See toughen on Wiktionary
{
"derived": [
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "toughen up"
}
],
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{
"args": {
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"2": "tough",
"3": "en",
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},
"expansion": "tough + -en",
"name": "suffix"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From tough + -en.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "toughens",
"tags": [
"present",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "toughening",
"tags": [
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"present"
]
},
{
"form": "toughened",
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"participle",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "toughened",
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"past"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
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}
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"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "verb",
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{
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{
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{
"_dis": "25 25 8 30 4 4 5",
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},
{
"_dis": "50 50",
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"name": "Terms with Bulgarian translations",
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"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "50 50",
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},
{
"_dis": "50 50",
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"name": "Terms with Finnish translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "50 50",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with German translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "50 50",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Irish translations",
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"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "50 50",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Maori translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "50 50",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Russian translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "50 50",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Slovak translations",
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"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"To make tough."
],
"id": "en-toughen-en-verb-EWMv39yq",
"links": [
[
"make",
"make"
],
[
"tough",
"tough"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(transitive) To make tough."
],
"tags": [
"transitive"
],
"translations": [
{
"_dis1": "66 34",
"code": "bg",
"lang": "Bulgarian",
"roman": "vtvǎrdjavam",
"sense": "to make tougher",
"word": "втвърдявам"
},
{
"_dis1": "66 34",
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "to make tougher",
"word": "koventaa"
},
{
"_dis1": "66 34",
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "to make tougher",
"word": "vahvistaa"
},
{
"_dis1": "66 34",
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "to make tougher",
"word": "karkaista"
},
{
"_dis1": "66 34",
"code": "ga",
"lang": "Irish",
"sense": "to make tougher",
"word": "cruaigh"
},
{
"_dis1": "66 34",
"code": "mi",
"lang": "Maori",
"sense": "to make tougher",
"word": "whakapūioio"
},
{
"_dis1": "66 34",
"code": "mi",
"lang": "Maori",
"sense": "to make tougher",
"word": "whakamarohi"
},
{
"_dis1": "66 34",
"code": "mi",
"lang": "Maori",
"sense": "to make tougher",
"word": "whakapakeke"
},
{
"_dis1": "66 34",
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "užestočátʹ",
"sense": "to make tougher",
"tags": [
"imperfective"
],
"word": "ужесточа́ть"
},
{
"_dis1": "66 34",
"code": "ru",
"english": "rules",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "užestočítʹ",
"sense": "to make tougher",
"tags": [
"perfective",
"usually"
],
"word": "ужесточи́ть"
}
]
},
{
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{
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},
{
"_dis": "50 50",
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"_dis": "50 50",
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"source": "w+disamb"
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{
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},
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"_dis": "50 50",
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},
{
"_dis": "50 50",
"kind": "other",
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},
{
"_dis": "50 50",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Finnish translations",
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"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "50 50",
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},
{
"_dis": "50 50",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Irish translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "50 50",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Maori translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "50 50",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Russian translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "50 50",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Slovak translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"To become tough."
],
"id": "en-toughen-en-verb-dSv8NXot",
"links": [
[
"become",
"become"
],
[
"tough",
"tough"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(intransitive) To become tough."
],
"tags": [
"intransitive"
],
"translations": [
{
"_dis1": "23 77",
"code": "bg",
"lang": "Bulgarian",
"roman": "vtvǎrdjavam se",
"sense": "to become tougher",
"word": "втвърдявам се"
},
{
"_dis1": "23 77",
"code": "cs",
"lang": "Czech",
"sense": "to become tougher",
"tags": [
"perfective"
],
"word": "ztuhnout"
},
{
"_dis1": "23 77",
"code": "cs",
"lang": "Czech",
"sense": "to become tougher",
"tags": [
"perfective"
],
"word": "ztvrdnout"
},
{
"_dis1": "23 77",
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "to become tougher",
"word": "koventua"
},
{
"_dis1": "23 77",
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "to become tougher",
"word": "vahvistua"
},
{
"_dis1": "23 77",
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "to become tougher",
"word": "karkaistua"
},
{
"_dis1": "23 77",
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "to become tougher",
"word": "versteifen"
},
{
"_dis1": "23 77",
"code": "ga",
"lang": "Irish",
"sense": "to become tougher",
"word": "cruaigh"
},
{
"_dis1": "23 77",
"code": "sk",
"lang": "Slovak",
"sense": "to become tougher",
"tags": [
"perfective"
],
"word": "stvrdnúť"
},
{
"_dis1": "23 77",
"code": "sk",
"lang": "Slovak",
"sense": "to become tougher",
"tags": [
"perfective"
],
"word": "stuhnúť"
}
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ˈtʌfən/"
},
{
"audio": "LL-Q1860 (eng)-Vealhurl-toughen.wav",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/2/28/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-toughen.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-toughen.wav.mp3",
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},
{
"rhymes": "-ʌfən"
}
],
"word": "toughen"
}
{
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}
],
"lang": "German",
"lang_code": "de",
"pos": "adj",
"senses": [
{
"form_of": [
{
"word": "tough"
}
],
"glosses": [
"inflection of tough:",
"strong genitive masculine/neuter singular"
],
"id": "en-toughen-de-adj-cJZReZDd",
"links": [
[
"tough",
"tough#German"
]
],
"tags": [
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"genitive",
"masculine",
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]
},
{
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{
"_dis": "28 28 9 20 5 5 5",
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}
],
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}
],
"glosses": [
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],
"id": "en-toughen-de-adj-STnOnSBj",
"links": [
[
"tough",
"tough#German"
]
],
"tags": [
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},
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],
"glosses": [
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],
"id": "en-toughen-de-adj-5Uyiw6B4",
"links": [
[
"tough",
"tough#German"
]
],
"tags": [
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},
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],
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[
"tough",
"tough#German"
]
],
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},
{
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],
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],
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[
"tough",
"tough#German"
]
],
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}
],
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"word": "toughen"
}
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"Rhymes:English/ʌfən/2 syllables",
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"Terms with German translations",
"Terms with Irish translations",
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"Terms with Slovak translations"
],
"derived": [
{
"word": "toughen up"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
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},
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}
],
"etymology_text": "From tough + -en.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "toughens",
"tags": [
"present",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "toughening",
"tags": [
"participle",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "toughened",
"tags": [
"participle",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "toughened",
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}
],
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],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "verb",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"English transitive verbs"
],
"glosses": [
"To make tough."
