See -s in All languages combined, or Wiktionary
Download JSON data for -s meaning in English (37.8kB)
{
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "yue",
"2": "-s",
"bor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ Cantonese: -s",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ Cantonese: -s"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ja",
"2": "ズ",
"bor": "1",
"tr": "-zu"
},
"expansion": "→ Japanese: ズ (-zu)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ Japanese: ズ (-zu)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ml",
"2": "-സ്",
"bor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ Malayalam: -സ് (-sŭ)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ Malayalam: -സ് (-sŭ)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sv",
"2": "-s",
"bor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ Swedish: -s",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ Swedish: -s"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "tl",
"2": "-s",
"bor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ Tagalog: -s",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ Tagalog: -s"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "cy",
"2": "-s",
"bor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ Welsh: -s",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ Welsh: -s"
}
],
"etymology_number": 1,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "enm",
"3": "-s"
},
"expansion": "Middle English -s",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "-es"
},
"expansion": "-es",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "ang",
"3": "-as"
},
"expansion": "Old English -as",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "gmw-pro",
"3": "*-ōs"
},
"expansion": "Proto-West Germanic *-ōs",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "gem-pro",
"3": "*-ōs"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic *-ōs",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "gem-pro",
"2": "*-ōz",
"3": "*‑ōz"
},
"expansion": "*‑ōz",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*-es"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *-es",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ine-pro",
"2": "*-oes",
"pos": "plural endings"
},
"expansion": "*-oes (plural endings)",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "xno",
"2": "-"
},
"expansion": "Anglo-Norman",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "sco",
"2": "-s",
"pos": "plural ending"
},
"expansion": "Scots -s (plural ending)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "stq",
"2": "-s",
"pos": "plural ending"
},
"expansion": "Saterland Frisian -s (plural ending)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "fy",
"2": "-s",
"pos": "plural ending"
},
"expansion": "West Frisian -s (plural ending)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "nl",
"2": "-s",
"pos": "plural ending"
},
"expansion": "Dutch -s (plural ending)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "nds",
"2": "-s",
"pos": "plural ending"
},
"expansion": "Low German -s (plural ending)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "da",
"2": "-er",
"pos": "plural ending"
},
"expansion": "Danish -er (plural ending)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "sv",
"2": "-r"
},
"expansion": "Swedish -r",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "sv",
"2": "-ar"
},
"expansion": "-ar",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "sv",
"2": "-or",
"pos": "plural ending"
},
"expansion": "-or (plural ending)",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "is",
"2": "-ar",
"pos": "plural ending"
},
"expansion": "Icelandic -ar (plural ending)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "got",
"2": "-𐍉𐍃",
"pos": "nominative plural ending of a-stem masculine nouns"
},
"expansion": "Gothic -𐍉𐍃 (-ōs, nominative plural ending of a-stem masculine nouns)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "de",
"2": "-er",
"pos": "plural ending"
},
"expansion": "German -er (plural ending)",
"name": "cog"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Middle English -s, -es, from Old English -as, nominative-accusative plural ending of masculine a-stem (i.e. strong) declension nouns, from Proto-West Germanic *-ōs, from Proto-Germanic *-ōs, *‑ōz, from Proto-Indo-European *-es, *-oes (plural endings). The spread of this ending in later Middle English was once argued to have been the result of Anglo-Norman influence; however, -as was already the most common Old English plural marker (used in approximately 40% of Old English nouns), and was initially more common in the North of England where French influence was weakest, only later gradually spreading south. Cognate with Scots -s (plural ending), Saterland Frisian -s (plural ending), West Frisian -s (plural ending), Dutch -s (plural ending), Low German -s (plural ending), Danish -er (plural ending), Swedish -r, -ar, -or (plural ending), Icelandic -ar (plural ending), Gothic -𐍉𐍃 (-ōs, nominative plural ending of a-stem masculine nouns). Not directly related to German -er (plural ending) which has a different origin.",
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "suffix",
"cat2": "inflectional suffixes",
"cat3": "",
"head": "",
"id": ""
},
"expansion": "-s",
"name": "head"
},
{
"args": {
"cat2": "inflectional suffixes"
},
"expansion": "-s",
"name": "en-suffix"
}
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "suffix",
"related": [
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"word": "-a"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"word": "-es"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"word": "-i"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"word": "-ir"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"tags": [
"nonstandard"
],
"word": "-z"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"word": "-en"
}
],
"senses": [
{
"categories": [],
"examples": [
{
"text": "one computer → five computers",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Used to form regular plurals of nouns."
],
"id": "en--s-en-suffix-en:regular_plural",
"links": [
[
"regular",
"regular#English"
],
[
"plural",
"plural#English"
],
[
"noun",
"noun#English"
]
],
"senseid": [
"en:regular plural"
],
"tags": [
"morpheme"
],
"translations": [
{
"_dis1": "61 28 11",
"code": "ar",
"lang": "Arabic",
"roman": "-āni",
"sense": "regular plurals of nouns",
"tags": [
"dual"
],
"word": "ـَانِ"
},
{
"_dis1": "61 28 11",
"code": "ar",
"lang": "Arabic",
"roman": "-ayni",
"sense": "regular plurals of nouns",
"tags": [
"dual"
],
"word": "ـَيْنِ"
},
{
"_dis1": "61 28 11",
"code": "ar",
"lang": "Arabic",
"roman": "-ūna",
"sense": "regular plurals of nouns",
"word": "ـُونَ"
},
{
"_dis1": "61 28 11",
"code": "ar",
"lang": "Arabic",
"roman": "-īna",
"sense": "regular plurals of nouns",
"word": "ـِينَ"
},
{
"_dis1": "61 28 11",
"code": "ar",
"lang": "Arabic",
"roman": "-āt",
"sense": "regular plurals of nouns",
"word": "ـَات"
},
{
"_dis1": "61 28 11",
"code": "eu",
"lang": "Basque",
"sense": "regular plurals of nouns",
"word": "-ak"
},
{
"_dis1": "61 28 11",
"code": "eu",
"lang": "Basque",
"sense": "regular plurals of nouns",
"word": "-ok"
},
{
"_dis1": "61 28 11",
"code": "zh",
"lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
"sense": "regular plurals of nouns",
"word": "們"
},
{
"_dis1": "61 28 11",
"code": "zh",
"lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
"note": "plural marker for humans, non-mandatory",
"roman": "men",
"sense": "regular plurals of nouns",
"word": "们"
},
{
"_dis1": "61 28 11",
"code": "nci",
"lang": "Classical Nahuatl",
"sense": "regular plurals of nouns",
"word": "-h"
},
{
"_dis1": "61 28 11",
"code": "nci",
"lang": "Classical Nahuatl",
"sense": "regular plurals of nouns",
"word": "-tin"
},
{
"_dis1": "61 28 11",
"code": "nci",
"lang": "Classical Nahuatl",
"sense": "regular plurals of nouns",
"word": "-meh"
},
{
"_dis1": "61 28 11",
"code": "kw",
"lang": "Cornish",
"sense": "regular plurals of nouns",
"word": "-ow"
},
{
"_dis1": "61 28 11",
"code": "kw",
"lang": "Cornish",
"sense": "regular plurals of nouns",
"word": "-yow"
},
{
"_dis1": "61 28 11",
"code": "da",
"lang": "Danish",
"sense": "regular plurals of nouns",
"word": "-er"
},
{
"_dis1": "61 28 11",
"code": "da",
"lang": "Danish",
"sense": "regular plurals of nouns",
"word": "-e"
},
{
"_dis1": "61 28 11",
"code": "nl",
"lang": "Dutch",
"sense": "regular plurals of nouns",
"word": "-en"
},
{
"_dis1": "61 28 11",
"code": "nl",
"lang": "Dutch",
"sense": "regular plurals of nouns",
"word": "-s"
},
{
"_dis1": "61 28 11",
"code": "eo",
"lang": "Esperanto",
"sense": "regular plurals of nouns",
"word": "-j"
},
{
"_dis1": "61 28 11",
"code": "et",
"lang": "Estonian",
"sense": "regular plurals of nouns",
"word": "-d"
},
{
"_dis1": "61 28 11",
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "regular plurals of nouns",
"word": "-t"
},
{
"_dis1": "61 28 11",
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "regular plurals of nouns",
"word": "-s"
},
{
"_dis1": "61 28 11",
"code": "gl",
"lang": "Galician",
"sense": "regular plurals of nouns",
"word": "-s"
},
{
"_dis1": "61 28 11",
"code": "gl",
"lang": "Galician",
"sense": "regular plurals of nouns",
"word": "-es"
