See tuff on Wiktionary
{
"etymology_number": 1,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "fr",
"3": "tuffe"
},
"expansion": "French tuffe",
"name": "bor"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "it",
"3": "tufo"
},
"expansion": "Italian tufo",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "la",
"3": "tōfus"
},
"expansion": "Latin tōfus",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "tufa"
},
"expansion": "Doublet of tufa",
"name": "doublet"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From French tuffe, tuf, from Italian tufo, from Latin tōfus. Doublet of tufa.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "tuffs",
"tags": [
"plural"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "~"
},
"expansion": "tuff (countable and uncountable, plural tuffs)",
"name": "en-noun"
}
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "topical",
"langcode": "en",
"name": "Rocks",
"orig": "en:Rocks",
"parents": [
"Geology",
"Natural materials",
"Earth sciences",
"Materials",
"Nature",
"Sciences",
"Manufacturing",
"All topics",
"Human activity",
"Fundamental",
"Human behaviour",
"Human"
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}
],
"derived": [
{
"word": "tufflava"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"ref": "2004, Richard Fortey, The Earth, Folio Society, published 2011, page 9n:",
"text": "This is what makes an ignimbrite; the general term for this kind of volcaniclastic rock is ‘tuff’.",
"type": "quote"
}
],
"glosses": [
"A light porous rock, now especially a rock composed of compacted volcanic ash varying in size from fine sand to coarse gravel."
],
"id": "en-tuff-en-noun-EYlp5Dii",
"links": [
[
"petrology",
"petrology"
],
[
"porous",
"porous"
],
[
"volcanic",
"volcanic"
],
[
"gravel",
"gravel"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(petrology) A light porous rock, now especially a rock composed of compacted volcanic ash varying in size from fine sand to coarse gravel."
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "tufa"
}
],
"tags": [
"countable",
"uncountable"
],
"topics": [
"geography",
"geology",
"natural-sciences",
"petrology"
],
"translations": [
{
"code": "hy",
"lang": "Armenian",
"roman": "tuf",
"sense": "a rock composed of compacted volcanic ash",
"word": "տուֆ"
},
{
"code": "eu",
"lang": "Basque",
"sense": "a rock composed of compacted volcanic ash",
"word": "toba"
},
{
"code": "bg",
"lang": "Bulgarian",
"roman": "tuf",
"sense": "a rock composed of compacted volcanic ash",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "туф"
},
{
"code": "ca",
"lang": "Catalan",
"sense": "a rock composed of compacted volcanic ash",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "tuf"
},
{
"code": "cmn",
"lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
"roman": "nínghuīyán",
"sense": "a rock composed of compacted volcanic ash",
"word": "凝灰岩"
},
{
"code": "cs",
"lang": "Czech",
"sense": "a rock composed of compacted volcanic ash",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "tuf"
},
{
"code": "nl",
"lang": "Dutch",
"sense": "a rock composed of compacted volcanic ash",
"word": "tufsteen"
},
{
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "a rock composed of compacted volcanic ash",
"word": "tuffi"
},
{
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "a rock composed of compacted volcanic ash",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "tuf volcanique"
},
{
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "a rock composed of compacted volcanic ash",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "tuf"
},
{
"code": "gl",
"lang": "Galician",
"sense": "a rock composed of compacted volcanic ash",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "tufo"
},
{
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "a rock composed of compacted volcanic ash",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "Tuff"
},
{
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "a rock composed of compacted volcanic ash",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "Tuffstein"
},
{
"code": "grc",
"lang": "Ancient Greek",
"roman": "pôros",
"sense": "a rock composed of compacted volcanic ash",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "πῶρος"
},
{
"code": "hu",
"lang": "Hungarian",
"sense": "a rock composed of compacted volcanic ash",
"word": "tufa"
},
{
"code": "is",
"lang": "Icelandic",
"sense": "a rock composed of compacted volcanic ash",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "móberg"
},
{
"code": "ga",
"lang": "Irish",
"sense": "a rock composed of compacted volcanic ash",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "tuf"
},
{
"code": "it",
"lang": "Italian",
"sense": "a rock composed of compacted volcanic ash",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "tufo"
},
{
"alt": "ぎょうかいがん",
"code": "ja",
"lang": "Japanese",
"roman": "gyōkaigan",
"sense": "a rock composed of compacted volcanic ash",
"word": "凝灰岩"
},
{
"code": "jv",
"lang": "Javanese",
