"-en" meaning in English

See -en in All languages combined, or Wiktionary

Suffix

IPA: /ən/, [ən], [n̩] Audio: LL-Q1860 (eng)-Vealhurl--en.wav
Etymology: From Middle English -n, -en, past participle ending of strong verbs (compare Middle English take(n), took, taken (“take, took, taken”)), from Old English -en and Old Norse -inn, past participle ending of strong verbs (compare Old Norse taka, tók, tekinn (“take, took, taken”)), ultimately from Proto-Germanic *-inaz, a variant of *-anaz. In Middle English, the suffix was often weakened to -e or disappeared (compare Southern Middle English do(n), dud(e), ydo (“do, did, done”)), but not in others (compare cume(n), com, ycume (“come, came, come”)), from Proto-Germanic *-anaz, from Proto-Indo-European *-nós. Etymology templates: {{etymid|en|past participle}}, {{inh|en|enm|-n}} Middle English -n, {{cog|enm|take(n), took, taken||take, took, taken}} Middle English take(n), took, taken (“take, took, taken”), {{inh|en|ang|-en}} Old English -en, {{der|en|non|-inn}} Old Norse -inn, {{cog|non|taka, tók, tekinn||take, took, taken}} Old Norse taka, tók, tekinn (“take, took, taken”), {{der|en|gem-pro|*-inaz}} Proto-Germanic *-inaz, {{cog|enm|do(n), dud(e), ydo||do, did, done}} Middle English do(n), dud(e), ydo (“do, did, done”), {{der|en|gem-pro|*-anaz}} Proto-Germanic *-anaz, {{der|en|ine-pro|*-nós}} Proto-Indo-European *-nós Head templates: {{head|en|suffix|cat2=inflectional suffixes|cat3=|head=|id=}} -en, {{en-suffix|cat2=inflectional suffixes}} -en
  1. (no longer productive) Denotes the past participle form when attached to a verb. Tags: idiomatic, morpheme
    Sense id: en--en-en-suffix-iXhkHadr
  2. Denotes a quasi-past participle or participle-like adjective when attached to a noun or verb. Tags: morpheme
    Sense id: en--en-en-suffix-PDlO~xFE
The following are not (yet) sense-disambiguated
Synonyms: -n
Etymology number: 1

Suffix

IPA: /ən/, [ən], [n̩] Audio: LL-Q1860 (eng)-Vealhurl--en.wav
Etymology: From Middle English -en, from Old English -an, from Proto-Germanic *-an-, *-in-, from Proto-Indo-European *-én-. From Middle English -n (in words ending in a vowel: flee: fleen "flea: fleas") and -en. Noun plural marker (predominantly in Southern dialects of Middle English), from Old English nominative-accusative plural ending of weak nouns (n-stem declension); compare nama m (“name”) + -en → naman (“names”); hlǣfdīġe f (“lady”) + -en → hlǣfdīġan (“ladies”); ēare n (“ear”) + -en → ēaran (“ears”). Assisted by Middle English dative plural ending -n, -en from late O.E. -un, -on, weakened form of earlier -um. Akin to Old High German n-stem (compare namo: namon "name: names"), Latin n-stem (compare homo: homin-). Etymology templates: {{etymid|en|plural noun}}, {{inh|en|enm|-en}} Middle English -en, {{inh|en|ang|-an}} Old English -an, {{der|en|gem-pro|*-an-}} Proto-Germanic *-an-, {{der|en|ine-pro|*-én-}} Proto-Indo-European *-én-, {{inh|en|enm|-n}} Middle English -n, {{suffixusex|ang|nama|naman|g1=m|t1=name|t2=names}} nama m (“name”) + -en → naman (“names”), {{suffixusex|ang|hlǣfdīġe|hlǣfdīġan|g1=f|t1=lady|t2=ladies}} hlǣfdīġe f (“lady”) + -en → hlǣfdīġan (“ladies”), {{suffixusex|ang|ēare|ēaran|g1=n|t1=ear|t2=ears}} ēare n (“ear”) + -en → ēaran (“ears”), {{cog|goh|-}} Old High German Head templates: {{head|en|suffix|cat2=inflectional suffixes|cat3=|head=|id=}} -en, {{en-suffix|cat2=inflectional suffixes}} -en
  1. Used to denote the plural form of a small number of English nouns, the majority of whose etymologies go back to the n-stem (i.e. weak noun) declension of Germanic languages. Tags: morpheme
    Sense id: en--en-en-suffix-UpZfPOpH Categories (other): English links with manual fragments, English entries with incorrect language header Disambiguation of English entries with incorrect language header: 8 8 19 5 7 7 21 8 11 2 2 2
  2. (nonstandard, rare, often dialectal or humorous) Used to form the plural of nouns. Tags: dialectal, humorous, morpheme, nonstandard, often, rare
    Sense id: en--en-en-suffix-Q4Ct2C5e Categories (other): English links with redundant alt parameters, English links with redundant wikilinks
The following are not (yet) sense-disambiguated
Synonyms: -n Related terms: -ren
Etymology number: 2

Suffix

IPA: /ən/, [ən], [n̩] Audio: LL-Q1860 (eng)-Vealhurl--en.wav
Etymology: From Middle English -(e)nen, -(e)nien, from Old English -nian, from Proto-West Germanic *-inōn, from Proto-Germanic *-inōną. Cognate with Saterland Frisian -enje, West Frisian -enje, Danish -ne, Swedish -na, Icelandic -na. Etymology templates: {{etymid|en|inchoative}}, {{inh|en|enm|-enen|-(e)nen}} Middle English -(e)nen, {{inh|en|ang|-nian}} Old English -nian, {{inh|en|gmw-pro|*-inōn}} Proto-West Germanic *-inōn, {{inh|en|gem-pro|*-inōną}} Proto-Germanic *-inōną, {{cog|stq|-enje}} Saterland Frisian -enje, {{cog|fy|-enje}} West Frisian -enje, {{cog|da|-ne}} Danish -ne, {{cog|sv|-na}} Swedish -na, {{cog|is|-na}} Icelandic -na Head templates: {{head|en|suffix|cat2=verb-forming suffixes|cat3=|head=|id=}} -en, {{en-suffix|cat2=verb-forming suffixes}} -en
  1. When attached to certain adjectives, it forms a transitive verb whose meaning is, to make (adjective). Usually, the verb is ergative, sometimes not. The same construction could also be done to certain (fewer) nouns, as, strengthen, in which case the verb means roughly, "to give (noun) to", or "to become like (noun)". Tags: morpheme Translations (to make [adjective], to cause to be [adjective]): -gøre (Danish), -ne (Danish), -igi (Esperanto), -ít (Hungarian), -ecer (Portuguese), -escer (Portuguese), -ecer (Spanish), -na (Swedish)
The following are not (yet) sense-disambiguated
Etymology number: 3

Suffix

IPA: /ən/, [ən], [n̩] Audio: LL-Q1860 (eng)-Vealhurl--en.wav
Etymology: From Middle English -en, from Old English -en, from Proto-West Germanic *-īn, from Proto-Germanic *-īnaz; suffix meaning "made of, consisting of, having the qualities of" applied to nouns to form adjectives. Akin to Dutch -en, German -en, Icelandic -inn, Latin -īnus. See -ine. Etymology templates: {{etymid|en|adjective}}, {{inh|en|enm|-en}} Middle English -en, {{inh|en|ang|-en}} Old English -en, {{inh|en|gmw-pro|*-īn}} Proto-West Germanic *-īn, {{inh|en|gem-pro|*-īnaz}} Proto-Germanic *-īnaz, {{cog|nl|-en}} Dutch -en, {{cog|de|-en}} German -en, {{cog|is|-inn}} Icelandic -inn, {{cog|la|-īnus}} Latin -īnus Head templates: {{head|en|suffix|cat2=adjective-forming suffixes|cat3=|head=|id=}} -en, {{en-suffix|cat2=adjective-forming suffixes}} -en
  1. Suffix meaning "pertaining to", "having the qualities of", "resembling", "like". Tags: morpheme
    Sense id: en--en-en-suffix-en:resembling
  2. When attached to certain nouns that are the names of a material, it forms an adjective whose meaning is, made of (noun). This is a formative pattern with many obsolescent remnants. Fowler (1926) pointed out the tendency for the -en forms to be restricted to metaphorical and secondary senses. Changes in the form of the root noun, and the dropping of the "e" in the suffix occur. There are also orphan formations whose root has been lost to the current language. Tags: morpheme Synonyms: -in
    Sense id: en--en-en-suffix-en:made_of Categories (other): English entries with incorrect language header Disambiguation of English entries with incorrect language header: 8 8 19 5 7 7 21 8 11 2 2 2
The following are not (yet) sense-disambiguated
Etymology number: 4

