See toughness on Wiktionary
Download JSON data for toughness meaning in All languages combined (4.8kB)
{
"derived": [
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"word": "graph toughness"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "enm",
"3": "toughnesse"
},
"expansion": "Middle English toughnesse",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "towghnesse"
},
"expansion": "towghnesse",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "towghenesse"
},
"expansion": "towghenesse",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "tough",
"3": "-ness"
},
"expansion": "tough + -ness",
"name": "af"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Middle English toughnesse, towghnesse, towghenesse, equivalent to tough + -ness.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "toughnesses",
"tags": [
"plural"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "~"
},
"expansion": "toughness (countable and uncountable, plural toughnesses)",
"name": "en-noun"
}
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "topical",
"langcode": "en",
"name": "Materials science",
"orig": "en:Materials science",
"parents": [
"Engineering",
"Sciences",
"Applied sciences",
"Technology",
"All topics",
"Fundamental"
],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "topical",
"langcode": "en",
"name": "Physics",
"orig": "en:Physics",
"parents": [
"Sciences",
"All topics",
"Fundamental"
],
"source": "w"
},
{
"_dis": "52 47 1",
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"name": "English entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
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"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "53 45 2",
"kind": "other",
"name": "English terms suffixed with -ness",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"The state of being tough.",
"Resistance to fracture when stressed, or the degree of such resistance."
],
"id": "en-toughness-en-noun-3hSEOIEr",
"links": [
[
"tough",
"tough"
],
[
"materials science",
"materials science"
],
[
"physics",
"physics"
],
[
"Resistance",
"resistance"
],
[
"fracture",
"fracture"
],
[
"stressed",
"stressed"
],
[
"degree",
"degree#English"
]
],
"qualifier": "materials science",
"raw_glosses": [
"(uncountable) The state of being tough.",
"(materials science, physics, of a metal) Resistance to fracture when stressed, or the degree of such resistance."
],
"raw_tags": [
"of a metal"
],
"tags": [
"countable",
"uncountable"
],
"topics": [
"natural-sciences",
"physical-sciences",
"physics"
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "52 47 1",
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"parents": [
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"Entry maintenance"
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"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "53 45 2",
"kind": "other",
"name": "English terms suffixed with -ness",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"The state of being tough.",
"Fortitude; hardiness; mettle."
],
"id": "en-toughness-en-noun-uQe~0MPu",
"links": [
[
"tough",
"tough"
],
[
"Fortitude",
"fortitude#English"
],
[
"hardiness",
"hardiness#English"
],
[
"mettle",
"mettle#English"
]
],
"qualifier": "psychologically; emotionally; or biologically; psychologically; emotionally; or biologically",
"raw_glosses": [
"(uncountable) The state of being tough.",
"(psychologically, emotionally, or biologically) Fortitude; hardiness; mettle."
],
"tags": [
"countable",
"uncountable"
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"A formidable difficulty."
],
"id": "en-toughness-en-noun-Z5N992fl",
"links": [
[
"formidable",
"formidable"
],
[
"difficulty",
"difficulty"
]
],
"tags": [
"countable",
"uncountable"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"audio": "LL-Q1860 (eng)-Vealhurl-toughness.wav",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/0e/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-toughness.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-toughness.wav.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/0e/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-toughness.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-toughness.wav.ogg",
"tags": [
"UK"
],
"text": "Audio (UK)"
}
],
"translations": [
{
"_dis1": "50 50 1",
"code": "bg",
"lang": "Bulgarian",
"roman": "tvǎrdost",
"sense": "state of being tough",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "твърдост"
},
{
"_dis1": "50 50 1",
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "state of being tough",
"word": "sitkeys"
},
{
"_dis1": "50 50 1",
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "state of being tough",
"word": "ankaruus"
},
{
"_dis1": "50 50 1",
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "state of being tough",
"word": "kovuus"
},
{
"_dis1": "50 50 1",
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "state of being tough",
"word": "solidité"
},
{
"_dis1": "50 50 1",
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "state of being tough",
"word": "dureté"
},
{
"_dis1": "50 50 1",
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "state of being tough",
