See tuff in All languages combined, or Wiktionary
{
"etymology_number": 1,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "fr",
"3": "tuffe"
},
"expansion": "French tuffe",
"name": "bor"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "it",
"3": "tufo"
},
"expansion": "Italian tufo",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "la",
"3": "tōfus"
},
"expansion": "Latin tōfus",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "tufa"
},
"expansion": "Doublet of tufa",
"name": "doublet"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From French tuffe, tuf, from Italian tufo, from Latin tōfus. Doublet of tufa.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "tuffs",
"tags": [
"plural"
]
}
],
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"args": {
"1": "~"
},
"expansion": "tuff (countable and uncountable, plural tuffs)",
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}
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"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "topical",
"langcode": "en",
"name": "Rocks",
"orig": "en:Rocks",
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"Natural materials",
"Earth sciences",
"Materials",
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"All topics",
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"Human behaviour",
"Human"
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{
"kind": "other",
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{
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"name": "Terms with German translations",
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}
],
"derived": [
{
"word": "tufflava"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"ref": "2004, Richard Fortey, The Earth, Folio Society, published 2011, page 9n:",
"text": "This is what makes an ignimbrite; the general term for this kind of volcaniclastic rock is ‘tuff’.",
"type": "quote"
}
],
"glosses": [
"A light porous rock, now especially a rock composed of compacted volcanic ash varying in size from fine sand to coarse gravel."
],
"id": "en-tuff-en-noun-EYlp5Dii",
"links": [
[
"petrology",
"petrology"
],
[
"porous",
"porous"
],
[
"volcanic",
"volcanic"
],
[
"gravel",
"gravel"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(petrology) A light porous rock, now especially a rock composed of compacted volcanic ash varying in size from fine sand to coarse gravel."
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "tufa"
}
],
"tags": [
"countable",
"uncountable"
],
"topics": [
"geography",
"geology",
"natural-sciences",
"petrology"
],
"translations": [
{
"code": "hy",
"lang": "Armenian",
"roman": "tuf",
"sense": "a rock composed of compacted volcanic ash",
"word": "տուֆ"
},
{
"code": "eu",
"lang": "Basque",
"sense": "a rock composed of compacted volcanic ash",
"word": "toba"
},
{
"code": "bg",
"lang": "Bulgarian",
"roman": "tuf",
"sense": "a rock composed of compacted volcanic ash",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "туф"
},
{
"code": "ca",
"lang": "Catalan",
"sense": "a rock composed of compacted volcanic ash",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "tuf"
},
{
"code": "cmn",
"lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
"roman": "nínghuīyán",
"sense": "a rock composed of compacted volcanic ash",
"word": "凝灰岩"
},
{
"code": "cs",
"lang": "Czech",
"sense": "a rock composed of compacted volcanic ash",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "tuf"
},
{
"code": "nl",
"lang": "Dutch",
"sense": "a rock composed of compacted volcanic ash",
"word": "tufsteen"
},
{
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "a rock composed of compacted volcanic ash",
"word": "tuffi"
},
{
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "a rock composed of compacted volcanic ash",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "tuf volcanique"
},
{
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "a rock composed of compacted volcanic ash",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "tuf"
},
{
"code": "gl",
"lang": "Galician",
"sense": "a rock composed of compacted volcanic ash",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "tufo"
},
{
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "a rock composed of compacted volcanic ash",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "Tuff"
},
{
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "a rock composed of compacted volcanic ash",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "Tuffstein"
},
{
"code": "grc",
"lang": "Ancient Greek",
"roman": "pôros",
"sense": "a rock composed of compacted volcanic ash",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "πῶρος"
},
{
"code": "hu",
"lang": "Hungarian",
"sense": "a rock composed of compacted volcanic ash",
"word": "tufa"
},
{
"code": "is",
"lang": "Icelandic",
"sense": "a rock composed of compacted volcanic ash",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "móberg"
},
{
"code": "ga",
"lang": "Irish",
"sense": "a rock composed of compacted volcanic ash",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "tuf"