Suffix

IPA: /ən/, [ən], [n̩] Audio: LL-Q1860 (eng)-Vealhurl--en.wav
Etymology: From Middle English -en, from Old English -en, from the neuter form of -en (“pertaining to”, adjective-forming suffix). Etymology templates: {{etymid|en|diminutive noun}}, {{inh|en|enm|-en}} Middle English -en, {{inh|en|ang|-en}} Old English -en Head templates: {{head|en|suffix|cat2=noun-forming suffixes|cat3=|head=|id=}} -en, {{en-suffix|cat2=noun-forming suffixes}} -en
  1. Used to form the diminutives of certain nouns. Tags: morpheme Related terms: -ock, -ling
    Sense id: en--en-en-suffix-WrJNJgYH
The following are not (yet) sense-disambiguated
Etymology number: 5

Suffix

IPA: /ən/, [ən], [n̩] Audio: LL-Q1860 (eng)-Vealhurl--en.wav
Etymology: From Middle English -en, from Old English -en, from Proto-West Germanic *inī. Etymology templates: {{etymid|en|feminine}}, {{inh|en|enm|-en|id=feminine}} Middle English -en, {{inh|en|ang|-en|id=feminine}} Old English -en, {{inh|en|gmw-pro|*inī}} Proto-West Germanic *inī Head templates: {{head|en|suffix|cat2=noun-forming suffixes|cat3=|head=|id=}} -en, {{en-suffix|cat2=noun-forming suffixes}} -en
  1. Denotes a female form of a few nouns. Tags: morpheme
    Sense id: en--en-en-suffix-9epVpuNj Categories (other): English entries with incorrect language header Disambiguation of English entries with incorrect language header: 8 8 19 5 7 7 21 8 11 2 2 2
The following are not (yet) sense-disambiguated
Etymology number: 6

Suffix

IPA: /ən/, [ən], [n̩] Audio: LL-Q1860 (eng)-Vealhurl--en.wav
Etymology: From Middle English -en, from Old English -an, from Proto-Germanic *-aną. Etymology templates: {{etymid|en|verb ending}}, {{inh|en|enm|-en}} Middle English -en, {{der|en|ang|-an}} Old English -an, {{inh|en|gem-pro|*-aną}} Proto-Germanic *-aną Head templates: {{head|en|suffix|cat2=inflectional suffixes|cat3=|head=|id=}} -en, {{en-suffix|cat2=inflectional suffixes}} -en
  1. (obsolete) Used to form the infinitive of verbs. Tags: morpheme, obsolete
    Sense id: en--en-en-suffix-en:infinitive
The following are not (yet) sense-disambiguated
Etymology number: 7

Suffix

IPA: /ən/, [ən], [n̩] Audio: LL-Q1860 (eng)-Vealhurl--en.wav
Etymology: From Middle English -en, from Old English -on and -en, the indicative and subjunctive past tense plural endings of verbs. Etymology templates: {{etymid|en|verb ending}}, {{inh|en|enm|-en}} Middle English -en, {{der|en|ang|-on}} Old English -on Head templates: {{head|en|suffix|cat2=inflectional suffixes|cat3=|head=|id=}} -en, {{en-suffix|cat2=inflectional suffixes}} -en
  1. (obsolete) Used to form the plural present tense of verbs. Tags: morpheme, obsolete
    Sense id: en--en-en-suffix-en:plural_present
  2. (obsolete) Used to form the plural past tense of verbs. Tags: morpheme, obsolete
    Sense id: en--en-en-suffix-en:plural_past
The following are not (yet) sense-disambiguated
Etymology number: 8

Alternative forms

{
  "etymology_number": 1,
  "etymology_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "past participle"
      },
      "expansion": "",
      "name": "etymid"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "enm",
        "3": "-n"
      },
      "expansion": "Middle English -n",
      "name": "inh"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "enm",
        "2": "take(n), took, taken",
        "3": "",
        "4": "take, took, taken"
      },
      "expansion": "Middle English take(n), took, taken (“take, took, taken”)",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "ang",
        "3": "-en"
      },
      "expansion": "Old English -en",
      "name": "inh"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "non",
        "3": "-inn"
      },
      "expansion": "Old Norse -inn",
      "name": "der"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "non",
        "2": "taka, tók, tekinn",
        "3": "",
        "4": "take, took, taken"
      },
      "expansion": "Old Norse taka, tók, tekinn (“take, took, taken”)",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "gem-pro",
        "3": "*-inaz"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-Germanic *-inaz",
      "name": "der"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "enm",
        "2": "do(n), dud(e), ydo",
        "3": "",
        "4": "do, did, done"
      },
      "expansion": "Middle English do(n), dud(e), ydo (“do, did, done”)",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "gem-pro",
        "3": "*-anaz"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-Germanic *-anaz",
      "name": "der"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "ine-pro",
        "3": "*-nós"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *-nós",
      "name": "der"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_text": "From Middle English -n, -en, past participle ending of strong verbs (compare Middle English take(n), took, taken (“take, took, taken”)), from Old English -en and Old Norse -inn, past participle ending of strong verbs (compare Old Norse taka, tók, tekinn (“take, took, taken”)), ultimately from Proto-Germanic *-inaz, a variant of *-anaz. In Middle English, the suffix was often weakened to -e or disappeared (compare Southern Middle English do(n), dud(e), ydo (“do, did, done”)), but not in others (compare cume(n), com, ycume (“come, came, come”)), from Proto-Germanic *-anaz, from Proto-Indo-European *-nós.",
  "head_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "suffix",
        "cat2": "inflectional suffixes",
        "cat3": "",
        "head": "",
        "id": ""
      },
      "expansion": "-en",
      "name": "head"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "cat2": "inflectional suffixes"
      },
      "expansion": "-en",
      "name": "en-suffix"
    }
  ],
  "lang": "English",
  "lang_code": "en",
  "pos": "suffix",
  "senses": [
    {
      "examples": [
        {
          "text": "take + -en → taken",
          "type": "example"
        },
        {
          "text": "forgive + -en → forgiven",
          "type": "example"
        },
        {
          "text": "prove + -en → proven",
          "type": "example"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "Denotes the past participle form when attached to a verb."
      ],
      "id": "en--en-en-suffix-iXhkHadr",
      "links": [
        [
          "past participle",
          "past participle#English"
        ]
      ],
      "raw_glosses": [
        "(no longer productive) Denotes the past participle form when attached to a verb."
      ],
      "tags": [
        "idiomatic",
        "morpheme"
      ]
    },
    {
      "examples": [
        {
          "text": "fork + -en → forken (“forked”)",
          "type": "example"
        },
        {
          "text": "pave + -en → paven (“paved”)",
          "type": "example"
        },
        {
          "text": "barefoot + -en → bare-footen (“bare-footed”)",
          "type": "example"
        },
        {
          "text": "enslave + -en → enslaven (“enslaved”)",
          "type": "example"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "Denotes a quasi-past participle or participle-like adjective when attached to a noun or verb."
      ],
      "id": "en--en-en-suffix-PDlO~xFE",
      "tags": [
        "morpheme"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "sounds": [
    {
      "ipa": "/ən/"
    },
    {
      "ipa": "[ən]"
    },
    {
      "ipa": "[n̩]"
    },
    {
      "audio": "LL-Q1860 (eng)-Vealhurl--en.wav",
      "mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/03/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl--en.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl--en.wav.mp3",
      "ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/03/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl--en.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl--en.wav.ogg"
    },
    {
      "other": "/ˈfæt.ən/"
    },
    {
      "other": "/-ɪŋ/"
    },
    {
      "other": "/ˈfæt.ən.ɪŋ/"
    },
    {
      "other": "/ˈfæt.nɪŋ/"
    },
    {
      "other": "/ɡɑː(ɹ)d.nə(ɹ)/"
    },
    {
      "other": "/ˈlaɪt.ən.ɪŋ/"
    },
    {
      "other": "/ˈlaɪt.nɪŋ/"
    },
    {
      "other": "/ɛnˈlaɪt.ən.ɪŋ/"
    },
    {
      "other": "/ɛnˈlaɪt.nɪŋ/"
    }
  ],
  "synonyms": [
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
      "word": "-n"
    }
  ],
  "word": "-en"
}

