See -en in All languages combined, or Wiktionary
Download JSON data for -en meaning in English (26.3kB)
{
"derived": [
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "awoken"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "been"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "boughten"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "broken"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "chosen"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "fallen"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "forgiven"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "forgotten"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "forsaken"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "given"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "gotten"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "mistaken"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "rotten"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "seen"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "shaken"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "stolen"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "taken"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "woken up"
}
],
"etymology_number": 1,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "enm",
"3": "-n"
},
"expansion": "Middle English -n",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "-en"
},
"expansion": "-en",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "take(n), took, taken",
"3": "",
"4": "take, took, taken"
},
"expansion": "Middle English take(n), took, taken (“take, took, taken”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "non",
"3": "-inn"
},
"expansion": "Old Norse -inn",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "non",
"2": "taka, tók, tekinn",
"3": "",
"4": "take, took, taken"
},
"expansion": "Old Norse taka, tók, tekinn (“take, took, taken”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "gmq-pro",
"3": "*-ᛁᚾᚨ-",
"4": "",
"tr": "*-ina-"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Norse *-ᛁᚾᚨ- (*-ina-)",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "gem-pro",
"3": "*-inaz"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic *-inaz",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "gem-pro",
"2": "*-anaz"
},
"expansion": "*-anaz",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ang",
"2": "-en"
},
"expansion": "Old English -en",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "do(n), dud(e), ydo",
"3": "",
"4": "do, did, done"
},
"expansion": "Middle English do(n), dud(e), ydo (“do, did, done”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "cume(n), com, ycume",
"3": "",
"4": "come, came, come"
},
"expansion": "cume(n), com, ycume (“come, came, come”)",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "gem-pro",
"3": "*-anaz"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic *-anaz",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*-nós"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *-nós",
"name": "der"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Middle English -n, -en, past participle ending of strong verbs (compare Middle English take(n), took, taken (“take, took, taken”)), from Old Norse -inn, past participle ending of strong verbs (compare Old Norse taka, tók, tekinn (“take, took, taken”)). From Proto-Norse *-ᛁᚾᚨ- (*-ina-), from Proto-Germanic *-inaz, a variant of *-anaz. Replaced the native past participle ending of strong verbs (from Old English -en) in some words, which had weakened to -e or disappeared (compare Southern Middle English do(n), dud(e), ydo (“do, did, done”)), but not in others (compare cume(n), com, ycume (“come, came, come”)), from Proto-Germanic *-anaz, from Proto-Indo-European *-nós.",
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "suffix",
"cat2": "inflectional suffixes",
"cat3": "",
"head": "",
"id": ""
},
"expansion": "-en",
"name": "head"
},
{
"args": {
"cat2": "inflectional suffixes"
},
"expansion": "-en",
"name": "en-suffix"
}
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "suffix",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "14 5 17 2 12 5 14 6 1 12 12",
"kind": "other",
"name": "English entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"text": "take + -en → taken",
"type": "example"
},
{
"text": "forgive + -en → forgiven",
"type": "example"
},
{
"text": "prove + -en → proven",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Denotes the past participle form when attached to a verb."
],
"id": "en--en-en-suffix-iXhkHadr",
"links": [
[
"past participle",
"past participle#English"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(no longer productive) Denotes the past participle form when attached to a verb."
],
"tags": [
"idiomatic",
"morpheme"
]
},
{
"examples": [
{
"text": "fork + -en → forken (“forked”)",
"type": "example"
},
{
"text": "pave + -en → paven (“paved”)",
"type": "example"
},
{
"text": "barefoot + -en → bare-footen (“bare-footed”)",
"type": "example"
},
{
"text": "enslave + -en → enslaven (“enslaved”)",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Denotes a quasi-past participle or participle-like adjective when attached to a noun or verb."
],
"id": "en--en-en-suffix-PDlO~xFE",
"tags": [
"morpheme"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ən/"
},
{
"ipa": "[ən]"
},
{
"ipa": "[n̩]"
},
{
"other": "/ˈfæt.ən/"
},
{
"other": "/-ɪŋ/"
},
{
"other": "/ˈfæt.ən.ɪŋ/"
},
{
"other": "/ˈfæt.nɪŋ/"
},
{
"other": "/ɡɑː(ɹ)d.nə(ɹ)/"
},
{
"other": "/ˈlaɪt.ən.ɪŋ/"
},
{
"other": "/ˈlaɪt.nɪŋ/"
},
{
"other": "/ɛnˈlaɪt.ən.ɪŋ/"
},
{
"other": "/ɛnˈlaɪt.nɪŋ/"
},
{
"audio": "LL-Q1860 (eng)-Vealhurl--en.wav",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/03/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl--en.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl--en.wav.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/03/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl--en.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl--en.wav.ogg",
"tags": [
"Southern-England"
],
"text": "Audio (Southern England)"
}
],
"synonyms": [
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"word": "-n"
}
],
"word": "-en"
}
{
"derived": [
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"english": "-en",
"word": "also: Category:English irregular plurals ending in"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "aurochsen"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "brethren"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "children"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "eyen"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "kine"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "oxen"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "shoon"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "sistren"
}
],
"etymology_number": 2,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "enm",
"3": "-en"
},
"expansion": "Middle English -en",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "ang",
"3": "-an"
},
"expansion": "Old English -an",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "gem-pro",
"3": "*-an-"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic *-an-",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "gem-pro",
"2": "*-in-"
},
"expansion": "*-in-",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*-én-"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *-én-",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "enm",
"3": "-n"
},
"expansion": "Middle English -n",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "Middle English"
},
"expansion": "Middle English",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "Old English"
},
"expansion": "Old English",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ang",
"2": "nama",
"3": "naman",
"g1": "m",
"t1": "name",
"t2": "names"
},
"expansion": "nama m (“name”) + -en → naman (“names”)",
"name": "suffixusex"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ang",
"2": "hlǣfdīġe",
"3": "hlǣfdīġan",
"g1": "f",
"t1": "lady",
"t2": "ladies"
},
"expansion": "hlǣfdīġe f (“lady”) + -en → hlǣfdīġan (“ladies”)",
"name": "suffixusex"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ang",
"2": "ēare",
"3": "ēaran",
"g1": "n",
"t1": "ear",
"t2": "ears"
},
"expansion": "ēare n (“ear”) + -en → ēaran (“ears”)",
"name": "suffixusex"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ang",
"2": "-um"
},
"expansion": "-um",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "goh",
"2": "-"
},
"expansion": "Old High German",
"name": "cog"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Middle English -en, from Old English -an, from Proto-Germanic *-an-, *-in-, from Proto-Indo-European *-én-.\nFrom Middle English -n (in words ending in a vowel: flee: fleen \"flea: fleas\") and -en. Noun plural marker (predominantly in Southern dialects of Middle English), from Old English nominative-accusative plural ending of weak nouns (n-stem declension); compare nama m (“name”) + -en → naman (“names”); hlǣfdīġe f (“lady”) + -en → hlǣfdīġan (“ladies”); ēare n (“ear”) + -en → ēaran (“ears”). Assisted by Middle English dative plural ending -n, -en from late O.E. -un, -on, weakened form of earlier -um. Akin to Old High German n-stem (compare namo: namon \"name: names\"), Latin n-stem (compare homo: homin-).",
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "suffix",
"cat2": "inflectional suffixes",
"cat3": "",
"head": "",
"id": ""
},
"expansion": "-en",
"name": "head"
},
{
"args": {
"cat2": "inflectional suffixes"
},
"expansion": "-en",
"name": "en-suffix"
}
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "suffix",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "14 5 17 2 12 5 14 6 1 12 12",
"kind": "other",
"name": "English entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"ref": "Examples in general modern use",
"text": "aurochs + -en → aurochsen\nbrother + -en → brethren (religious sense)\nchild + -en → children (cf. childer)\nox + -en → oxen",
"type": "example"
},
{
"ref": "Archaic or dialectal examples",
"text": "bee + -en → been\ncheese + -en → cheesen\nky (“cows”) + -en → kine\nknee + -en → kneen\ney + -en → eyren\neye + -en → eyen\nfeather + -en → feathern\nhorse + -en → horsen\nhose + -en → hosen\nhouse + -en → housen\npease + -en → peasen\nshoe + -en → shoon\nsister + -en → sistren\ntree + -en → treen",
"type": "example"
},
{
"ref": "1890, John Drummond Robertson, lord Henry Haughton Reynolds Moreton, A Glossary of Dialect & Archaic Words Used in the County of Gloucester",
"text": "Moder, gyn, will not y washen' the dishen'. i. Mother, Jone, will not wash the dishes."
