See -es in All languages combined, or Wiktionary
{
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"3": "-es"
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"name": "inh"
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"1": "en",
"2": "ang",
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},
"expansion": "Old English -as",
"name": "inh"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Middle English -es, from Old English -as. More at -s.",
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"Used to form the regular plural of nouns that end in a sibilant (/s/, /z/, /ʃ/, /ʒ/, /t͡s/, /d͡z/, /t͡ʃ/ or /d͡ʒ/), such as:",
"ch, when pronounced as /tʃ/: glitch→glitches (but psych→psychs)"
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"raw_glosses": [
"Used to form the regular plural of nouns that end in a sibilant (/s/, /z/, /ʃ/, /ʒ/, /t͡s/, /d͡z/, /t͡ʃ/ or /d͡ʒ/), such as:",
"(t)ch, when pronounced as /tʃ/: glitch→glitches (but psych→psychs)"
],
"tags": [
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},
{
"glosses": [
"Used to form the regular plural of nouns that end in a sibilant (/s/, /z/, /ʃ/, /ʒ/, /t͡s/, /d͡z/, /t͡ʃ/ or /d͡ʒ/), such as:",
"j: hajj→hajjes (j is only final in loan words raj, hajj)"
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"Used to form the regular plural of nouns that end in a sibilant (/s/, /z/, /ʃ/, /ʒ/, /t͡s/, /d͡z/, /t͡ʃ/ or /d͡ʒ/), such as:",
"(j)j: hajj→hajjes (j is only final in loan words raj, hajj)"
],
"tags": [
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{
"glosses": [
"Used to form the regular plural of nouns that end in a sibilant (/s/, /z/, /ʃ/, /ʒ/, /t͡s/, /d͡z/, /t͡ʃ/ or /d͡ʒ/), such as:",
"s: bus→buses, rendezvous→rendezvouses"
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"Used to form the regular plural of nouns that end in a sibilant (/s/, /z/, /ʃ/, /ʒ/, /t͡s/, /d͡z/, /t͡ʃ/ or /d͡ʒ/), such as:",
"(s)s: bus→buses, rendezvous→rendezvouses"
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"tags": [
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{
"glosses": [
"Used to form the regular plural of nouns that end in a sibilant (/s/, /z/, /ʃ/, /ʒ/, /t͡s/, /d͡z/, /t͡ʃ/ or /d͡ʒ/), such as:",
"x: box→boxes"
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"Used to form the regular plural of nouns that end in a sibilant (/s/, /z/, /ʃ/, /ʒ/, /t͡s/, /d͡z/, /t͡ʃ/ or /d͡ʒ/), such as:",
"z: waltz→waltzes"
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"raw_glosses": [
"Used to form the regular plural of nouns that end in a sibilant (/s/, /z/, /ʃ/, /ʒ/, /t͡s/, /d͡z/, /t͡ʃ/ or /d͡ʒ/), such as:",
"(z)z: waltz→waltzes"
],
"tags": [
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{
"glosses": [
"Used to form the regular plural of nouns that end in a sibilant (/s/, /z/, /ʃ/, /ʒ/, /t͡s/, /d͡z/, /t͡ʃ/ or /d͡ʒ/), such as:",
"sh: ash→ashes"
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"ashes"
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{
"text": "lady→ladies, soliloquy→soliloquies (but key→keys)"
}
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"Used to form the regular plural of nouns that end in a consonant (or qu) + y"
],
"id": "en--es-en-suffix-iNWWRZy1",
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"plural",
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"Used to form the regular plural of nouns that end in a consonant (or qu) + y:"
],
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},
{
"examples": [
{
"text": "tomato→tomatoes (but soprano→sopranos)"
}
],
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"Used for form the plural of some nouns that end in a consonant + o"
],
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"Used for form the plural of some nouns that end in a consonant + o:"
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"ipa": "/əz/"
},
{
"ipa": "/ɪz/"
},
{
"ipa": "/z/"
},
{
"ipa": "/iːz/",
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"word": "-es"
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"2": "ang",
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],
"etymology_text": "From Middle English -es, -is, from Old English -es, -as, Northern variants of -est, -ast (second person singular indicative ending). Replaced Middle English -eth, from Old English -eþ, -aþ. The falling together of the second and third person singular verb forms in Old English is believed to be due to Scandinavian influence, where the employment of the same verbal endings for both 2nd and 3rd singular indicative follows a similar pattern to that seen in Old Norse (e.g. þú masar, hann masar; þú þekkir, hann þekkir; etc.).",
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"Entry maintenance"
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"source": "w+disamb"