{
  "etymology_number": 2,
  "etymology_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "plural noun"
      },
      "expansion": "",
      "name": "etymid"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "enm",
        "3": "-en"
      },
      "expansion": "Middle English -en",
      "name": "inh"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "ang",
        "3": "-an"
      },
      "expansion": "Old English -an",
      "name": "inh"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "gem-pro",
        "3": "*-an-"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-Germanic *-an-",
      "name": "der"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "ine-pro",
        "3": "*-én-"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *-én-",
      "name": "der"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "enm",
        "3": "-n"
      },
      "expansion": "Middle English -n",
      "name": "inh"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "ang",
        "2": "nama",
        "3": "naman",
        "g1": "m",
        "t1": "name",
        "t2": "names"
      },
      "expansion": "nama m (“name”) + -en → naman (“names”)",
      "name": "suffixusex"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "ang",
        "2": "hlǣfdīġe",
        "3": "hlǣfdīġan",
        "g1": "f",
        "t1": "lady",
        "t2": "ladies"
      },
      "expansion": "hlǣfdīġe f (“lady”) + -en → hlǣfdīġan (“ladies”)",
      "name": "suffixusex"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "ang",
        "2": "ēare",
        "3": "ēaran",
        "g1": "n",
        "t1": "ear",
        "t2": "ears"
      },
      "expansion": "ēare n (“ear”) + -en → ēaran (“ears”)",
      "name": "suffixusex"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "goh",
        "2": "-"
      },
      "expansion": "Old High German",
      "name": "cog"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_text": "From Middle English -en, from Old English -an, from Proto-Germanic *-an-, *-in-, from Proto-Indo-European *-én-.\nFrom Middle English -n (in words ending in a vowel: flee: fleen \"flea: fleas\") and -en. Noun plural marker (predominantly in Southern dialects of Middle English), from Old English nominative-accusative plural ending of weak nouns (n-stem declension); compare nama m (“name”) + -en → naman (“names”); hlǣfdīġe f (“lady”) + -en → hlǣfdīġan (“ladies”); ēare n (“ear”) + -en → ēaran (“ears”). Assisted by Middle English dative plural ending -n, -en from late O.E. -un, -on, weakened form of earlier -um. Akin to Old High German n-stem (compare namo: namon \"name: names\"), Latin n-stem (compare homo: homin-).",
  "head_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "suffix",
        "cat2": "inflectional suffixes",
        "cat3": "",
        "head": "",
        "id": ""
      },
      "expansion": "-en",
      "name": "head"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "cat2": "inflectional suffixes"
      },
      "expansion": "-en",
      "name": "en-suffix"
    }
  ],
  "lang": "English",
  "lang_code": "en",
  "pos": "suffix",
  "related": [
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0",
      "word": "-ren"
    }
  ],
  "senses": [
    {
      "categories": [
        {
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "English links with manual fragments",
          "parents": [
            "Links with manual fragments",
            "Entry maintenance"
          ],
          "source": "w"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "8 8 19 5 7 7 21 8 11 2 2 2",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "English entries with incorrect language header",
          "parents": [
            "Entries with incorrect language header",
            "Entry maintenance"
          ],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        }
      ],
      "examples": [
        {
          "ref": "Examples in general modern use",
          "text": "aurochs + -en → aurochsen\nbrother + -en → brethren (religious sense)\nchild + -en → children (cf. childer)\nox + -en → oxen",
          "type": "example"
        },
        {
          "ref": "Archaic or dialectal examples",
          "text": "bee + -en → been\ncheese + -en → cheesen\nky (“cows”) + -en → kine\nknee + -en → kneen\neyre (“eggs”) + -en → eyren\neye + -en → eyen\nfeather + -en → feathern\nfox + -en → foxen\nhorse + -en → horsen\nhose + -en → hosen\nhouse + -en → housen\npease + -en → peasen\nshoe + -en → shoon\nsister + -en → sistren\ntree + -en → treen",
          "type": "example"
        },
        {
          "ref": "1890, John Drummond Robertson, lord Henry Haughton Reynolds Moreton, A Glossary of Dialect & Archaic Words Used in the County of Gloucester",
          "text": "Moder, gyn, will not y washen' the dishen'. i. Mother, Jone, will not wash the dishes."
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "Used to denote the plural form of a small number of English nouns, the majority of whose etymologies go back to the n-stem (i.e. weak noun) declension of Germanic languages."
      ],
      "id": "en--en-en-suffix-UpZfPOpH",
      "links": [
        [
          "plural",
          "plural#English"
        ],
        [
          "Germanic",
          "Germanic#English"
        ]
      ],
      "tags": [
        "morpheme"
      ]
    },
    {
      "categories": [
        {
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "English links with redundant alt parameters",
          "parents": [
            "Links with redundant alt parameters",
            "Entry maintenance"
          ],
          "source": "w"
        },
        {
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "English links with redundant wikilinks",
          "parents": [
            "Links with redundant wikilinks",
            "Entry maintenance"
          ],
          "source": "w"
        }
      ],
      "examples": [
        {
          "text": "box + -en → boxen",
          "type": "example"
        },
        {
          "text": "VAX + -en → VAXen",
          "type": "example"
        },
        {
          "ref": "2007, James Patrick Kelly, John Kessel, Rewired: The Post-Cyberpunk Anthology:",
          "text": "There was one other user logged in, “scaredy,” and he checked the process monitor and saw that scaredy had spawned all the hundreds of processes that were probing him and plenty of other boxen.",
          "type": "quote"
        },
        {
          "ref": "2012, Jenny Lawson, Let's Pretend This Never Happened:",
          "text": "Victor and I are having a huge argument about whether or not to feed the foxen. Victor says yes, because they're adorable and— according to the neighbors—are quite tame. I say no, because we have a fat little pug who likes to frolic outside occasionally and I don't want to see him eaten. I thought we were on the same page about the fox, but then Victor went and threw an apple at it. And I was all, “What the fuck? We don't feed the foxen,” and he said, “I was throwing the apple at it to chase it away,” but Victor is a tremendous liar, and he didn't go to pick up the apple, probably because he knows that foxen love apple cider.",
          "type": "quote"
        },
        {
          "ref": "2015, David Greygoose, Brunt Boggart:",
          "text": "For now the boys grew whiskers and hung fox pelts from their shoulders and the girlen all wore scarlet skirts and braided ribbons through their hair.",
          "type": "quote"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "Used to form the plural of nouns."
      ],
      "id": "en--en-en-suffix-Q4Ct2C5e",
      "links": [
        [
          "humorous",
          "humorous"
        ]
      ],
      "raw_glosses": [
        "(nonstandard, rare, often dialectal or humorous) Used to form the plural of nouns."
      ],
      "tags": [
        "dialectal",
        "humorous",
        "morpheme",
        "nonstandard",
        "often",
        "rare"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "sounds": [
    {
      "ipa": "/ən/"
    },
    {
      "ipa": "[ən]"
    },
    {
      "ipa": "[n̩]"
    },
    {
      "audio": "LL-Q1860 (eng)-Vealhurl--en.wav",
      "mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/03/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl--en.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl--en.wav.mp3",
      "ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/03/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl--en.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl--en.wav.ogg"
    },
    {
      "other": "/ˈfæt.ən/"
    },
    {
      "other": "/-ɪŋ/"
    },
    {
      "other": "/ˈfæt.ən.ɪŋ/"
    },
    {
      "other": "/ˈfæt.nɪŋ/"
    },
    {
      "other": "/ɡɑː(ɹ)d.nə(ɹ)/"
    },
    {
      "other": "/ˈlaɪt.ən.ɪŋ/"
    },
    {
      "other": "/ˈlaɪt.nɪŋ/"
    },
    {
      "other": "/ɛnˈlaɪt.ən.ɪŋ/"
    },
    {
      "other": "/ɛnˈlaɪt.nɪŋ/"
    }
  ],
  "synonyms": [
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
      "word": "-n"
    }
  ],
  "word": "-en"
}