}
],
"glosses": [
"Used to denote the plural form of a small number of English nouns, the majority of whose etymologies go back to the n-stem (i.e. weak noun) declension of Germanic languages."
],
"id": "en--en-en-suffix-en:plural_noun",
"links": [
[
"plural",
"plural#English"
],
[
"Germanic",
"Germanic#English"
]
],
"senseid": [
"en:plural noun"
],
"tags": [
"morpheme"
]
},
{
"categories": [],
"examples": [
{
"text": "box + -en → boxen",
"type": "example"
},
{
"text": "VAX + -en → VAXen",
"type": "example"
},
{
"ref": "2007, James Patrick Kelly, John Kessel, Rewired: The Post-Cyberpunk Anthology",
"text": "There was one other user logged in, “scaredy,” and he checked the process monitor and saw that scaredy had spawned all the hundreds of processes that were probing him and plenty of other boxen.",
"type": "quotation"
},
{
"ref": "2012, Jenny Lawson, Let's Pretend This Never Happened",
"text": "Victor and I are having a huge argument about whether or not to feed the foxen. Victor says yes, because they're adorable and— according to the neighbors—are quite tame. I say no, because we have a fat little pug who likes to frolic outside occasionally and I don't want to see him eaten. I thought we were on the same page about the fox, but then Victor went and threw an apple at it. And I was all, “What the fuck? We don't feed the foxen,” and he said, “I was throwing the apple at it to chase it away,” but Victor is a tremendous liar, and he didn't go to pick up the apple, probably because he knows that foxen love apple cider.",
"type": "quotation"
},
{
"ref": "2015, David Greygoose, Brunt Boggart",
"text": "For now the boys grew whiskers and hung fox pelts from their shoulders and the girlen all wore scarlet skirts and braided ribbons through their hair.",
"type": "quotation"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Used to form the plural of nouns."
],
"id": "en--en-en-suffix-Q4Ct2C5e",
"links": [
[
"humorous",
"humorous"
]
],
"qualifier": "often dialectal or humorous",
"raw_glosses": [
"(nonstandard, rare, often dialectal or humorous) Used to form the plural of nouns."
],
"tags": [
"morpheme",
"nonstandard",
"rare"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ən/"
},
{
"ipa": "[ən]"
},
{
"ipa": "[n̩]"
},
{
"other": "/ˈfæt.ən/"
},
{
"other": "/-ɪŋ/"
},
{
"other": "/ˈfæt.ən.ɪŋ/"
},
{
"other": "/ˈfæt.nɪŋ/"
},
{
"other": "/ɡɑː(ɹ)d.nə(ɹ)/"
},
{
"other": "/ˈlaɪt.ən.ɪŋ/"
},
{
"other": "/ˈlaɪt.nɪŋ/"
},
{
"other": "/ɛnˈlaɪt.ən.ɪŋ/"
},
{
"other": "/ɛnˈlaɪt.nɪŋ/"
},
{
"audio": "LL-Q1860 (eng)-Vealhurl--en.wav",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/03/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl--en.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl--en.wav.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/03/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl--en.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl--en.wav.ogg",
"tags": [
"Southern-England"
],
"text": "Audio (Southern England)"
}
],
"synonyms": [
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"word": "-n"
}
],
"word": "-en"
}
{
"etymology_number": 3,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "enm",
"3": "-enen",
"4": "-(e)nen"
},
"expansion": "Middle English -(e)nen",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "-enien",
"3": "-(e)nien"
},
"expansion": "-(e)nien",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "ang",
"3": "-nian"
},
"expansion": "Old English -nian",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "gem-pro",
"3": "*-inōną"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic *-inōną",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "da",
"2": "-ne"
},
"expansion": "Danish -ne",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "sv",
"2": "-na"
},
"expansion": "Swedish -na",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "is",
"2": "-na"
},
"expansion": "Icelandic -na",
"name": "cog"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Middle English -(e)nen, -(e)nien, from Old English -nian, from Proto-Germanic *-inōną. Cognate with Danish -ne, Swedish -na, Icelandic -na.",
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "suffix",
"cat2": "verb-forming suffixes",
"cat3": "",
"head": "",
"id": ""
},
"expansion": "-en",
"name": "head"
},
{
"args": {
"cat2": "verb-forming suffixes"
},
"expansion": "-en",
"name": "en-suffix"
}
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "suffix",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "14 5 17 2 12 5 14 6 1 12 12",
"kind": "other",
"name": "English entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"text": "white (adjective) + -en → whiten",
"type": "example"
},
{
"text": "quick + -en → quicken",
"type": "example"
},
{
"text": "strength (noun) + -en → strengthen",
"type": "example"
},
{
"text": "haste + -en → hasten",
"type": "example"
},
{
"text": "night + -en → nighten",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"When attached to certain adjectives, it forms a transitive verb whose meaning is, to make (adjective). Usually, the verb is ergative, sometimes not. The same construction could also be done to certain (fewer) nouns, as, strengthen, in which case the verb means roughly, \"to give (noun) to\", or \"to become like (noun)\"."
