See toughen in All languages combined, or Wiktionary
{
"derived": [
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "toughen up"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "tough",
"3": "en",
"id2": "inchoative"
},
"expansion": "tough + -en",
"name": "suffix"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From tough + -en.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "toughens",
"tags": [
"present",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "toughening",
"tags": [
"participle",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "toughened",
"tags": [
"participle",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "toughened",
"tags": [
"past"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "toughen (third-person singular simple present toughens, present participle toughening, simple past and past participle toughened)",
"name": "en-verb"
}
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "verb",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "50 50",
"kind": "other",
"name": "English entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "50 50",
"kind": "other",
"name": "English terms suffixed with -en (inchoative)",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "50 50",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Entries with translation boxes",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "29 29 6 21 5 5 5",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 2 entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "25 25 5 31 5 4 4",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "50 50",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Bulgarian translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "50 50",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Czech translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "50 50",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Finnish translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "50 50",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with German translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "50 50",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Irish translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "50 50",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Maori translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "50 50",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Russian translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "50 50",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Slovak translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"To make tough."
],
"id": "en-toughen-en-verb-EWMv39yq",
"links": [
[
"make",
"make"
],
[
"tough",
"tough"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(transitive) To make tough."
],
"tags": [
"transitive"
],
"translations": [
{
"_dis1": "66 34",
"code": "bg",
"lang": "Bulgarian",
"roman": "vtvǎrdjavam",
"sense": "to make tougher",
"word": "втвърдявам"
},
{
"_dis1": "66 34",
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "to make tougher",
"word": "koventaa"
},
{
"_dis1": "66 34",
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "to make tougher",
"word": "vahvistaa"
},
{
"_dis1": "66 34",
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "to make tougher",
"word": "karkaista"
},
{
"_dis1": "66 34",
"code": "ga",
"lang": "Irish",
"sense": "to make tougher",
"word": "cruaigh"
},
{
"_dis1": "66 34",
"code": "mi",
"lang": "Maori",
"sense": "to make tougher",
"word": "whakapūioio"
},
{
"_dis1": "66 34",
"code": "mi",
"lang": "Maori",
"sense": "to make tougher",
"word": "whakamarohi"
},
{
"_dis1": "66 34",
"code": "mi",
"lang": "Maori",
"sense": "to make tougher",
"word": "whakapakeke"
},
{
"_dis1": "66 34",
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "užestočátʹ",
"sense": "to make tougher",
"tags": [
"imperfective"
],
"word": "ужесточа́ть"
},
{
"_dis1": "66 34",
"code": "ru",
"english": "rules",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "užestočítʹ",
"sense": "to make tougher",
"tags": [
"perfective",
"usually"
],
"word": "ужесточи́ть"
}
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "50 50",
"kind": "other",
"name": "English entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "50 50",
"kind": "other",
"name": "English terms suffixed with -en (inchoative)",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "50 50",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Entries with translation boxes",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "29 29 6 21 5 5 5",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 2 entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "25 25 5 31 5 4 4",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "50 50",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Bulgarian translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "50 50",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Czech translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "50 50",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Finnish translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "50 50",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with German translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "50 50",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Irish translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "50 50",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Maori translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "50 50",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Russian translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "50 50",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Slovak translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"To become tough."
],
"id": "en-toughen-en-verb-dSv8NXot",
"links": [
[
"become",
"become"
],
[
"tough",
"tough"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(intransitive) To become tough."
