locative",
"plural",
"virile"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "twardszy",
"adv": "twardo"
},
"expansion": "twardy (comparative twardszy, superlative najtwardszy, derived adverb twardo)",
"name": "pl-adj"
}
],
"hyphenation": [
"twar‧dy"
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"name": "pl-adecl"
}
],
"lang": "Polish",
"lang_code": "pl",
"pos": "adj",
"related": [
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "twardawy"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "twardogłowy"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "stwardnienie"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "twardość"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "twardziel"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "stwardnieć"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "utwardzać"
}
],
"senses": [
{
"antonyms": [
{
"word": "miękki"
}
],
"categories": [],
"examples": [
{
"english": "Diamonds are very hard.",
"text": "Diamenty są bardzo twarde.",
"type": "example"
},
{
"english": "My bed is very hard.",
"text": "Moje łóżko jest bardzo twarde.",
"type": "example"
},
{
"english": "I have a toothache so I can't eat tough food.",
"text": "Boli mnie ząb, więc nie mogę jeść twardego jedzenia.",
"type": "example"
},
{
"english": "This steak is tough.",
"text": "Ten stek jest twardy.",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"hard"
],
"id": "en-twardy-pl-adj-7VRluSIN",
"links": [
[
"hard",
"hard"
]
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"hard (high in dissolved calcium compounds)"
],
"id": "en-twardy-pl-adj-2MxMv0-Q",
"links": [
[
"hard",
"hard"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(of water) hard (high in dissolved calcium compounds)"
],
"raw_tags": [
"of water"
]
},
{
"categories": [],
"examples": [
{
"english": "Don't be so tough with her.",
"text": "Nie bądź dla niej taki twardy.",
"type": "example"
},
{
"english": "Don't you think you are too hard on him?",
"text": "Nie uważasz, że jesteś dla niego zbyt twardy?",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"tough"
],
"id": "en-twardy-pl-adj-3t4eAAQH",
"links": [
[
"tough",
"tough"
]
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "2 6 18 57 18",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Polish entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"english": "I prefer sleeping on a firm mattress.",
"text": "Wolę spać na twardym materacu.",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"firm"
],
"id": "en-twardy-pl-adj-P2JVBzHZ",
"links": [
[
"firm",
"firm"
]
]
},
{
"categories": [],
"examples": [
{
"english": "I have to buy a stiff brush.",
"text": "Muszę kupić twardy pędzel.",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"stiff, rigid"
],
"id": "en-twardy-pl-adj-YpY-Ulj6",
"links": [
[
"stiff",
"stiff"
],
[
"rigid",
"rigid"
]
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ˈtfar.dɘ/"
},
{
"rhymes": "-ardɘ"
},
{
"homophone": "Twardy"
}
],
"word": "twardy"
}
{
"categories": [
"Pages with 2 entries",
"Pages with entries",
"Polish 2-syllable words",
"Polish adjectives",
"Polish doublets",
"Polish entries with incorrect language header",
"Polish hard adjectives",
"Polish lemmas",
"Polish terms derived from Old Polish",
"Polish terms derived from Proto-Balto-Slavic",
"Polish terms derived from Proto-Indo-European",
"Polish terms derived from Proto-Slavic",
"Polish terms inherited from Old Polish",
"Polish terms inherited from Proto-Balto-Slavic",
"Polish terms inherited from Proto-Indo-European",
"Polish terms inherited from Proto-Slavic",
"Polish terms with IPA pronunciation",
"Polish terms with audio links",
"Polish terms with homophones",
"Rhymes:Polish/ardɘ",
"Rhymes:Polish/ardɘ/2 syllables"
],
"derived": [
{
"word": "twardy znak"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "Inherited"
},
"expansion": "Inherited",
"name": "glossary"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "pl",
"2": "zlw-opl",
"3": "twardy",
"4": "",
"5": "",
"g": "",
"g2": "",
"g3": "",
"id": "",
"lit": "",
"nocat": "",
"pos": "",
"sc": "",
"sort": "",
"tr": "",
"ts": ""
},
"expansion": "Old Polish twardy",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "pl",
"2": "zlw-opl",
"3": "twardy"
},
"expansion": "Inherited from Old Polish twardy",
"name": "inh+"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "pl",
"2": "sla-pro",
"3": "*tvьrdъ"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Slavic *tvьrdъ",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "pl",
"2": "ine-bsl-pro",
"3": "*twírtas"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Balto-Slavic *twírtas",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "pl",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*twerH-"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *twerH-",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "pl",
"2": "kwarc",
"3": "kwarzec"
},
"expansion": "Doublet of kwarc and kwarzec",
"name": "dbt"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Inherited from Old Polish twardy, from Proto-Slavic *tvьrdъ, from Proto-Balto-Slavic *twírtas, from Proto-Indo-European *twerH-. Doublet of kwarc and kwarzec.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "twardszy",
"tags": [
"comparative"
]
},
{
"form": "najtwardszy",
"tags": [
"superlative"
]
},
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "pl-adecl",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "twardy",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"masculine",
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "twarda",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"feminine",
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "twarde",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"neuter",
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "twardzi",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"plural",
"virile"
]
},
{
"form": "twarde",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"error-unrecognized-form",
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "twardego",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"masculine",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "twardej",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"feminine",