},
{
"_dis1": "61 28 11",
"code": "gl",
"lang": "Galician",
"sense": "regular plurals of nouns",
"word": "-is"
},
{
"_dis1": "61 28 11",
"code": "ka",
"lang": "Georgian",
"roman": "-ebi",
"sense": "regular plurals of nouns",
"word": "-ები"
},
{
"_dis1": "61 28 11",
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "regular plurals of nouns",
"word": "-e"
},
{
"_dis1": "61 28 11",
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "regular plurals of nouns",
"word": "-en"
},
{
"_dis1": "61 28 11",
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "regular plurals of nouns",
"word": "-er"
},
{
"_dis1": "61 28 11",
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "regular plurals of nouns",
"word": "-s"
},
{
"_dis1": "61 28 11",
"code": "el",
"lang": "Greek",
"roman": "-aíoi",
"sense": "regular plurals of nouns",
"tags": [
"masculine",
"plural"
],
"word": "-αίοι"
},
{
"_dis1": "61 28 11",
"code": "el",
"lang": "Greek",
"roman": "-ídes",
"sense": "regular plurals of nouns",
"tags": [
"masculine",
"plural"
],
"word": "-ήδες"
},
{
"_dis1": "61 28 11",
"code": "el",
"lang": "Greek",
"sense": "regular plurals of nouns",
"tags": [
"feminine",
"masculine",
"plural"
],
"word": "-άδες (-ádes)"
},
{
"_dis1": "61 28 11",
"code": "el",
"lang": "Greek",
"sense": "regular plurals of nouns",
"tags": [
"feminine",
"masculine",
"plural"
],
"word": "-ες (-es)"
},
{
"_dis1": "61 28 11",
"code": "el",
"lang": "Greek",
"sense": "regular plurals of nouns",
"tags": [
"feminine",
"masculine",
"plural"
],
"word": "-ές (-és)"
},
{
"_dis1": "61 28 11",
"code": "el",
"lang": "Greek",
"sense": "regular plurals of nouns",
"tags": [
"feminine",
"masculine",
"plural"
],
"word": "-οι (-oi)"
},
{
"_dis1": "61 28 11",
"code": "el",
"lang": "Greek",
"sense": "regular plurals of nouns",
"tags": [
"feminine",
"masculine",
"plural"
],
"word": "-οί (-oí)"
},
{
"_dis1": "61 28 11",
"code": "el",
"lang": "Greek",
"sense": "regular plurals of nouns",
"tags": [
"feminine",
"masculine",
"plural"
],
"word": "-ούδες (-oúdes)"
},
{
"_dis1": "61 28 11",
"code": "el",
"lang": "Greek",
"sense": "regular plurals of nouns",
"tags": [
"masculine",
"neuter",
"plural"
],
"word": "-ηδες (-ides)"
},
{
"_dis1": "61 28 11",
"code": "el",
"lang": "Greek",
"sense": "regular plurals of nouns",
"tags": [
"neuter",
"plural"
],
"word": "-α (-a)"
},
{
"_dis1": "61 28 11",
"code": "el",
"lang": "Greek",
"roman": "-ata",
"sense": "regular plurals of nouns",
"tags": [
"neuter",
"plural"
],
"word": "-ατα"
},
{
"_dis1": "61 28 11",
"code": "el",
"lang": "Greek",
"sense": "regular plurals of nouns",
"tags": [
"neuter",
"plural"
],
"word": "-ά (-á)"
},
{
"_dis1": "61 28 11",
"code": "el",
"lang": "Greek",
"roman": "-édes",
"sense": "regular plurals of nouns",
"tags": [
"neuter",
"plural"
],
"word": "-έδες"
},
{
"_dis1": "61 28 11",
"code": "el",
"lang": "Greek",
"sense": "regular plurals of nouns",
"tags": [
"-i",
"neuter",
"plural"
],
"word": "-η"
},
{
"_dis1": "61 28 11",
"code": "el",
"lang": "Greek",
"sense": "regular plurals of nouns",
"tags": [
"neuter",
"plural"
],
"word": "-ή (-í)"
},
{
"_dis1": "61 28 11",
"code": "el",
"lang": "Greek",
"roman": "-ia",
"sense": "regular plurals of nouns",
"tags": [
"neuter",
"plural"
],
"word": "-ια"
},
{
"_dis1": "61 28 11",
"code": "gn",
"lang": "Guaraní",
"sense": "regular plurals of nouns",
"word": "-kuéra"
},
{
"_dis1": "61 28 11",
"code": "gn",
"lang": "Guaraní",
"sense": "regular plurals of nouns",
"word": "-nguéra"
},
{
"_dis1": "61 28 11",
"code": "he",
"lang": "Hebrew",
"roman": "-im",
"sense": "regular plurals of nouns",
"tags": [
"masculine",
"plural"
],
"word": "־ִים"
},
{
"_dis1": "61 28 11",
"code": "he",
"lang": "Hebrew",
"roman": "-ot",
"sense": "regular plurals of nouns",
"tags": [
"feminine",
"plural"
],
"word": "־וֹת"
},
{
"_dis1": "61 28 11",
"code": "he",
"lang": "Hebrew",
"roman": "-in",
"sense": "regular plurals of nouns",
"tags": [
"masculine",
"plural"
],
"word": "־ִין"
},
{
"_dis1": "61 28 11",
"code": "hu",
"lang": "Hungarian",
"sense": "regular plurals of nouns",
"word": "-k"
},
{
"_dis1": "61 28 11",
"code": "hu",
"lang": "Hungarian",
"sense": "regular plurals of nouns",
"word": "-ak"
},
{
"_dis1": "61 28 11",
"code": "hu",
"lang": "Hungarian",
"sense": "regular plurals of nouns",
"word": "-ok"
},
{
"_dis1": "61 28 11",
"code": "hu",
"lang": "Hungarian",
"sense": "regular plurals of nouns",
"word": "-ek"
},
{
"_dis1": "61 28 11",
"code": "hu",
"lang": "Hungarian",
"sense": "regular plurals of nouns",
"word": "-ök"
},
{
"_dis1": "61 28 11",
"code": "is",
"lang": "Icelandic",
"sense": "regular plurals of nouns",
"word": "-a"
},
{
"_dis1": "61 28 11",
"code": "is",
"lang": "Icelandic",
"sense": "regular plurals of nouns",
"word": "-ar"
},
{
"_dis1": "61 28 11",
"code": "io",
"lang": "Ido",
"sense": "regular plurals of nouns",
"word": "-i"
},
{
"_dis1": "61 28 11",
"code": "ga",
"lang": "Irish",
"sense": "regular plurals of nouns",
"word": "-anna"
},
{
"_dis1": "61 28 11",
"code": "ga",
"lang": "Irish",
"sense": "regular plurals of nouns",
"word": "-acha"
},
{
"_dis1": "61 28 11",
"code": "ga",
"lang": "Irish",
"sense": "regular plurals of nouns",
"word": "-a"
},
{
"_dis1": "61 28 11",
"code": "ga",
"lang": "Irish",
"sense": "regular plurals of nouns",
"word": "-e"
},
{
"_dis1": "61 28 11",
"code": "ga",
"lang": "Irish",
"sense": "regular plurals of nouns",
"word": "-í"
},
{
"_dis1": "61 28 11",
"code": "ga",
"lang": "Irish",
"sense": "regular plurals of nouns",
"word": "-te"
},
{
"_dis1": "61 28 11",
"code": "ga",
"lang": "Irish",
"sense": "regular plurals of nouns",
"word": "-taí"
},
{
"_dis1": "61 28 11",
"code": "ga",
"lang": "Irish",
"sense": "regular plurals of nouns",
"word": "-tí"
},
{
"_dis1": "61 28 11",
"code": "ga",
"lang": "Irish",
"sense": "regular plurals of nouns",
"word": "-aigh"
},
{
"_dis1": "61 28 11",
"code": "ga",
"lang": "Irish",
"sense": "regular plurals of nouns",
"word": "-ta"
},
{
"_dis1": "61 28 11",
"code": "it",
"lang": "Italian",
"sense": "regular plurals of nouns",
"word": "-i"
},
{
"_dis1": "61 28 11",
"code": "it",
"lang": "Italian",
"sense": "regular plurals of nouns",
"word": "-e"
},
{
"_dis1": "61 28 11",
"alt": "たち",
"code": "ja",
"lang": "Japanese",
"roman": "tachi",
"sense": "regular plurals of nouns",
"word": "達"
},
{
"_dis1": "61 28 11",
"alt": "ら",
"code": "ja",
"lang": "Japanese",
"roman": "ra",
"sense": "regular plurals of nouns",
"word": "等"
},
{
"_dis1": "61 28 11",
"alt": "ども",
"code": "ja",
"lang": "Japanese",
"note": "plural markers for humans, non-mandatory",
"roman": "domo",
"sense": "regular plurals of nouns",
"word": "供"
},
{
"_dis1": "61 28 11",
"code": "kn",
"lang": "Kannada",
"note": "for everything except for humans",
"roman": "-gaḷu",
"sense": "regular plurals of nouns",
"word": "-ಗಳು"
},
{
"_dis1": "61 28 11",
"code": "kn",
"lang": "Kannada",
"note": "for humans",
"roman": "-ru",
"sense": "regular plurals of nouns",
"word": "-ರು"
},
{
"_dis1": "61 28 11",
"code": "kk",
"lang": "Kazakh",
"roman": "-lar",
"sense": "regular plurals of nouns",
"word": "-лар"
},
{
"_dis1": "61 28 11",
"code": "kk",
"lang": "Kazakh",
"roman": "-ler",
"sense": "regular plurals of nouns",
"word": "-лер"
},
{
"_dis1": "61 28 11",
"code": "kk",
"lang": "Kazakh",
"roman": "-tar",
"sense": "regular plurals of nouns",
"word": "-тар"
},
{
"_dis1": "61 28 11",
"code": "kk",
"lang": "Kazakh",
"roman": "-ter",
"sense": "regular plurals of nouns",
"word": "-тер"
},
{
"_dis1": "61 28 11",
"code": "kk",
"lang": "Kazakh",
"roman": "-dar",
"sense": "regular plurals of nouns",
"word": "-дар"
},
{
"_dis1": "61 28 11",
"code": "kk",
"lang": "Kazakh",
"roman": "-der",
"sense": "regular plurals of nouns",
"word": "-дер"
},
{
"_dis1": "61 28 11",
"code": "kjh",
"lang": "Khakas",
"roman": "-lar",
"sense": "regular plurals of nouns",
"word": "-лар"
},
{
"_dis1": "61 28 11",
"code": "kjh",
"lang": "Khakas",
"roman": "-ler",
"sense": "regular plurals of nouns",
"word": "-лер"
},
{
"_dis1": "61 28 11",
"code": "kjh",
"lang": "Khakas",
"roman": "-nar",
"sense": "regular plurals of nouns",
"word": "-нар"
},
{
"_dis1": "61 28 11",
"code": "kjh",
"lang": "Khakas",
"roman": "-ner",
"sense": "regular plurals of nouns",
"word": "-нер"
},
{
"_dis1": "61 28 11",
"code": "kjh",
"lang": "Khakas",
"roman": "-tar",
"sense": "regular plurals of nouns",
"word": "-тар"
},
{
"_dis1": "61 28 11",
"code": "kjh",
"lang": "Khakas",
"roman": "-ter",
"sense": "regular plurals of nouns",
"word": "-тер"
},
{
"_dis1": "61 28 11",
"code": "ko",
"english": "non-mandatory",
"lang": "Korean",
"roman": "-deul",
"sense": "regular plurals of nouns",
"word": "들"
},
{
"_dis1": "61 28 11",
"code": "ko",
"lang": "Korean",
"note": "plural markers for humans",
"roman": "-ne",
"sense": "regular plurals of nouns",
"word": "네"
},
{
"_dis1": "61 28 11",
"code": "la",
"lang": "Latin",
"sense": "regular plurals of nouns",
"tags": [
"masculine",
"plural"
],
"word": "-ī"
},
{
"_dis1": "61 28 11",
"code": "la",
"lang": "Latin",
"sense": "regular plurals of nouns",
"tags": [
"feminine",
"plural"
],
"word": "-ae"
},
{
"_dis1": "61 28 11",
"code": "la",
"lang": "Latin",
"sense": "regular plurals of nouns",
"tags": [
"neuter",
"plural"
],
"word": "-a"
},
{
"_dis1": "61 28 11",
"code": "lv",
"lang": "Latvian",