"word": "endurance"
},
{
"_dis1": "50 50 1",
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "state of being tough",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "Zähigkeit"
},
{
"_dis1": "50 50 1",
"code": "it",
"lang": "Italian",
"sense": "state of being tough",
"word": "robustezza"
},
{
"_dis1": "50 50 1",
"code": "ro",
"lang": "Romanian",
"sense": "state of being tough",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "tenacitate"
}
],
"wikipedia": [
"toughness"
],
"word": "toughness"
}
{
"categories": [
"English countable nouns",
"English entries with incorrect language header",
"English lemmas",
"English nouns",
"English terms derived from Middle English",
"English terms inherited from Middle English",
"English terms suffixed with -ness",
"English terms with audio links",
"English uncountable nouns"
],
"derived": [
{
"word": "graph toughness"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "enm",
"3": "toughnesse"
},
"expansion": "Middle English toughnesse",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "towghnesse"
},
"expansion": "towghnesse",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "towghenesse"
},
"expansion": "towghenesse",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "tough",
"3": "-ness"
},
"expansion": "tough + -ness",
"name": "af"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Middle English toughnesse, towghnesse, towghenesse, equivalent to tough + -ness.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "toughnesses",
"tags": [
"plural"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "~"
},
"expansion": "toughness (countable and uncountable, plural toughnesses)",
"name": "en-noun"
}
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"English uncountable nouns",
"en:Materials science",
"en:Physics"
],
"glosses": [
"The state of being tough.",
"Resistance to fracture when stressed, or the degree of such resistance."
],
"links": [
[
"tough",
"tough"
],
[
"materials science",
"materials science"
],
[
"physics",
"physics"
],
[
"Resistance",
"resistance"
],
[
"fracture",
"fracture"
],
[
"stressed",
"stressed"
],
[
"degree",
"degree#English"
]
],
"qualifier": "materials science",
"raw_glosses": [
"(uncountable) The state of being tough.",
"(materials science, physics, of a metal) Resistance to fracture when stressed, or the degree of such resistance."
],
"raw_tags": [
"of a metal"
],
"tags": [
"countable",
"uncountable"
],
"topics": [
"natural-sciences",
"physical-sciences",
"physics"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"English uncountable nouns"
],
"glosses": [
"The state of being tough.",
"Fortitude; hardiness; mettle."
],
"links": [
[
"tough",
"tough"
],
[
"Fortitude",
"fortitude#English"
],
[
"hardiness",
"hardiness#English"
],
[
"mettle",
"mettle#English"
]
],
"qualifier": "psychologically; emotionally; or biologically; psychologically; emotionally; or biologically",
"raw_glosses": [
"(uncountable) The state of being tough.",
"(psychologically, emotionally, or biologically) Fortitude; hardiness; mettle."
],
"tags": [
"countable",
"uncountable"
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"A formidable difficulty."
],
"links": [
[
"formidable",
"formidable"
],
[
"difficulty",
"difficulty"
]
],
"tags": [
"countable",
"uncountable"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"audio": "LL-Q1860 (eng)-Vealhurl-toughness.wav",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/0e/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-toughness.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-toughness.wav.mp3",
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"tags": [
"UK"
],
"text": "Audio (UK)"
}
],
"translations": [
{
"code": "bg",
"lang": "Bulgarian",
"roman": "tvǎrdost",
"sense": "state of being tough",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "твърдост"
},
{
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "state of being tough",
"word": "sitkeys"
},
{
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "state of being tough",
"word": "ankaruus"
},
{
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "state of being tough",
"word": "kovuus"
},
{
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "state of being tough",
"word": "solidité"
},
{
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "state of being tough",
"word": "dureté"
},
{
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "state of being tough",
"word": "endurance"
},
{
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "state of being tough",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "Zähigkeit"
},
{
"code": "it",
"lang": "Italian",
"sense": "state of being tough",
"word": "robustezza"
},
{
"code": "ro",
"lang": "Romanian",
"sense": "state of being tough",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "tenacitate"
}
],
"wikipedia": [
"toughness"
],
"word": "toughness"
}
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable All languages combined dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2024-05-05 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2024-05-02 using wiktextract (f4fd8c9 and c9440ce). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.