},
{
"code": "it",
"lang": "Italian",
"sense": "a rock composed of compacted volcanic ash",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "tufo"
},
{
"alt": "ぎょうかいがん",
"code": "ja",
"lang": "Japanese",
"roman": "gyōkaigan",
"sense": "a rock composed of compacted volcanic ash",
"word": "凝灰岩"
},
{
"code": "jv",
"lang": "Javanese",
"roman": "watu putih",
"sense": "a rock composed of compacted volcanic ash",
"word": "ꦮꦠꦸꦥꦸꦠꦶꦃ"
},
{
"alt": "凝灰岩",
"code": "ko",
"lang": "Korean",
"roman": "eunghoeam",
"sense": "a rock composed of compacted volcanic ash",
"word": "응회암"
},
{
"code": "nv",
"lang": "Navajo",
"sense": "a rock composed of compacted volcanic ash",
"word": "dleesh (rhyolitic tuff)"
},
{
"code": "pl",
"lang": "Polish",
"sense": "a rock composed of compacted volcanic ash",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "tuf wulkaniczny"
},
{
"code": "pt",
"lang": "Portuguese",
"sense": "a rock composed of compacted volcanic ash",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "tofo"
},
{
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "vulkaníčeskij tuf",
"sense": "a rock composed of compacted volcanic ash",
"word": "вулкани́ческий туф"
},
{
"code": "sh",
"lang": "Serbo-Croatian",
"sense": "a rock composed of compacted volcanic ash",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "sedra"
},
{
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "a rock composed of compacted volcanic ash",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "toba"
},
{
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "a rock composed of compacted volcanic ash",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "tufo"
},
{
"code": "sv",
"lang": "Swedish",
"sense": "a rock composed of compacted volcanic ash",
"word": "tuff"
},
{
"code": "tr",
"lang": "Turkish",
"sense": "a rock composed of compacted volcanic ash",
"word": "tüf"
},
{
"code": "uk",
"lang": "Ukrainian",
"roman": "vulkaničnyj tuf",
"sense": "a rock composed of compacted volcanic ash",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "вулканічний туф"
},
{
"code": "vi",
"lang": "Vietnamese",
"sense": "a rock composed of compacted volcanic ash",
"word": "đá túp"
},
{
"code": "cy",
"lang": "Welsh",
"sense": "a rock composed of compacted volcanic ash",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "twff"
}
]
}
],
"sounds": [
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"ipa": "/tʌf/"
},
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},
{
"rhymes": "-ʌf"
},
{
"homophone": "tough"
}
],
"word": "tuff"
}
{
"etymology_number": 2,
"forms": [
{
"form": "tuffer",
"tags": [
"comparative"
]
},
{
"form": "tuffest",
"tags": [
"superlative"
]
}
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"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "adj",
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"alt_of": [
{
"word": "tough"
}
],
"categories": [
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"kind": "other",
"name": "English eye dialect",
"parents": [
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"Nonstandard forms",
"Terms by orthographic property",
"Nonstandard terms",
"Terms by lexical property",
"Terms by usage"
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],
"examples": [
{
"ref": "1980, Joy Wilt Berry, Ernie Hergenroeder, Tuff Stuff: A Children's Book about Trauma, Educational Products Division, Word, Inc., →ISBN:",
"text": "Tuff Stuff teaches that while life may go smoothly most of the time, ...",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"ref": "2000, Margaret Cavendish, “Preface to the Reader (1655)”, in Sylvia Bowerbank, Sara Mendelson, editors, Paper Bodies, →ISBN, page 139:",
"text": "… yet never to make us so strong as the strongest of Men, whose Sinnews are tuffer, and Bones stronger, and Joints closer, and Flesh firmer, than ours are …",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"ref": "2003, Ronald Carter, The Routledge Guide to Modern English Writing (Language Arts), Routledge, →ISBN, page 96:",
"text": "It was rave reviewed in the Caribbean Times as 'the ruffest, tuffest and the boo-yacka of all modern gangster novels'.",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"ref": "2006, Paige Hemmis, The Tuff Chix Guide to Easy Home Improvement, Penguin, →ISBN, page 36:",
"text": "TUFF METER",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"ref": "2010 January 20, Robert J. Elisberg, “CES 2020 -- Ohm on the Range”, in Huffington Post, retrieved 2012-09-14:",
"text": "Its Tuff-n-Tiny USB flash drive is about the size of a thumbnail. … The company insists that the \"tuff\" part of the name is well-earned for being waterproof, dustproof and you can drive a car over it.",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"ref": "2011, Kristian Pope, Tuff Stuff Professional Wrestling Field Guide: Legend and Lore, Krause Publications, →ISBN:",
"text": "Tuff Stuff Professional Wrestling",
"type": "quote"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Eye dialect spelling of tough."