],
"id": "en--en-en-suffix-en:inchoative",
"links": [
[
"adjective",
"adjective#English"
],
[
"make",
"make"
],
[
"ergative",
"ergative verb#English"
],
[
"strengthen",
"strengthen#English"
]
],
"senseid": [
"en:inchoative"
],
"tags": [
"morpheme"
],
"translations": [
{
"code": "da",
"lang": "Danish",
"sense": "to make [adjective], to cause to be [adjective]",
"word": "-gøre"
},
{
"code": "da",
"lang": "Danish",
"sense": "to make [adjective], to cause to be [adjective]",
"word": "-ne"
},
{
"code": "eo",
"lang": "Esperanto",
"sense": "to make [adjective], to cause to be [adjective]",
"word": "-igi"
},
{
"code": "hu",
"lang": "Hungarian",
"sense": "to make [adjective], to cause to be [adjective]",
"word": "-ít"
},
{
"code": "pt",
"lang": "Portuguese",
"sense": "to make [adjective], to cause to be [adjective]",
"word": "-ecer"
},
{
"code": "pt",
"lang": "Portuguese",
"sense": "to make [adjective], to cause to be [adjective]",
"word": "-escer"
}
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ən/"
},
{
"ipa": "[ən]"
},
{
"ipa": "[n̩]"
},
{
"other": "/ˈfæt.ən/"
},
{
"other": "/-ɪŋ/"
},
{
"other": "/ˈfæt.ən.ɪŋ/"
},
{
"other": "/ˈfæt.nɪŋ/"
},
{
"other": "/ɡɑː(ɹ)d.nə(ɹ)/"
},
{
"other": "/ˈlaɪt.ən.ɪŋ/"
},
{
"other": "/ˈlaɪt.nɪŋ/"
},
{
"other": "/ɛnˈlaɪt.ən.ɪŋ/"
},
{
"other": "/ɛnˈlaɪt.nɪŋ/"
},
{
"audio": "LL-Q1860 (eng)-Vealhurl--en.wav",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/03/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl--en.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl--en.wav.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/03/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl--en.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl--en.wav.ogg",
"tags": [
"Southern-England"
],
"text": "Audio (Southern England)"
}
],
"word": "-en"
}
{
"etymology_number": 4,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "enm",
"3": "-en"
},
"expansion": "Middle English -en",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "ang",
"3": "-en"
},
"expansion": "Old English -en",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "gmw-pro",
"3": "*-īn"
},
"expansion": "Proto-West Germanic *-īn",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "gem-pro",
"3": "*-īnaz"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic *-īnaz",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "nl",
"2": "-en"
},
"expansion": "Dutch -en",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "de",
"2": "-en"
},
"expansion": "German -en",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "is",
"2": "-inn"
},
"expansion": "Icelandic -inn",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "-īnus"
},
"expansion": "Latin -īnus",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "-ine"
},
"expansion": "-ine",
"name": "m"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Middle English -en, from Old English -en, from Proto-West Germanic *-īn, from Proto-Germanic *-īnaz; suffix meaning \"made of, consisting of, having the qualities of\" applied to nouns to form adjectives. Akin to Dutch -en, German -en, Icelandic -inn, Latin -īnus. See -ine.",
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "suffix",
"cat2": "adjective-forming suffixes",
"cat3": "",
"head": "",
"id": ""
},
"expansion": "-en",
"name": "head"
},
{
"args": {
"cat2": "adjective-forming suffixes"
},
"expansion": "-en",
"name": "en-suffix"
}
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "suffix",
"senses": [
{
"examples": [
{
"text": "wolf + -en → wolven",
"type": "example"
},
{
"text": "peach + -en → peachen",
"type": "example"
},
{
"text": "goat + -en → goaten",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Suffix meaning \"pertaining to\", \"having the qualities of\", \"resembling\", \"like\"."
],
"id": "en--en-en-suffix-en:resembling",
"senseid": [
"en:resembling"
],
"tags": [
"morpheme"
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "14 5 17 2 12 5 14 6 1 12 12",
"kind": "other",
"name": "English entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"ref": "Current examples used in a literal and sometimes metaphorical sense",
"text": "wood + -en → wooden\ngold + -en → golden\nwheat + -en → wheaten\noat + -en → oaten\nsilk + -en → silken\nearth + -en → earthen\nflax + -en → flaxen\nlead + -en → leaden\nwool + -en → woollen\noak + -en → oaken",
"type": "example"
},
{
"ref": "Examples where a metaphorical sense is common but the literal sense is rare or archaic",
"text": "brass + -en → brazen (\"shameless\")",
"type": "example"
},
{
"ref": "Rare or archaic examples",
"text": "ash + -en → ashen (\"made of ash-tree wood\"; ashen \"grey like ashes, appalled\" is still current)\nbox + -en → boxen (\"made of boxwood\")\nbronze + -en → bronzen\nsilver + -en → silvern\ncedar + -en → cedarn\nleather + -en → leathern\ncopper + -en → coppern\npaper + -en → papern\nbrick + -en → bricken\nboard + -en → boarden\ntree + -en → treen\nhemp + -en → hempen",
"type": "example"
},
{
"ref": "Orphan examples",
"text": "line (“flax”) + -en → linen",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"When attached to certain nouns that are the names of a material, it forms an adjective whose meaning is, made of (noun). This is a formative pattern with many obsolescent remnants. Fowler (1926) pointed out the tendency for the -en forms to be restricted to metaphorical and secondary senses. Changes in the form of the root noun, and the dropping of the \"e\" in the suffix occur. There are also orphan formations whose root has been lost to the current language."
],
"id": "en--en-en-suffix-en:made_of",
"links": [
[
"material",
"material#English"
]
],
"senseid": [
"en:made of"
],
"synonyms": [
{
"_dis1": "0 100",
"word": "-in"
}
],
"tags": [
"morpheme"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ən/"
},
{
"ipa": "[ən]"
},
{
"ipa": "[n̩]"
},
{
"other": "/ˈfæt.ən/"
},
{
"other": "/-ɪŋ/"
},
{
"other": "/ˈfæt.ən.ɪŋ/"
},
{
"other": "/ˈfæt.nɪŋ/"
},
{
"other": "/ɡɑː(ɹ)d.nə(ɹ)/"
},
{
"other": "/ˈlaɪt.ən.ɪŋ/"
},
{
"other": "/ˈlaɪt.nɪŋ/"
},
{
"other": "/ɛnˈlaɪt.ən.ɪŋ/"
},
{
"other": "/ɛnˈlaɪt.nɪŋ/"
},
{
"audio": "LL-Q1860 (eng)-Vealhurl--en.wav",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/03/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl--en.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl--en.wav.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/03/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl--en.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl--en.wav.ogg",
"tags": [
"Southern-England"
],
"text": "Audio (Southern England)"
}
],
"word": "-en"
}
{
"etymology_number": 5,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "enm",
"3": "-en"
},
"expansion": "Middle English -en",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "ang",
"3": "-en"
},
"expansion": "Old English -en",
"name": "inh"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Middle English -en, from Old English -en, from the neuter form of -en₄.",
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "suffix",
"cat2": "noun-forming suffixes",
"cat3": "",
"head": "",
"id": ""
},
"expansion": "-en",
"name": "head"
},
{
"args": {
"cat2": "noun-forming suffixes"
},
"expansion": "-en",
"name": "en-suffix"
}
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "suffix",
"senses": [
{
"examples": [
{
"text": "chick + -en → chicken",
"type": "example"
},
{
"text": "maid + -en → maiden",
"type": "example"
},
{
"text": "smitch, smidge + -en → smidgen",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Used to form the diminutives of certain nouns."