{
  "etymology_number": 3,
  "etymology_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "inchoative"
      },
      "expansion": "",
      "name": "etymid"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "enm",
        "3": "-enen",
        "4": "-(e)nen"
      },
      "expansion": "Middle English -(e)nen",
      "name": "inh"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "ang",
        "3": "-nian"
      },
      "expansion": "Old English -nian",
      "name": "inh"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "gmw-pro",
        "3": "*-inōn"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-West Germanic *-inōn",
      "name": "inh"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "gem-pro",
        "3": "*-inōną"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-Germanic *-inōną",
      "name": "inh"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "stq",
        "2": "-enje"
      },
      "expansion": "Saterland Frisian -enje",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "fy",
        "2": "-enje"
      },
      "expansion": "West Frisian -enje",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "da",
        "2": "-ne"
      },
      "expansion": "Danish -ne",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "sv",
        "2": "-na"
      },
      "expansion": "Swedish -na",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "is",
        "2": "-na"
      },
      "expansion": "Icelandic -na",
      "name": "cog"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_text": "From Middle English -(e)nen, -(e)nien, from Old English -nian, from Proto-West Germanic *-inōn, from Proto-Germanic *-inōną. Cognate with Saterland Frisian -enje, West Frisian -enje, Danish -ne, Swedish -na, Icelandic -na.",
  "head_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "suffix",
        "cat2": "verb-forming suffixes",
        "cat3": "",
        "head": "",
        "id": ""
      },
      "expansion": "-en",
      "name": "head"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "cat2": "verb-forming suffixes"
      },
      "expansion": "-en",
      "name": "en-suffix"
    }
  ],
  "lang": "English",
  "lang_code": "en",
  "pos": "suffix",
  "senses": [
    {
      "categories": [
        {
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Entries with translation boxes",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Terms with Danish translations",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Terms with Esperanto translations",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Terms with Hungarian translations",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Terms with Portuguese translations",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Terms with Spanish translations",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Terms with Swedish translations",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        }
      ],
      "examples": [
        {
          "text": "white (adjective) + -en → whiten",
          "type": "example"
        },
        {
          "text": "quick + -en → quicken",
          "type": "example"
        },
        {
          "text": "strength (noun) + -en → strengthen",
          "type": "example"
        },
        {
          "text": "haste + -en → hasten",
          "type": "example"
        },
        {
          "text": "night + -en → nighten",
          "type": "example"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "When attached to certain adjectives, it forms a transitive verb whose meaning is, to make (adjective). Usually, the verb is ergative, sometimes not. The same construction could also be done to certain (fewer) nouns, as, strengthen, in which case the verb means roughly, \"to give (noun) to\", or \"to become like (noun)\"."
      ],
      "id": "en--en-en-suffix-~dd0xFtJ",
      "links": [
        [
          "adjective",
          "adjective#English"
        ],
        [
          "make",
          "make"
        ],
        [
          "ergative",
          "ergative verb#English"
        ],
        [
          "strengthen",
          "strengthen#English"
        ]
      ],
      "tags": [
        "morpheme"
      ],
      "translations": [
        {
          "code": "da",
          "lang": "Danish",
          "sense": "to make [adjective], to cause to be [adjective]",
          "word": "-gøre"
        },
        {
          "code": "da",
          "lang": "Danish",
          "sense": "to make [adjective], to cause to be [adjective]",
          "word": "-ne"
        },
        {
          "code": "eo",
          "lang": "Esperanto",
          "sense": "to make [adjective], to cause to be [adjective]",
          "word": "-igi"
        },
        {
          "code": "hu",
          "lang": "Hungarian",
          "sense": "to make [adjective], to cause to be [adjective]",
          "word": "-ít"
        },
        {
          "code": "pt",
          "lang": "Portuguese",
          "sense": "to make [adjective], to cause to be [adjective]",
          "word": "-ecer"
        },
        {
          "code": "pt",
          "lang": "Portuguese",
          "sense": "to make [adjective], to cause to be [adjective]",
          "word": "-escer"
        },
        {
          "code": "es",
          "lang": "Spanish",
          "sense": "to make [adjective], to cause to be [adjective]",
          "word": "-ecer"
        },
        {
          "code": "sv",
          "lang": "Swedish",
          "sense": "to make [adjective], to cause to be [adjective]",
          "word": "-na"
        }
      ]
    }
  ],
  "sounds": [
    {
      "ipa": "/ən/"
    },
    {
      "ipa": "[ən]"
    },
    {
      "ipa": "[n̩]"
    },
    {
      "audio": "LL-Q1860 (eng)-Vealhurl--en.wav",
      "mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/03/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl--en.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl--en.wav.mp3",
      "ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/03/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl--en.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl--en.wav.ogg"
    },
    {
      "other": "/ˈfæt.ən/"
    },
    {
      "other": "/-ɪŋ/"
    },
    {
      "other": "/ˈfæt.ən.ɪŋ/"
    },
    {
      "other": "/ˈfæt.nɪŋ/"
    },
    {
      "other": "/ɡɑː(ɹ)d.nə(ɹ)/"
    },
    {
      "other": "/ˈlaɪt.ən.ɪŋ/"
    },
    {
      "other": "/ˈlaɪt.nɪŋ/"
    },
    {
      "other": "/ɛnˈlaɪt.ən.ɪŋ/"
    },
    {
      "other": "/ɛnˈlaɪt.nɪŋ/"
    }
  ],
  "word": "-en"
}

{
  "etymology_number": 4,
  "etymology_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "adjective"
      },
      "expansion": "",
      "name": "etymid"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "enm",
        "3": "-en"
      },
      "expansion": "Middle English -en",
      "name": "inh"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "ang",
        "3": "-en"
      },
      "expansion": "Old English -en",
      "name": "inh"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "gmw-pro",
        "3": "*-īn"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-West Germanic *-īn",
      "name": "inh"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "gem-pro",
        "3": "*-īnaz"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-Germanic *-īnaz",
      "name": "inh"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "nl",
        "2": "-en"
      },
      "expansion": "Dutch -en",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "de",
        "2": "-en"
      },
      "expansion": "German -en",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "is",
        "2": "-inn"
      },
      "expansion": "Icelandic -inn",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "la",
        "2": "-īnus"
      },
      "expansion": "Latin -īnus",
      "name": "cog"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_text": "From Middle English -en, from Old English -en, from Proto-West Germanic *-īn, from Proto-Germanic *-īnaz; suffix meaning \"made of, consisting of, having the qualities of\" applied to nouns to form adjectives. Akin to Dutch -en, German -en, Icelandic -inn, Latin -īnus. See -ine.",
  "head_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "suffix",
        "cat2": "adjective-forming suffixes",
        "cat3": "",
        "head": "",
        "id": ""
      },
      "expansion": "-en",
      "name": "head"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "cat2": "adjective-forming suffixes"
      },
      "expansion": "-en",
      "name": "en-suffix"
    }
  ],
  "lang": "English",
  "lang_code": "en",
  "pos": "suffix",
  "senses": [
    {
      "examples": [
        {
          "text": "wolf + -en → wolven",
          "type": "example"
        },
        {
          "text": "peach + -en → peachen",
          "type": "example"
        },
        {
          "text": "goat + -en → goaten",
          "type": "example"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "Suffix meaning \"pertaining to\", \"having the qualities of\", \"resembling\", \"like\"."
      ],
      "id": "en--en-en-suffix-en:resembling",
      "senseid": [
        "en:resembling"
      ],
      "tags": [
        "morpheme"
      ]
    },
    {
      "categories": [
        {
          "_dis": "8 8 19 5 7 7 21 8 11 2 2 2",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "English entries with incorrect language header",
          "parents": [
            "Entries with incorrect language header",
            "Entry maintenance"
          ],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        }
      ],
      "examples": [
        {
          "ref": "Current examples used in a literal and sometimes metaphorical sense",
          "text": "wood + -en → wooden\ngold + -en → golden\nwheat + -en → wheaten\noat + -en → oaten\nsilk + -en → silken\nearth + -en → earthen\nflax + -en → flaxen\nlead + -en → leaden\nwool + -en → woollen\noak + -en → oaken",
          "type": "example"
        },
        {
          "text": "Examples where a metaphorical sense is common but the literal sense is rare or archaic:\nbrass + -en → brazen (\"shameless\")",
          "type": "example"
        },
        {
          "ref": "Rare or archaic examples",
          "text": "ash + -en → ashen (\"made of ash-tree wood\"; ashen \"grey like ashes, appalled\" is still current)\nbeech + -en → beechen (\"made of wood from, or otherwise concerning, the beech tree\")\nbox + -en → boxen (\"made of boxwood\")\nbronze + -en → bronzen\nsilver + -en → silvern\ncedar + -en → cedarn\nleather + -en → leathern\ncopper + -en → coppern\npaper + -en → papern\nbrick + -en → bricken\nboard + -en → boarden\ntree + -en → treen\nhemp + -en → hempen",
          "type": "example"
        },
        {
          "text": "Orphan examples:\nline (“flax”) + -en → linen",
          "type": "example"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "When attached to certain nouns that are the names of a material, it forms an adjective whose meaning is, made of (noun). This is a formative pattern with many obsolescent remnants. Fowler (1926) pointed out the tendency for the -en forms to be restricted to metaphorical and secondary senses. Changes in the form of the root noun, and the dropping of the \"e\" in the suffix occur. There are also orphan formations whose root has been lost to the current language."
      ],
      "id": "en--en-en-suffix-en:made_of",
      "links": [
        [
          "material",
          "material#English"
        ]
      ],
      "senseid": [
        "en:made of"
      ],
      "synonyms": [
        {
          "_dis1": "0 100",
          "word": "-in"
        }
      ],
      "tags": [
        "morpheme"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "sounds": [
    {
      "ipa": "/ən/"
    },
    {
      "ipa": "[ən]"
    },
    {
      "ipa": "[n̩]"
    },
    {
      "audio": "LL-Q1860 (eng)-Vealhurl--en.wav",
      "mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/03/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl--en.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl--en.wav.mp3",
      "ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/03/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl--en.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl--en.wav.ogg"
    },
    {
      "other": "/ˈfæt.ən/"
    },
    {
      "other": "/-ɪŋ/"
    },
    {
      "other": "/ˈfæt.ən.ɪŋ/"
    },
    {
      "other": "/ˈfæt.nɪŋ/"
    },
    {
      "other": "/ɡɑː(ɹ)d.nə(ɹ)/"
    },
    {
      "other": "/ˈlaɪt.ən.ɪŋ/"
    },
    {
      "other": "/ˈlaɪt.nɪŋ/"
    },
    {
      "other": "/ɛnˈlaɪt.ən.ɪŋ/"
    },
    {
      "other": "/ɛnˈlaɪt.nɪŋ/"
    }
  ],
  "word": "-en"
}