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"Used to form the third person singular present indicative of regular verbs:",
"that end in (t)ch pronounced as /tʃ/: impeach→impeaches (but psych→psychs)"
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"Used to form the third person singular present indicative of regular verbs:",
"that end in (s)s: miss→misses"
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"Used to form the third person singular present indicative of regular verbs:",
"that end in x: tax→taxes"
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"Used to form the third person singular present indicative of regular verbs:",
"that end in (z)z: fizz→fizzes"
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{
"glosses": [
"Used to form the third person singular present indicative of regular verbs:",
"that end in consonant + o in some cases: go→goes (but radio→radios)"
],
"id": "en--es-en-suffix-bGV3~iZ6",
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[
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{
"glosses": [
"Used to form the third person singular present indicative of regular verbs:",
"that end in sh: wish→wishes"
],
"id": "en--es-en-suffix-vcX70gPr",
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[
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[
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{
"glosses": [
"Used to form the third person singular present indicative of regular verbs:",
"that end in consonant (or qu) + y: cry→cries (but buy→buys)"
],
"id": "en--es-en-suffix-r8G~esKV",
"links": [
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"buy"
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"buys",
"buys"
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"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/əz/"
},
{
"ipa": "/ɪz/"
},
{
"ipa": "/z/"
},
{
"ipa": "/iːz/",
"tags": [
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}
],
"word": "-es"
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{
"etymology_number": 3,
"etymology_text": "See -s, -'s.",
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"examples": [
{
"ref": "1573, An exposition of the kinges prerogative, collected out of the great Abridgement of Justice Fitzherbert and other olde writers of the lawes of England, page 38:",
"text": "... whereupon king Henry his sonne, as it may appeare by the later clause of this chapter, recouered diuers eschet[s] of lande within this Realme holden by Normans, whiche after they began to adhere to the French king, the kinges enimy[…]",
"type": "quote"
}
],
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"Possessive marker; see -s, -'s."
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"links": [
[
"-s",
"-s#English"
],
[
"-'s",
"-'s#English"
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],
"raw_glosses": [
"(obsolete, no longer productive) Possessive marker; see -s, -'s."
],
"tags": [
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"morpheme",
"obsolete"
]
}
],
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"ipa": "/əz/"
},
{
"ipa": "/ɪz/"
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{
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"1": "en",
"2": "ang",
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"expansion": "Old English -as",
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"Used to form the regular plural of nouns that end in a sibilant (/s/, /z/, /ʃ/, /ʒ/, /t͡s/, /d͡z/, /t͡ʃ/ or /d͡ʒ/), such as:",
"ch, when pronounced as /tʃ/: glitch→glitches (but psych→psychs)"
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"Used to form the regular plural of nouns that end in a sibilant (/s/, /z/, /ʃ/, /ʒ/, /t͡s/, /d͡z/, /t͡ʃ/ or /d͡ʒ/), such as:",
"(t)ch, when pronounced as /tʃ/: glitch→glitches (but psych→psychs)"
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"tags": [
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{
"glosses": [
"Used to form the regular plural of nouns that end in a sibilant (/s/, /z/, /ʃ/, /ʒ/, /t͡s/, /d͡z/, /t͡ʃ/ or /d͡ʒ/), such as:",
"j: hajj→hajjes (j is only final in loan words raj, hajj)"
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"(j)j: hajj→hajjes (j is only final in loan words raj, hajj)"
],
"tags": [
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{
"glosses": [
"Used to form the regular plural of nouns that end in a sibilant (/s/, /z/, /ʃ/, /ʒ/, /t͡s/, /d͡z/, /t͡ʃ/ or /d͡ʒ/), such as:",
"s: bus→buses, rendezvous→rendezvouses"
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"Used to form the regular plural of nouns that end in a sibilant (/s/, /z/, /ʃ/, /ʒ/, /t͡s/, /d͡z/, /t͡ʃ/ or /d͡ʒ/), such as:",
"(s)s: bus→buses, rendezvous→rendezvouses"
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"tags": [