"roman": "watu putih",
"sense": "a rock composed of compacted volcanic ash",
"word": "ꦮꦠꦸꦥꦸꦠꦶꦃ"
},
{
"alt": "凝灰岩",
"code": "ko",
"lang": "Korean",
"roman": "eunghoeam",
"sense": "a rock composed of compacted volcanic ash",
"word": "응회암"
},
{
"code": "nv",
"lang": "Navajo",
"sense": "a rock composed of compacted volcanic ash",
"word": "dleesh (rhyolitic tuff)"
},
{
"code": "pl",
"lang": "Polish",
"sense": "a rock composed of compacted volcanic ash",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "tuf wulkaniczny"
},
{
"code": "pt",
"lang": "Portuguese",
"sense": "a rock composed of compacted volcanic ash",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "tofo"
},
{
"code": "ro",
"lang": "Romanian",
"sense": "a rock composed of compacted volcanic ash",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "tuf"
},
{
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "vulkaníčeskij tuf",
"sense": "a rock composed of compacted volcanic ash",
"word": "вулкани́ческий туф"
},
{
"code": "sh",
"lang": "Serbo-Croatian",
"sense": "a rock composed of compacted volcanic ash",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "sedra"
},
{
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "a rock composed of compacted volcanic ash",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "toba"
},
{
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "a rock composed of compacted volcanic ash",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "tufo"
},
{
"code": "sv",
"lang": "Swedish",
"sense": "a rock composed of compacted volcanic ash",
"word": "tuff"
},
{
"code": "tr",
"lang": "Turkish",
"sense": "a rock composed of compacted volcanic ash",
"word": "tüf"
},
{
"code": "uk",
"lang": "Ukrainian",
"roman": "vulkaničnyj tuf",
"sense": "a rock composed of compacted volcanic ash",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "вулканічний туф"
},
{
"code": "vi",
"lang": "Vietnamese",
"sense": "a rock composed of compacted volcanic ash",
"word": "đá túp"
},
{
"code": "cy",
"lang": "Welsh",
"sense": "a rock composed of compacted volcanic ash",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "twff"
}
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/tʌf/"
},
{
"audio": "LL-Q1860 (eng)-Vealhurl-tuff.wav",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/0c/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-tuff.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-tuff.wav.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/0c/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-tuff.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-tuff.wav.ogg"
},
{
"rhymes": "-ʌf"
},
{
"homophone": "tough"
}
],
"word": "tuff"
}
{
"etymology_number": 2,
"forms": [
{
"form": "tuffer",
"tags": [
"comparative"
]
},
{
"form": "tuffest",
"tags": [
"superlative"
]
}
],
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"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "adj",
"senses": [
{
"alt_of": [
{
"word": "tough"
}
],
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"name": "English eye dialect",
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"Terms by lexical property",
"Terms by usage"
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"examples": [
{
"ref": "1980, Joy Wilt Berry, Ernie Hergenroeder, Tuff Stuff: A Children's Book about Trauma, Educational Products Division, Word, Inc., →ISBN:",
"text": "Tuff Stuff teaches that while life may go smoothly most of the time, ...",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"ref": "2000, Margaret Cavendish, “Preface to the Reader (1655)”, in Sylvia Bowerbank, Sara Mendelson, editors, Paper Bodies, →ISBN, page 139:",
"text": "… yet never to make us so strong as the strongest of Men, whose Sinnews are tuffer, and Bones stronger, and Joints closer, and Flesh firmer, than ours are …",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"ref": "2003, Ronald Carter, The Routledge Guide to Modern English Writing (Language Arts), Routledge, →ISBN, page 96:",
"text": "It was rave reviewed in the Caribbean Times as 'the ruffest, tuffest and the boo-yacka of all modern gangster novels'.",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"ref": "2006, Paige Hemmis, The Tuff Chix Guide to Easy Home Improvement, Penguin, →ISBN, page 36:",
"text": "TUFF METER",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"ref": "2010 January 20, Robert J. Elisberg, “CES 2020 -- Ohm on the Range”, in Huffington Post, retrieved 2012-09-14:",
"text": "Its Tuff-n-Tiny USB flash drive is about the size of a thumbnail. … The company insists that the \"tuff\" part of the name is well-earned for being waterproof, dustproof and you can drive a car over it.",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"ref": "2011, Kristian Pope, Tuff Stuff Professional Wrestling Field Guide: Legend and Lore, Krause Publications, →ISBN:",
"text": "Tuff Stuff Professional Wrestling",
"type": "quote"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Eye dialect spelling of tough."