],
"id": "en--en-en-suffix-en:diminutive_noun",
"links": [
[
"diminutive",
"diminutive#English"
]
],
"related": [
{
"word": "-ock"
},
{
"word": "-ling"
}
],
"senseid": [
"en:diminutive noun"
],
"tags": [
"morpheme"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ən/"
},
{
"ipa": "[ən]"
},
{
"ipa": "[n̩]"
},
{
"other": "/ˈfæt.ən/"
},
{
"other": "/-ɪŋ/"
},
{
"other": "/ˈfæt.ən.ɪŋ/"
},
{
"other": "/ˈfæt.nɪŋ/"
},
{
"other": "/ɡɑː(ɹ)d.nə(ɹ)/"
},
{
"other": "/ˈlaɪt.ən.ɪŋ/"
},
{
"other": "/ˈlaɪt.nɪŋ/"
},
{
"other": "/ɛnˈlaɪt.ən.ɪŋ/"
},
{
"other": "/ɛnˈlaɪt.nɪŋ/"
},
{
"audio": "LL-Q1860 (eng)-Vealhurl--en.wav",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/03/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl--en.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl--en.wav.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/03/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl--en.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl--en.wav.ogg",
"tags": [
"Southern-England"
],
"text": "Audio (Southern England)"
}
],
"word": "-en"
}
{
"etymology_number": 6,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "enm",
"3": "-en"
},
"expansion": "Middle English -en",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ang",
"2": "-an"
},
"expansion": "-an",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ang",
"2": "-n"
},
"expansion": "-n",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "gem-pro",
"3": "*-aną"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic *-aną",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "ang",
"3": "-on"
},
"expansion": "Old English -on",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ang",
"2": "-en"
},
"expansion": "-en",
"name": "m"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Middle English -en, a blending of Old English infinitives -an and -n, from Proto-Germanic *-aną; and Old English -on and -en, the indicative and subjunctive past tense plural endings of verbs.",
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "suffix",
"cat2": "inflectional suffixes",
"cat3": "",
"head": "",
"id": ""
},
"expansion": "-en",
"name": "head"
},
{
"args": {
"cat2": "inflectional suffixes"
},
"expansion": "-en",
"name": "en-suffix"
}
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "suffix",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [],
"examples": [
{
"text": "1844, William Barnes, “Bringen Wonne Gwäin O' Zundays”, in Poems of Rural Life in the Dorset Dialect:",
"type": "quotation"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Used to form the infinitive of verbs."
],
"id": "en--en-en-suffix-en:infinitive",
"links": [
[
"infinitive",
"infinitive#English"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(obsolete) Used to form the infinitive of verbs."
],
"senseid": [
"en:infinitive"
],
"tags": [
"morpheme",
"obsolete"
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "14 5 17 2 12 5 14 6 1 12 12",
"kind": "other",
"name": "English entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Used to form the plural present tense of verbs."
],
"id": "en--en-en-suffix-en:plural_present",
"links": [
[
"plural",
"plural#English"
],
[
"present tense",
"present tense#English"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(obsolete) Used to form the plural present tense of verbs."
],
"senseid": [
"en:plural present"
],
"tags": [
"morpheme",
"obsolete"
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "14 5 17 2 12 5 14 6 1 12 12",
"kind": "other",
"name": "English entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"ref": "1883, Charlotte Sophia Burne, Georgina Frederica Jackson, Shropshire Folk-lore: A Sheaf of Gleanings, page 46",
"text": "[…] but they tooken on 'em soft, an' maden out as they wun right glad to see 'em agen, an axt 'em to come in an' a some mate an' drink.",
"type": "quotation"
},
{
"ref": "2010, Kathi Purnell, Silent Heroes, page 188",
"text": "Both of them had snow on their boots, and a little on the hems of their coats, but they weren't all froze cold like yesterday. “We tooken the bus,” RJ told us.",
"type": "quotation"
},
{
"ref": "2014, John D. MacDonald, Deadly Welcome",
"text": "Sure you've seen me before, Doyle. Turkey Kimbroy and I, we tooken you over to Davis long time ago to he'p you get in the army.",
"type": "quotation"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Used to form the plural past tense of verbs."
],
"id": "en--en-en-suffix-en:plural_past",
"links": [
[
"plural",
"plural#English"
],
[
"past tense",
"past tense#English"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(obsolete, now nonstandard, dialectal) Used to form the plural past tense of verbs."
],
"senseid": [
"en:plural past"
],
"tags": [
"dialectal",
"morpheme",
"nonstandard",
"obsolete"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ən/"
},
{
"ipa": "[ən]"
},
{
"ipa": "[n̩]"
},
{
"other": "/ˈfæt.ən/"
},
{
"other": "/-ɪŋ/"
},
{
"other": "/ˈfæt.ən.ɪŋ/"
},
{
"other": "/ˈfæt.nɪŋ/"
},
{
"other": "/ɡɑː(ɹ)d.nə(ɹ)/"
},
{
"other": "/ˈlaɪt.ən.ɪŋ/"
},
{
"other": "/ˈlaɪt.nɪŋ/"
},
{
"other": "/ɛnˈlaɪt.ən.ɪŋ/"
},
{
"other": "/ɛnˈlaɪt.nɪŋ/"
},
{
"audio": "LL-Q1860 (eng)-Vealhurl--en.wav",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/03/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl--en.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl--en.wav.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/03/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl--en.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl--en.wav.ogg",
"tags": [
"Southern-England"
],
"text": "Audio (Southern England)"
}
],
"word": "-en"
}
{
"categories": [
"English 1-syllable words",
"English entries with incorrect language header",
"English inflectional suffixes",
"English lemmas",
"English suffixes",
"English terms derived from Middle English",
"English terms derived from Old English",
"English terms derived from Old Norse",
"English terms derived from Proto-Germanic",
"English terms derived from Proto-Indo-European",
"English terms derived from Proto-Norse",
"English terms inherited from Middle English",
"English terms inherited from Proto-Germanic",
"English terms with IPA pronunciation",
"English terms with audio links",
"Yucatec Maya entries with incorrect language header",
"Yucatec Maya lemmas",
"Yucatec Maya suffixes"
],
"derived": [
{
"word": "awoken"
},
{
"word": "been"
},
{
"word": "boughten"
},
{
"word": "broken"
},
{
"word": "chosen"
},
{
"word": "fallen"
},
{
"word": "forgiven"
},
{
"word": "forgotten"
},
{
"word": "forsaken"
},
{
"word": "given"
},
{
"word": "gotten"
},
{
"word": "mistaken"
},
{
"word": "rotten"
},
{
"word": "seen"
},
{
"word": "shaken"
},
{
"word": "stolen"
},
{
"word": "taken"
},
{
"word": "woken up"
}
],
"etymology_number": 1,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "enm",
"3": "-n"
},
"expansion": "Middle English -n",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "-en"
},
"expansion": "-en",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "take(n), took, taken",
"3": "",
"4": "take, took, taken"
},
"expansion": "Middle English take(n), took, taken (“take, took, taken”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "non",
"3": "-inn"
},
"expansion": "Old Norse -inn",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "non",
"2": "taka, tók, tekinn",
"3": "",
"4": "take, took, taken"
},
"expansion": "Old Norse taka, tók, tekinn (“take, took, taken”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "gmq-pro",
"3": "*-ᛁᚾᚨ-",
"4": "",
"tr": "*-ina-"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Norse *-ᛁᚾᚨ- (*-ina-)",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "gem-pro",
"3": "*-inaz"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic *-inaz",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "gem-pro",
"2": "*-anaz"
},
"expansion": "*-anaz",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ang",
"2": "-en"
},
"expansion": "Old English -en",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "do(n), dud(e), ydo",
"3": "",
"4": "do, did, done"