"sense": "regular plurals of nouns",
"word": "-s"
},
{
"_dis1": "61 28 11",
"code": "lt",
"lang": "Lithuanian",
"sense": "regular plurals of nouns",
"word": "-s"
},
{
"_dis1": "61 28 11",
"code": "ml",
"lang": "Malayalam",
"roman": "-kaḷ",
"sense": "regular plurals of nouns",
"word": "-കൾ"
},
{
"_dis1": "61 28 11",
"code": "gv",
"lang": "Manx",
"sense": "regular plurals of nouns",
"word": "-yn"
},
{
"_dis1": "61 28 11",
"code": "gv",
"lang": "Manx",
"sense": "regular plurals of nouns",
"word": "-aghyn"
},
{
"_dis1": "61 28 11",
"code": "gv",
"lang": "Manx",
"sense": "regular plurals of nouns",
"word": "-jyn"
},
{
"_dis1": "61 28 11",
"code": "nb",
"lang": "Norwegian Bokmål",
"sense": "regular plurals of nouns",
"word": "-er"
},
{
"_dis1": "61 28 11",
"code": "nn",
"lang": "Norwegian Nynorsk",
"sense": "regular plurals of nouns",
"word": "-er"
},
{
"_dis1": "61 28 11",
"code": "nup",
"lang": "Nupe",
"sense": "regular plurals of nouns",
"word": "-zhì"
},
{
"_dis1": "61 28 11",
"code": "fa",
"lang": "Persian",
"sense": "regular plurals of nouns",
"word": "ها"
},
{
"_dis1": "61 28 11",
"code": "fa",
"lang": "Persian",
"sense": "regular plurals of nouns",
"word": "-ها"
},
{
"_dis1": "61 28 11",
"code": "fa",
"lang": "Persian",
"sense": "regular plurals of nouns",
"word": "-هایی"
},
{
"_dis1": "61 28 11",
"code": "fa",
"lang": "Persian",
"sense": "regular plurals of nouns",
"word": "-هان"
},
{
"_dis1": "61 28 11",
"code": "pt",
"lang": "Portuguese",
"sense": "regular plurals of nouns",
"word": "-s"
},
{
"_dis1": "61 28 11",
"code": "pt",
"lang": "Portuguese",
"sense": "regular plurals of nouns",
"word": "-es"
},
{
"_dis1": "61 28 11",
"code": "ro",
"lang": "Romanian",
"sense": "regular plurals of nouns",
"word": "-i"
},
{
"_dis1": "61 28 11",
"code": "ro",
"lang": "Romanian",
"sense": "regular plurals of nouns",
"word": "-e"
},
{
"_dis1": "61 28 11",
"code": "ro",
"lang": "Romanian",
"sense": "regular plurals of nouns",
"word": "-uri"
},
{
"_dis1": "61 28 11",
"code": "ro",
"lang": "Romanian",
"sense": "regular plurals of nouns",
"word": "-le"
},
{
"_dis1": "61 28 11",
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "regular plurals of nouns",
"word": "-s"
},
{
"_dis1": "61 28 11",
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "regular plurals of nouns",
"word": "-es"
},
{
"_dis1": "61 28 11",
"code": "sw",
"lang": "Swahili",
"sense": "regular plurals of nouns",
"word": "wa-"
},
{
"_dis1": "61 28 11",
"code": "sw",
"lang": "Swahili",
"sense": "regular plurals of nouns",
"word": "mi-"
},
{
"_dis1": "61 28 11",
"code": "sw",
"lang": "Swahili",
"sense": "regular plurals of nouns",
"word": "ma-"
},
{
"_dis1": "61 28 11",
"code": "sw",
"lang": "Swahili",
"sense": "regular plurals of nouns",
"word": "vi-"
},
{
"_dis1": "61 28 11",
"code": "sv",
"lang": "Swedish",
"sense": "regular plurals of nouns",
"word": "-ar -er -or -r -n"
},
{
"_dis1": "61 28 11",
"code": "tl",
"lang": "Tagalog",
"sense": "regular plurals of nouns",
"word": "mga"
},
{
"_dis1": "61 28 11",
"code": "tr",
"lang": "Turkish",
"sense": "regular plurals of nouns",
"word": "-ler"
},
{
"_dis1": "61 28 11",
"code": "tr",
"lang": "Turkish",
"sense": "regular plurals of nouns",
"word": "-lar"
},
{
"_dis1": "61 28 11",
"code": "tyv",
"lang": "Tuvan",
"roman": "-lar",
"sense": "regular plurals of nouns",
"word": "-лар"
},
{
"_dis1": "61 28 11",
"code": "tyv",
"lang": "Tuvan",
"roman": "-ler",
"sense": "regular plurals of nouns",
"word": "-лер"
},
{
"_dis1": "61 28 11",
"code": "tyv",
"lang": "Tuvan",
"roman": "-nar",
"sense": "regular plurals of nouns",
"word": "-нар"
},
{
"_dis1": "61 28 11",
"code": "tyv",
"lang": "Tuvan",
"roman": "-ner",
"sense": "regular plurals of nouns",
"word": "-нер"
},
{
"_dis1": "61 28 11",
"code": "tyv",
"lang": "Tuvan",
"roman": "-tar",
"sense": "regular plurals of nouns",
"word": "-тар"
},
{
"_dis1": "61 28 11",
"code": "tyv",
"lang": "Tuvan",
"roman": "-ter",
"sense": "regular plurals of nouns",
"word": "-тер"
},
{
"_dis1": "61 28 11",
"code": "tyv",
"lang": "Tuvan",
"roman": "-dar",
"sense": "regular plurals of nouns",
"word": "-дар"
},
{
"_dis1": "61 28 11",
"code": "tyv",
"lang": "Tuvan",
"roman": "-der",
"sense": "regular plurals of nouns",
"word": "-дер"
},
{
"_dis1": "61 28 11",
"code": "vi",
"lang": "Vietnamese",
"sense": "regular plurals of nouns",
"word": "những"
},
{
"_dis1": "61 28 11",
"code": "vi",
"lang": "Vietnamese",
"sense": "regular plurals of nouns",
"word": "các"
},
{
"_dis1": "61 28 11",
"code": "vi",
"lang": "Vietnamese",
"sense": "regular plurals of nouns",
"word": "mấy"
},
{
"_dis1": "61 28 11",
"code": "cy",
"lang": "Welsh",
"sense": "regular plurals of nouns",
"word": "-aid"
},
{
"_dis1": "61 28 11",
"code": "cy",
"lang": "Welsh",
"sense": "regular plurals of nouns",
"word": "-aint"
},
{
"_dis1": "61 28 11",
"code": "cy",
"lang": "Welsh",
"sense": "regular plurals of nouns",
"word": "-au"
},
{
"_dis1": "61 28 11",
"code": "cy",
"lang": "Welsh",
"sense": "regular plurals of nouns",
"word": "-ed"
},
{
"_dis1": "61 28 11",
"code": "cy",
"lang": "Welsh",
"sense": "regular plurals of nouns",
"word": "-edd"
},
{
"_dis1": "61 28 11",
"code": "cy",
"lang": "Welsh",
"sense": "regular plurals of nouns",
"word": "-en"
},
{
"_dis1": "61 28 11",
"code": "cy",
"lang": "Welsh",
"sense": "regular plurals of nouns",
"word": "-i"
},
{
"_dis1": "61 28 11",
"code": "cy",
"lang": "Welsh",
"sense": "regular plurals of nouns",
"word": "-iaid"
},
{
"_dis1": "61 28 11",
"code": "cy",
"lang": "Welsh",
"sense": "regular plurals of nouns",
"word": "-iau"
},
{
"_dis1": "61 28 11",
"code": "cy",
"lang": "Welsh",
"sense": "regular plurals of nouns",
"word": "-ion"
},
{
"_dis1": "61 28 11",
"code": "cy",
"lang": "Welsh",
"sense": "regular plurals of nouns",
"word": "-od"
},
{
"_dis1": "61 28 11",
"code": "cy",
"lang": "Welsh",
"sense": "regular plurals of nouns",
"word": "-oedd"
},
{
"_dis1": "61 28 11",
"code": "cy",
"lang": "Welsh",
"sense": "regular plurals of nouns",
"word": "-on"
},
{
"_dis1": "61 28 11",
"code": "cy",
"lang": "Welsh",
"sense": "regular plurals of nouns",
"word": "-s"
},
{
"_dis1": "61 28 11",
"code": "cy",
"lang": "Welsh",
"sense": "regular plurals of nouns",
"word": "-ydd"
},
{
"_dis1": "61 28 11",
"code": "cy",
"lang": "Welsh",
"sense": "regular plurals of nouns",
"word": "-yr"
},
{
"_dis1": "61 28 11",
"code": "cy",
"lang": "Welsh",
"sense": "regular plurals of nouns",
"word": "-ys"
},
{
"_dis1": "61 28 11",
"code": "sah",
"lang": "Yakut",
"roman": "-lar",
"sense": "regular plurals of nouns",
"word": "-лар"
},
{
"_dis1": "61 28 11",
"code": "sah",
"lang": "Yakut",
"roman": "-ler",
"sense": "regular plurals of nouns",
"word": "-лэр"
},
{
"_dis1": "61 28 11",
"code": "sah",
"lang": "Yakut",
"roman": "-lor",
"sense": "regular plurals of nouns",
"word": "-лор"
},
{
"_dis1": "61 28 11",
"code": "sah",
"lang": "Yakut",
"roman": "-lör",
"sense": "regular plurals of nouns",
"word": "-лөр"
},
{
"_dis1": "61 28 11",
"code": "sah",
"lang": "Yakut",
"roman": "-dar",
"sense": "regular plurals of nouns",
"word": "-дар"
},
{
"_dis1": "61 28 11",
"code": "sah",
"lang": "Yakut",
"roman": "-der",
"sense": "regular plurals of nouns",
"word": "-дэр"
},
{
"_dis1": "61 28 11",
"code": "sah",
"lang": "Yakut",
"roman": "-dor",
"sense": "regular plurals of nouns",
"word": "-дор"
},
{
"_dis1": "61 28 11",
"code": "sah",
"lang": "Yakut",
"roman": "-dör",
"sense": "regular plurals of nouns",
"word": "-дөр"
},
{
"_dis1": "61 28 11",
"code": "sah",
"lang": "Yakut",
"roman": "-tar",
"sense": "regular plurals of nouns",
"word": "-тар"
},
{
"_dis1": "61 28 11",
"code": "sah",
"lang": "Yakut",
"roman": "-ter",
"sense": "regular plurals of nouns",
"word": "-тэр"
},
{
"_dis1": "61 28 11",
"code": "sah",
"lang": "Yakut",
"roman": "-tor",
"sense": "regular plurals of nouns",
"word": "-тор"
},
{
"_dis1": "61 28 11",
"code": "sah",
"lang": "Yakut",
"roman": "-tör",
"sense": "regular plurals of nouns",
"word": "-төр"
},
{
"_dis1": "61 28 11",
"code": "sah",
"lang": "Yakut",
"roman": "-nar",
"sense": "regular plurals of nouns",
"word": "-нар"
},
{
"_dis1": "61 28 11",
"code": "sah",
"lang": "Yakut",
"roman": "-ner",
"sense": "regular plurals of nouns",
"word": "-нэр"
},
{
"_dis1": "61 28 11",
"code": "sah",
"lang": "Yakut",
"roman": "-nor",
"sense": "regular plurals of nouns",
"word": "-нор"
},
{
"_dis1": "61 28 11",
"code": "sah",
"lang": "Yakut",
"roman": "-nör",
"sense": "regular plurals of nouns",
"word": "-нөр"
}
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "7 24 15 15 12 10 3 13",
"kind": "other",
"name": "English entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "7 20 13 15 18 9 5 14",
"kind": "other",
"name": "English entries with language name categories using raw markup",
"parents": [
"Entries with language name categories using raw markup",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "6 18 14 15 22 8 5 11",
"kind": "other",
"name": "English terms with non-redundant non-automated sortkeys",
"parents": [
"Terms with non-redundant non-automated sortkeys",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"text": "shorts",
"type": "example"
},
{
"text": "sunglasses",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Used to form many pluralia tantum (nouns that are almost or entirely without singular forms)."