],
"id": "en-tuff-en-adj-BJlAWQ9L",
"links": [
[
"tough",
"tough#English"
]
],
"tags": [
"alt-of",
"pronunciation-spelling"
]
}
],
"word": "tuff"
}
{
"categories": [
"English adjectives",
"English countable nouns",
"English doublets",
"English entries with incorrect language header",
"English lemmas",
"English nouns",
"English terms borrowed from French",
"English terms derived from French",
"English terms derived from Italian",
"English terms derived from Latin",
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"English uncountable nouns",
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"Terms with Basque translations",
"Terms with Bulgarian translations",
"Terms with Catalan translations",
"Terms with Czech translations",
"Terms with Dutch translations",
"Terms with Finnish translations",
"Terms with French translations",
"Terms with Galician translations",
"Terms with German translations",
"Terms with Hungarian translations",
"Terms with Icelandic translations",
"Terms with Irish translations",
"Terms with Italian translations",
"Terms with Japanese translations",
"Terms with Javanese translations",
"Terms with Korean translations",
"Terms with Mandarin translations",
"Terms with Navajo translations",
"Terms with Portuguese translations",
"Terms with Russian translations",
"Terms with Serbo-Croatian translations",
"Terms with Spanish translations",
"Terms with Swedish translations",
"Terms with Turkish translations",
"Terms with Ukrainian translations",
"Terms with Vietnamese translations",
"Terms with Welsh translations"
],
"derived": [
{
"word": "tufflava"
}
],
"etymology_number": 1,
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"2": "fr",
"3": "tuffe"
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"expansion": "French tuffe",
"name": "bor"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "it",
"3": "tufo"
},
"expansion": "Italian tufo",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "la",
"3": "tōfus"
},
"expansion": "Latin tōfus",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "tufa"
},
"expansion": "Doublet of tufa",
"name": "doublet"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From French tuffe, tuf, from Italian tufo, from Latin tōfus. Doublet of tufa.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "tuffs",
"tags": [
"plural"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
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"args": {
"1": "~"
},
"expansion": "tuff (countable and uncountable, plural tuffs)",
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],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"English terms with quotations",
"Quotation templates to be cleaned",
"en:Rocks"
],
"examples": [
{
"ref": "2004, Richard Fortey, The Earth, Folio Society, published 2011, page 9n:",
"text": "This is what makes an ignimbrite; the general term for this kind of volcaniclastic rock is ‘tuff’.",
"type": "quote"
}
],
"glosses": [
"A light porous rock, now especially a rock composed of compacted volcanic ash varying in size from fine sand to coarse gravel."
],
"links": [
[
"petrology",
"petrology"
],
[
"porous",
"porous"
],
[
"volcanic",
"volcanic"
],
[
"gravel",
"gravel"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(petrology) A light porous rock, now especially a rock composed of compacted volcanic ash varying in size from fine sand to coarse gravel."
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "tufa"
}
],
"tags": [
"countable",
"uncountable"
],
"topics": [
"geography",
"geology",
"natural-sciences",
"petrology"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
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"ipa": "/tʌf/"
},
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},
{
"rhymes": "-ʌf"
},
{
"homophone": "tough"
}
],
"translations": [
{
"code": "hy",
"lang": "Armenian",
"roman": "tuf",
"sense": "a rock composed of compacted volcanic ash",
"word": "տուֆ"
},
{
"code": "eu",
"lang": "Basque",
"sense": "a rock composed of compacted volcanic ash",
"word": "toba"
},
{
"code": "bg",
"lang": "Bulgarian",
"roman": "tuf",
"sense": "a rock composed of compacted volcanic ash",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "туф"
},
{
"code": "ca",
"lang": "Catalan",
"sense": "a rock composed of compacted volcanic ash",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "tuf"
},
{
"code": "cmn",
"lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
"roman": "nínghuīyán",
"sense": "a rock composed of compacted volcanic ash",
"word": "凝灰岩"
},
{
"code": "cs",
"lang": "Czech",
"sense": "a rock composed of compacted volcanic ash",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "tuf"
},
{
"code": "nl",
"lang": "Dutch",
"sense": "a rock composed of compacted volcanic ash",
"word": "tufsteen"
},
{
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "a rock composed of compacted volcanic ash",
"word": "tuffi"
},
{
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "a rock composed of compacted volcanic ash",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "tuf volcanique"
},
{
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "a rock composed of compacted volcanic ash",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "tuf"
},
{
"code": "gl",
"lang": "Galician",
"sense": "a rock composed of compacted volcanic ash",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "tufo"
},
{
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "a rock composed of compacted volcanic ash",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "Tuff"
},
{
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "a rock composed of compacted volcanic ash",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "Tuffstein"
},
{
"code": "grc",
"lang": "Ancient Greek",