},
"expansion": "Middle English do(n), dud(e), ydo (“do, did, done”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "cume(n), com, ycume",
"3": "",
"4": "come, came, come"
},
"expansion": "cume(n), com, ycume (“come, came, come”)",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "gem-pro",
"3": "*-anaz"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic *-anaz",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*-nós"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *-nós",
"name": "der"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Middle English -n, -en, past participle ending of strong verbs (compare Middle English take(n), took, taken (“take, took, taken”)), from Old Norse -inn, past participle ending of strong verbs (compare Old Norse taka, tók, tekinn (“take, took, taken”)). From Proto-Norse *-ᛁᚾᚨ- (*-ina-), from Proto-Germanic *-inaz, a variant of *-anaz. Replaced the native past participle ending of strong verbs (from Old English -en) in some words, which had weakened to -e or disappeared (compare Southern Middle English do(n), dud(e), ydo (“do, did, done”)), but not in others (compare cume(n), com, ycume (“come, came, come”)), from Proto-Germanic *-anaz, from Proto-Indo-European *-nós.",
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "suffix",
"cat2": "inflectional suffixes",
"cat3": "",
"head": "",
"id": ""
},
"expansion": "-en",
"name": "head"
},
{
"args": {
"cat2": "inflectional suffixes"
},
"expansion": "-en",
"name": "en-suffix"
}
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "suffix",
"senses": [
{
"examples": [
{
"text": "take + -en → taken",
"type": "example"
},
{
"text": "forgive + -en → forgiven",
"type": "example"
},
{
"text": "prove + -en → proven",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Denotes the past participle form when attached to a verb."
],
"links": [
[
"past participle",
"past participle#English"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(no longer productive) Denotes the past participle form when attached to a verb."
],
"tags": [
"idiomatic",
"morpheme"
]
},
{
"examples": [
{
"text": "fork + -en → forken (“forked”)",
"type": "example"
},
{
"text": "pave + -en → paven (“paved”)",
"type": "example"
},
{
"text": "barefoot + -en → bare-footen (“bare-footed”)",
"type": "example"
},
{
"text": "enslave + -en → enslaven (“enslaved”)",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Denotes a quasi-past participle or participle-like adjective when attached to a noun or verb."
],
"tags": [
"morpheme"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ən/"
},
{
"ipa": "[ən]"
},
{
"ipa": "[n̩]"
},
{
"other": "/ˈfæt.ən/"
},
{
"other": "/-ɪŋ/"
},
{
"other": "/ˈfæt.ən.ɪŋ/"
},
{
"other": "/ˈfæt.nɪŋ/"
},
{
"other": "/ɡɑː(ɹ)d.nə(ɹ)/"
},
{
"other": "/ˈlaɪt.ən.ɪŋ/"
},
{
"other": "/ˈlaɪt.nɪŋ/"
},
{
"other": "/ɛnˈlaɪt.ən.ɪŋ/"
},
{
"other": "/ɛnˈlaɪt.nɪŋ/"
},
{
"audio": "LL-Q1860 (eng)-Vealhurl--en.wav",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/03/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl--en.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl--en.wav.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/03/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl--en.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl--en.wav.ogg",
"tags": [
"Southern-England"
],
"text": "Audio (Southern England)"
}
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "-n"
}
],
"word": "-en"
}
{
"categories": [
"English 1-syllable words",
"English entries with incorrect language header",
"English inflectional suffixes",
"English lemmas",
"English suffixes",
"English terms derived from Middle English",
"English terms derived from Old English",
"English terms derived from Proto-Germanic",
"English terms derived from Proto-Indo-European",
"English terms inherited from Middle English",
"English terms inherited from Old English",
"English terms inherited from Proto-Germanic",
"English terms with IPA pronunciation",
"English terms with audio links",
"Yucatec Maya entries with incorrect language header",
"Yucatec Maya lemmas",
"Yucatec Maya suffixes"
],
"derived": [
{
"english": "-en",
"word": "also: Category:English irregular plurals ending in"
},
{
"word": "aurochsen"
},
{
"word": "brethren"
},
{
"word": "children"
},
{
"word": "eyen"
},
{
"word": "kine"
},
{
"word": "oxen"
},
{
"word": "shoon"
},
{
"word": "sistren"
}
],
"etymology_number": 2,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "enm",
"3": "-en"
},
"expansion": "Middle English -en",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "ang",
"3": "-an"
},
"expansion": "Old English -an",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "gem-pro",
"3": "*-an-"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic *-an-",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "gem-pro",
"2": "*-in-"
},
"expansion": "*-in-",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*-én-"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *-én-",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "enm",
"3": "-n"
},
"expansion": "Middle English -n",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "Middle English"
},
"expansion": "Middle English",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "Old English"
},
"expansion": "Old English",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ang",
"2": "nama",
"3": "naman",
"g1": "m",
"t1": "name",
"t2": "names"
},
"expansion": "nama m (“name”) + -en → naman (“names”)",
"name": "suffixusex"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ang",
"2": "hlǣfdīġe",
"3": "hlǣfdīġan",
"g1": "f",
"t1": "lady",
"t2": "ladies"
},
"expansion": "hlǣfdīġe f (“lady”) + -en → hlǣfdīġan (“ladies”)",
"name": "suffixusex"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ang",
"2": "ēare",
"3": "ēaran",
"g1": "n",
"t1": "ear",
"t2": "ears"
},
"expansion": "ēare n (“ear”) + -en → ēaran (“ears”)",
"name": "suffixusex"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ang",
"2": "-um"
},
"expansion": "-um",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "goh",
"2": "-"
},
"expansion": "Old High German",
"name": "cog"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Middle English -en, from Old English -an, from Proto-Germanic *-an-, *-in-, from Proto-Indo-European *-én-.\nFrom Middle English -n (in words ending in a vowel: flee: fleen \"flea: fleas\") and -en. Noun plural marker (predominantly in Southern dialects of Middle English), from Old English nominative-accusative plural ending of weak nouns (n-stem declension); compare nama m (“name”) + -en → naman (“names”); hlǣfdīġe f (“lady”) + -en → hlǣfdīġan (“ladies”); ēare n (“ear”) + -en → ēaran (“ears”). Assisted by Middle English dative plural ending -n, -en from late O.E. -un, -on, weakened form of earlier -um. Akin to Old High German n-stem (compare namo: namon \"name: names\"), Latin n-stem (compare homo: homin-).",
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "suffix",
"cat2": "inflectional suffixes",
"cat3": "",
"head": "",
"id": ""
},
"expansion": "-en",
"name": "head"
},
{
"args": {
"cat2": "inflectional suffixes"
},
"expansion": "-en",
"name": "en-suffix"
}
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "suffix",
"senses": [
{
"examples": [
{
"ref": "Examples in general modern use",
"text": "aurochs + -en → aurochsen\nbrother + -en → brethren (religious sense)\nchild + -en → children (cf. childer)\nox + -en → oxen",
"type": "example"
},
{
"ref": "Archaic or dialectal examples",
"text": "bee + -en → been\ncheese + -en → cheesen\nky (“cows”) + -en → kine\nknee + -en → kneen\ney + -en → eyren\neye + -en → eyen\nfeather + -en → feathern\nhorse + -en → horsen\nhose + -en → hosen\nhouse + -en → housen\npease + -en → peasen\nshoe + -en → shoon\nsister + -en → sistren\ntree + -en → treen",
"type": "example"
},
{
"ref": "1890, John Drummond Robertson, lord Henry Haughton Reynolds Moreton, A Glossary of Dialect & Archaic Words Used in the County of Gloucester",
"text": "Moder, gyn, will not y washen' the dishen'. i. Mother, Jone, will not wash the dishes."
