See toughen on Wiktionary
Download JSON data for toughen meaning in All languages combined (9.0kB)
{
"derived": [
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "toughen up"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "tough",
"3": "en",
"id2": "inchoative"
},
"expansion": "tough + -en",
"name": "suffix"
}
],
"etymology_text": "tough + -en",
"forms": [
{
"form": "toughens",
"tags": [
"present",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "toughening",
"tags": [
"participle",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "toughened",
"tags": [
"participle",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "toughened",
"tags": [
"past"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "toughen (third-person singular simple present toughens, present participle toughening, simple past and past participle toughened)",
"name": "en-verb"
}
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "verb",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "50 50",
"kind": "other",
"name": "English entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "50 50",
"kind": "other",
"name": "English entries with language name categories using raw markup",
"parents": [
"Entries with language name categories using raw markup",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "50 50",
"kind": "other",
"name": "English terms suffixed with -en (inchoative)",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"To make tough."
],
"id": "en-toughen-en-verb-EWMv39yq",
"links": [
[
"make",
"make"
],
[
"tough",
"tough"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(transitive) To make tough."
],
"tags": [
"transitive"
],
"translations": [
{
"_dis1": "66 34",
"code": "bg",
"lang": "Bulgarian",
"roman": "vtvǎrdjavam",
"sense": "to make tougher",
"word": "втвърдявам"
},
{
"_dis1": "66 34",
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "to make tougher",
"word": "koventaa"
},
{
"_dis1": "66 34",
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "to make tougher",
"word": "vahvistaa"
},
{
"_dis1": "66 34",
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "to make tougher",
"word": "karkaista"
},
{
"_dis1": "66 34",
"code": "ga",
"lang": "Irish",
"sense": "to make tougher",
"word": "cruaigh"
},
{
"_dis1": "66 34",
"code": "mi",
"lang": "Maori",
"sense": "to make tougher",
"word": "whakapūioio"
},
{
"_dis1": "66 34",
"code": "mi",
"lang": "Maori",
"sense": "to make tougher",
"word": "whakamarohi"
},
{
"_dis1": "66 34",
"code": "mi",
"lang": "Maori",
"sense": "to make tougher",
"word": "whakapakeke"
},
{
"_dis1": "66 34",
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "užestočátʹ",
"sense": "to make tougher",
"tags": [
"imperfective"
],
"word": "ужесточа́ть"
},
{
"_dis1": "66 34",
"code": "ru",
"english": "rules",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "užestočítʹ",
"sense": "to make tougher",
"tags": [
"perfective",
"usually"
],
"word": "ужесточи́ть"
}
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "50 50",
"kind": "other",
"name": "English entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "50 50",
"kind": "other",
"name": "English entries with language name categories using raw markup",
"parents": [
"Entries with language name categories using raw markup",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "50 50",
"kind": "other",
"name": "English terms suffixed with -en (inchoative)",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"To become tough."
],
"id": "en-toughen-en-verb-dSv8NXot",
"links": [
[
"become",
"become"
],
[
"tough",
"tough"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(intransitive) To become tough."