{
  "etymology_number": 5,
  "etymology_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "diminutive noun"
      },
      "expansion": "",
      "name": "etymid"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "enm",
        "3": "-en"
      },
      "expansion": "Middle English -en",
      "name": "inh"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "ang",
        "3": "-en"
      },
      "expansion": "Old English -en",
      "name": "inh"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_text": "From Middle English -en, from Old English -en, from the neuter form of -en (“pertaining to”, adjective-forming suffix).",
  "head_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "suffix",
        "cat2": "noun-forming suffixes",
        "cat3": "",
        "head": "",
        "id": ""
      },
      "expansion": "-en",
      "name": "head"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "cat2": "noun-forming suffixes"
      },
      "expansion": "-en",
      "name": "en-suffix"
    }
  ],
  "lang": "English",
  "lang_code": "en",
  "pos": "suffix",
  "senses": [
    {
      "examples": [
        {
          "text": "chick + -en → chicken",
          "type": "example"
        },
        {
          "text": "maid + -en → maiden",
          "type": "example"
        },
        {
          "text": "smitch, smidge + -en → smidgen",
          "type": "example"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "Used to form the diminutives of certain nouns."
      ],
      "id": "en--en-en-suffix-WrJNJgYH",
      "links": [
        [
          "diminutive",
          "diminutive#English"
        ]
      ],
      "related": [
        {
          "word": "-ock"
        },
        {
          "word": "-ling"
        }
      ],
      "tags": [
        "morpheme"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "sounds": [
    {
      "ipa": "/ən/"
    },
    {
      "ipa": "[ən]"
    },
    {
      "ipa": "[n̩]"
    },
    {
      "audio": "LL-Q1860 (eng)-Vealhurl--en.wav",
      "mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/03/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl--en.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl--en.wav.mp3",
      "ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/03/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl--en.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl--en.wav.ogg"
    },
    {
      "other": "/ˈfæt.ən/"
    },
    {
      "other": "/-ɪŋ/"
    },
    {
      "other": "/ˈfæt.ən.ɪŋ/"
    },
    {
      "other": "/ˈfæt.nɪŋ/"
    },
    {
      "other": "/ɡɑː(ɹ)d.nə(ɹ)/"
    },
    {
      "other": "/ˈlaɪt.ən.ɪŋ/"
    },
    {
      "other": "/ˈlaɪt.nɪŋ/"
    },
    {
      "other": "/ɛnˈlaɪt.ən.ɪŋ/"
    },
    {
      "other": "/ɛnˈlaɪt.nɪŋ/"
    }
  ],
  "word": "-en"
}

{
  "etymology_number": 6,
  "etymology_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "feminine"
      },
      "expansion": "",
      "name": "etymid"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "enm",
        "3": "-en",
        "id": "feminine"
      },
      "expansion": "Middle English -en",
      "name": "inh"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "ang",
        "3": "-en",
        "id": "feminine"
      },
      "expansion": "Old English -en",
      "name": "inh"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "gmw-pro",
        "3": "*inī"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-West Germanic *inī",
      "name": "inh"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_text": "From Middle English -en, from Old English -en, from Proto-West Germanic *inī.",
  "head_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "suffix",
        "cat2": "noun-forming suffixes",
        "cat3": "",
        "head": "",
        "id": ""
      },
      "expansion": "-en",
      "name": "head"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "cat2": "noun-forming suffixes"
      },
      "expansion": "-en",
      "name": "en-suffix"
    }
  ],
  "lang": "English",
  "lang_code": "en",
  "pos": "suffix",
  "senses": [
    {
      "categories": [
        {
          "_dis": "8 8 19 5 7 7 21 8 11 2 2 2",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "English entries with incorrect language header",
          "parents": [
            "Entries with incorrect language header",
            "Entry maintenance"
          ],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        }
      ],
      "examples": [
        {
          "text": "fox + -en → vixen (“female fox”)",
          "type": "example"
        },
        {
          "text": "monk + -en → minchen (“nun”) (obsolete)",
          "type": "example"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "Denotes a female form of a few nouns."
      ],
      "id": "en--en-en-suffix-9epVpuNj",
      "links": [
        [
          "female",
          "female#English"
        ]
      ],
      "tags": [
        "morpheme"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "sounds": [
    {
      "ipa": "/ən/"
    },
    {
      "ipa": "[ən]"
    },
    {
      "ipa": "[n̩]"
    },
    {
      "audio": "LL-Q1860 (eng)-Vealhurl--en.wav",
      "mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/03/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl--en.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl--en.wav.mp3",
      "ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/03/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl--en.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl--en.wav.ogg"
    },
    {
      "other": "/ˈfæt.ən/"
    },
    {
      "other": "/-ɪŋ/"
    },
    {
      "other": "/ˈfæt.ən.ɪŋ/"
    },
    {
      "other": "/ˈfæt.nɪŋ/"
    },
    {
      "other": "/ɡɑː(ɹ)d.nə(ɹ)/"
    },
    {
      "other": "/ˈlaɪt.ən.ɪŋ/"
    },
    {
      "other": "/ˈlaɪt.nɪŋ/"
    },
    {
      "other": "/ɛnˈlaɪt.ən.ɪŋ/"
    },
    {
      "other": "/ɛnˈlaɪt.nɪŋ/"
    }
  ],
  "word": "-en"
}

{
  "etymology_number": 7,
  "etymology_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "verb ending"
      },
      "expansion": "",
      "name": "etymid"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "enm",
        "3": "-en"
      },
      "expansion": "Middle English -en",
      "name": "inh"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "ang",
        "3": "-an"
      },
      "expansion": "Old English -an",
      "name": "der"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "gem-pro",
        "3": "*-aną"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-Germanic *-aną",
      "name": "inh"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_text": "From Middle English -en, from Old English -an, from Proto-Germanic *-aną.",
  "head_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "suffix",
        "cat2": "inflectional suffixes",
        "cat3": "",
        "head": "",
        "id": ""
      },
      "expansion": "-en",
      "name": "head"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "cat2": "inflectional suffixes"
      },
      "expansion": "-en",
      "name": "en-suffix"
    }
  ],
  "lang": "English",
  "lang_code": "en",
  "pos": "suffix",
  "senses": [
    {
      "categories": [],
      "examples": [
        {
          "ref": "c. 1593 (date written), William Shakespeare, “The Tragedy of Richard the Third: […]”, in Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies […] (First Folio), London: […] Isaac Iaggard, and Ed[ward] Blount, published 1623, →OCLC, (please specify the act number in uppercase Roman numerals, and the scene number in lowercase Roman numerals):",
          "text": "The Sonne compell'd, beene Butcher to the Sire[…]",
          "type": "quote"
        },
        {
          "ref": "1590, Edmund Spenser, “(please specify the book)”, in The Faerie Queene. […], London: […] [John Wolfe] for William Ponsonbie, →OCLC:",
          "text": "As gentle Shepheard in sweete euen-tide, When ruddy Phoebus gins to welke in west, High on an hill, his flocke to vewen wide […]",
          "type": "quote"
        },
        {
          "ref": "c. 1607–1608, William Shakeſpeare, The Late, And much admired Play, Called Pericles, Prince of Tyre. […], London: Imprinted at London for Henry Goſſon, […], published 1609, →OCLC, [Act II, (please specify the scene number in lowercase Roman numerals)]:",
          "text": "From others' labours; for though he strive\nTo killen bad, keep good alive;",
          "type": "quote"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "Used to form the infinitive of verbs."
      ],
      "id": "en--en-en-suffix-en:infinitive",
      "links": [
        [
          "infinitive",
          "infinitive#English"
        ]
      ],
      "raw_glosses": [
        "(obsolete) Used to form the infinitive of verbs."
      ],
      "senseid": [
        "en:infinitive"
      ],
      "tags": [
        "morpheme",
        "obsolete"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "sounds": [
    {
      "ipa": "/ən/"
    },
    {
      "ipa": "[ən]"
    },
    {
      "ipa": "[n̩]"
    },
    {
      "audio": "LL-Q1860 (eng)-Vealhurl--en.wav",
      "mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/03/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl--en.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl--en.wav.mp3",
      "ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/03/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl--en.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl--en.wav.ogg"
    },
    {
      "other": "/ˈfæt.ən/"
    },
    {
      "other": "/-ɪŋ/"
    },
    {
      "other": "/ˈfæt.ən.ɪŋ/"
    },
    {
      "other": "/ˈfæt.nɪŋ/"
    },
    {
      "other": "/ɡɑː(ɹ)d.nə(ɹ)/"
    },
    {
      "other": "/ˈlaɪt.ən.ɪŋ/"
    },
    {
      "other": "/ˈlaɪt.nɪŋ/"
    },
    {
      "other": "/ɛnˈlaɪt.ən.ɪŋ/"
    },
    {
      "other": "/ɛnˈlaɪt.nɪŋ/"
    }
  ],
  "word": "-en"
}