],
"id": "en--s-en-suffix-en:pluralia_tantum",
"links": [
[
"pluralia tantum",
"plurale tantum#English"
]
],
"senseid": [
"en:pluralia tantum"
],
"tags": [
"morpheme"
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "7 20 13 15 18 9 5 14",
"kind": "other",
"name": "English entries with language name categories using raw markup",
"parents": [
"Entries with language name categories using raw markup",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "6 18 14 15 22 8 5 11",
"kind": "other",
"name": "English terms with non-redundant non-automated sortkeys",
"parents": [
"Terms with non-redundant non-automated sortkeys",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"text": "We often look back on the 1960s [the years from 1960 to 1969] with rose-tinted glasses.",
"type": "example"
},
{
"text": "The Industrial Revolution went into full-swing during the 1800s [the years from 1800 to 1899 – but see usage notes].",
"type": "example"
},
{
"text": "The temperature today will be in the low 30s.",
"type": "example"
},
{
"text": "He placed in the 200s in the end.",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"When appended to a number ending in at least one 0, expresses a range of numbers which share the digits before some or (usually) all of the 0s; frequently used for decades, centuries and temperatures."
],
"id": "en--s-en-suffix-en:numerical_range",
"senseid": [
"en:numerical range"
],
"tags": [
"morpheme"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/s/"
},
{
"ipa": "/z/"
},
{
"ipa": "/ɪz/"
},
{
"ipa": "/əz/"
},
{
"homophone": "-'s"
},
{
"homophone": "'s"
}
],
"word": "-s"
}
{
"etymology_number": 2,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "enm",
"3": "-es",
"4": "-(e)s",
"pos": "third-person singular ending"
},
"expansion": "Middle English -(e)s (third-person singular ending)",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "ang",
"3": "-es, -as",
"pos": "third-person singular endings"
},
"expansion": "Old English -es, -as (third-person singular endings)",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "-eth"
},
"expansion": "-eth",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ang",
"2": "-eþ",
"3": "-(e)þ"
},
"expansion": "Old English -(e)þ",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ang",
"2": "-aþ"
},
"expansion": "-aþ",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "-es",
"3": "-(e)s"
},
"expansion": "-(e)s",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ang",
"2": "-es"
},
"expansion": "-es",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ang",
"2": "-est"
},
"expansion": "-est",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "-est"
},
"expansion": "-est",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "",
"3": "thou singest"
},
"expansion": "thou singest",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "non",
"3": "-"
},
"expansion": "Old Norse",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "non",
"2": "",
"3": "þú masar, hann masar"
},
"expansion": "þú masar, hann masar",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "non",
"2": "",
"3": "þú þekkir, hann þekkir"
},
"expansion": "þú þekkir, hann þekkir",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "-eth"
},
"expansion": "-eth",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "",
"3": "-(e)s"
},
"expansion": "-(e)s",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "",
"3": "-es"
},
"expansion": "-es",
"name": "m"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Middle English -(e)s (third-person singular ending), from Northumbrian Old English -es, -as (third-person singular endings). Gradually replaced the older -eth, from Old English -(e)þ, -aþ, during the Middle English and Early Modern English periods.\nIt is predominantly believed that -(e)s is identical to the Old English second-person singular ending -es, -est (cf. archaic Modern English -est, as in thou singest). The use for the third-person singular would have been caused by speakers of Old Norse who switched to speaking English and confounded the endings due to analogy with their native tongue. In Old Norse, the second and third person singular indicative forms were identical (e.g. þú masar, hann masar; þú þekkir, hann þekkir; etc.).\nAn alternative theory sees the shift from /θ/ in -eth to /s/ (later /z/) in -(e)s as a mere phonetic simplification due to the frequency of the ending, but the objection to this is that no such development can be observed anywhere else in English. Nevertheless the relative similarity in sound between both forms may have facilitated the spread of -es.",
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "suffix",
"cat2": "inflectional suffixes",
"cat3": "",
"head": "",
"id": ""
},
"expansion": "-s",
"name": "head"
},
{
"args": {
"cat2": "inflectional suffixes"
},
"expansion": "-s",
"name": "en-suffix"
}
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "suffix",
"related": [
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"word": "-en"
}
],
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "7 20 13 15 18 9 5 14",
"kind": "other",
"name": "English entries with language name categories using raw markup",
"parents": [
"Entries with language name categories using raw markup",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "6 18 14 15 22 8 5 11",
"kind": "other",
"name": "English terms with non-redundant non-automated sortkeys",
"parents": [
"Terms with non-redundant non-automated sortkeys",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"text": "to eat → he eats"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Used to form the third-person singular indicative present tense of verbs."
],
"id": "en--s-en-suffix-ZhgRyWTP",
"links": [
[
"third-person",
"third person"
],
[
"singular",
"singular"
],
[
"indicative",
"indicative"
],
[
"present tense",
"present tense"
],
[
"verb",
"verb"
]
],
"related": [
{
"word": "-ed"
},
{
"word": "-ing"
},
{
"word": "-t"
}
],
"tags": [
"morpheme"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/s/"
},
{
"ipa": "/z/"
},
{
"ipa": "/ɪz/"
},
{
"ipa": "/əz/"
},
{
"homophone": "-'s"
},
{
"homophone": "'s"
}
],
"word": "-s"
}
{
"etymology_number": 3,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "enm",
"3": "-es"
},
"expansion": "Middle English -es",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "ang",
"3": "-es"
},
"expansion": "Old English -es",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "-'s"
},
"expansion": "-'s",
"name": "l"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Middle English -es, from Old English -es, the masculine and neuter genitive singular ending of strong nouns. More at -'s.",
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "suffix",
"cat2": "adverb-forming suffixes",
"cat3": "",
"head": "",
"id": ""
},
"expansion": "-s",
"name": "head"
},
{
"args": {
"cat2": "adverb-forming suffixes"
},
"expansion": "-s",
"name": "en-suffix"
}
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "suffix",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "7 20 13 15 18 9 5 14",
"kind": "other",
"name": "English entries with language name categories using raw markup",
"parents": [
"Entries with language name categories using raw markup",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "6 18 14 15 22 8 5 11",
"kind": "other",
"name": "English terms with non-redundant non-automated sortkeys",
"parents": [
"Terms with non-redundant non-automated sortkeys",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"derived": [
{
"word": "-st"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"text": "forward + -s → forwards"
},
{
"text": "downward + -s → downwards"
},
{
"text": "alway + -s → always"
},
{
"text": "sometime + -s → sometimes"
},
{
"text": "betime + -s → betimes"
},
{
"text": "while + -s → whiles"
},
{
"text": "betide + -s → betides"
},
{
"text": "toward + -s → towards"
},
{
"text": "beside + -s → besides"
},
{
"text": "evening + -s → evenings"
},
{
"text": "unaware + -s → unawares"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Used in the formation of certain English adverbs."
],
"id": "en--s-en-suffix-en:adverbial",
"senseid": [
"en:adverbial"
],
"tags": [
"morpheme"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/s/"
},
{
"ipa": "/z/"
},
{
"ipa": "/ɪz/"
},
{
"ipa": "/əz/"
},
{
"homophone": "-'s"
},
{
"homophone": "'s"
}
],
"word": "-s"
}
{
"etymology_number": 4,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "-'s"
},
"expansion": "-'s",
"name": "m"
}
],
"etymology_text": "A variant spelling of -'s, partly an archaism, partly by dropping the apostrophe.",
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "suffix",
"cat2": "",
"cat3": "",
"head": "",
"id": ""
},
"expansion": "-s",
"name": "head"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "-s",
"name": "en-suffix"
}
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "suffix",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "English links with redundant target parameters",
"parents": [
"Links with redundant target parameters",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"text": "hers; its; ones (now one’s); theirs"
},
{
"text": "(neopronouns): eirs; hirs; pers; thons; xyrs; zirs"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Possessive marker, indicating that an object belongs to the word bearing the marker."
],
"id": "en--s-en-suffix--uY1FQzo",
"qualifier": "on pronouns",
"raw_glosses": [
"(on pronouns) Possessive marker, indicating that an object belongs to the word bearing the marker."