],
"tags": [
"intransitive"
],
"translations": [
{
"_dis1": "24 76",
"code": "bg",
"lang": "Bulgarian",
"roman": "vtvǎrdjavam se",
"sense": "to become tougher",
"word": "втвърдявам се"
},
{
"_dis1": "24 76",
"code": "cs",
"lang": "Czech",
"sense": "to become tougher",
"tags": [
"perfective"
],
"word": "ztuhnout"
},
{
"_dis1": "24 76",
"code": "cs",
"lang": "Czech",
"sense": "to become tougher",
"tags": [
"perfective"
],
"word": "ztvrdnout"
},
{
"_dis1": "24 76",
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "to become tougher",
"word": "koventua"
},
{
"_dis1": "24 76",
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "to become tougher",
"word": "vahvistua"
},
{
"_dis1": "24 76",
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "to become tougher",
"word": "karkaistua"
},
{
"_dis1": "24 76",
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "to become tougher",
"word": "versteifen"
},
{
"_dis1": "24 76",
"code": "ga",
"lang": "Irish",
"sense": "to become tougher",
"word": "cruaigh"
},
{
"_dis1": "24 76",
"code": "sk",
"lang": "Slovak",
"sense": "to become tougher",
"tags": [
"perfective"
],
"word": "stvrdnúť"
},
{
"_dis1": "24 76",
"code": "sk",
"lang": "Slovak",
"sense": "to become tougher",
"tags": [
"perfective"
],
"word": "stuhnúť"
}
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ˈtʌfən/"
},
{
"rhymes": "-ʌfən"
},
{
"audio": "LL-Q1860 (eng)-Vealhurl-toughen.wav",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/2/28/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-toughen.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-toughen.wav.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/2/28/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-toughen.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-toughen.wav.ogg",
"tags": [
"Southern-England"
],
"text": "Audio (Southern England)"
}
],
"word": "toughen"
}
{
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "de",
"2": "adjective form"
},
"expansion": "toughen",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "German",
"lang_code": "de",
"pos": "adj",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "19 23 19 19 19",
"kind": "other",
"name": "German entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"form_of": [
{
"word": "tough"
}
],
"glosses": [
"inflection of tough:\n## strong genitive masculine/neuter singular\n## weak/mixed genitive/dative all-gender singular\n## strong/weak/mixed accusative masculine singular\n## strong dative plural\n## weak/mixed all-case plural",
"strong genitive masculine/neuter singular"
],
"id": "en-toughen-de-adj-vr5FQBv7",
"links": [
[
"tough",
"tough#German"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"inflection of tough:\n"
],
"tags": [
"form-of",
"genitive",
"masculine",
"neuter",
"singular",
"strong"
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "19 23 19 19 19",
"kind": "other",
"name": "German entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"form_of": [
{
"word": "tough"
}
],
"glosses": [
"inflection of tough:\n## strong genitive masculine/neuter singular\n## weak/mixed genitive/dative all-gender singular\n## strong/weak/mixed accusative masculine singular\n## strong dative plural\n## weak/mixed all-case plural",
"weak/mixed genitive/dative all-gender singular"
],
"id": "en-toughen-de-adj-3Gn4sTWg",
"links": [
[
"tough",
"tough#German"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"inflection of tough:\n"
],
"tags": [
"dative",
"form-of",
"genitive",
"mixed",
"singular",
"weak"
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "19 23 19 19 19",
"kind": "other",
"name": "German entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"form_of": [
{
"word": "tough"
}
],
"glosses": [
"inflection of tough:\n## strong genitive masculine/neuter singular\n## weak/mixed genitive/dative all-gender singular\n## strong/weak/mixed accusative masculine singular\n## strong dative plural\n## weak/mixed all-case plural",
"strong/weak/mixed accusative masculine singular"
],
"id": "en-toughen-de-adj-AVJMl0-H",
"links": [
[
"tough",
"tough#German"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"inflection of tough:\n"
],
"tags": [
"accusative",
"form-of",
"masculine",
"mixed",
"singular",
"strong",
"weak"
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "19 23 19 19 19",
"kind": "other",
"name": "German entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"form_of": [
{
"word": "tough"
}
],
"glosses": [
"inflection of tough:\n## strong genitive masculine/neuter singular\n## weak/mixed genitive/dative all-gender singular\n## strong/weak/mixed accusative masculine singular\n## strong dative plural\n## weak/mixed all-case plural",