],
"id": "en-tuff-en-adj-BJlAWQ9L",
"links": [
[
"tough",
"tough#English"
]
],
"tags": [
"alt-of",
"pronunciation-spelling"
]
}
],
"word": "tuff"
}
{
"derived": [
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "tuffing"
}
],
"etymology_number": 1,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sv",
"2": "en",
"3": "tough"
},
"expansion": "Borrowed from English tough",
"name": "bor+"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Borrowed from English tough. Attested since 1923.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "tuffare",
"tags": [
"comparative"
]
},
{
"form": "tuffast",
"tags": [
"superlative"
]
},
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "sv-adj-reg",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "tuff",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"error-unrecognized-form",
"indefinite",
"positive"
]
},
{
"form": "tuffare",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
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"error-unrecognized-form",
"indefinite"
]
},
{
"form": "tuffast",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"error-unrecognized-form",
"indefinite",
"superlative"
]
},
{
"form": "tufft",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"indefinite",
"neuter",
"positive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "tuffare",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"comparative",
"indefinite",
"neuter",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "tuffast",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"indefinite",
"neuter",
"singular",
"superlative"
]
},
{
"form": "tuffa",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"indefinite",
"plural",
"positive"
]
},
{
"form": "tuffare",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"comparative",
"indefinite",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "tuffast",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"indefinite",
"plural",
"superlative"
]
},
{
"form": "tuffe",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"archaic",
"indefinite",
"masculine",
"plural",
"positive"
]
},
{
"form": "tuffare",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"archaic",
"comparative",
"indefinite",
"masculine",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "tuffast",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"archaic",
"indefinite",
"masculine",
"plural",
"superlative"
]
},
{
"form": "tuffe",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"definite",
"masculine",
"positive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "tuffare",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"comparative",
"definite",
"masculine",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "tuffaste",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"definite",
"masculine",
"singular",
"superlative"
]
},
{
"form": "tuffa",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"definite",
"error-unrecognized-form",
"positive"
]
},
{
"form": "tuffare",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"comparative",
"definite",
"error-unrecognized-form"
]
},
{
"form": "tuffaste",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"definite",
"error-unrecognized-form",
"superlative"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sv",
"2": "adjective",
"3": "",
"4": "",
"5": "comparative",
"6": "tuffare",
"7": "superlative",
"8": "tuffast",
"f2accel-form": "comparative",
"f3accel-form": "superlative",
"head": "",
"sort": ""
},
"expansion": "tuff (comparative tuffare, superlative tuffast)",
"name": "head"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "tuff (comparative tuffare, superlative tuffast)",
"name": "sv-adj"
}
],
"lang": "Swedish",
"lang_code": "sv",
"pos": "adj",
"related": [
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "cool"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "häftig"
}
],
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "35 29 11 5 20",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 2 entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
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],
"examples": [
{
"english": "a tough task",
"text": "en tuff uppgift",
"type": "example"
},
{
"english": "a tough day",
"text": "en tuff dag",
"type": "example"
},
{
"english": "tough negotiations",
"text": "tuffa förhandlingar",
"type": "example"
},
{
"english": "a tough decision",
"text": "ett tufft beslut",
"type": "example"
},
{
"english": "act tough",
"text": "spela tuff",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"tough"
],
"id": "en-tuff-sv-adj-3t4eAAQH",
"links": [
[
"tough",
"tough"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(somewhat colloquial) tough"
],
"tags": [
"colloquial"
]
},
{
"categories": [],
"examples": [
{
"english": "What a cool motorcycle!",
"text": "Vilken tuff motorcykel!",
"type": "example"
},
{
"english": "If you're going to be in a street gang, you need to have a cool nickname",