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{
"glosses": [
"Used to form the regular plural of nouns that end in a sibilant (/s/, /z/, /ʃ/, /ʒ/, /t͡s/, /d͡z/, /t͡ʃ/ or /d͡ʒ/), such as:",
"x: box→boxes"
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"tags": [
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{
"glosses": [
"Used to form the regular plural of nouns that end in a sibilant (/s/, /z/, /ʃ/, /ʒ/, /t͡s/, /d͡z/, /t͡ʃ/ or /d͡ʒ/), such as:",
"z: waltz→waltzes"
],
"links": [
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[
"noun",
"noun"
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[
"waltz",
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"raw_glosses": [
"Used to form the regular plural of nouns that end in a sibilant (/s/, /z/, /ʃ/, /ʒ/, /t͡s/, /d͡z/, /t͡ʃ/ or /d͡ʒ/), such as:",
"(z)z: waltz→waltzes"
],
"tags": [
"morpheme"
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},
{
"glosses": [
"Used to form the regular plural of nouns that end in a sibilant (/s/, /z/, /ʃ/, /ʒ/, /t͡s/, /d͡z/, /t͡ʃ/ or /d͡ʒ/), such as:",
"sh: ash→ashes"
],
"links": [
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"plural"
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[
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"noun"
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[
"ash",
"ash"
],
[
"ashes",
"ashes"
]
],
"tags": [
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]
},
{
"examples": [
{
"text": "lady→ladies, soliloquy→soliloquies (but key→keys)"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Used to form the regular plural of nouns that end in a consonant (or qu) + y"
],
"links": [
[
"plural",
"plural"
],
[
"noun",
"noun"
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],
"raw_glosses": [
"Used to form the regular plural of nouns that end in a consonant (or qu) + y:"
],
"tags": [
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]
},
{
"examples": [
{
"text": "tomato→tomatoes (but soprano→sopranos)"
}
],
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"Used for form the plural of some nouns that end in a consonant + o"
],
"raw_glosses": [
"Used for form the plural of some nouns that end in a consonant + o:"
],
"tags": [
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}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/əz/"
},
{
"ipa": "/ɪz/"
},
{
"ipa": "/z/"
},
{
"ipa": "/iːz/",
"tags": [
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}
],
"word": "-es"
}
{
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"English lemmas",
"English suffixes",
"English terms derived from Middle English",
"English terms derived from Old English",
"English terms inherited from Middle English",
"English terms inherited from Old English",
"Pages with 19 entries",
"Pages with entries"
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"etymology_number": 2,
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"expansion": "Middle English -es",
"name": "inh"
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{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "ang",
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"expansion": "Old English -es",
"name": "der"
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{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "ang",
"3": "-eþ"
},
"expansion": "Old English -eþ",
"name": "inh"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Middle English -es, -is, from Old English -es, -as, Northern variants of -est, -ast (second person singular indicative ending). Replaced Middle English -eth, from Old English -eþ, -aþ. The falling together of the second and third person singular verb forms in Old English is believed to be due to Scandinavian influence, where the employment of the same verbal endings for both 2nd and 3rd singular indicative follows a similar pattern to that seen in Old Norse (e.g. þú masar, hann masar; þú þekkir, hann þekkir; etc.).",
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"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "suffix",
"senses": [
{
"glosses": [
"Used to form the third person singular present indicative of regular verbs:",
"that end in (t)ch pronounced as /tʃ/: impeach→impeaches (but psych→psychs)"
],
"links": [
[
"verb",
"verb"
],
[
"impeach",
"impeach"
],
[
"impeaches",
"impeaches"
],
[
"psych",
"psych"
],
[
"psychs",
"psychs"
]
],
"tags": [
"morpheme"
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"Used to form the third person singular present indicative of regular verbs:",
"that end in (s)s: miss→misses"
],
"links": [
[
"verb",
"verb"
],
[
"miss",
"miss"
],
[
"misses",
"misses"
]
],
"tags": [
"morpheme"
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"Used to form the third person singular present indicative of regular verbs:",
"that end in x: tax→taxes"