"strong dative plural"
],
"id": "en-toughen-de-adj-oUgDqW-o",
"links": [
[
"tough",
"tough#German"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"inflection of tough:\n"
],
"tags": [
"dative",
"form-of",
"plural",
"strong"
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "19 23 19 19 19",
"kind": "other",
"name": "German entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"form_of": [
{
"word": "tough"
}
],
"glosses": [
"inflection of tough:\n## strong genitive masculine/neuter singular\n## weak/mixed genitive/dative all-gender singular\n## strong/weak/mixed accusative masculine singular\n## strong dative plural\n## weak/mixed all-case plural",
"weak/mixed all-case plural"
],
"id": "en-toughen-de-adj-~gqKhNwF",
"links": [
[
"tough",
"tough#German"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"inflection of tough:\n"
],
"tags": [
"form-of",
"mixed",
"plural",
"weak"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"audio": "De-toughen.ogg",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/1d/De-toughen.ogg/De-toughen.ogg.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1d/De-toughen.ogg",
"text": "Audio"
}
],
"word": "toughen"
}
{
"categories": [
"English 2-syllable words",
"English entries with incorrect language header",
"English entries with language name categories using raw markup",
"English ergative verbs",
"English lemmas",
"English terms suffixed with -en (inchoative)",
"English terms with IPA pronunciation",
"English terms with audio links",
"English verbs",
"Rhymes:English/ʌfən",
"Rhymes:English/ʌfən/2 syllables"
],
"derived": [
{
"word": "toughen up"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "tough",
"3": "en",
"id2": "inchoative"
},
"expansion": "tough + -en",
"name": "suffix"
}
],
"etymology_text": "tough + -en",
"forms": [
{
"form": "toughens",
"tags": [
"present",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "toughening",
"tags": [
"participle",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "toughened",
"tags": [
"participle",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "toughened",
"tags": [
"past"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "toughen (third-person singular simple present toughens, present participle toughening, simple past and past participle toughened)",
"name": "en-verb"
}
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "verb",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"English transitive verbs"
],
"glosses": [
"To make tough."
],
"links": [
[
"make",
"make"
],
[
"tough",
"tough"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(transitive) To make tough."
],
"tags": [
"transitive"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"English intransitive verbs"
],
"glosses": [
"To become tough."
],
"links": [
[
"become",
"become"
],
[
"tough",
"tough"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(intransitive) To become tough."
],
"tags": [
"intransitive"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ˈtʌfən/"
},
{
"rhymes": "-ʌfən"
},
{
"audio": "LL-Q1860 (eng)-Vealhurl-toughen.wav",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/2/28/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-toughen.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-toughen.wav.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/2/28/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-toughen.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-toughen.wav.ogg",
"tags": [
"Southern-England"
],
"text": "Audio (Southern England)"
}
],
"translations": [
{
"code": "bg",
"lang": "Bulgarian",
"roman": "vtvǎrdjavam",
"sense": "to make tougher",
"word": "втвърдявам"
},
{
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "to make tougher",
"word": "koventaa"
},
{
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "to make tougher",
"word": "vahvistaa"
},
{
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "to make tougher",
"word": "karkaista"
},
{
"code": "ga",
"lang": "Irish",
"sense": "to make tougher",
"word": "cruaigh"
},
{
"code": "mi",
"lang": "Maori",
"sense": "to make tougher",
"word": "whakapūioio"
},
{
"code": "mi",
"lang": "Maori",
"sense": "to make tougher",
"word": "whakamarohi"
},
{
"code": "mi",
"lang": "Maori",
"sense": "to make tougher",
"word": "whakapakeke"
},
{
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "užestočátʹ",
"sense": "to make tougher",
"tags": [
"imperfective"
],
"word": "ужесточа́ть"
},
{
"code": "ru",
"english": "rules",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "užestočítʹ",
"sense": "to make tougher",