"text": "Om man ska vara med i ett gatugäng måste man ha ett tufft smeknamn",
"type": "example"
},
{
"english": "pull off some rad tricks on the board",
"text": "göra tuffa tricks på brädan",
"type": "example"
},
{
"english": "Awesome!",
"text": "Fan vad tufft!",
"type": "example"
},
{
"english": "Generally badass. Jocke, he [redundant in Swedish as well] is generally badass, and Krille, he is generally badass. Generally badass. Danne, he is generally badass, and I am generally badass.",
"ref": "1995, De Lyckliga Kompisarna (lyrics and music), “Allmänt tuff [Generally badass]”, in Sagoland [Fairy tale land]:",
"text": "Allmänt tuff. Jocke, han är allmänt tuff, och Krille, han är allmänt tuff. Allmänt tuff. Danne, han är allmänt tuff, och jag är allmänt tuff.",
"type": "quote"
}
],
"glosses": [
"cool; badass (see usage notes)"
],
"id": "en-tuff-sv-adj-sv:cool",
"links": [
[
"cool",
"cool"
],
[
"badass",
"badass"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(colloquial) cool; badass (see usage notes)"
],
"senseid": [
"sv:cool"
],
"tags": [
"colloquial"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/tɵf/"
}
],
"word": "tuff"
}
{
"etymology_number": 2,
"forms": [
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "sv-infl-noun-c-er",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "tuff",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"indefinite",
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "tuffs",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"indefinite",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "tuffen",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"definite",
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "tuffens",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"definite",
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "tuffer",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"indefinite",
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "tuffers",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"indefinite",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "tufferna",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"definite",
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "tuffernas",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"definite",
"genitive",
"plural"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sv",
"2": "nouns",
"3": "",
"g": "c",
"g2": "",
"head": "",
"sort": ""
},
"expansion": "tuff c",
"name": "head"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "c"
},
"expansion": "tuff c",
"name": "sv-noun"
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"name": "sv-infl-noun-c-er"
}
],
"lang": "Swedish",
"lang_code": "sv",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "topical",
"langcode": "sv",
"name": "Petrology",
"orig": "sv:Petrology",
"parents": [
"Geology",
"Earth sciences",
"Sciences",
"All topics",
"Fundamental"
],
"source": "w"
},
{
"_dis": "35 29 11 5 20",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 2 entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "29 33 9 4 25",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "21 13 66",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Swedish entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"tuff"
],
"id": "en-tuff-sv-noun-zij5HZuF",
"links": [
[
"petrology",
"petrology"
],
[
"tuff",
"tuff#English"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(petrology) tuff"
],
"tags": [
"common-gender"
],
"topics": [
"geography",
"geology",
"natural-sciences",
"petrology"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/tɵf/"
}
],
"word": "tuff"
}
{
"categories": [
"English adjectives",
"English countable nouns",
"English doublets",
"English entries with incorrect language header",
"English lemmas",
"English nouns",
"English terms borrowed from French",
"English terms derived from French",
"English terms derived from Italian",
"English terms derived from Latin",
"English terms with homophones",
"English uncountable nouns",
"Entries with translation boxes",
"Pages with 2 entries",
"Pages with entries",
"Rhymes:English/ʌf",
"Rhymes:English/ʌf/1 syllable",
"Terms with Ancient Greek translations",
"Terms with Armenian translations",
"Terms with Basque translations",
"Terms with Bulgarian translations",
"Terms with Catalan translations",
"Terms with Czech translations",
"Terms with Dutch translations",
"Terms with Finnish translations",
"Terms with French translations",
"Terms with Galician translations",
"Terms with German translations",
"Terms with Hungarian translations",
"Terms with Icelandic translations",
"Terms with Irish translations",
"Terms with Italian translations",
"Terms with Japanese translations",
"Terms with Javanese translations",
"Terms with Korean translations",
"Terms with Mandarin translations",
"Terms with Navajo translations",
"Terms with Portuguese translations",
"Terms with Romanian translations",
"Terms with Russian translations",
"Terms with Serbo-Croatian translations",