],
"tags": [
"morpheme"
]
},
{
"alt_of": [
{
"word": "-'s"
}
],
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "English links with redundant target parameters",
"parents": [
"Links with redundant target parameters",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"text": "devils doorbell; dogs-bane; St. Marys; (obsolete) kings"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Alternative form of -'s"
],
"id": "en--s-en-suffix-RezfvFAi",
"links": [
[
"-'s",
"-'s#English"
]
],
"qualifier": "on nouns",
"raw_glosses": [
"(on nouns, now nonstandard) Alternative form of -'s"
],
"synonyms": [
{
"_dis1": "0 100",
"english": "on pronouns; now nonstandard",
"word": "-'s"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 100",
"tags": [
"obsolete"
],
"word": "-es"
}
],
"tags": [
"alt-of",
"alternative",
"morpheme",
"nonstandard"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/s/"
},
{
"ipa": "/z/"
},
{
"ipa": "/ɪz/"
},
{
"ipa": "/əz/"
},
{
"homophone": "-'s"
},
{
"homophone": "'s"
}
],
"word": "-s"
}
{
"etymology_number": 5,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "circa 1936"
},
"expansion": "[circa 1936]",
"name": "datedef"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "-sy"
},
"expansion": "-sy",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "-s",
"3": "",
"4": "plural marker"
},
"expansion": "-s (“plural marker”)",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "-y"
},
"expansion": "-y",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "puppy"
},
"expansion": "puppy",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "kitty"
},
"expansion": "kitty",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "sco",
"3": "-"
},
"expansion": "Scots",
"name": "der"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Modern sense in slang [circa 1936]. According to OED, a colloquial clipping of the hypocoristic diminutive suffix -sy. As AHD writes, -sy itself usually being informal, ironic and/or jocular, and possibly a combination of -s (“plural marker”) and conflation of -y as adjectival with its sense as a diminutive suffix (e.g. puppy, kitty), the latter notion probably from Scots.",
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "suffix",
"cat2": "",
"cat3": "",
"head": "",
"id": ""
},
"expansion": "-s",
"name": "head"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "-s",
"name": "en-suffix"
}
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "suffix",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "English links with redundant target parameters",
"parents": [
"Links with redundant target parameters",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w"
},
{
"_dis": "7 20 13 15 18 9 5 14",
"kind": "other",
"name": "English entries with language name categories using raw markup",
"parents": [
"Entries with language name categories using raw markup",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "6 18 14 15 22 8 5 11",
"kind": "other",
"name": "English terms with non-redundant non-automated sortkeys",
"parents": [
"Terms with non-redundant non-automated sortkeys",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"text": "Babs; moms; pops; homes; toots"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Hypocoristic suffix"
],
"id": "en--s-en-suffix-en:hypocoristic",
"links": [
[
"humorous",
"humorous"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(informal, colloquial, sometimes humorous) Hypocoristic suffix"
],
"related": [
{
"word": "-sies"
}
],
"senseid": [
"en:hypocoristic"
],
"tags": [
"colloquial",
"humorous",
"informal",
"morpheme",
"sometimes"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/s/"
},
{
"ipa": "/z/"
},
{
"ipa": "/ɪz/"
},
{
"ipa": "/əz/"
},
{
"homophone": "-'s"
},
{
"homophone": "'s"
}
],
"wikipedia": [
"American Heritage Dictionary",
"Oxford English Dictionary"
],
"word": "-s"
}
{
"categories": [
"English 1-syllable words",
"English entries with incorrect language header",
"English entries with language name categories using raw markup",
"English inflectional suffixes",
"English lemmas",
"English productive suffixes",
"English suffixes",
"English terms derived from Middle English",
"English terms derived from Old English",
"English terms derived from Proto-Germanic",
"English terms derived from Proto-Indo-European",
"English terms derived from Proto-West Germanic",
"English terms derived from Scots",
"English terms inherited from Middle English",
"English terms inherited from Old English",
"English terms inherited from Proto-Germanic",
"English terms inherited from Proto-Indo-European",
"English terms inherited from Proto-West Germanic",
"English terms with IPA pronunciation",
"English terms with homophones",
"English terms with non-redundant non-automated sortkeys",
"English unproductive suffixes",
"Pages with raw sortkeys"
],
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "yue",
"2": "-s",
"bor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ Cantonese: -s",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ Cantonese: -s"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ja",
"2": "ズ",
"bor": "1",
"tr": "-zu"
},
"expansion": "→ Japanese: ズ (-zu)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ Japanese: ズ (-zu)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ml",
"2": "-സ്",
"bor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ Malayalam: -സ് (-sŭ)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ Malayalam: -സ് (-sŭ)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sv",
"2": "-s",
"bor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ Swedish: -s",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ Swedish: -s"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "tl",
"2": "-s",
"bor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ Tagalog: -s",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ Tagalog: -s"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "cy",
"2": "-s",
"bor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ Welsh: -s",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ Welsh: -s"
}
],
"etymology_number": 1,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "enm",
"3": "-s"
},
"expansion": "Middle English -s",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "-es"
},
"expansion": "-es",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "ang",
"3": "-as"
},
"expansion": "Old English -as",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "gmw-pro",
"3": "*-ōs"
},
"expansion": "Proto-West Germanic *-ōs",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "gem-pro",
"3": "*-ōs"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic *-ōs",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "gem-pro",
"2": "*-ōz",
"3": "*‑ōz"
},
"expansion": "*‑ōz",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*-es"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *-es",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ine-pro",
"2": "*-oes",
"pos": "plural endings"
},
"expansion": "*-oes (plural endings)",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "xno",
"2": "-"
},
"expansion": "Anglo-Norman",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "sco",
"2": "-s",
"pos": "plural ending"
},
"expansion": "Scots -s (plural ending)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "stq",
"2": "-s",
"pos": "plural ending"
},
"expansion": "Saterland Frisian -s (plural ending)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "fy",
"2": "-s",
"pos": "plural ending"
},
"expansion": "West Frisian -s (plural ending)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "nl",
"2": "-s",
"pos": "plural ending"
},
"expansion": "Dutch -s (plural ending)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "nds",
"2": "-s",
"pos": "plural ending"
},
"expansion": "Low German -s (plural ending)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "da",
"2": "-er",
"pos": "plural ending"
},
"expansion": "Danish -er (plural ending)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "sv",
"2": "-r"
},
"expansion": "Swedish -r",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "sv",
"2": "-ar"
},
"expansion": "-ar",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "sv",
"2": "-or",
"pos": "plural ending"
},
"expansion": "-or (plural ending)",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "is",
"2": "-ar",
"pos": "plural ending"
},
"expansion": "Icelandic -ar (plural ending)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "got",
"2": "-𐍉𐍃",
"pos": "nominative plural ending of a-stem masculine nouns"
},
"expansion": "Gothic -𐍉𐍃 (-ōs, nominative plural ending of a-stem masculine nouns)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "de",
"2": "-er",
"pos": "plural ending"
},
"expansion": "German -er (plural ending)",
"name": "cog"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Middle English -s, -es, from Old English -as, nominative-accusative plural ending of masculine a-stem (i.e. strong) declension nouns, from Proto-West Germanic *-ōs, from Proto-Germanic *-ōs, *‑ōz, from Proto-Indo-European *-es, *-oes (plural endings). The spread of this ending in later Middle English was once argued to have been the result of Anglo-Norman influence; however, -as was already the most common Old English plural marker (used in approximately 40% of Old English nouns), and was initially more common in the North of England where French influence was weakest, only later gradually spreading south. Cognate with Scots -s (plural ending), Saterland Frisian -s (plural ending), West Frisian -s (plural ending), Dutch -s (plural ending), Low German -s (plural ending), Danish -er (plural ending), Swedish -r, -ar, -or (plural ending), Icelandic -ar (plural ending), Gothic -𐍉𐍃 (-ōs, nominative plural ending of a-stem masculine nouns). Not directly related to German -er (plural ending) which has a different origin.",
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "suffix",
"cat2": "inflectional suffixes",
"cat3": "",
"head": "",
"id": ""
},
"expansion": "-s",
"name": "head"
},
{
"args": {
"cat2": "inflectional suffixes"
},
"expansion": "-s",
"name": "en-suffix"
}
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "suffix",
"related": [
{
"word": "-a"
},
{
"word": "-en"
},
{
"word": "-es"
},
{
"word": "-i"
},
{
"word": "-ir"
},
{
"tags": [
"nonstandard"
],
"word": "-z"
}
],
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"English terms with usage examples"
],
"examples": [
{
"text": "one computer → five computers",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Used to form regular plurals of nouns."
],
"links": [
[
"regular",
"regular#English"
],
[
"plural",
"plural#English"
],
[
"noun",
"noun#English"
]
],
"senseid": [
"en:regular plural"
],
"tags": [
"morpheme"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"English terms with usage examples"
],
"examples": [
{
"text": "shorts",
"type": "example"
},
{
"text": "sunglasses",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Used to form many pluralia tantum (nouns that are almost or entirely without singular forms)."
],
"links": [
[
"pluralia tantum",
"plurale tantum#English"
]
],
"senseid": [
"en:pluralia tantum"
],
"tags": [
"morpheme"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"English terms with usage examples"
],
"examples": [
{
"text": "We often look back on the 1960s [the years from 1960 to 1969] with rose-tinted glasses.",
"type": "example"
},
{
"text": "The Industrial Revolution went into full-swing during the 1800s [the years from 1800 to 1899 – but see usage notes].",
"type": "example"
},
{
"text": "The temperature today will be in the low 30s.",
"type": "example"
},
{
"text": "He placed in the 200s in the end.",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"When appended to a number ending in at least one 0, expresses a range of numbers which share the digits before some or (usually) all of the 0s; frequently used for decades, centuries and temperatures."