"tags": [
"perfective",
"usually"
],
"word": "ужесточи́ть"
},
{
"code": "bg",
"lang": "Bulgarian",
"roman": "vtvǎrdjavam se",
"sense": "to become tougher",
"word": "втвърдявам се"
},
{
"code": "cs",
"lang": "Czech",
"sense": "to become tougher",
"tags": [
"perfective"
],
"word": "ztuhnout"
},
{
"code": "cs",
"lang": "Czech",
"sense": "to become tougher",
"tags": [
"perfective"
],
"word": "ztvrdnout"
},
{
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "to become tougher",
"word": "koventua"
},
{
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "to become tougher",
"word": "vahvistua"
},
{
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "to become tougher",
"word": "karkaistua"
},
{
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "to become tougher",
"word": "versteifen"
},
{
"code": "ga",
"lang": "Irish",
"sense": "to become tougher",
"word": "cruaigh"
},
{
"code": "sk",
"lang": "Slovak",
"sense": "to become tougher",
"tags": [
"perfective"
],
"word": "stvrdnúť"
},
{
"code": "sk",
"lang": "Slovak",
"sense": "to become tougher",
"tags": [
"perfective"
],
"word": "stuhnúť"
}
],
"word": "toughen"
}
{
"categories": [
"German adjective forms",
"German entries with incorrect language header",
"German non-lemma forms",
"German terms with audio links"
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "de",
"2": "adjective form"
},
"expansion": "toughen",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "German",
"lang_code": "de",
"pos": "adj",
"senses": [
{
"form_of": [
{
"word": "tough"
}
],
"glosses": [
"inflection of tough:\n## strong genitive masculine/neuter singular\n## weak/mixed genitive/dative all-gender singular\n## strong/weak/mixed accusative masculine singular\n## strong dative plural\n## weak/mixed all-case plural",
"strong genitive masculine/neuter singular"
],
"links": [
[
"tough",
"tough#German"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"inflection of tough:\n"
],
"tags": [
"form-of",
"genitive",
"masculine",
"neuter",
"singular",
"strong"
]
},
{
"form_of": [
{
"word": "tough"
}
],
"glosses": [
"inflection of tough:\n## strong genitive masculine/neuter singular\n## weak/mixed genitive/dative all-gender singular\n## strong/weak/mixed accusative masculine singular\n## strong dative plural\n## weak/mixed all-case plural",
"weak/mixed genitive/dative all-gender singular"
],
"links": [
[
"tough",
"tough#German"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"inflection of tough:\n"
],
"tags": [
"dative",
"form-of",
"genitive",
"mixed",
"singular",
"weak"
]
},
{
"form_of": [
{
"word": "tough"
}
],
"glosses": [
"inflection of tough:\n## strong genitive masculine/neuter singular\n## weak/mixed genitive/dative all-gender singular\n## strong/weak/mixed accusative masculine singular\n## strong dative plural\n## weak/mixed all-case plural",
"strong/weak/mixed accusative masculine singular"
],
"links": [
[
"tough",
"tough#German"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"inflection of tough:\n"
],
"tags": [
"accusative",
"form-of",
"masculine",
"mixed",
"singular",
"strong",
"weak"
]
},
{
"form_of": [
{
"word": "tough"
}
],
"glosses": [
"inflection of tough:\n## strong genitive masculine/neuter singular\n## weak/mixed genitive/dative all-gender singular\n## strong/weak/mixed accusative masculine singular\n## strong dative plural\n## weak/mixed all-case plural",
"strong dative plural"
],
"links": [
[
"tough",
"tough#German"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"inflection of tough:\n"
],
"tags": [
"dative",
"form-of",
"plural",
"strong"
]
},
{
"form_of": [
{
"word": "tough"
}
],
"glosses": [
"inflection of tough:\n## strong genitive masculine/neuter singular\n## weak/mixed genitive/dative all-gender singular\n## strong/weak/mixed accusative masculine singular\n## strong dative plural\n## weak/mixed all-case plural",
"weak/mixed all-case plural"
],
"links": [
[
"tough",
"tough#German"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"inflection of tough:\n"
],
"tags": [
"form-of",
"mixed",
"plural",
"weak"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"audio": "De-toughen.ogg",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/1d/De-toughen.ogg/De-toughen.ogg.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1d/De-toughen.ogg",
"text": "Audio"
}
],
"word": "toughen"
}
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable All languages combined dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2024-05-03 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2024-05-02 using wiktextract (f4fd8c9 and c9440ce). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.