"Terms with Spanish translations",
"Terms with Swedish translations",
"Terms with Turkish translations",
"Terms with Ukrainian translations",
"Terms with Vietnamese translations",
"Terms with Welsh translations"
],
"derived": [
{
"word": "tufflava"
}
],
"etymology_number": 1,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "fr",
"3": "tuffe"
},
"expansion": "French tuffe",
"name": "bor"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "it",
"3": "tufo"
},
"expansion": "Italian tufo",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "la",
"3": "tōfus"
},
"expansion": "Latin tōfus",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "tufa"
},
"expansion": "Doublet of tufa",
"name": "doublet"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From French tuffe, tuf, from Italian tufo, from Latin tōfus. Doublet of tufa.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "tuffs",
"tags": [
"plural"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "~"
},
"expansion": "tuff (countable and uncountable, plural tuffs)",
"name": "en-noun"
}
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"English terms with quotations",
"Quotation templates to be cleaned",
"en:Rocks"
],
"examples": [
{
"ref": "2004, Richard Fortey, The Earth, Folio Society, published 2011, page 9n:",
"text": "This is what makes an ignimbrite; the general term for this kind of volcaniclastic rock is ‘tuff’.",
"type": "quote"
}
],
"glosses": [
"A light porous rock, now especially a rock composed of compacted volcanic ash varying in size from fine sand to coarse gravel."
],
"links": [
[
"petrology",
"petrology"
],
[
"porous",
"porous"
],
[
"volcanic",
"volcanic"
],
[
"gravel",
"gravel"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(petrology) A light porous rock, now especially a rock composed of compacted volcanic ash varying in size from fine sand to coarse gravel."
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "tufa"
}
],
"tags": [
"countable",
"uncountable"
],
"topics": [
"geography",
"geology",
"natural-sciences",
"petrology"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/tʌf/"
},
{
"audio": "LL-Q1860 (eng)-Vealhurl-tuff.wav",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/0c/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-tuff.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-tuff.wav.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/0c/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-tuff.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-tuff.wav.ogg"
},
{
"rhymes": "-ʌf"
},
{
"homophone": "tough"
}
],
"translations": [
{
"code": "hy",
"lang": "Armenian",
"roman": "tuf",
"sense": "a rock composed of compacted volcanic ash",
"word": "տուֆ"
},
{
"code": "eu",
"lang": "Basque",
"sense": "a rock composed of compacted volcanic ash",
"word": "toba"
},
{
"code": "bg",
"lang": "Bulgarian",
"roman": "tuf",
"sense": "a rock composed of compacted volcanic ash",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "туф"
},
{
"code": "ca",
"lang": "Catalan",
"sense": "a rock composed of compacted volcanic ash",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "tuf"
},
{
"code": "cmn",
"lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
"roman": "nínghuīyán",
"sense": "a rock composed of compacted volcanic ash",
"word": "凝灰岩"
},
{
"code": "cs",
"lang": "Czech",
"sense": "a rock composed of compacted volcanic ash",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "tuf"
},
{
"code": "nl",
"lang": "Dutch",
"sense": "a rock composed of compacted volcanic ash",
"word": "tufsteen"
},
{
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "a rock composed of compacted volcanic ash",
"word": "tuffi"
},
{
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "a rock composed of compacted volcanic ash",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "tuf volcanique"
},
{
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "a rock composed of compacted volcanic ash",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "tuf"
},
{
"code": "gl",
"lang": "Galician",
"sense": "a rock composed of compacted volcanic ash",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "tufo"
},
{
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "a rock composed of compacted volcanic ash",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "Tuff"
},
{
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "a rock composed of compacted volcanic ash",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "Tuffstein"
},
{
"code": "grc",
"lang": "Ancient Greek",
"roman": "pôros",
"sense": "a rock composed of compacted volcanic ash",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "πῶρος"
},
{
"code": "hu",
"lang": "Hungarian",
"sense": "a rock composed of compacted volcanic ash",
"word": "tufa"
},
{
"code": "is",
"lang": "Icelandic",
"sense": "a rock composed of compacted volcanic ash",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "móberg"
},
{
"code": "ga",
"lang": "Irish",