}
],
"glosses": [
"Used to denote the plural form of a small number of English nouns, the majority of whose etymologies go back to the n-stem (i.e. weak noun) declension of Germanic languages."
],
"links": [
[
"plural",
"plural#English"
],
[
"Germanic",
"Germanic#English"
]
],
"senseid": [
"en:plural noun"
],
"tags": [
"morpheme"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"English dialectal terms",
"English humorous terms",
"English nonstandard terms",
"English terms with quotations",
"English terms with rare senses",
"Quotation templates to be cleaned"
],
"examples": [
{
"text": "box + -en → boxen",
"type": "example"
},
{
"text": "VAX + -en → VAXen",
"type": "example"
},
{
"ref": "2007, James Patrick Kelly, John Kessel, Rewired: The Post-Cyberpunk Anthology",
"text": "There was one other user logged in, “scaredy,” and he checked the process monitor and saw that scaredy had spawned all the hundreds of processes that were probing him and plenty of other boxen.",
"type": "quotation"
},
{
"ref": "2012, Jenny Lawson, Let's Pretend This Never Happened",
"text": "Victor and I are having a huge argument about whether or not to feed the foxen. Victor says yes, because they're adorable and— according to the neighbors—are quite tame. I say no, because we have a fat little pug who likes to frolic outside occasionally and I don't want to see him eaten. I thought we were on the same page about the fox, but then Victor went and threw an apple at it. And I was all, “What the fuck? We don't feed the foxen,” and he said, “I was throwing the apple at it to chase it away,” but Victor is a tremendous liar, and he didn't go to pick up the apple, probably because he knows that foxen love apple cider.",
"type": "quotation"
},
{
"ref": "2015, David Greygoose, Brunt Boggart",
"text": "For now the boys grew whiskers and hung fox pelts from their shoulders and the girlen all wore scarlet skirts and braided ribbons through their hair.",
"type": "quotation"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Used to form the plural of nouns."
],
"links": [
[
"humorous",
"humorous"
]
],
"qualifier": "often dialectal or humorous",
"raw_glosses": [
"(nonstandard, rare, often dialectal or humorous) Used to form the plural of nouns."
],
"tags": [
"morpheme",
"nonstandard",
"rare"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ən/"
},
{
"ipa": "[ən]"
},
{
"ipa": "[n̩]"
},
{
"other": "/ˈfæt.ən/"
},
{
"other": "/-ɪŋ/"
},
{
"other": "/ˈfæt.ən.ɪŋ/"
},
{
"other": "/ˈfæt.nɪŋ/"
},
{
"other": "/ɡɑː(ɹ)d.nə(ɹ)/"
},
{
"other": "/ˈlaɪt.ən.ɪŋ/"
},
{
"other": "/ˈlaɪt.nɪŋ/"
},
{
"other": "/ɛnˈlaɪt.ən.ɪŋ/"
},
{
"other": "/ɛnˈlaɪt.nɪŋ/"
},
{
"audio": "LL-Q1860 (eng)-Vealhurl--en.wav",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/03/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl--en.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl--en.wav.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/03/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl--en.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl--en.wav.ogg",
"tags": [
"Southern-England"
],
"text": "Audio (Southern England)"
}
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "-n"
}
],
"word": "-en"
}
{
"categories": [
"English 1-syllable words",
"English entries with incorrect language header",
"English inflectional suffixes",
"English lemmas",
"English suffixes",
"English terms derived from Middle English",
"English terms derived from Old English",
"English terms derived from Proto-Germanic",
"English terms inherited from Middle English",
"English terms inherited from Old English",
"English terms inherited from Proto-Germanic",
"English terms with IPA pronunciation",
"English terms with audio links",
"English verb-forming suffixes",
"Yucatec Maya entries with incorrect language header",
"Yucatec Maya lemmas",
"Yucatec Maya suffixes"
],
"etymology_number": 3,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "enm",
"3": "-enen",
"4": "-(e)nen"
},
"expansion": "Middle English -(e)nen",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "-enien",
"3": "-(e)nien"
},
"expansion": "-(e)nien",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "ang",
"3": "-nian"
},
"expansion": "Old English -nian",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "gem-pro",
"3": "*-inōną"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic *-inōną",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "da",
"2": "-ne"
},
"expansion": "Danish -ne",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "sv",
"2": "-na"
},
"expansion": "Swedish -na",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "is",
"2": "-na"
},
"expansion": "Icelandic -na",
"name": "cog"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Middle English -(e)nen, -(e)nien, from Old English -nian, from Proto-Germanic *-inōną. Cognate with Danish -ne, Swedish -na, Icelandic -na.",
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "suffix",
"cat2": "verb-forming suffixes",
"cat3": "",
"head": "",
"id": ""
},
"expansion": "-en",
"name": "head"
},
{
"args": {
"cat2": "verb-forming suffixes"
},
"expansion": "-en",
"name": "en-suffix"
}
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "suffix",
"senses": [
{
"examples": [
{
"text": "white (adjective) + -en → whiten",
"type": "example"
},
{
"text": "quick + -en → quicken",
"type": "example"
},
{
"text": "strength (noun) + -en → strengthen",
"type": "example"
},
{
"text": "haste + -en → hasten",
"type": "example"
},
{
"text": "night + -en → nighten",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"When attached to certain adjectives, it forms a transitive verb whose meaning is, to make (adjective). Usually, the verb is ergative, sometimes not. The same construction could also be done to certain (fewer) nouns, as, strengthen, in which case the verb means roughly, \"to give (noun) to\", or \"to become like (noun)\"."