],
"tags": [
"intransitive"
],
"translations": [
{
"_dis1": "24 76",
"code": "bg",
"lang": "Bulgarian",
"roman": "vtvǎrdjavam se",
"sense": "to become tougher",
"word": "втвърдявам се"
},
{
"_dis1": "24 76",
"code": "cs",
"lang": "Czech",
"sense": "to become tougher",
"tags": [
"perfective"
],
"word": "ztuhnout"
},
{
"_dis1": "24 76",
"code": "cs",
"lang": "Czech",
"sense": "to become tougher",
"tags": [
"perfective"
],
"word": "ztvrdnout"
},
{
"_dis1": "24 76",
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "to become tougher",
"word": "koventua"
},
{
"_dis1": "24 76",
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "to become tougher",
"word": "vahvistua"
},
{
"_dis1": "24 76",
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "to become tougher",
"word": "karkaistua"
},
{
"_dis1": "24 76",
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "to become tougher",
"word": "versteifen"
},
{
"_dis1": "24 76",
"code": "ga",
"lang": "Irish",
"sense": "to become tougher",
"word": "cruaigh"
},
{
"_dis1": "24 76",
"code": "sk",
"lang": "Slovak",
"sense": "to become tougher",
"tags": [
"perfective"
],
"word": "stvrdnúť"
},
{
"_dis1": "24 76",
"code": "sk",
"lang": "Slovak",
"sense": "to become tougher",
"tags": [
"perfective"
],
"word": "stuhnúť"
}
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ˈtʌfən/"
},
{
"audio": "LL-Q1860 (eng)-Vealhurl-toughen.wav",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/2/28/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-toughen.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-toughen.wav.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/2/28/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-toughen.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-toughen.wav.ogg"
},
{
"rhymes": "-ʌfən"
}
],
"word": "toughen"
}
{
"categories": [
"English entries with incorrect language header",
"English ergative verbs",
"English lemmas",
"English terms suffixed with -en (inchoative)",
"English verbs",
"Entries with translation boxes",
"Pages with 2 entries",
"Pages with entries",
"Rhymes:English/ʌfən",
"Rhymes:English/ʌfən/2 syllables",
"Terms with Bulgarian translations",
"Terms with Czech translations",
"Terms with Finnish translations",
"Terms with German translations",
"Terms with Irish translations",
"Terms with Maori translations",
"Terms with Russian translations",
"Terms with Slovak translations"
],
"derived": [
{
"word": "toughen up"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "tough",
"3": "en",
"id2": "inchoative"
},
"expansion": "tough + -en",
"name": "suffix"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From tough + -en.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "toughens",
"tags": [
"present",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "toughening",
"tags": [
"participle",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "toughened",
"tags": [
"participle",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "toughened",
"tags": [
"past"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "toughen (third-person singular simple present toughens, present participle toughening, simple past and past participle toughened)",
"name": "en-verb"
}
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "verb",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"English transitive verbs"
],
"glosses": [
"To make tough."
],
"links": [
[
"make",
"make"
],
[
"tough",
"tough"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(transitive) To make tough."
],
"tags": [
"transitive"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"English intransitive verbs"
],
"glosses": [
"To become tough."
],
"links": [
[
"become",
"become"
],
[
"tough",
"tough"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(intransitive) To become tough."
],
"tags": [
"intransitive"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ˈtʌfən/"
},
{
"audio": "LL-Q1860 (eng)-Vealhurl-toughen.wav",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/2/28/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-toughen.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-toughen.wav.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/2/28/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-toughen.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-toughen.wav.ogg"
},
{
"rhymes": "-ʌfən"
}
],
"translations": [
{
"code": "bg",
"lang": "Bulgarian",
"roman": "vtvǎrdjavam",
"sense": "to make tougher",
"word": "втвърдявам"
},
{
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "to make tougher",
"word": "koventaa"
},
{
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "to make tougher",
"word": "vahvistaa"
},
{
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "to make tougher",
"word": "karkaista"
},
{
"code": "ga",
"lang": "Irish",
"sense": "to make tougher",
"word": "cruaigh"
},
{
"code": "mi",
"lang": "Maori",
"sense": "to make tougher",
"word": "whakapūioio"
},
{
"code": "mi",
"lang": "Maori",
"sense": "to make tougher",
"word": "whakamarohi"
},
{
"code": "mi",
"lang": "Maori",
"sense": "to make tougher",
"word": "whakapakeke"
},
{
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "užestočátʹ",
"sense": "to make tougher",
"tags": [
"imperfective"
],
"word": "ужесточа́ть"
},
{
"code": "ru",
"english": "rules",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "užestočítʹ",
"sense": "to make tougher",
"tags": [
"perfective",
"usually"
],
"word": "ужесточи́ть"
},
{
"code": "bg",
"lang": "Bulgarian",
"roman": "vtvǎrdjavam se",
"sense": "to become tougher",
"word": "втвърдявам се"
},
{
"code": "cs",
"lang": "Czech",
"sense": "to become tougher",
"tags": [
"perfective"
],
"word": "ztuhnout"
},
{
"code": "cs",
"lang": "Czech",
"sense": "to become tougher",
"tags": [
"perfective"
],
"word": "ztvrdnout"
},
{
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "to become tougher",
"word": "koventua"
},
{
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "to become tougher",
"word": "vahvistua"
},
{
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "to become tougher",
"word": "karkaistua"
},
{
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "to become tougher",
"word": "versteifen"
},
{
"code": "ga",
"lang": "Irish",
"sense": "to become tougher",
"word": "cruaigh"
},
{
"code": "sk",
"lang": "Slovak",
"sense": "to become tougher",
"tags": [
"perfective"
],
"word": "stvrdnúť"
},
{
"code": "sk",
"lang": "Slovak",
"sense": "to become tougher",
"tags": [
"perfective"
],
"word": "stuhnúť"
}
],
"word": "toughen"
}
Download raw JSONL data for toughen meaning in English (4.1kB)
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable English dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2024-11-06 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2024-10-02 using wiktextract (fbeafe8 and 7f03c9b). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.