"sense": "a rock composed of compacted volcanic ash",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "tuf"
},
{
"code": "it",
"lang": "Italian",
"sense": "a rock composed of compacted volcanic ash",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "tufo"
},
{
"alt": "ぎょうかいがん",
"code": "ja",
"lang": "Japanese",
"roman": "gyōkaigan",
"sense": "a rock composed of compacted volcanic ash",
"word": "凝灰岩"
},
{
"code": "jv",
"lang": "Javanese",
"roman": "watu putih",
"sense": "a rock composed of compacted volcanic ash",
"word": "ꦮꦠꦸꦥꦸꦠꦶꦃ"
},
{
"alt": "凝灰岩",
"code": "ko",
"lang": "Korean",
"roman": "eunghoeam",
"sense": "a rock composed of compacted volcanic ash",
"word": "응회암"
},
{
"code": "nv",
"lang": "Navajo",
"sense": "a rock composed of compacted volcanic ash",
"word": "dleesh (rhyolitic tuff)"
},
{
"code": "pl",
"lang": "Polish",
"sense": "a rock composed of compacted volcanic ash",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "tuf wulkaniczny"
},
{
"code": "pt",
"lang": "Portuguese",
"sense": "a rock composed of compacted volcanic ash",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "tofo"
},
{
"code": "ro",
"lang": "Romanian",
"sense": "a rock composed of compacted volcanic ash",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "tuf"
},
{
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "vulkaníčeskij tuf",
"sense": "a rock composed of compacted volcanic ash",
"word": "вулкани́ческий туф"
},
{
"code": "sh",
"lang": "Serbo-Croatian",
"sense": "a rock composed of compacted volcanic ash",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "sedra"
},
{
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "a rock composed of compacted volcanic ash",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "toba"
},
{
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "a rock composed of compacted volcanic ash",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "tufo"
},
{
"code": "sv",
"lang": "Swedish",
"sense": "a rock composed of compacted volcanic ash",
"word": "tuff"
},
{
"code": "tr",
"lang": "Turkish",
"sense": "a rock composed of compacted volcanic ash",
"word": "tüf"
},
{
"code": "uk",
"lang": "Ukrainian",
"roman": "vulkaničnyj tuf",
"sense": "a rock composed of compacted volcanic ash",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "вулканічний туф"
},
{
"code": "vi",
"lang": "Vietnamese",
"sense": "a rock composed of compacted volcanic ash",
"word": "đá túp"
},
{
"code": "cy",
"lang": "Welsh",
"sense": "a rock composed of compacted volcanic ash",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "twff"
}
],
"word": "tuff"
}
{
"categories": [
"English adjectives",
"English entries with incorrect language header",
"English lemmas",
"Pages with 2 entries",
"Pages with entries"
],
"etymology_number": 2,
"forms": [
{
"form": "tuffer",
"tags": [
"comparative"
]
},
{
"form": "tuffest",
"tags": [
"superlative"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "er"
},
"expansion": "tuff (comparative tuffer, superlative tuffest)",
"name": "en-adj"
}
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "adj",
"senses": [
{
"alt_of": [
{
"word": "tough"
}
],
"categories": [
"English eye dialect",
"English terms with quotations"
],
"examples": [
{
"ref": "1980, Joy Wilt Berry, Ernie Hergenroeder, Tuff Stuff: A Children's Book about Trauma, Educational Products Division, Word, Inc., →ISBN:",
"text": "Tuff Stuff teaches that while life may go smoothly most of the time, ...",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"ref": "2000, Margaret Cavendish, “Preface to the Reader (1655)”, in Sylvia Bowerbank, Sara Mendelson, editors, Paper Bodies, →ISBN, page 139:",
"text": "… yet never to make us so strong as the strongest of Men, whose Sinnews are tuffer, and Bones stronger, and Joints closer, and Flesh firmer, than ours are …",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"ref": "2003, Ronald Carter, The Routledge Guide to Modern English Writing (Language Arts), Routledge, →ISBN, page 96:",
"text": "It was rave reviewed in the Caribbean Times as 'the ruffest, tuffest and the boo-yacka of all modern gangster novels'.",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"ref": "2006, Paige Hemmis, The Tuff Chix Guide to Easy Home Improvement, Penguin, →ISBN, page 36:",
"text": "TUFF METER",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"ref": "2010 January 20, Robert J. Elisberg, “CES 2020 -- Ohm on the Range”, in Huffington Post, retrieved 2012-09-14:",
"text": "Its Tuff-n-Tiny USB flash drive is about the size of a thumbnail. … The company insists that the \"tuff\" part of the name is well-earned for being waterproof, dustproof and you can drive a car over it.",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"ref": "2011, Kristian Pope, Tuff Stuff Professional Wrestling Field Guide: Legend and Lore, Krause Publications, →ISBN:",
"text": "Tuff Stuff Professional Wrestling",
"type": "quote"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Eye dialect spelling of tough."