],
"senseid": [
"en:numerical range"
],
"tags": [
"morpheme"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/s/"
},
{
"ipa": "/z/"
},
{
"ipa": "/ɪz/"
},
{
"ipa": "/əz/"
},
{
"homophone": "-'s"
},
{
"homophone": "'s"
}
],
"translations": [
{
"code": "ar",
"lang": "Arabic",
"roman": "-āni",
"sense": "regular plurals of nouns",
"tags": [
"dual"
],
"word": "ـَانِ"
},
{
"code": "ar",
"lang": "Arabic",
"roman": "-ayni",
"sense": "regular plurals of nouns",
"tags": [
"dual"
],
"word": "ـَيْنِ"
},
{
"code": "ar",
"lang": "Arabic",
"roman": "-ūna",
"sense": "regular plurals of nouns",
"word": "ـُونَ"
},
{
"code": "ar",
"lang": "Arabic",
"roman": "-īna",
"sense": "regular plurals of nouns",
"word": "ـِينَ"
},
{
"code": "ar",
"lang": "Arabic",
"roman": "-āt",
"sense": "regular plurals of nouns",
"word": "ـَات"
},
{
"code": "eu",
"lang": "Basque",
"sense": "regular plurals of nouns",
"word": "-ak"
},
{
"code": "eu",
"lang": "Basque",
"sense": "regular plurals of nouns",
"word": "-ok"
},
{
"code": "zh",
"lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
"sense": "regular plurals of nouns",
"word": "們"
},
{
"code": "zh",
"lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
"note": "plural marker for humans, non-mandatory",
"roman": "men",
"sense": "regular plurals of nouns",
"word": "们"
},
{
"code": "nci",
"lang": "Classical Nahuatl",
"sense": "regular plurals of nouns",
"word": "-h"
},
{
"code": "nci",
"lang": "Classical Nahuatl",
"sense": "regular plurals of nouns",
"word": "-tin"
},
{
"code": "nci",
"lang": "Classical Nahuatl",
"sense": "regular plurals of nouns",
"word": "-meh"
},
{
"code": "kw",
"lang": "Cornish",
"sense": "regular plurals of nouns",
"word": "-ow"
},
{
"code": "kw",
"lang": "Cornish",
"sense": "regular plurals of nouns",
"word": "-yow"
},
{
"code": "da",
"lang": "Danish",
"sense": "regular plurals of nouns",
"word": "-er"
},
{
"code": "da",
"lang": "Danish",
"sense": "regular plurals of nouns",
"word": "-e"
},
{
"code": "nl",
"lang": "Dutch",
"sense": "regular plurals of nouns",
"word": "-en"
},
{
"code": "nl",
"lang": "Dutch",
"sense": "regular plurals of nouns",
"word": "-s"
},
{
"code": "eo",
"lang": "Esperanto",
"sense": "regular plurals of nouns",
"word": "-j"
},
{
"code": "et",
"lang": "Estonian",
"sense": "regular plurals of nouns",
"word": "-d"
},
{
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "regular plurals of nouns",
"word": "-t"
},
{
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "regular plurals of nouns",
"word": "-s"
},
{
"code": "gl",
"lang": "Galician",
"sense": "regular plurals of nouns",
"word": "-s"
},
{
"code": "gl",
"lang": "Galician",
"sense": "regular plurals of nouns",
"word": "-es"
},
{
"code": "gl",
"lang": "Galician",
"sense": "regular plurals of nouns",
"word": "-is"
},
{
"code": "ka",
"lang": "Georgian",
"roman": "-ebi",
"sense": "regular plurals of nouns",
"word": "-ები"
},
{
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "regular plurals of nouns",
"word": "-e"
},
{
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "regular plurals of nouns",
"word": "-en"
},
{
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "regular plurals of nouns",
"word": "-er"
},
{
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "regular plurals of nouns",
"word": "-s"
},
{
"code": "el",
"lang": "Greek",
"roman": "-aíoi",
"sense": "regular plurals of nouns",
"tags": [
"masculine",
"plural"
],
"word": "-αίοι"
},
{
"code": "el",
"lang": "Greek",
"roman": "-ídes",
"sense": "regular plurals of nouns",
"tags": [
"masculine",
"plural"
],
"word": "-ήδες"
},
{
"code": "el",
"lang": "Greek",
"sense": "regular plurals of nouns",
"tags": [
"feminine",
"masculine",
"plural"
],
"word": "-άδες (-ádes)"
},
{
"code": "el",
"lang": "Greek",
"sense": "regular plurals of nouns",
"tags": [
"feminine",
"masculine",
"plural"
],
"word": "-ες (-es)"
},
{
"code": "el",
"lang": "Greek",
"sense": "regular plurals of nouns",
"tags": [
"feminine",
"masculine",
"plural"
],
"word": "-ές (-és)"
},
{
"code": "el",
"lang": "Greek",
"sense": "regular plurals of nouns",
"tags": [
"feminine",
"masculine",
"plural"
],
"word": "-οι (-oi)"
},
{
"code": "el",
"lang": "Greek",
"sense": "regular plurals of nouns",
"tags": [
"feminine",
"masculine",
"plural"
],
"word": "-οί (-oí)"
},
{
"code": "el",
"lang": "Greek",
"sense": "regular plurals of nouns",
"tags": [
"feminine",
"masculine",
"plural"
],
"word": "-ούδες (-oúdes)"
},
{
"code": "el",
"lang": "Greek",
"sense": "regular plurals of nouns",
"tags": [
"masculine",
"neuter",
"plural"
],
"word": "-ηδες (-ides)"
},
{
"code": "el",
"lang": "Greek",
"sense": "regular plurals of nouns",
"tags": [
"neuter",
"plural"
],
"word": "-α (-a)"
},
{
"code": "el",
"lang": "Greek",
"roman": "-ata",
"sense": "regular plurals of nouns",
"tags": [
"neuter",
"plural"
],
"word": "-ατα"
},
{
"code": "el",
"lang": "Greek",
"sense": "regular plurals of nouns",
"tags": [
"neuter",
"plural"
],
"word": "-ά (-á)"
},
{
"code": "el",
"lang": "Greek",
"roman": "-édes",
"sense": "regular plurals of nouns",
"tags": [
"neuter",
"plural"
],
"word": "-έδες"
},
{
"code": "el",
"lang": "Greek",
"sense": "regular plurals of nouns",
"tags": [
"-i",
"neuter",
"plural"
],
"word": "-η"
},
{
"code": "el",
"lang": "Greek",
"sense": "regular plurals of nouns",
"tags": [
"neuter",
"plural"
],
"word": "-ή (-í)"
},
{
"code": "el",
"lang": "Greek",
"roman": "-ia",
"sense": "regular plurals of nouns",
"tags": [
"neuter",
"plural"
],
"word": "-ια"
},
{
"code": "gn",
"lang": "Guaraní",
"sense": "regular plurals of nouns",
"word": "-kuéra"
},
{
"code": "gn",
"lang": "Guaraní",
"sense": "regular plurals of nouns",
"word": "-nguéra"
},
{
"code": "he",
"lang": "Hebrew",
"roman": "-im",
"sense": "regular plurals of nouns",
"tags": [
"masculine",
"plural"
],
"word": "־ִים"
},
{
"code": "he",
"lang": "Hebrew",
"roman": "-ot",
"sense": "regular plurals of nouns",
"tags": [
"feminine",
"plural"
],
"word": "־וֹת"
},
{
"code": "he",
"lang": "Hebrew",
"roman": "-in",
"sense": "regular plurals of nouns",
"tags": [
"masculine",
"plural"
],
"word": "־ִין"
},
{
"code": "hu",
"lang": "Hungarian",
"sense": "regular plurals of nouns",
"word": "-k"
},
{
"code": "hu",
"lang": "Hungarian",
"sense": "regular plurals of nouns",
"word": "-ak"
},
{
"code": "hu",
"lang": "Hungarian",
"sense": "regular plurals of nouns",
"word": "-ok"
},
{
"code": "hu",
"lang": "Hungarian",
"sense": "regular plurals of nouns",
"word": "-ek"
},
{
"code": "hu",
"lang": "Hungarian",
"sense": "regular plurals of nouns",
"word": "-ök"
},
{
"code": "is",
"lang": "Icelandic",
"sense": "regular plurals of nouns",
"word": "-a"
},
{
"code": "is",
"lang": "Icelandic",
"sense": "regular plurals of nouns",
"word": "-ar"
},
{
"code": "io",
"lang": "Ido",
"sense": "regular plurals of nouns",
"word": "-i"
},
{
"code": "ga",
"lang": "Irish",
"sense": "regular plurals of nouns",
"word": "-anna"
},
{
"code": "ga",
"lang": "Irish",
"sense": "regular plurals of nouns",
"word": "-acha"
},
{
"code": "ga",
"lang": "Irish",
"sense": "regular plurals of nouns",
"word": "-a"
},
{
"code": "ga",
"lang": "Irish",
"sense": "regular plurals of nouns",
"word": "-e"
},
{
"code": "ga",
"lang": "Irish",
"sense": "regular plurals of nouns",
"word": "-í"
},
{
"code": "ga",
"lang": "Irish",
"sense": "regular plurals of nouns",
"word": "-te"
},
{
"code": "ga",
"lang": "Irish",
"sense": "regular plurals of nouns",
"word": "-taí"
},
{
"code": "ga",
"lang": "Irish",
"sense": "regular plurals of nouns",
"word": "-tí"
},
{
"code": "ga",
"lang": "Irish",
"sense": "regular plurals of nouns",
"word": "-aigh"
},
{
"code": "ga",
"lang": "Irish",
"sense": "regular plurals of nouns",
"word": "-ta"
},
{
"code": "it",
"lang": "Italian",
"sense": "regular plurals of nouns",
"word": "-i"
},
{
"code": "it",
"lang": "Italian",
"sense": "regular plurals of nouns",
"word": "-e"
},
{
"alt": "たち",
"code": "ja",
"lang": "Japanese",
"roman": "tachi",
"sense": "regular plurals of nouns",
"word": "達"
},
{
"alt": "ら",
"code": "ja",
"lang": "Japanese",
"roman": "ra",
"sense": "regular plurals of nouns",
"word": "等"
},
{
"alt": "ども",
"code": "ja",
"lang": "Japanese",
"note": "plural markers for humans, non-mandatory",
"roman": "domo",
"sense": "regular plurals of nouns",
"word": "供"
},
{
"code": "kn",
"lang": "Kannada",
"note": "for everything except for humans",
"roman": "-gaḷu",
"sense": "regular plurals of nouns",
"word": "-ಗಳು"
},
{
"code": "kn",
"lang": "Kannada",
"note": "for humans",
"roman": "-ru",
"sense": "regular plurals of nouns",
"word": "-ರು"
},
{
"code": "kk",
"lang": "Kazakh",
"roman": "-lar",
"sense": "regular plurals of nouns",
"word": "-лар"
},
{
"code": "kk",
"lang": "Kazakh",
"roman": "-ler",
"sense": "regular plurals of nouns",
"word": "-лер"
},
{
"code": "kk",
"lang": "Kazakh",
"roman": "-tar",
"sense": "regular plurals of nouns",
"word": "-тар"
},
{
"code": "kk",
"lang": "Kazakh",
"roman": "-ter",
"sense": "regular plurals of nouns",
"word": "-тер"
},
{
"code": "kk",
"lang": "Kazakh",
"roman": "-dar",
"sense": "regular plurals of nouns",
"word": "-дар"
},
{
"code": "kk",
"lang": "Kazakh",
"roman": "-der",
"sense": "regular plurals of nouns",
"word": "-дер"
},
{
"code": "kjh",
"lang": "Khakas",
"roman": "-lar",
"sense": "regular plurals of nouns",
"word": "-лар"
},
{
"code": "kjh",
"lang": "Khakas",
"roman": "-ler",
"sense": "regular plurals of nouns",
"word": "-лер"
},
{
"code": "kjh",
"lang": "Khakas",
"roman": "-nar",
"sense": "regular plurals of nouns",
"word": "-нар"
},
{
"code": "kjh",
"lang": "Khakas",
"roman": "-ner",
"sense": "regular plurals of nouns",
"word": "-нер"
},
{
"code": "kjh",
"lang": "Khakas",
"roman": "-tar",
"sense": "regular plurals of nouns",
"word": "-тар"
},
{
"code": "kjh",
"lang": "Khakas",
"roman": "-ter",
"sense": "regular plurals of nouns",
"word": "-тер"
},
{
"code": "ko",
"english": "non-mandatory",
"lang": "Korean",
"roman": "-deul",
"sense": "regular plurals of nouns",
"word": "들"
},
{
"code": "ko",
"lang": "Korean",
"note": "plural markers for humans",
"roman": "-ne",
"sense": "regular plurals of nouns",
"word": "네"
},
{
"code": "la",
"lang": "Latin",
"sense": "regular plurals of nouns",
"tags": [
"masculine",
"plural"
],
"word": "-ī"
},
{
"code": "la",
"lang": "Latin",
"sense": "regular plurals of nouns",
"tags": [
"feminine",
"plural"
],
"word": "-ae"
},
{
"code": "la",
"lang": "Latin",
"sense": "regular plurals of nouns",
"tags": [
"neuter",
"plural"
],
"word": "-a"
},
{
"code": "lv",
"lang": "Latvian",
"sense": "regular plurals of nouns",
"word": "-s"
},
{
"code": "lt",
"lang": "Lithuanian",
"sense": "regular plurals of nouns",
"word": "-s"
},
{
"code": "ml",
"lang": "Malayalam",
"roman": "-kaḷ",
"sense": "regular plurals of nouns",
"word": "-കൾ"
},
{
"code": "gv",
"lang": "Manx",
"sense": "regular plurals of nouns",
"word": "-yn"
},
{
"code": "gv",
"lang": "Manx",