{
  "etymology_number": 8,
  "etymology_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "verb ending"
      },
      "expansion": "",
      "name": "etymid"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "enm",
        "3": "-en"
      },
      "expansion": "Middle English -en",
      "name": "inh"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "ang",
        "3": "-on"
      },
      "expansion": "Old English -on",
      "name": "der"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_text": "From Middle English -en, from Old English -on and -en, the indicative and subjunctive past tense plural endings of verbs.",
  "head_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "suffix",
        "cat2": "inflectional suffixes",
        "cat3": "",
        "head": "",
        "id": ""
      },
      "expansion": "-en",
      "name": "head"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "cat2": "inflectional suffixes"
      },
      "expansion": "-en",
      "name": "en-suffix"
    }
  ],
  "lang": "English",
  "lang_code": "en",
  "pos": "suffix",
  "senses": [
    {
      "categories": [],
      "examples": [
        {
          "ref": "1590, Edmund Spenser, “Book I, Canto IV”, in The Faerie Queene. […], London: […] [John Wolfe] for William Ponsonbie, →OCLC:",
          "text": "So forth they marchen in this goodly sort,\nTo take the solace of the open aire,",
          "type": "quote"
        },
        {
          "ref": "c. 1607–1608, William Shakeſpeare, The Late, And much admired Play, Called Pericles, Prince of Tyre. […], London: Imprinted at London for Henry Goſſon, […], published 1609, →OCLC, [Act II, scene i]:",
          "text": "All periſhen of man, of pelfe,\nNe ought eſcapend but himſelfe; […]",
          "type": "quote"
        },
        {
          "ref": "1905 May 13, M. E. Francis, “Mrs Gradwell's Piano”, in Country Life, volume XVII, number 436, Country Life, Limited, page 678:",
          "text": "Hoo'll never do no good at the music, they tellen her up at the school, wi'out hoo practises reg'lar, an' it's unpossible for her to do that wi'out we has a pianney i' the 'ouse.",
          "type": "quote"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "Used to form the plural present tense of verbs."
      ],
      "id": "en--en-en-suffix-en:plural_present",
      "links": [
        [
          "plural",
          "plural#English"
        ],
        [
          "present tense",
          "present tense#English"
        ]
      ],
      "raw_glosses": [
        "(obsolete) Used to form the plural present tense of verbs."
      ],
      "senseid": [
        "en:plural present"
      ],
      "tags": [
        "morpheme",
        "obsolete"
      ]
    },
    {
      "categories": [],
      "examples": [
        {
          "ref": "1596, Edmund Spenser, “Book IIII, Canto II”, in The Faerie Queene. […], part II (books IV–VI), London: […] [Richard Field] for William Ponsonby, →OCLC, page 32:",
          "text": "Her name was Agape whoſe children werne\nAll three as one, the firſt hight Priamond,\nThe ſecond Dyamond, the youngeſt Triamond.",
          "type": "quote"
        },
        {
          "ref": "1860, Sir James Phillips Kay-Shuttleworth, “The Attack on the Eagle Mill—The Ride to the Rescue”, in Scarsdale, or, Life on the Yorkshire-Lancashire Border, Thirty Years Ago, volume 1, London: Smith, Elder & Co., page 61:",
          "text": "Nau, if ony chap ax you wheere yone getten these, yo mun say, yo hadden um fro' t' boggart o' Deerpley Fell. Good-bye, meaustur; and nau, lads, let's to our wark.",
          "type": "quote"
        },
        {
          "ref": "1883, Charlotte Sophia Burne, Georgina Frederica Jackson, Shropshire Folk-lore: A Sheaf of Gleanings, volume 1, London: Trübner & Company, page 46:",
          "text": "[…] but they tooken on 'em soft, an' maden out as they wun right glad to see 'em agen, an axt 'em to come in an' a some mate an' drink.",
          "type": "quote"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "Used to form the plural past tense of verbs."
      ],
      "id": "en--en-en-suffix-en:plural_past",
      "links": [
        [
          "plural",
          "plural#English"
        ],
        [
          "past tense",
          "past tense#English"
        ]
      ],
      "raw_glosses": [
        "(obsolete) Used to form the plural past tense of verbs."
      ],
      "senseid": [
        "en:plural past"
      ],
      "tags": [
        "morpheme",
        "obsolete"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "sounds": [
    {
      "ipa": "/ən/"
    },
    {
      "ipa": "[ən]"
    },
    {
      "ipa": "[n̩]"
    },
    {
      "audio": "LL-Q1860 (eng)-Vealhurl--en.wav",
      "mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/03/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl--en.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl--en.wav.mp3",
      "ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/03/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl--en.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl--en.wav.ogg"
    },
    {
      "other": "/ˈfæt.ən/"
    },
    {
      "other": "/-ɪŋ/"
    },
    {
      "other": "/ˈfæt.ən.ɪŋ/"
    },
    {
      "other": "/ˈfæt.nɪŋ/"
    },
    {
      "other": "/ɡɑː(ɹ)d.nə(ɹ)/"
    },
    {
      "other": "/ˈlaɪt.ən.ɪŋ/"
    },
    {
      "other": "/ˈlaɪt.nɪŋ/"
    },
    {
      "other": "/ɛnˈlaɪt.ən.ɪŋ/"
    },
    {
      "other": "/ɛnˈlaɪt.nɪŋ/"
    }
  ],
  "word": "-en"
}
{
  "categories": [
    "English entries with incorrect language header",
    "English inflectional suffixes",
    "English lemmas",
    "English suffixes",
    "English terms derived from Middle English",
    "English terms derived from Old English",
    "English terms derived from Old Norse",
    "English terms derived from Proto-Germanic",
    "English terms derived from Proto-Indo-European",
    "English terms inherited from Middle English",
    "English terms inherited from Old English",
    "Pages using catfix",
    "Pages with 25 entries",
    "Pages with entries",
    "Yucatec Maya entries with incorrect language header",
    "Yucatec Maya lemmas",
    "Yucatec Maya suffixes"
  ],
  "etymology_number": 1,
  "etymology_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "past participle"
      },
      "expansion": "",
      "name": "etymid"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "enm",
        "3": "-n"
      },
      "expansion": "Middle English -n",
      "name": "inh"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "enm",
        "2": "take(n), took, taken",
        "3": "",
        "4": "take, took, taken"
      },
      "expansion": "Middle English take(n), took, taken (“take, took, taken”)",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "ang",
        "3": "-en"
      },
      "expansion": "Old English -en",
      "name": "inh"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "non",
        "3": "-inn"
      },
      "expansion": "Old Norse -inn",
      "name": "der"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "non",
        "2": "taka, tók, tekinn",
        "3": "",
        "4": "take, took, taken"
      },
      "expansion": "Old Norse taka, tók, tekinn (“take, took, taken”)",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "gem-pro",
        "3": "*-inaz"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-Germanic *-inaz",
      "name": "der"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "enm",
        "2": "do(n), dud(e), ydo",
        "3": "",
        "4": "do, did, done"
      },
      "expansion": "Middle English do(n), dud(e), ydo (“do, did, done”)",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "gem-pro",
        "3": "*-anaz"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-Germanic *-anaz",
      "name": "der"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "ine-pro",
        "3": "*-nós"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *-nós",
      "name": "der"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_text": "From Middle English -n, -en, past participle ending of strong verbs (compare Middle English take(n), took, taken (“take, took, taken”)), from Old English -en and Old Norse -inn, past participle ending of strong verbs (compare Old Norse taka, tók, tekinn (“take, took, taken”)), ultimately from Proto-Germanic *-inaz, a variant of *-anaz. In Middle English, the suffix was often weakened to -e or disappeared (compare Southern Middle English do(n), dud(e), ydo (“do, did, done”)), but not in others (compare cume(n), com, ycume (“come, came, come”)), from Proto-Germanic *-anaz, from Proto-Indo-European *-nós.",
  "head_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "suffix",
        "cat2": "inflectional suffixes",
        "cat3": "",
        "head": "",
        "id": ""
      },
      "expansion": "-en",
      "name": "head"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "cat2": "inflectional suffixes"
      },
      "expansion": "-en",
      "name": "en-suffix"
    }
  ],
  "lang": "English",
  "lang_code": "en",
  "pos": "suffix",
  "senses": [
    {
      "examples": [
        {
          "text": "take + -en → taken",
          "type": "example"
        },
        {
          "text": "forgive + -en → forgiven",
          "type": "example"
        },
        {
          "text": "prove + -en → proven",
          "type": "example"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "Denotes the past participle form when attached to a verb."
      ],
      "links": [
        [
          "past participle",
          "past participle#English"
        ]
      ],
      "raw_glosses": [
        "(no longer productive) Denotes the past participle form when attached to a verb."
      ],
      "tags": [
        "idiomatic",
        "morpheme"
      ]
    },
    {
      "examples": [
        {
          "text": "fork + -en → forken (“forked”)",
          "type": "example"
        },
        {
          "text": "pave + -en → paven (“paved”)",
          "type": "example"
        },
        {
          "text": "barefoot + -en → bare-footen (“bare-footed”)",
          "type": "example"
        },
        {
          "text": "enslave + -en → enslaven (“enslaved”)",
          "type": "example"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "Denotes a quasi-past participle or participle-like adjective when attached to a noun or verb."
      ],
      "tags": [
        "morpheme"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "sounds": [
    {
      "ipa": "/ən/"
    },
    {
      "ipa": "[ən]"
    },
    {
      "ipa": "[n̩]"
    },
    {
      "audio": "LL-Q1860 (eng)-Vealhurl--en.wav",
      "mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/03/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl--en.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl--en.wav.mp3",
      "ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/03/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl--en.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl--en.wav.ogg"
    },
    {
      "other": "/ˈfæt.ən/"
    },
    {
      "other": "/-ɪŋ/"
    },
    {
      "other": "/ˈfæt.ən.ɪŋ/"
    },
    {
      "other": "/ˈfæt.nɪŋ/"
    },
    {
      "other": "/ɡɑː(ɹ)d.nə(ɹ)/"
    },
    {
      "other": "/ˈlaɪt.ən.ɪŋ/"
    },
    {
      "other": "/ˈlaɪt.nɪŋ/"
    },
    {
      "other": "/ɛnˈlaɪt.ən.ɪŋ/"
    },
    {
      "other": "/ɛnˈlaɪt.nɪŋ/"
    }
  ],
  "synonyms": [
    {
      "word": "-n"
    }
  ],
  "word": "-en"
}