],
"links": [
[
"tough",
"tough#English"
]
],
"tags": [
"alt-of",
"pronunciation-spelling"
]
}
],
"word": "tuff"
}
{
"categories": [
"Pages with 2 entries",
"Pages with entries",
"Swedish adjectives",
"Swedish common-gender nouns",
"Swedish entries with incorrect language header",
"Swedish lemmas",
"Swedish nouns",
"Swedish terms borrowed from English",
"Swedish terms derived from English"
],
"derived": [
{
"word": "tuffing"
}
],
"etymology_number": 1,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sv",
"2": "en",
"3": "tough"
},
"expansion": "Borrowed from English tough",
"name": "bor+"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Borrowed from English tough. Attested since 1923.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "tuffare",
"tags": [
"comparative"
]
},
{
"form": "tuffast",
"tags": [
"superlative"
]
},
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "sv-adj-reg",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "tuff",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"error-unrecognized-form",
"indefinite",
"positive"
]
},
{
"form": "tuffare",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"comparative",
"error-unrecognized-form",
"indefinite"
]
},
{
"form": "tuffast",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"error-unrecognized-form",
"indefinite",
"superlative"
]
},
{
"form": "tufft",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"indefinite",
"neuter",
"positive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "tuffare",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"comparative",
"indefinite",
"neuter",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "tuffast",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"indefinite",
"neuter",
"singular",
"superlative"
]
},
{
"form": "tuffa",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"indefinite",
"plural",
"positive"
]
},
{
"form": "tuffare",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"comparative",
"indefinite",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "tuffast",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"indefinite",
"plural",
"superlative"
]
},
{
"form": "tuffe",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"archaic",
"indefinite",
"masculine",
"plural",
"positive"
]
},
{
"form": "tuffare",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"archaic",
"comparative",
"indefinite",
"masculine",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "tuffast",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"archaic",
"indefinite",
"masculine",
"plural",
"superlative"
]
},
{
"form": "tuffe",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"definite",
"masculine",
"positive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "tuffare",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"comparative",
"definite",
"masculine",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "tuffaste",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"definite",
"masculine",
"singular",
"superlative"
]
},
{
"form": "tuffa",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"definite",
"error-unrecognized-form",
"positive"
]
},
{
"form": "tuffare",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"comparative",
"definite",
"error-unrecognized-form"
]
},
{
"form": "tuffaste",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"definite",
"error-unrecognized-form",
"superlative"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sv",
"2": "adjective",
"3": "",
"4": "",
"5": "comparative",
"6": "tuffare",
"7": "superlative",
"8": "tuffast",
"f2accel-form": "comparative",
"f3accel-form": "superlative",
"head": "",
"sort": ""
},
"expansion": "tuff (comparative tuffare, superlative tuffast)",
"name": "head"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "tuff (comparative tuffare, superlative tuffast)",
"name": "sv-adj"
}
],
"lang": "Swedish",
"lang_code": "sv",
"pos": "adj",
"related": [
{
"word": "cool"
},
{
"word": "häftig"
}
],
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"Swedish colloquialisms",
"Swedish terms with usage examples"
],
"examples": [
{
"english": "a tough task",
"text": "en tuff uppgift",
"type": "example"
},
{
"english": "a tough day",
"text": "en tuff dag",
"type": "example"
},
{
"english": "tough negotiations",
"text": "tuffa förhandlingar",
"type": "example"
},
{
"english": "a tough decision",
"text": "ett tufft beslut",
"type": "example"
},
{
"english": "act tough",
"text": "spela tuff",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"tough"
],
"links": [
[
"tough",
"tough"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(somewhat colloquial) tough"