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "twardego",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"neuter",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "twardych",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"error-unrecognized-form",
"genitive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "twardych",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"plural",
"virile"
]
},
{
"form": "twardemu",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"masculine",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "twardej",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"feminine",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "twardemu",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"neuter",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "twardym",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"error-unrecognized-form",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "twardym",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"plural",
"virile"
]
},
{
"form": "twardego",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"animate",
"masculine",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "twardy",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"inanimate",
"masculine",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "twardą",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"feminine",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "twarde",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"neuter",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "twardych",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"plural",
"virile"
]
},
{
"form": "twarde",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"error-unrecognized-form",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "twardym",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"masculine",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "twardą",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"feminine",
"instrumental",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "twardym",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"neuter",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "twardymi",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"error-unrecognized-form",
"instrumental",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "twardymi",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"plural",
"virile"
]
},
{
"form": "twardym",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"locative",
"masculine",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "twardej",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"feminine",
"locative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "twardym",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"locative",
"neuter",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "twardych",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"error-unrecognized-form",
"locative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "twardych",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"locative",
"plural",
"virile"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "twardszy",
"adv": "twardo"
},
"expansion": "twardy (comparative twardszy, superlative najtwardszy, derived adverb twardo)",
"name": "pl-adj"
}
],
"hyphenation": [
"twar‧dy"
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"name": "pl-adecl"
}
],
"lang": "Polish",
"lang_code": "pl",
"pos": "adj",
"related": [
{
"word": "twardawy"
},
{
"word": "twardogłowy"
},
{
"word": "stwardnienie"
},
{
"word": "twardość"
},
{
"word": "twardziel"
},
{
"word": "stwardnieć"
},
{
"word": "utwardzać"
}
],
"senses": [
{
"antonyms": [
{
"word": "miękki"
}
],
"categories": [
"Polish terms with usage examples"
],
"examples": [
{
"english": "Diamonds are very hard.",
"text": "Diamenty są bardzo twarde.",
"type": "example"
},
{
"english": "My bed is very hard.",
"text": "Moje łóżko jest bardzo twarde.",
"type": "example"
},
{
"english": "I have a toothache so I can't eat tough food.",
"text": "Boli mnie ząb, więc nie mogę jeść twardego jedzenia.",
"type": "example"
},
{
"english": "This steak is tough.",
"text": "Ten stek jest twardy.",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"hard"
],
"links": [
[
"hard",
"hard"
]
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"hard (high in dissolved calcium compounds)"
],
"links": [
[
"hard",
"hard"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(of water) hard (high in dissolved calcium compounds)"
],
"raw_tags": [
"of water"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"Polish terms with usage examples"
],
"examples": [
{
"english": "Don't be so tough with her.",
"text": "Nie bądź dla niej taki twardy.",
"type": "example"
},
{
"english": "Don't you think you are too hard on him?",
"text": "Nie uważasz, że jesteś dla niego zbyt twardy?",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"tough"
],
"links": [
[
"tough",
"tough"
]
]
},
{
"categories": [
"Polish terms with usage examples"
],
"examples": [
{
"english": "I prefer sleeping on a firm mattress.",
"text": "Wolę spać na twardym materacu.",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"firm"
],
"links": [
[
"firm",
"firm"
]
]
},
{
"categories": [
"Polish terms with usage examples"
],
"examples": [
{
"english": "I have to buy a stiff brush.",
"text": "Muszę kupić twardy pędzel.",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"stiff, rigid"
],
"links": [
[
"stiff",
"stiff"
],
[
"rigid",
"rigid"
]
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ˈtfar.dɘ/"
},
{
"rhymes": "-ardɘ"
},
{
"homophone": "Twardy"
}
],
"word": "twardy"
}
Download raw JSONL data for twardy meaning in Polish (7.2kB)
{
"called_from": "form_descriptions/1698",
"msg": "unrecognized head form: derived adverb twardo",
"path": [
"twardy"
],
"section": "Polish",
"subsection": "adjective",
"title": "twardy",
"trace": ""
}
{
"called_from": "inflection/735",
"msg": "inflection table: unrecognized header: 'non-virile'",
"path": [
"twardy"
],
"section": "Polish",
"subsection": "adjective",
"title": "twardy",
"trace": ""
}
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable Polish dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2024-11-06 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2024-10-02 using wiktextract (fbeafe8 and 7f03c9b). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.