{
  "categories": [
    "English entries with incorrect language header",
    "English inflectional suffixes",
    "English lemmas",
    "English suffixes",
    "English terms derived from Middle English",
    "English terms derived from Old English",
    "English terms derived from Proto-Germanic",
    "English terms derived from Proto-Indo-European",
    "English terms inherited from Middle English",
    "English terms inherited from Old English",
    "Pages using catfix",
    "Pages with 25 entries",
    "Pages with entries",
    "Yucatec Maya entries with incorrect language header",
    "Yucatec Maya lemmas",
    "Yucatec Maya suffixes"
  ],
  "etymology_number": 2,
  "etymology_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "plural noun"
      },
      "expansion": "",
      "name": "etymid"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "enm",
        "3": "-en"
      },
      "expansion": "Middle English -en",
      "name": "inh"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "ang",
        "3": "-an"
      },
      "expansion": "Old English -an",
      "name": "inh"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "gem-pro",
        "3": "*-an-"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-Germanic *-an-",
      "name": "der"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "ine-pro",
        "3": "*-én-"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *-én-",
      "name": "der"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "enm",
        "3": "-n"
      },
      "expansion": "Middle English -n",
      "name": "inh"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "ang",
        "2": "nama",
        "3": "naman",
        "g1": "m",
        "t1": "name",
        "t2": "names"
      },
      "expansion": "nama m (“name”) + -en → naman (“names”)",
      "name": "suffixusex"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "ang",
        "2": "hlǣfdīġe",
        "3": "hlǣfdīġan",
        "g1": "f",
        "t1": "lady",
        "t2": "ladies"
      },
      "expansion": "hlǣfdīġe f (“lady”) + -en → hlǣfdīġan (“ladies”)",
      "name": "suffixusex"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "ang",
        "2": "ēare",
        "3": "ēaran",
        "g1": "n",
        "t1": "ear",
        "t2": "ears"
      },
      "expansion": "ēare n (“ear”) + -en → ēaran (“ears”)",
      "name": "suffixusex"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "goh",
        "2": "-"
      },
      "expansion": "Old High German",
      "name": "cog"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_text": "From Middle English -en, from Old English -an, from Proto-Germanic *-an-, *-in-, from Proto-Indo-European *-én-.\nFrom Middle English -n (in words ending in a vowel: flee: fleen \"flea: fleas\") and -en. Noun plural marker (predominantly in Southern dialects of Middle English), from Old English nominative-accusative plural ending of weak nouns (n-stem declension); compare nama m (“name”) + -en → naman (“names”); hlǣfdīġe f (“lady”) + -en → hlǣfdīġan (“ladies”); ēare n (“ear”) + -en → ēaran (“ears”). Assisted by Middle English dative plural ending -n, -en from late O.E. -un, -on, weakened form of earlier -um. Akin to Old High German n-stem (compare namo: namon \"name: names\"), Latin n-stem (compare homo: homin-).",
  "head_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "suffix",
        "cat2": "inflectional suffixes",
        "cat3": "",
        "head": "",
        "id": ""
      },
      "expansion": "-en",
      "name": "head"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "cat2": "inflectional suffixes"
      },
      "expansion": "-en",
      "name": "en-suffix"
    }
  ],
  "lang": "English",
  "lang_code": "en",
  "pos": "suffix",
  "related": [
    {
      "word": "-ren"
    }
  ],
  "senses": [
    {
      "categories": [
        "English links with manual fragments"
      ],
      "examples": [
        {
          "ref": "Examples in general modern use",
          "text": "aurochs + -en → aurochsen\nbrother + -en → brethren (religious sense)\nchild + -en → children (cf. childer)\nox + -en → oxen",
          "type": "example"
        },
        {
          "ref": "Archaic or dialectal examples",
          "text": "bee + -en → been\ncheese + -en → cheesen\nky (“cows”) + -en → kine\nknee + -en → kneen\neyre (“eggs”) + -en → eyren\neye + -en → eyen\nfeather + -en → feathern\nfox + -en → foxen\nhorse + -en → horsen\nhose + -en → hosen\nhouse + -en → housen\npease + -en → peasen\nshoe + -en → shoon\nsister + -en → sistren\ntree + -en → treen",
          "type": "example"
        },
        {
          "ref": "1890, John Drummond Robertson, lord Henry Haughton Reynolds Moreton, A Glossary of Dialect & Archaic Words Used in the County of Gloucester",
          "text": "Moder, gyn, will not y washen' the dishen'. i. Mother, Jone, will not wash the dishes."
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "Used to denote the plural form of a small number of English nouns, the majority of whose etymologies go back to the n-stem (i.e. weak noun) declension of Germanic languages."
      ],
      "links": [
        [
          "plural",
          "plural#English"
        ],
        [
          "Germanic",
          "Germanic#English"
        ]
      ],
      "tags": [
        "morpheme"
      ]
    },
    {
      "categories": [
        "English dialectal terms",
        "English humorous terms",
        "English links with redundant alt parameters",
        "English links with redundant wikilinks",
        "English nonstandard terms",
        "English terms with quotations",
        "English terms with rare senses",
        "Quotation templates to be cleaned"
      ],
      "examples": [
        {
          "text": "box + -en → boxen",
          "type": "example"
        },
        {
          "text": "VAX + -en → VAXen",
          "type": "example"
        },
        {
          "ref": "2007, James Patrick Kelly, John Kessel, Rewired: The Post-Cyberpunk Anthology:",
          "text": "There was one other user logged in, “scaredy,” and he checked the process monitor and saw that scaredy had spawned all the hundreds of processes that were probing him and plenty of other boxen.",
          "type": "quote"
        },
        {
          "ref": "2012, Jenny Lawson, Let's Pretend This Never Happened:",
          "text": "Victor and I are having a huge argument about whether or not to feed the foxen. Victor says yes, because they're adorable and— according to the neighbors—are quite tame. I say no, because we have a fat little pug who likes to frolic outside occasionally and I don't want to see him eaten. I thought we were on the same page about the fox, but then Victor went and threw an apple at it. And I was all, “What the fuck? We don't feed the foxen,” and he said, “I was throwing the apple at it to chase it away,” but Victor is a tremendous liar, and he didn't go to pick up the apple, probably because he knows that foxen love apple cider.",
          "type": "quote"
        },
        {
          "ref": "2015, David Greygoose, Brunt Boggart:",
          "text": "For now the boys grew whiskers and hung fox pelts from their shoulders and the girlen all wore scarlet skirts and braided ribbons through their hair.",
          "type": "quote"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "Used to form the plural of nouns."
      ],
      "links": [
        [
          "humorous",
          "humorous"
        ]
      ],
      "raw_glosses": [
        "(nonstandard, rare, often dialectal or humorous) Used to form the plural of nouns."
      ],
      "tags": [
        "dialectal",
        "humorous",
        "morpheme",
        "nonstandard",
        "often",
        "rare"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "sounds": [
    {
      "ipa": "/ən/"
    },
    {
      "ipa": "[ən]"
    },
    {
      "ipa": "[n̩]"
    },
    {
      "audio": "LL-Q1860 (eng)-Vealhurl--en.wav",
      "mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/03/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl--en.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl--en.wav.mp3",
      "ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/03/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl--en.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl--en.wav.ogg"
    },
    {
      "other": "/ˈfæt.ən/"
    },
    {
      "other": "/-ɪŋ/"
    },
    {
      "other": "/ˈfæt.ən.ɪŋ/"
    },
    {
      "other": "/ˈfæt.nɪŋ/"
    },
    {
      "other": "/ɡɑː(ɹ)d.nə(ɹ)/"
    },
    {
      "other": "/ˈlaɪt.ən.ɪŋ/"
    },
    {
      "other": "/ˈlaɪt.nɪŋ/"
    },
    {
      "other": "/ɛnˈlaɪt.ən.ɪŋ/"
    },
    {
      "other": "/ɛnˈlaɪt.nɪŋ/"
    }
  ],
  "synonyms": [
    {
      "word": "-n"
    }
  ],
  "word": "-en"
}