],
"tags": [
"colloquial"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"Swedish colloquialisms",
"Swedish terms with quotations",
"Swedish terms with usage examples"
],
"examples": [
{
"english": "What a cool motorcycle!",
"text": "Vilken tuff motorcykel!",
"type": "example"
},
{
"english": "If you're going to be in a street gang, you need to have a cool nickname",
"text": "Om man ska vara med i ett gatugäng måste man ha ett tufft smeknamn",
"type": "example"
},
{
"english": "pull off some rad tricks on the board",
"text": "göra tuffa tricks på brädan",
"type": "example"
},
{
"english": "Awesome!",
"text": "Fan vad tufft!",
"type": "example"
},
{
"english": "Generally badass. Jocke, he [redundant in Swedish as well] is generally badass, and Krille, he is generally badass. Generally badass. Danne, he is generally badass, and I am generally badass.",
"ref": "1995, De Lyckliga Kompisarna (lyrics and music), “Allmänt tuff [Generally badass]”, in Sagoland [Fairy tale land]:",
"text": "Allmänt tuff. Jocke, han är allmänt tuff, och Krille, han är allmänt tuff. Allmänt tuff. Danne, han är allmänt tuff, och jag är allmänt tuff.",
"type": "quote"
}
],
"glosses": [
"cool; badass (see usage notes)"
],
"links": [
[
"cool",
"cool"
],
[
"badass",
"badass"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(colloquial) cool; badass (see usage notes)"
],
"senseid": [
"sv:cool"
],
"tags": [
"colloquial"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/tɵf/"
}
],
"word": "tuff"
}
{
"categories": [
"Pages with 2 entries",
"Pages with entries",
"Swedish common-gender nouns",
"Swedish entries with incorrect language header",
"Swedish lemmas",
"Swedish nouns"
],
"etymology_number": 2,
"forms": [
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "sv-infl-noun-c-er",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "tuff",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"indefinite",
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "tuffs",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"indefinite",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "tuffen",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"definite",
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "tuffens",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"definite",
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "tuffer",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"indefinite",
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "tuffers",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"indefinite",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "tufferna",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"definite",
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "tuffernas",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"definite",
"genitive",
"plural"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sv",
"2": "nouns",
"3": "",
"g": "c",
"g2": "",
"head": "",
"sort": ""
},
"expansion": "tuff c",
"name": "head"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "c"
},
"expansion": "tuff c",
"name": "sv-noun"
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"name": "sv-infl-noun-c-er"
}
],
"lang": "Swedish",
"lang_code": "sv",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"sv:Petrology"
],
"glosses": [
"tuff"
],
"links": [
[
"petrology",
"petrology"
],
[
"tuff",
"tuff#English"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(petrology) tuff"
],
"tags": [
"common-gender"
],
"topics": [
"geography",
"geology",
"natural-sciences",
"petrology"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/tɵf/"
}
],
"word": "tuff"
}
Download raw JSONL data for tuff meaning in All languages combined (17.0kB)
{
"called_from": "inflection/735",
"msg": "inflection table: unrecognized header: 'common singular'",
"path": [
"tuff"
],
"section": "Swedish",
"subsection": "adjective",
"title": "tuff",
"trace": ""
}
{
"called_from": "inflection/735",
"msg": "inflection table: unrecognized header: 'all'",
"path": [
"tuff"
],
"section": "Swedish",
"subsection": "adjective",
"title": "tuff",
"trace": ""
}
{
"called_from": "inflection/20250113a",
"msg": "Colspan 999 over 30, set to 1",
"path": [
"tuff"
],
"section": "Swedish",
"subsection": "adjective",
"title": "tuff",
"trace": ""
}
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable All languages combined dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2025-02-15 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2025-02-02 using wiktextract (ca09fec and c40eb85). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.