"sense": "regular plurals of nouns",
"word": "-aghyn"
},
{
"code": "gv",
"lang": "Manx",
"sense": "regular plurals of nouns",
"word": "-jyn"
},
{
"code": "nb",
"lang": "Norwegian Bokmål",
"sense": "regular plurals of nouns",
"word": "-er"
},
{
"code": "nn",
"lang": "Norwegian Nynorsk",
"sense": "regular plurals of nouns",
"word": "-er"
},
{
"code": "nup",
"lang": "Nupe",
"sense": "regular plurals of nouns",
"word": "-zhì"
},
{
"code": "fa",
"lang": "Persian",
"sense": "regular plurals of nouns",
"word": "ها"
},
{
"code": "fa",
"lang": "Persian",
"sense": "regular plurals of nouns",
"word": "-ها"
},
{
"code": "fa",
"lang": "Persian",
"sense": "regular plurals of nouns",
"word": "-هایی"
},
{
"code": "fa",
"lang": "Persian",
"sense": "regular plurals of nouns",
"word": "-هان"
},
{
"code": "pt",
"lang": "Portuguese",
"sense": "regular plurals of nouns",
"word": "-s"
},
{
"code": "pt",
"lang": "Portuguese",
"sense": "regular plurals of nouns",
"word": "-es"
},
{
"code": "ro",
"lang": "Romanian",
"sense": "regular plurals of nouns",
"word": "-i"
},
{
"code": "ro",
"lang": "Romanian",
"sense": "regular plurals of nouns",
"word": "-e"
},
{
"code": "ro",
"lang": "Romanian",
"sense": "regular plurals of nouns",
"word": "-uri"
},
{
"code": "ro",
"lang": "Romanian",
"sense": "regular plurals of nouns",
"word": "-le"
},
{
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "regular plurals of nouns",
"word": "-s"
},
{
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "regular plurals of nouns",
"word": "-es"
},
{
"code": "sw",
"lang": "Swahili",
"sense": "regular plurals of nouns",
"word": "wa-"
},
{
"code": "sw",
"lang": "Swahili",
"sense": "regular plurals of nouns",
"word": "mi-"
},
{
"code": "sw",
"lang": "Swahili",
"sense": "regular plurals of nouns",
"word": "ma-"
},
{
"code": "sw",
"lang": "Swahili",
"sense": "regular plurals of nouns",
"word": "vi-"
},
{
"code": "sv",
"lang": "Swedish",
"sense": "regular plurals of nouns",
"word": "-ar -er -or -r -n"
},
{
"code": "tl",
"lang": "Tagalog",
"sense": "regular plurals of nouns",
"word": "mga"
},
{
"code": "tr",
"lang": "Turkish",
"sense": "regular plurals of nouns",
"word": "-ler"
},
{
"code": "tr",
"lang": "Turkish",
"sense": "regular plurals of nouns",
"word": "-lar"
},
{
"code": "tyv",
"lang": "Tuvan",
"roman": "-lar",
"sense": "regular plurals of nouns",
"word": "-лар"
},
{
"code": "tyv",
"lang": "Tuvan",
"roman": "-ler",
"sense": "regular plurals of nouns",
"word": "-лер"
},
{
"code": "tyv",
"lang": "Tuvan",
"roman": "-nar",
"sense": "regular plurals of nouns",
"word": "-нар"
},
{
"code": "tyv",
"lang": "Tuvan",
"roman": "-ner",
"sense": "regular plurals of nouns",
"word": "-нер"
},
{
"code": "tyv",
"lang": "Tuvan",
"roman": "-tar",
"sense": "regular plurals of nouns",
"word": "-тар"
},
{
"code": "tyv",
"lang": "Tuvan",
"roman": "-ter",
"sense": "regular plurals of nouns",
"word": "-тер"
},
{
"code": "tyv",
"lang": "Tuvan",
"roman": "-dar",
"sense": "regular plurals of nouns",
"word": "-дар"
},
{
"code": "tyv",
"lang": "Tuvan",
"roman": "-der",
"sense": "regular plurals of nouns",
"word": "-дер"
},
{
"code": "vi",
"lang": "Vietnamese",
"sense": "regular plurals of nouns",
"word": "những"
},
{
"code": "vi",
"lang": "Vietnamese",
"sense": "regular plurals of nouns",
"word": "các"
},
{
"code": "vi",
"lang": "Vietnamese",
"sense": "regular plurals of nouns",
"word": "mấy"
},
{
"code": "cy",
"lang": "Welsh",
"sense": "regular plurals of nouns",
"word": "-aid"
},
{
"code": "cy",
"lang": "Welsh",
"sense": "regular plurals of nouns",
"word": "-aint"
},
{
"code": "cy",
"lang": "Welsh",
"sense": "regular plurals of nouns",
"word": "-au"
},
{
"code": "cy",
"lang": "Welsh",
"sense": "regular plurals of nouns",
"word": "-ed"
},
{
"code": "cy",
"lang": "Welsh",
"sense": "regular plurals of nouns",
"word": "-edd"
},
{
"code": "cy",
"lang": "Welsh",
"sense": "regular plurals of nouns",
"word": "-en"
},
{
"code": "cy",
"lang": "Welsh",
"sense": "regular plurals of nouns",
"word": "-i"
},
{
"code": "cy",
"lang": "Welsh",
"sense": "regular plurals of nouns",
"word": "-iaid"
},
{
"code": "cy",
"lang": "Welsh",
"sense": "regular plurals of nouns",
"word": "-iau"
},
{
"code": "cy",
"lang": "Welsh",
"sense": "regular plurals of nouns",
"word": "-ion"
},
{
"code": "cy",
"lang": "Welsh",
"sense": "regular plurals of nouns",
"word": "-od"
},
{
"code": "cy",
"lang": "Welsh",
"sense": "regular plurals of nouns",
"word": "-oedd"
},
{
"code": "cy",
"lang": "Welsh",
"sense": "regular plurals of nouns",
"word": "-on"
},
{
"code": "cy",
"lang": "Welsh",
"sense": "regular plurals of nouns",
"word": "-s"
},
{
"code": "cy",
"lang": "Welsh",
"sense": "regular plurals of nouns",
"word": "-ydd"
},
{
"code": "cy",
"lang": "Welsh",
"sense": "regular plurals of nouns",
"word": "-yr"
},
{
"code": "cy",
"lang": "Welsh",
"sense": "regular plurals of nouns",
"word": "-ys"
},
{
"code": "sah",
"lang": "Yakut",
"roman": "-lar",
"sense": "regular plurals of nouns",
"word": "-лар"
},
{
"code": "sah",
"lang": "Yakut",
"roman": "-ler",
"sense": "regular plurals of nouns",
"word": "-лэр"
},
{
"code": "sah",
"lang": "Yakut",
"roman": "-lor",
"sense": "regular plurals of nouns",
"word": "-лор"
},
{
"code": "sah",
"lang": "Yakut",
"roman": "-lör",
"sense": "regular plurals of nouns",
"word": "-лөр"
},
{
"code": "sah",
"lang": "Yakut",
"roman": "-dar",
"sense": "regular plurals of nouns",
"word": "-дар"
},
{
"code": "sah",
"lang": "Yakut",
"roman": "-der",
"sense": "regular plurals of nouns",
"word": "-дэр"
},
{
"code": "sah",
"lang": "Yakut",
"roman": "-dor",
"sense": "regular plurals of nouns",
"word": "-дор"
},
{
"code": "sah",
"lang": "Yakut",
"roman": "-dör",
"sense": "regular plurals of nouns",
"word": "-дөр"
},
{
"code": "sah",
"lang": "Yakut",
"roman": "-tar",
"sense": "regular plurals of nouns",
"word": "-тар"
},
{
"code": "sah",
"lang": "Yakut",
"roman": "-ter",
"sense": "regular plurals of nouns",
"word": "-тэр"
},
{
"code": "sah",
"lang": "Yakut",
"roman": "-tor",
"sense": "regular plurals of nouns",
"word": "-тор"
},
{
"code": "sah",
"lang": "Yakut",
"roman": "-tör",
"sense": "regular plurals of nouns",
"word": "-төр"
},
{
"code": "sah",
"lang": "Yakut",
"roman": "-nar",
"sense": "regular plurals of nouns",
"word": "-нар"
},
{
"code": "sah",
"lang": "Yakut",
"roman": "-ner",
"sense": "regular plurals of nouns",
"word": "-нэр"
},
{
"code": "sah",
"lang": "Yakut",
"roman": "-nor",
"sense": "regular plurals of nouns",
"word": "-нор"
},
{
"code": "sah",
"lang": "Yakut",
"roman": "-nör",
"sense": "regular plurals of nouns",
"word": "-нөр"
}
],
"word": "-s"
}
{
"categories": [
"English 1-syllable words",
"English entries with incorrect language header",
"English entries with language name categories using raw markup",
"English inflectional suffixes",
"English lemmas",
"English productive suffixes",
"English suffixes",
"English terms derived from Middle English",
"English terms derived from Old English",
"English terms derived from Old Norse",
"English terms derived from Scots",
"English terms inherited from Middle English",
"English terms inherited from Old English",
"English terms with IPA pronunciation",
"English terms with homophones",
"English terms with non-redundant non-automated sortkeys",
"English unproductive suffixes",
"Pages with raw sortkeys"
],
"etymology_number": 2,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "enm",
"3": "-es",
"4": "-(e)s",
"pos": "third-person singular ending"
},
"expansion": "Middle English -(e)s (third-person singular ending)",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "ang",
"3": "-es, -as",
"pos": "third-person singular endings"
},
"expansion": "Old English -es, -as (third-person singular endings)",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "-eth"
},
"expansion": "-eth",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ang",
"2": "-eþ",
"3": "-(e)þ"
},
"expansion": "Old English -(e)þ",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ang",
"2": "-aþ"
},
"expansion": "-aþ",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "-es",
"3": "-(e)s"
},
"expansion": "-(e)s",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ang",
"2": "-es"
},
"expansion": "-es",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ang",
"2": "-est"
},
"expansion": "-est",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "-est"
},
"expansion": "-est",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "",
"3": "thou singest"
},
"expansion": "thou singest",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "non",
"3": "-"
},
"expansion": "Old Norse",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "non",
"2": "",
"3": "þú masar, hann masar"
},
"expansion": "þú masar, hann masar",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "non",
"2": "",
"3": "þú þekkir, hann þekkir"
},
"expansion": "þú þekkir, hann þekkir",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "-eth"
},
"expansion": "-eth",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "",
"3": "-(e)s"
},
"expansion": "-(e)s",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "",
"3": "-es"
},
"expansion": "-es",
"name": "m"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Middle English -(e)s (third-person singular ending), from Northumbrian Old English -es, -as (third-person singular endings). Gradually replaced the older -eth, from Old English -(e)þ, -aþ, during the Middle English and Early Modern English periods.\nIt is predominantly believed that -(e)s is identical to the Old English second-person singular ending -es, -est (cf. archaic Modern English -est, as in thou singest). The use for the third-person singular would have been caused by speakers of Old Norse who switched to speaking English and confounded the endings due to analogy with their native tongue. In Old Norse, the second and third person singular indicative forms were identical (e.g. þú masar, hann masar; þú þekkir, hann þekkir; etc.).\nAn alternative theory sees the shift from /θ/ in -eth to /s/ (later /z/) in -(e)s as a mere phonetic simplification due to the frequency of the ending, but the objection to this is that no such development can be observed anywhere else in English. Nevertheless the relative similarity in sound between both forms may have facilitated the spread of -es.",
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "suffix",
"cat2": "inflectional suffixes",
"cat3": "",
"head": "",
"id": ""
},
"expansion": "-s",
"name": "head"
},
{
"args": {
"cat2": "inflectional suffixes"
},
"expansion": "-s",
"name": "en-suffix"
}
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "suffix",
"related": [
{
"word": "-ed"
},
{
"word": "-en"
},
{
"word": "-ing"
},
{
"word": "-t"
}
],
"senses": [
{
"examples": [
{
"text": "to eat → he eats"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Used to form the third-person singular indicative present tense of verbs."
