See toughen in All languages combined, or Wiktionary
Download JSON data for toughen meaning in English (5.1kB)
{ "derived": [ { "_dis1": "0 0", "word": "toughen up" } ], "etymology_templates": [ { "args": { "1": "en", "2": "tough", "3": "en", "id2": "inchoative" }, "expansion": "tough + -en", "name": "suffix" } ], "etymology_text": "tough + -en", "forms": [ { "form": "toughens", "tags": [ "present", "singular", "third-person" ] }, { "form": "toughening", "tags": [ "participle", "present" ] }, { "form": "toughened", "tags": [ "participle", "past" ] }, { "form": "toughened", "tags": [ "past" ] } ], "head_templates": [ { "args": {}, "expansion": "toughen (third-person singular simple present toughens, present participle toughening, simple past and past participle toughened)", "name": "en-verb" } ], "lang": "English", "lang_code": "en", "pos": "verb", "senses": [ { "categories": [ { "_dis": "50 50", "kind": "other", "name": "English entries with incorrect language header", "parents": [ "Entries with incorrect language header", "Entry maintenance" ], "source": "w+disamb" }, { "_dis": "50 50", "kind": "other", "name": "English entries with language name categories using raw markup", "parents": [ "Entries with language name categories using raw markup", "Entry maintenance" ], "source": "w+disamb" }, { "_dis": "50 50", "kind": "other", "name": "English terms suffixed with -en (inchoative)", "parents": [], "source": "w+disamb" } ], "glosses": [ "To make tough." ], "id": "en-toughen-en-verb-EWMv39yq", "links": [ [ "make", "make" ], [ "tough", "tough" ] ], "raw_glosses": [ "(transitive) To make tough." ], "tags": [ "transitive" ], "translations": [ { "_dis1": "66 34", "code": "bg", "lang": "Bulgarian", "roman": "vtvǎrdjavam", "sense": "to make tougher", "word": "втвърдявам" }, { "_dis1": "66 34", "code": "fi", "lang": "Finnish", "sense": "to make tougher", "word": "koventaa" }, { "_dis1": "66 34", "code": "fi", "lang": "Finnish", "sense": "to make tougher", "word": "vahvistaa" }, { "_dis1": "66 34", "code": "fi", "lang": "Finnish", "sense": "to make tougher", "word": "karkaista" }, { "_dis1": "66 34", "code": "ga", "lang": "Irish", "sense": "to make tougher", "word": "cruaigh" }, { "_dis1": "66 34", "code": "mi", "lang": "Maori", "sense": "to make tougher", "word": "whakapūioio" }, { "_dis1": "66 34", "code": "mi", "lang": "Maori", "sense": "to make tougher", "word": "whakamarohi" }, { "_dis1": "66 34", "code": "mi", "lang": "Maori", "sense": "to make tougher", "word": "whakapakeke" }, { "_dis1": "66 34", "code": "ru", "lang": "Russian", "roman": "užestočátʹ", "sense": "to make tougher", "tags": [ "imperfective" ], "word": "ужесточа́ть" }, { "_dis1": "66 34", "code": "ru", "english": "rules", "lang": "Russian", "roman": "užestočítʹ", "sense": "to make tougher", "tags": [ "perfective", "usually" ], "word": "ужесточи́ть" } ] }, { "categories": [ { "_dis": "50 50", "kind": "other", "name": "English entries with incorrect language header", "parents": [ "Entries with incorrect language header", "Entry maintenance" ], "source": "w+disamb" }, { "_dis": "50 50", "kind": "other", "name": "English entries with language name categories using raw markup", "parents": [ "Entries with language name categories using raw markup", "Entry maintenance" ], "source": "w+disamb" }, { "_dis": "50 50", "kind": "other", "name": "English terms suffixed with -en (inchoative)", "parents": [], "source": "w+disamb" } ], "glosses": [ "To become tough." ], "id": "en-toughen-en-verb-dSv8NXot", "links": [ [ "become", "become" ], [ "tough", "tough" ] ], "raw_glosses": [ "(intransitive) To become tough." ], "tags": [ "intransitive" ], "translations": [ { "_dis1": "24 76", "code": "bg", "lang": "Bulgarian", "roman": "vtvǎrdjavam se", "sense": "to become tougher", "word": "втвърдявам се" }, { "_dis1": "24 76", "code": "cs", "lang": "Czech", "sense": "to become tougher", "tags": [ "perfective" ], "word": "ztuhnout" }, { "_dis1": "24 76", "code": "cs", "lang": "Czech", "sense": "to become tougher", "tags": [ "perfective" ], "word": "ztvrdnout" }, { "_dis1": "24 76", "code": "fi", "lang": "Finnish", "sense": "to become tougher", "word": "koventua" }, { "_dis1": "24 76", "code": "fi", "lang": "Finnish", "sense": "to become tougher", "word": "vahvistua" }, { "_dis1": "24 76", "code": "fi", "lang": "Finnish", "sense": "to become tougher", "word": "karkaistua" }, { "_dis1": "24 76", "code": "de", "lang": "German", "sense": "to become tougher", "word": "versteifen" }, { "_dis1": "24 76", "code": "ga", "lang": "Irish", "sense": "to become tougher", "word": "cruaigh" }, { "_dis1": "24 76", "code": "sk", "lang": "Slovak", "sense": "to become tougher", "tags": [ "perfective" ], "word": "stvrdnúť" }, { "_dis1": "24 76", "code": "sk", "lang": "Slovak", "sense": "to become tougher", "tags": [ "perfective" ], "word": "stuhnúť" } ] } ], "sounds": [ { "ipa": "/ˈtʌfən/" }, { "rhymes": "-ʌfən" }, { "audio": "LL-Q1860 (eng)-Vealhurl-toughen.wav", "mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/2/28/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-toughen.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-toughen.wav.mp3", "ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/2/28/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-toughen.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-toughen.wav.ogg", "tags": [ "Southern-England" ], "text": "Audio (Southern England)" } ], "word": "toughen" }