"roman": "pôros",
"sense": "a rock composed of compacted volcanic ash",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "πῶρος"
},
{
"code": "hu",
"lang": "Hungarian",
"sense": "a rock composed of compacted volcanic ash",
"word": "tufa"
},
{
"code": "is",
"lang": "Icelandic",
"sense": "a rock composed of compacted volcanic ash",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "móberg"
},
{
"code": "ga",
"lang": "Irish",
"sense": "a rock composed of compacted volcanic ash",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "tuf"
},
{
"code": "it",
"lang": "Italian",
"sense": "a rock composed of compacted volcanic ash",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "tufo"
},
{
"alt": "ぎょうかいがん",
"code": "ja",
"lang": "Japanese",
"roman": "gyōkaigan",
"sense": "a rock composed of compacted volcanic ash",
"word": "凝灰岩"
},
{
"code": "jv",
"lang": "Javanese",
"roman": "watu putih",
"sense": "a rock composed of compacted volcanic ash",
"word": "ꦮꦠꦸꦥꦸꦠꦶꦃ"
},
{
"alt": "凝灰岩",
"code": "ko",
"lang": "Korean",
"roman": "eunghoeam",
"sense": "a rock composed of compacted volcanic ash",
"word": "응회암"
},
{
"code": "nv",
"lang": "Navajo",
"sense": "a rock composed of compacted volcanic ash",
"word": "dleesh (rhyolitic tuff)"
},
{
"code": "pl",
"lang": "Polish",
"sense": "a rock composed of compacted volcanic ash",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "tuf wulkaniczny"
},
{
"code": "pt",
"lang": "Portuguese",
"sense": "a rock composed of compacted volcanic ash",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "tofo"
},
{
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "vulkaníčeskij tuf",
"sense": "a rock composed of compacted volcanic ash",
"word": "вулкани́ческий туф"
},
{
"code": "sh",
"lang": "Serbo-Croatian",
"sense": "a rock composed of compacted volcanic ash",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "sedra"
},
{
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "a rock composed of compacted volcanic ash",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "toba"
},
{
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "a rock composed of compacted volcanic ash",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "tufo"
},
{
"code": "sv",
"lang": "Swedish",
"sense": "a rock composed of compacted volcanic ash",
"word": "tuff"
},
{
"code": "tr",
"lang": "Turkish",
"sense": "a rock composed of compacted volcanic ash",
"word": "tüf"
},
{
"code": "uk",
"lang": "Ukrainian",
"roman": "vulkaničnyj tuf",
"sense": "a rock composed of compacted volcanic ash",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "вулканічний туф"
},
{
"code": "vi",
"lang": "Vietnamese",
"sense": "a rock composed of compacted volcanic ash",
"word": "đá túp"
},
{
"code": "cy",
"lang": "Welsh",
"sense": "a rock composed of compacted volcanic ash",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "twff"
}
],
"word": "tuff"
}
{
"categories": [
"English adjectives",
"English entries with incorrect language header",
"English lemmas",
"Pages with 2 entries",
"Pages with entries"
],
"etymology_number": 2,
"forms": [
{
"form": "tuffer",
"tags": [
"comparative"
]
},
{
"form": "tuffest",
"tags": [
"superlative"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "er"
},
"expansion": "tuff (comparative tuffer, superlative tuffest)",
"name": "en-adj"
}
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "adj",
"senses": [
{
"alt_of": [
{
"word": "tough"
}
],
"categories": [
"English eye dialect",
"English terms with quotations"
],
"examples": [
{
"ref": "1980, Joy Wilt Berry, Ernie Hergenroeder, Tuff Stuff: A Children's Book about Trauma, Educational Products Division, Word, Inc., →ISBN:",
"text": "Tuff Stuff teaches that while life may go smoothly most of the time, ...",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"ref": "2000, Margaret Cavendish, “Preface to the Reader (1655)”, in Sylvia Bowerbank, Sara Mendelson, editors, Paper Bodies, →ISBN, page 139:",
"text": "… yet never to make us so strong as the strongest of Men, whose Sinnews are tuffer, and Bones stronger, and Joints closer, and Flesh firmer, than ours are …",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"ref": "2003, Ronald Carter, The Routledge Guide to Modern English Writing (Language Arts), Routledge, →ISBN, page 96:",
"text": "It was rave reviewed in the Caribbean Times as 'the ruffest, tuffest and the boo-yacka of all modern gangster novels'.",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"ref": "2006, Paige Hemmis, The Tuff Chix Guide to Easy Home Improvement, Penguin, →ISBN, page 36:",
"text": "TUFF METER",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"ref": "2010 January 20, Robert J. Elisberg, “CES 2020 -- Ohm on the Range”, in Huffington Post, retrieved 2012-09-14:",
"text": "Its Tuff-n-Tiny USB flash drive is about the size of a thumbnail. … The company insists that the \"tuff\" part of the name is well-earned for being waterproof, dustproof and you can drive a car over it.",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"ref": "2011, Kristian Pope, Tuff Stuff Professional Wrestling Field Guide: Legend and Lore, Krause Publications, →ISBN:",
"text": "Tuff Stuff Professional Wrestling",
"type": "quote"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Eye dialect spelling of tough."
],
"links": [
[
"tough",
"tough#English"
]
],
"tags": [
"alt-of",
"pronunciation-spelling"
]
}
],
"word": "tuff"
}
Download raw JSONL data for tuff meaning in English (10.1kB)
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable English dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2024-11-06 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2024-10-02 using wiktextract (fbeafe8 and 7f03c9b). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.