See -s in All languages combined, or Wiktionary
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In later Old French, final /s/ was only pronounced in liaison and in pausa. This weakened the distinction in those verbs which had originally had -s in the second-person only, but by analogy now began to take it in the first-person as well. The grammarians later on standardised the usage, prescribing -s in some cases and rejecting it in others.", "head_templates": [ { "args": { "1": "fr", "2": "suffix", "3": "", "4": "", "5": "", "6": "", "g": "", "g2": "", "head": "", "sort": "" }, "expansion": "-s", "name": "head" }, { "args": {}, "expansion": "-s", "name": "fr-suffix" } ], "lang": "French", "lang_code": "fr", "pos": "suffix", "related": [ { "_dis1": "0 0", "word": "-x" } ], "senses": [ { "categories": [ { "_dis": "21 30 25 25", "kind": "other", "name": "French entries with incorrect language header", "parents": [ "Entries with incorrect language header", "Entry maintenance" ], "source": "w+disamb" } ], "glosses": [ "Used to form the second-person singular of most verb conjugations." ], "id": "en--s-fr-suffix-9wwUpQZx", "tags": [ "morpheme" ] }, { "categories": [ { "_dis": "21 30 25 25", "kind": "other", "name": "French entries with incorrect language header", "parents": [ "Entries with incorrect language header", "Entry maintenance" ], "source": "w+disamb" } ], "glosses": [ "Used to form the first-person singular of some verb conjugations." ], "id": "en--s-fr-suffix-TOH2ohoZ", "tags": [ "morpheme" ] } ], "sounds": [ { "other": "/z‿/" } ], "word": "-s" }
{ "categories": [ "French entries with incorrect language header", "French lemmas", "French suffixes", "French terms derived from Latin", "French terms derived from Middle French", "French terms derived from Old French", "French terms inherited from Latin", "French terms inherited from Middle French", "French terms inherited from Old French", "Pages with 34 entries", "Pages with entries" ], "etymology_number": 1, "etymology_templates": [ { "args": { "1": "Inherited" }, "expansion": "Inherited", "name": "glossary" }, { "args": { "1": "fr", "2": "frm", "3": "-s", "4": "", "5": "", "g": "", "g2": "", "g3": "", "id": "", "lit": "", "nocat": "", "pos": "", "sc": "", "sort": "", "tr": "", "ts": "" }, "expansion": "Middle French -s", "name": "inh" }, { "args": { "1": "fr", "2": "frm", "3": "-s" }, "expansion": "Inherited from Middle French -s", "name": "inh+" }, { "args": { "1": "fr", "2": "fro", "3": "-s" }, "expansion": "Old French -s", "name": "inh" }, { "args": { "1": "fr", "2": "la", "3": "-os, -es", "pos": "accusative plural" }, "expansion": "Latin -os, -es (accusative plural)", "name": "inh" } ], "etymology_text": "Inherited from Middle French -s, from Old French -s, from Latin -os, -es (accusative plural).", "head_templates": [ { "args": { "1": "fr", "2": "suffix", "3": "", "4": "", "5": "", "6": "", "g": "", "g2": "", "head": "", "sort": "" }, "expansion": "-s", "name": "head" }, { "args": {}, "expansion": "-s", "name": "fr-suffix" } ], "lang": "French", "lang_code": "fr", "pos": "suffix", "senses": [ { "examples": [ { "text": "homme + -s → hommes" }, { "text": "bon + -s → bons" } ], "glosses": [ "Used to form the regular plurals of most nouns and adjectives." ], "tags": [ "morpheme" ] }, { "examples": [ { "text": "landau + -s → landaus" }, { "text": "bleu + -s → bleus" }, { "text": "carnaval + -s → carnavals" } ], "glosses": [ "Used to form the irregular plurals of a few nouns and adjectives in -au, -eu (which regularly add -x) and in -al (which regularly make -aux)." ], "links": [ [ "-x", "-x#French" ] ], "tags": [ "morpheme" ] } ], "sounds": [ { "other": "/z‿/" }, { "other": "/s/" }, { "audio": "LL-Q150 (fra)-Lyokoï--s.wav", "mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/9/9d/LL-Q150_%28fra%29-Lyoko%C3%AF--s.wav/LL-Q150_%28fra%29-Lyoko%C3%AF--s.wav.mp3", "ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/9/9d/LL-Q150_%28fra%29-Lyoko%C3%AF--s.wav/LL-Q150_%28fra%29-Lyoko%C3%AF--s.wav.ogg" } ], "word": "-s" } { "categories": [ "French entries with incorrect language header", "French lemmas", "French suffixes", "French terms derived from Latin", "French terms derived from Middle French", "French terms derived from Old French", "French terms inherited from Latin", "French terms inherited from Middle French", "French terms inherited from Old French", "Pages with 34 entries", "Pages with entries" ], "etymology_number": 2, "etymology_templates": [ { "args": { "1": "Inherited" }, "expansion": "Inherited", "name": "glossary" }, { "args": { "1": "fr", "2": "frm", "3": "-s", "4": "", "5": "", "g": "", "g2": "", "g3": "", "id": "", "lit": "", "nocat": "", "pos": "", "sc": "", "sort": "", "tr": "", "ts": "" }, "expansion": "Middle French -s", "name": "inh" }, { "args": { "1": "fr", "2": "frm", "3": "-s" }, "expansion": "Inherited from Middle French -s", "name": "inh+" }, { "args": { "1": "fr", "2": "fro", "3": "-s" }, "expansion": "Old French -s", "name": "inh" }, { "args": { "1": "fr", "2": "la", "3": "-es, -is", "pos": "second-person singular" }, "expansion": "Latin -es, -is (second-person singular)", "name": "inh" }, { "args": { "1": "VL.", "2": "", "3": "fin-isc-o, fin-isc-is" }, "expansion": "Vulgar Latin fin-isc-o, fin-isc-is", "name": "m+" } ], "etymology_text": "Inherited from Middle French -s, from Old French -s, from Latin -es, -is (second-person singular).\nThe spread of this suffix to the first-person singular started out from Old French verbs whose stems happened to end in a sibilant, most notably the regular conjugation in -ir, e.g., je fenis, tu fenis (from Vulgar Latin fin-isc-o, fin-isc-is). In later Old French, final /s/ was only pronounced in liaison and in pausa. This weakened the distinction in those verbs which had originally had -s in the second-person only, but by analogy now began to take it in the first-person as well. The grammarians later on standardised the usage, prescribing -s in some cases and rejecting it in others.", "head_templates": [ { "args": { "1": "fr", "2": "suffix", "3": "", "4": "", "5": "", "6": "", "g": "", "g2": "", "head": "", "sort": "" }, "expansion": "-s", "name": "head" }, { "args": {}, "expansion": "-s", "name": "fr-suffix" } ], "lang": "French", "lang_code": "fr", "pos": "suffix", "related": [ { "word": "-x" } ], "senses": [ { "glosses": [ "Used to form the second-person singular of most verb conjugations." ], "tags": [ "morpheme" ] }, { "glosses": [ "Used to form the first-person singular of some verb conjugations." ], "tags": [ "morpheme" ] } ], "sounds": [ { "other": "/z‿/" } ], "word": "-s" }
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This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable French dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2025-01-25 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2025-01-20 using wiktextract (c15a5ce and 5c11237). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
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