{ "categories": [ "English 2-syllable words", "English entries with incorrect language header", "English entries with language name categories using raw markup", "English ergative verbs", "English lemmas", "English terms suffixed with -en (inchoative)", "English terms with IPA pronunciation", "English terms with audio links", "English verbs", "Rhymes:English/ʌfən", "Rhymes:English/ʌfən/2 syllables" ], "derived": [ { "word": "toughen up" } ], "etymology_templates": [ { "args": { "1": "en", "2": "tough", "3": "en", "id2": "inchoative" }, "expansion": "tough + -en", "name": "suffix" } ], "etymology_text": "tough + -en", "forms": [ { "form": "toughens", "tags": [ "present", "singular", "third-person" ] }, { "form": "toughening", "tags": [ "participle", "present" ] }, { "form": "toughened", "tags": [ "participle", "past" ] }, { "form": "toughened", "tags": [ "past" ] } ], "head_templates": [ { "args": {}, "expansion": "toughen (third-person singular simple present toughens, present participle toughening, simple past and past participle toughened)", "name": "en-verb" } ], "lang": "English", "lang_code": "en", "pos": "verb", "senses": [ { "categories": [ "English transitive verbs" ], "glosses": [ "To make tough." ], "links": [ [ "make", "make" ], [ "tough", "tough" ] ], "raw_glosses": [ "(transitive) To make tough." ], "tags": [ "transitive" ] }, { "categories": [ "English intransitive verbs" ], "glosses": [ "To become tough." ], "links": [ [ "become", "become" ], [ "tough", "tough" ] ], "raw_glosses": [ "(intransitive) To become tough." ], "tags": [ "intransitive" ] } ], "sounds": [ { "ipa": "/ˈtʌfən/" }, { "rhymes": "-ʌfən" }, { "audio": "LL-Q1860 (eng)-Vealhurl-toughen.wav", "mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/2/28/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-toughen.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-toughen.wav.mp3", "ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/2/28/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-toughen.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-toughen.wav.ogg", "tags": [ "Southern-England" ], "text": "Audio (Southern England)" } ], "translations": [ { "code": "bg", "lang": "Bulgarian", "roman": "vtvǎrdjavam", "sense": "to make tougher", "word": "втвърдявам" }, { "code": "fi", "lang": "Finnish", "sense": "to make tougher", "word": "koventaa" }, { "code": "fi", "lang": "Finnish", "sense": "to make tougher", "word": "vahvistaa" }, { "code": "fi", "lang": "Finnish", "sense": "to make tougher", "word": "karkaista" }, { "code": "ga", "lang": "Irish", "sense": "to make tougher", "word": "cruaigh" }, { "code": "mi", "lang": "Maori", "sense": "to make tougher", "word": "whakapūioio" }, { "code": "mi", "lang": "Maori", "sense": "to make tougher", "word": "whakamarohi" }, { "code": "mi", "lang": "Maori", "sense": "to make tougher", "word": "whakapakeke" }, { "code": "ru", "lang": "Russian", "roman": "užestočátʹ", "sense": "to make tougher", "tags": [ "imperfective" ], "word": "ужесточа́ть" }, { "code": "ru", "english": "rules", "lang": "Russian", "roman": "užestočítʹ", "sense": "to make tougher", "tags": [ "perfective", "usually" ], "word": "ужесточи́ть" }, { "code": "bg", "lang": "Bulgarian", "roman": "vtvǎrdjavam se", "sense": "to become tougher", "word": "втвърдявам се" }, { "code": "cs", "lang": "Czech", "sense": "to become tougher", "tags": [ "perfective" ], "word": "ztuhnout" }, { "code": "cs", "lang": "Czech", "sense": "to become tougher", "tags": [ "perfective" ], "word": "ztvrdnout" }, { "code": "fi", "lang": "Finnish", "sense": "to become tougher", "word": "koventua" }, { "code": "fi", "lang": "Finnish", "sense": "to become tougher", "word": "vahvistua" }, { "code": "fi", "lang": "Finnish", "sense": "to become tougher", "word": "karkaistua" }, { "code": "de", "lang": "German", "sense": "to become tougher", "word": "versteifen" }, { "code": "ga", "lang": "Irish", "sense": "to become tougher", "word": "cruaigh" }, { "code": "sk", "lang": "Slovak", "sense": "to become tougher", "tags": [ "perfective" ], "word": "stvrdnúť" }, { "code": "sk", "lang": "Slovak", "sense": "to become tougher", "tags": [ "perfective" ], "word": "stuhnúť" } ], "word": "toughen" }
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable English dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2024-05-16 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2024-05-02 using wiktextract (e268c0e and 304864d). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
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