],
"links": [
[
"third-person",
"third person"
],
[
"singular",
"singular"
],
[
"indicative",
"indicative"
],
[
"present tense",
"present tense"
],
[
"verb",
"verb"
]
],
"tags": [
"morpheme"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/s/"
},
{
"ipa": "/z/"
},
{
"ipa": "/ɪz/"
},
{
"ipa": "/əz/"
},
{
"homophone": "-'s"
},
{
"homophone": "'s"
}
],
"word": "-s"
}
{
"categories": [
"English 1-syllable words",
"English adverb-forming suffixes",
"English entries with incorrect language header",
"English entries with language name categories using raw markup",
"English lemmas",
"English productive suffixes",
"English suffixes",
"English terms derived from Middle English",
"English terms derived from Old English",
"English terms derived from Scots",
"English terms inherited from Middle English",
"English terms inherited from Old English",
"English terms with IPA pronunciation",
"English terms with homophones",
"English terms with non-redundant non-automated sortkeys",
"English unproductive suffixes",
"Pages with raw sortkeys"
],
"derived": [
{
"word": "-st"
}
],
"etymology_number": 3,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "enm",
"3": "-es"
},
"expansion": "Middle English -es",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "ang",
"3": "-es"
},
"expansion": "Old English -es",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "-'s"
},
"expansion": "-'s",
"name": "l"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Middle English -es, from Old English -es, the masculine and neuter genitive singular ending of strong nouns. More at -'s.",
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "suffix",
"cat2": "adverb-forming suffixes",
"cat3": "",
"head": "",
"id": ""
},
"expansion": "-s",
"name": "head"
},
{
"args": {
"cat2": "adverb-forming suffixes"
},
"expansion": "-s",
"name": "en-suffix"
}
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "suffix",
"senses": [
{
"examples": [
{
"text": "forward + -s → forwards"
},
{
"text": "downward + -s → downwards"
},
{
"text": "alway + -s → always"
},
{
"text": "sometime + -s → sometimes"
},
{
"text": "betime + -s → betimes"
},
{
"text": "while + -s → whiles"
},
{
"text": "betide + -s → betides"
},
{
"text": "toward + -s → towards"
},
{
"text": "beside + -s → besides"
},
{
"text": "evening + -s → evenings"
},
{
"text": "unaware + -s → unawares"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Used in the formation of certain English adverbs."
],
"senseid": [
"en:adverbial"
],
"tags": [
"morpheme"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/s/"
},
{
"ipa": "/z/"
},
{
"ipa": "/ɪz/"
},
{
"ipa": "/əz/"
},
{
"homophone": "-'s"
},
{
"homophone": "'s"
}
],
"word": "-s"
}
{
"categories": [
"English 1-syllable words",
"English entries with incorrect language header",
"English entries with language name categories using raw markup",
"English lemmas",
"English productive suffixes",
"English suffixes",
"English terms derived from Scots",
"English terms with IPA pronunciation",
"English terms with homophones",
"English terms with non-redundant non-automated sortkeys",
"English unproductive suffixes",
"Pages with raw sortkeys"
],
"etymology_number": 4,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "-'s"
},
"expansion": "-'s",
"name": "m"
}
],
"etymology_text": "A variant spelling of -'s, partly an archaism, partly by dropping the apostrophe.",
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "suffix",
"cat2": "",
"cat3": "",
"head": "",
"id": ""
},
"expansion": "-s",
"name": "head"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "-s",
"name": "en-suffix"
}
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "suffix",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"English links with redundant target parameters"
],
"examples": [
{
"text": "hers; its; ones (now one’s); theirs"
},
{
"text": "(neopronouns): eirs; hirs; pers; thons; xyrs; zirs"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Possessive marker, indicating that an object belongs to the word bearing the marker."
],
"qualifier": "on pronouns",
"raw_glosses": [
"(on pronouns) Possessive marker, indicating that an object belongs to the word bearing the marker."
],
"tags": [
"morpheme"
]
},
{
"alt_of": [
{
"word": "-'s"
}
],
"categories": [
"English links with redundant target parameters",
"English nonstandard terms"
],
"examples": [
{
"text": "devils doorbell; dogs-bane; St. Marys; (obsolete) kings"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Alternative form of -'s"
],
"links": [
[
"-'s",
"-'s#English"
]
],
"qualifier": "on nouns",
"raw_glosses": [
"(on nouns, now nonstandard) Alternative form of -'s"
],
"tags": [
"alt-of",
"alternative",
"morpheme",
"nonstandard"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/s/"
},
{
"ipa": "/z/"
},
{
"ipa": "/ɪz/"
},
{
"ipa": "/əz/"
},
{
"homophone": "-'s"
},
{
"homophone": "'s"
}
],
"synonyms": [
{
"english": "on pronouns; now nonstandard",
"word": "-'s"
},
{
"tags": [
"obsolete"
],
"word": "-es"
}
],
"word": "-s"
}
{
"categories": [
"English 1-syllable words",
"English entries with incorrect language header",
"English entries with language name categories using raw markup",
"English lemmas",
"English productive suffixes",
"English suffixes",
"English terms derived from Scots",
"English terms with IPA pronunciation",
"English terms with homophones",
"English terms with non-redundant non-automated sortkeys",
"English unproductive suffixes",
"Pages with raw sortkeys"
],
"etymology_number": 5,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "circa 1936"
},
"expansion": "[circa 1936]",
"name": "datedef"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "-sy"
},
"expansion": "-sy",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "-s",
"3": "",
"4": "plural marker"
},
"expansion": "-s (“plural marker”)",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "-y"
},
"expansion": "-y",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "puppy"
},
"expansion": "puppy",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "kitty"
},
"expansion": "kitty",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "sco",
"3": "-"
},
"expansion": "Scots",
"name": "der"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Modern sense in slang [circa 1936]. According to OED, a colloquial clipping of the hypocoristic diminutive suffix -sy. As AHD writes, -sy itself usually being informal, ironic and/or jocular, and possibly a combination of -s (“plural marker”) and conflation of -y as adjectival with its sense as a diminutive suffix (e.g. puppy, kitty), the latter notion probably from Scots.",
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "suffix",
"cat2": "",
"cat3": "",
"head": "",
"id": ""
},
"expansion": "-s",
"name": "head"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "-s",
"name": "en-suffix"
}
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "suffix",
"related": [
{
"word": "-sies"
}
],
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"English colloquialisms",
"English humorous terms",
"English informal terms",
"English links with redundant target parameters"
],
"examples": [
{
"text": "Babs; moms; pops; homes; toots"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Hypocoristic suffix"
],
"links": [
[
"humorous",
"humorous"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(informal, colloquial, sometimes humorous) Hypocoristic suffix"
],
"senseid": [
"en:hypocoristic"
],
"tags": [
"colloquial",
"humorous",
"informal",
"morpheme",
"sometimes"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/s/"
},
{
"ipa": "/z/"
},
{
"ipa": "/ɪz/"
},
{
"ipa": "/əz/"
},
{
"homophone": "-'s"
},
{
"homophone": "'s"
}
],
"wikipedia": [
"American Heritage Dictionary",
"Oxford English Dictionary"
],
"word": "-s"
}
{
"called_from": "page/2517",
"msg": "UNIMPLEMENTED parse_translation_template: transguide {}",
"path": [
"-s",
"transguide"
],
"section": "English",
"subsection": "suffix",
"title": "-s",
"trace": ""
}
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable English dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2024-04-22 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2024-04-21 using wiktextract (fc4f0c7 and c937495). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.