],
"links": [
[
"adjective",
"adjective#English"
],
[
"make",
"make"
],
[
"ergative",
"ergative verb#English"
],
[
"strengthen",
"strengthen#English"
]
],
"senseid": [
"en:inchoative"
],
"tags": [
"morpheme"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ən/"
},
{
"ipa": "[ən]"
},
{
"ipa": "[n̩]"
},
{
"other": "/ˈfæt.ən/"
},
{
"other": "/-ɪŋ/"
},
{
"other": "/ˈfæt.ən.ɪŋ/"
},
{
"other": "/ˈfæt.nɪŋ/"
},
{
"other": "/ɡɑː(ɹ)d.nə(ɹ)/"
},
{
"other": "/ˈlaɪt.ən.ɪŋ/"
},
{
"other": "/ˈlaɪt.nɪŋ/"
},
{
"other": "/ɛnˈlaɪt.ən.ɪŋ/"
},
{
"other": "/ɛnˈlaɪt.nɪŋ/"
},
{
"audio": "LL-Q1860 (eng)-Vealhurl--en.wav",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/03/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl--en.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl--en.wav.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/03/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl--en.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl--en.wav.ogg",
"tags": [
"Southern-England"
],
"text": "Audio (Southern England)"
}
],
"translations": [
{
"code": "da",
"lang": "Danish",
"sense": "to make [adjective], to cause to be [adjective]",
"word": "-gøre"
},
{
"code": "da",
"lang": "Danish",
"sense": "to make [adjective], to cause to be [adjective]",
"word": "-ne"
},
{
"code": "eo",
"lang": "Esperanto",
"sense": "to make [adjective], to cause to be [adjective]",
"word": "-igi"
},
{
"code": "hu",
"lang": "Hungarian",
"sense": "to make [adjective], to cause to be [adjective]",
"word": "-ít"
},
{
"code": "pt",
"lang": "Portuguese",
"sense": "to make [adjective], to cause to be [adjective]",
"word": "-ecer"
},
{
"code": "pt",
"lang": "Portuguese",
"sense": "to make [adjective], to cause to be [adjective]",
"word": "-escer"
}
],
"word": "-en"
}
{
"categories": [
"English 1-syllable words",
"English adjective-forming suffixes",
"English entries with incorrect language header",
"English inflectional suffixes",
"English lemmas",
"English suffixes",
"English terms derived from Middle English",
"English terms derived from Old English",
"English terms derived from Proto-Germanic",
"English terms derived from Proto-West Germanic",
"English terms inherited from Middle English",
"English terms inherited from Old English",
"English terms inherited from Proto-Germanic",
"English terms inherited from Proto-West Germanic",
"English terms with IPA pronunciation",
"English terms with audio links",
"Yucatec Maya entries with incorrect language header",
"Yucatec Maya lemmas",
"Yucatec Maya suffixes"
],
"etymology_number": 4,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "enm",
"3": "-en"
},
"expansion": "Middle English -en",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "ang",
"3": "-en"
},
"expansion": "Old English -en",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "gmw-pro",
"3": "*-īn"
},
"expansion": "Proto-West Germanic *-īn",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "gem-pro",
"3": "*-īnaz"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic *-īnaz",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "nl",
"2": "-en"
},
"expansion": "Dutch -en",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "de",
"2": "-en"
},
"expansion": "German -en",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "is",
"2": "-inn"
},
"expansion": "Icelandic -inn",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "-īnus"
},
"expansion": "Latin -īnus",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "-ine"
},
"expansion": "-ine",
"name": "m"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Middle English -en, from Old English -en, from Proto-West Germanic *-īn, from Proto-Germanic *-īnaz; suffix meaning \"made of, consisting of, having the qualities of\" applied to nouns to form adjectives. Akin to Dutch -en, German -en, Icelandic -inn, Latin -īnus. See -ine.",
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "suffix",
"cat2": "adjective-forming suffixes",
"cat3": "",
"head": "",
"id": ""
},
"expansion": "-en",
"name": "head"
},
{
"args": {
"cat2": "adjective-forming suffixes"
},
"expansion": "-en",
"name": "en-suffix"
}
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "suffix",
"senses": [
{
"examples": [
{
"text": "wolf + -en → wolven",
"type": "example"
},
{
"text": "peach + -en → peachen",
"type": "example"
},
{
"text": "goat + -en → goaten",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Suffix meaning \"pertaining to\", \"having the qualities of\", \"resembling\", \"like\"."
],
"senseid": [
"en:resembling"
],
"tags": [
"morpheme"
]
},
{
"examples": [
{
"ref": "Current examples used in a literal and sometimes metaphorical sense",
"text": "wood + -en → wooden\ngold + -en → golden\nwheat + -en → wheaten\noat + -en → oaten\nsilk + -en → silken\nearth + -en → earthen\nflax + -en → flaxen\nlead + -en → leaden\nwool + -en → woollen\noak + -en → oaken",
"type": "example"
},
{
"ref": "Examples where a metaphorical sense is common but the literal sense is rare or archaic",
"text": "brass + -en → brazen (\"shameless\")",
"type": "example"
},
{
"ref": "Rare or archaic examples",
"text": "ash + -en → ashen (\"made of ash-tree wood\"; ashen \"grey like ashes, appalled\" is still current)\nbox + -en → boxen (\"made of boxwood\")\nbronze + -en → bronzen\nsilver + -en → silvern\ncedar + -en → cedarn\nleather + -en → leathern\ncopper + -en → coppern\npaper + -en → papern\nbrick + -en → bricken\nboard + -en → boarden\ntree + -en → treen\nhemp + -en → hempen",
"type": "example"
},
{
"ref": "Orphan examples",
"text": "line (“flax”) + -en → linen",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"When attached to certain nouns that are the names of a material, it forms an adjective whose meaning is, made of (noun). This is a formative pattern with many obsolescent remnants. Fowler (1926) pointed out the tendency for the -en forms to be restricted to metaphorical and secondary senses. Changes in the form of the root noun, and the dropping of the \"e\" in the suffix occur. There are also orphan formations whose root has been lost to the current language."
],
"links": [
[
"material",
"material#English"
]
],
"senseid": [
"en:made of"
],
"tags": [
"morpheme"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ən/"
},
{
"ipa": "[ən]"
},
{
"ipa": "[n̩]"
},
{
"other": "/ˈfæt.ən/"
},
{
"other": "/-ɪŋ/"
},
{
"other": "/ˈfæt.ən.ɪŋ/"
},
{
"other": "/ˈfæt.nɪŋ/"
},
{
"other": "/ɡɑː(ɹ)d.nə(ɹ)/"
},
{
"other": "/ˈlaɪt.ən.ɪŋ/"
},
{
"other": "/ˈlaɪt.nɪŋ/"
},
{
"other": "/ɛnˈlaɪt.ən.ɪŋ/"
},
{
"other": "/ɛnˈlaɪt.nɪŋ/"
},
{
"audio": "LL-Q1860 (eng)-Vealhurl--en.wav",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/03/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl--en.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl--en.wav.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/03/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl--en.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl--en.wav.ogg",
"tags": [
"Southern-England"
],
"text": "Audio (Southern England)"
}
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "-in"
}
],
"word": "-en"
}
{
"categories": [
"English 1-syllable words",
"English entries with incorrect language header",
"English inflectional suffixes",
"English lemmas",
"English noun-forming suffixes",
"English suffixes",
"English terms derived from Middle English",
"English terms derived from Old English",
"English terms derived from Proto-Germanic",
"English terms inherited from Middle English",
"English terms inherited from Old English",
"English terms inherited from Proto-Germanic",
"English terms with IPA pronunciation",
"English terms with audio links",
"Yucatec Maya entries with incorrect language header",
"Yucatec Maya lemmas",
"Yucatec Maya suffixes"
],
"etymology_number": 5,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "enm",
"3": "-en"
},
"expansion": "Middle English -en",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "ang",
"3": "-en"
},
"expansion": "Old English -en",
"name": "inh"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Middle English -en, from Old English -en, from the neuter form of -en₄.",
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "suffix",
"cat2": "noun-forming suffixes",
"cat3": "",
"head": "",
"id": ""
},
"expansion": "-en",
"name": "head"
},
{
"args": {
"cat2": "noun-forming suffixes"
},
"expansion": "-en",
"name": "en-suffix"
}
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "suffix",
"related": [
{
"word": "-ock"
},
{
"word": "-ling"
}
],
"senses": [
{
"examples": [
{
"text": "chick + -en → chicken",
"type": "example"
},
{
"text": "maid + -en → maiden",
"type": "example"
},
{
"text": "smitch, smidge + -en → smidgen",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Used to form the diminutives of certain nouns."