],
"links": [
[
"make",
"make"
],
[
"tough",
"tough"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(transitive) To make tough."
],
"tags": [
"transitive"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"English intransitive verbs"
],
"glosses": [
"To become tough."
],
"links": [
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"become",
"become"
],
[
"tough",
"tough"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(intransitive) To become tough."
],
"tags": [
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]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ˈtʌfən/"
},
{
"audio": "LL-Q1860 (eng)-Vealhurl-toughen.wav",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/2/28/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-toughen.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-toughen.wav.mp3",
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},
{
"rhymes": "-ʌfən"
}
],
"translations": [
{
"code": "bg",
"lang": "Bulgarian",
"roman": "vtvǎrdjavam",
"sense": "to make tougher",
"word": "втвърдявам"
},
{
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "to make tougher",
"word": "koventaa"
},
{
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "to make tougher",
"word": "vahvistaa"
},
{
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "to make tougher",
"word": "karkaista"
},
{
"code": "ga",
"lang": "Irish",
"sense": "to make tougher",
"word": "cruaigh"
},
{
"code": "mi",
"lang": "Maori",
"sense": "to make tougher",
"word": "whakapūioio"
},
{
"code": "mi",
"lang": "Maori",
"sense": "to make tougher",
"word": "whakamarohi"
},
{
"code": "mi",
"lang": "Maori",
"sense": "to make tougher",
"word": "whakapakeke"
},
{
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "užestočátʹ",
"sense": "to make tougher",
"tags": [
"imperfective"
],
"word": "ужесточа́ть"
},
{
"code": "ru",
"english": "rules",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "užestočítʹ",
"sense": "to make tougher",
"tags": [
"perfective",
"usually"
],
"word": "ужесточи́ть"
},
{
"code": "bg",
"lang": "Bulgarian",
"roman": "vtvǎrdjavam se",
"sense": "to become tougher",
"word": "втвърдявам се"
},
{
"code": "cs",
"lang": "Czech",
"sense": "to become tougher",
"tags": [
"perfective"
],
"word": "ztuhnout"
},
{
"code": "cs",
"lang": "Czech",
"sense": "to become tougher",
"tags": [
"perfective"
],
"word": "ztvrdnout"
},
{
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "to become tougher",
"word": "koventua"
},
{
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "to become tougher",
"word": "vahvistua"
},
{
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "to become tougher",
"word": "karkaistua"
},
{
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "to become tougher",
"word": "versteifen"
},
{
"code": "ga",
"lang": "Irish",
"sense": "to become tougher",
"word": "cruaigh"
},
{
"code": "sk",
"lang": "Slovak",
"sense": "to become tougher",
"tags": [
"perfective"
],
"word": "stvrdnúť"
},
{
"code": "sk",
"lang": "Slovak",
"sense": "to become tougher",
"tags": [
"perfective"
],
"word": "stuhnúť"
}
],
"word": "toughen"
}
{
"categories": [
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"German entries with incorrect language header",
"German non-lemma forms",
"Pages with 2 entries",
"Pages with entries"
],
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},
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],
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"lang_code": "de",
"pos": "adj",
"senses": [
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}
],
"glosses": [
"inflection of tough:",
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],
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[
"tough",
"tough#German"
]
],
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},
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],
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"tough",
"tough#German"
]
],
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},
{
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],
"glosses": [
"inflection of tough:",
"strong/weak/mixed accusative masculine singular"
],
"links": [
[
"tough",
"tough#German"
]
],
"tags": [
"accusative",
"form-of",
"masculine",
"mixed",
"singular",
"strong",
"weak"
]
},
{
"form_of": [
{
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}
],
"glosses": [
"inflection of tough:",
"strong dative plural"
],
"links": [
[
"tough",
"tough#German"
]
],
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"form-of",
"plural",
"strong"
]
},
{
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{
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}
],
"glosses": [
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"weak/mixed all-case plural"
],
"links": [
[
"tough",
"tough#German"
]
],
"tags": [
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"mixed",
"plural",
"weak"
]
}
],
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"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1d/De-toughen.ogg"
}
],
"word": "toughen"
}
Download raw JSONL data for toughen meaning in All languages combined (5.7kB)
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable All languages combined dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2025-01-20 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2025-01-01 using wiktextract (ee63ee9 and 4230888). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.