],
"links": [
[
"verb",
"verb"
],
[
"tax",
"tax"
],
[
"taxes",
"taxes"
]
],
"tags": [
"morpheme"
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"Used to form the third person singular present indicative of regular verbs:",
"that end in (z)z: fizz→fizzes"
],
"links": [
[
"verb",
"verb"
],
[
"fizz",
"fizz"
],
[
"fizzes",
"fizzes"
]
],
"tags": [
"morpheme"
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"Used to form the third person singular present indicative of regular verbs:",
"that end in consonant + o in some cases: go→goes (but radio→radios)"
],
"links": [
[
"verb",
"verb"
],
[
"go",
"go"
],
[
"goes",
"goes"
],
[
"radio",
"radio"
],
[
"radios",
"radios"
]
],
"tags": [
"morpheme"
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"Used to form the third person singular present indicative of regular verbs:",
"that end in sh: wish→wishes"
],
"links": [
[
"verb",
"verb"
],
[
"wish",
"wish"
],
[
"wishes",
"wishes"
]
],
"tags": [
"morpheme"
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"Used to form the third person singular present indicative of regular verbs:",
"that end in consonant (or qu) + y: cry→cries (but buy→buys)"
],
"links": [
[
"verb",
"verb"
],
[
"cry",
"cry"
],
[
"cries",
"cries"
],
[
"buy",
"buy"
],
[
"buys",
"buys"
]
],
"tags": [
"morpheme"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/əz/"
},
{
"ipa": "/ɪz/"
},
{
"ipa": "/z/"
},
{
"ipa": "/iːz/",
"tags": [
"US",
"sometimes"
]
}
],
"word": "-es"
}
{
"categories": [
"English entries with incorrect language header",
"English lemmas",
"English suffixes",
"Pages with 19 entries",
"Pages with entries"
],
"etymology_number": 3,
"etymology_text": "See -s, -'s.",
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "suffix",
"cat2": "",
"cat3": "",
"head": "",
"id": ""
},
"expansion": "-es",
"name": "head"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "-es",
"name": "en-suffix"
}
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "suffix",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"English terms with obsolete senses",
"English terms with quotations"
],
"examples": [
{
"ref": "1573, An exposition of the kinges prerogative, collected out of the great Abridgement of Justice Fitzherbert and other olde writers of the lawes of England, page 38:",
"text": "... whereupon king Henry his sonne, as it may appeare by the later clause of this chapter, recouered diuers eschet[s] of lande within this Realme holden by Normans, whiche after they began to adhere to the French king, the kinges enimy[…]",
"type": "quote"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Possessive marker; see -s, -'s."
],
"links": [
[
"-s",
"-s#English"
],
[
"-'s",
"-'s#English"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(obsolete, no longer productive) Possessive marker; see -s, -'s."
],
"tags": [
"idiomatic",
"morpheme",
"obsolete"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/əz/"
},
{
"ipa": "/ɪz/"
},
{
"ipa": "/z/"
},
{
"ipa": "/iːz/",
"tags": [
"US",
"sometimes"
]
}
],
"word": "-es"
}
Download raw JSONL data for -es meaning in English (8.9kB)
{
"called_from": "form_descriptions/1831",
"msg": "unrecognized sense qualifier: t",
"path": [
"-es"
],
"section": "English",
"subsection": "suffix",
"title": "-es",
"trace": ""
}
{
"called_from": "form_descriptions/1831",
"msg": "unrecognized sense qualifier: t",
"path": [
"-es"
],
"section": "English",
"subsection": "suffix",
"title": "-es",
"trace": ""
}
{
"called_from": "form_descriptions/1831",
"msg": "unrecognized sense qualifier: j",
"path": [
"-es"
],
"section": "English",
"subsection": "suffix",
"title": "-es",
"trace": ""
}
{
"called_from": "form_descriptions/1831",
"msg": "unrecognized sense qualifier: j",
"path": [
"-es"
],
"section": "English",
"subsection": "suffix",
"title": "-es",
"trace": ""
}
{
"called_from": "form_descriptions/1831",
"msg": "unrecognized sense qualifier: s",
"path": [
"-es"
],
"section": "English",
"subsection": "suffix",
"title": "-es",
"trace": ""
}
{
"called_from": "form_descriptions/1831",
"msg": "unrecognized sense qualifier: s",
"path": [
"-es"
],
"section": "English",
"subsection": "suffix",
"title": "-es",
"trace": ""
}
{
"called_from": "form_descriptions/1831",
"msg": "unrecognized sense qualifier: z",
"path": [
"-es"
],
"section": "English",
"subsection": "suffix",
"title": "-es",
"trace": ""
}
{
"called_from": "form_descriptions/1831",
"msg": "unrecognized sense qualifier: z",
"path": [
"-es"
],
"section": "English",
"subsection": "suffix",
"title": "-es",
"trace": ""
}
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable English dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2024-12-15 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2024-12-04 using wiktextract (8a39820 and 4401a4c). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.