],
"links": [
[
"diminutive",
"diminutive#English"
]
],
"senseid": [
"en:diminutive noun"
],
"tags": [
"morpheme"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ən/"
},
{
"ipa": "[ən]"
},
{
"ipa": "[n̩]"
},
{
"other": "/ˈfæt.ən/"
},
{
"other": "/-ɪŋ/"
},
{
"other": "/ˈfæt.ən.ɪŋ/"
},
{
"other": "/ˈfæt.nɪŋ/"
},
{
"other": "/ɡɑː(ɹ)d.nə(ɹ)/"
},
{
"other": "/ˈlaɪt.ən.ɪŋ/"
},
{
"other": "/ˈlaɪt.nɪŋ/"
},
{
"other": "/ɛnˈlaɪt.ən.ɪŋ/"
},
{
"other": "/ɛnˈlaɪt.nɪŋ/"
},
{
"audio": "LL-Q1860 (eng)-Vealhurl--en.wav",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/03/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl--en.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl--en.wav.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/03/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl--en.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl--en.wav.ogg",
"tags": [
"Southern-England"
],
"text": "Audio (Southern England)"
}
],
"word": "-en"
}
{
"categories": [
"English 1-syllable words",
"English entries with incorrect language header",
"English inflectional suffixes",
"English lemmas",
"English suffixes",
"English terms derived from Middle English",
"English terms derived from Old English",
"English terms derived from Proto-Germanic",
"English terms inherited from Middle English",
"English terms inherited from Proto-Germanic",
"English terms with IPA pronunciation",
"English terms with audio links",
"Yucatec Maya entries with incorrect language header",
"Yucatec Maya lemmas",
"Yucatec Maya suffixes"
],
"etymology_number": 6,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "enm",
"3": "-en"
},
"expansion": "Middle English -en",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ang",
"2": "-an"
},
"expansion": "-an",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ang",
"2": "-n"
},
"expansion": "-n",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "gem-pro",
"3": "*-aną"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic *-aną",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "ang",
"3": "-on"
},
"expansion": "Old English -on",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ang",
"2": "-en"
},
"expansion": "-en",
"name": "m"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Middle English -en, a blending of Old English infinitives -an and -n, from Proto-Germanic *-aną; and Old English -on and -en, the indicative and subjunctive past tense plural endings of verbs.",
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "suffix",
"cat2": "inflectional suffixes",
"cat3": "",
"head": "",
"id": ""
},
"expansion": "-en",
"name": "head"
},
{
"args": {
"cat2": "inflectional suffixes"
},
"expansion": "-en",
"name": "en-suffix"
}
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "suffix",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"English terms with obsolete senses",
"Quotation templates to be cleaned"
],
"examples": [
{
"text": "1844, William Barnes, “Bringen Wonne Gwäin O' Zundays”, in Poems of Rural Life in the Dorset Dialect:",
"type": "quotation"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Used to form the infinitive of verbs."
],
"links": [
[
"infinitive",
"infinitive#English"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(obsolete) Used to form the infinitive of verbs."
],
"senseid": [
"en:infinitive"
],
"tags": [
"morpheme",
"obsolete"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"English terms with obsolete senses"
],
"glosses": [
"Used to form the plural present tense of verbs."
],
"links": [
[
"plural",
"plural#English"
],
[
"present tense",
"present tense#English"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(obsolete) Used to form the plural present tense of verbs."
],
"senseid": [
"en:plural present"
],
"tags": [
"morpheme",
"obsolete"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"English dialectal terms",
"English nonstandard terms",
"English terms with obsolete senses",
"English terms with quotations",
"Quotation templates to be cleaned"
],
"examples": [
{
"ref": "1883, Charlotte Sophia Burne, Georgina Frederica Jackson, Shropshire Folk-lore: A Sheaf of Gleanings, page 46",
"text": "[…] but they tooken on 'em soft, an' maden out as they wun right glad to see 'em agen, an axt 'em to come in an' a some mate an' drink.",
"type": "quotation"
},
{
"ref": "2010, Kathi Purnell, Silent Heroes, page 188",
"text": "Both of them had snow on their boots, and a little on the hems of their coats, but they weren't all froze cold like yesterday. “We tooken the bus,” RJ told us.",
"type": "quotation"
},
{
"ref": "2014, John D. MacDonald, Deadly Welcome",
"text": "Sure you've seen me before, Doyle. Turkey Kimbroy and I, we tooken you over to Davis long time ago to he'p you get in the army.",
"type": "quotation"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Used to form the plural past tense of verbs."
],
"links": [
[
"plural",
"plural#English"
],
[
"past tense",
"past tense#English"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(obsolete, now nonstandard, dialectal) Used to form the plural past tense of verbs."
],
"senseid": [
"en:plural past"
],
"tags": [
"dialectal",
"morpheme",
"nonstandard",
"obsolete"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ən/"
},
{
"ipa": "[ən]"
},
{
"ipa": "[n̩]"
},
{
"other": "/ˈfæt.ən/"
},
{
"other": "/-ɪŋ/"
},
{
"other": "/ˈfæt.ən.ɪŋ/"
},
{
"other": "/ˈfæt.nɪŋ/"
},
{
"other": "/ɡɑː(ɹ)d.nə(ɹ)/"
},
{
"other": "/ˈlaɪt.ən.ɪŋ/"
},
{
"other": "/ˈlaɪt.nɪŋ/"
},
{
"other": "/ɛnˈlaɪt.ən.ɪŋ/"
},
{
"other": "/ɛnˈlaɪt.nɪŋ/"
},
{
"audio": "LL-Q1860 (eng)-Vealhurl--en.wav",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/03/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl--en.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl--en.wav.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/03/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl--en.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl--en.wav.ogg",
"tags": [
"Southern-England"
],
"text": "Audio (Southern England)"
}
],
"word": "-en"
}
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable English dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2024-04-22 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2024-04-21 using wiktextract (fc4f0c7 and c937495). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.