{
  "categories": [
    "English entries with incorrect language header",
    "English inflectional suffixes",
    "English lemmas",
    "English suffixes",
    "English terms derived from Middle English",
    "English terms derived from Old English",
    "English terms derived from Proto-Germanic",
    "English terms derived from Proto-West Germanic",
    "English terms inherited from Middle English",
    "English terms inherited from Old English",
    "English terms inherited from Proto-Germanic",
    "English terms inherited from Proto-West Germanic",
    "English verb-forming suffixes",
    "Entries with translation boxes",
    "Pages using catfix",
    "Pages with 25 entries",
    "Pages with entries",
    "Terms with Danish translations",
    "Terms with Esperanto translations",
    "Terms with Hungarian translations",
    "Terms with Portuguese translations",
    "Terms with Spanish translations",
    "Terms with Swedish translations",
    "Yucatec Maya entries with incorrect language header",
    "Yucatec Maya lemmas",
    "Yucatec Maya suffixes"
  ],
  "etymology_number": 3,
  "etymology_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "inchoative"
      },
      "expansion": "",
      "name": "etymid"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "enm",
        "3": "-enen",
        "4": "-(e)nen"
      },
      "expansion": "Middle English -(e)nen",
      "name": "inh"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "ang",
        "3": "-nian"
      },
      "expansion": "Old English -nian",
      "name": "inh"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "gmw-pro",
        "3": "*-inōn"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-West Germanic *-inōn",
      "name": "inh"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "gem-pro",
        "3": "*-inōną"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-Germanic *-inōną",
      "name": "inh"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "stq",
        "2": "-enje"
      },
      "expansion": "Saterland Frisian -enje",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "fy",
        "2": "-enje"
      },
      "expansion": "West Frisian -enje",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "da",
        "2": "-ne"
      },
      "expansion": "Danish -ne",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "sv",
        "2": "-na"
      },
      "expansion": "Swedish -na",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "is",
        "2": "-na"
      },
      "expansion": "Icelandic -na",
      "name": "cog"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_text": "From Middle English -(e)nen, -(e)nien, from Old English -nian, from Proto-West Germanic *-inōn, from Proto-Germanic *-inōną. Cognate with Saterland Frisian -enje, West Frisian -enje, Danish -ne, Swedish -na, Icelandic -na.",
  "head_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "suffix",
        "cat2": "verb-forming suffixes",
        "cat3": "",
        "head": "",
        "id": ""
      },
      "expansion": "-en",
      "name": "head"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "cat2": "verb-forming suffixes"
      },
      "expansion": "-en",
      "name": "en-suffix"
    }
  ],
  "lang": "English",
  "lang_code": "en",
  "pos": "suffix",
  "senses": [
    {
      "examples": [
        {
          "text": "white (adjective) + -en → whiten",
          "type": "example"
        },
        {
          "text": "quick + -en → quicken",
          "type": "example"
        },
        {
          "text": "strength (noun) + -en → strengthen",
          "type": "example"
        },
        {
          "text": "haste + -en → hasten",
          "type": "example"
        },
        {
          "text": "night + -en → nighten",
          "type": "example"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "When attached to certain adjectives, it forms a transitive verb whose meaning is, to make (adjective). Usually, the verb is ergative, sometimes not. The same construction could also be done to certain (fewer) nouns, as, strengthen, in which case the verb means roughly, \"to give (noun) to\", or \"to become like (noun)\"."
      ],
      "links": [
        [
          "adjective",
          "adjective#English"
        ],
        [
          "make",
          "make"
        ],
        [
          "ergative",
          "ergative verb#English"
        ],
        [
          "strengthen",
          "strengthen#English"
        ]
      ],
      "tags": [
        "morpheme"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "sounds": [
    {
      "ipa": "/ən/"
    },
    {
      "ipa": "[ən]"
    },
    {
      "ipa": "[n̩]"
    },
    {
      "audio": "LL-Q1860 (eng)-Vealhurl--en.wav",
      "mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/03/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl--en.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl--en.wav.mp3",
      "ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/03/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl--en.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl--en.wav.ogg"
    },
    {
      "other": "/ˈfæt.ən/"
    },
    {
      "other": "/-ɪŋ/"
    },
    {
      "other": "/ˈfæt.ən.ɪŋ/"
    },
    {
      "other": "/ˈfæt.nɪŋ/"
    },
    {
      "other": "/ɡɑː(ɹ)d.nə(ɹ)/"
    },
    {
      "other": "/ˈlaɪt.ən.ɪŋ/"
    },
    {
      "other": "/ˈlaɪt.nɪŋ/"
    },
    {
      "other": "/ɛnˈlaɪt.ən.ɪŋ/"
    },
    {
      "other": "/ɛnˈlaɪt.nɪŋ/"
    }
  ],
  "translations": [
    {
      "code": "da",
      "lang": "Danish",
      "sense": "to make [adjective], to cause to be [adjective]",
      "word": "-gøre"
    },
    {
      "code": "da",
      "lang": "Danish",
      "sense": "to make [adjective], to cause to be [adjective]",
      "word": "-ne"
    },
    {
      "code": "eo",
      "lang": "Esperanto",
      "sense": "to make [adjective], to cause to be [adjective]",
      "word": "-igi"
    },
    {
      "code": "hu",
      "lang": "Hungarian",
      "sense": "to make [adjective], to cause to be [adjective]",
      "word": "-ít"
    },
    {
      "code": "pt",
      "lang": "Portuguese",
      "sense": "to make [adjective], to cause to be [adjective]",
      "word": "-ecer"
    },
    {
      "code": "pt",
      "lang": "Portuguese",
      "sense": "to make [adjective], to cause to be [adjective]",
      "word": "-escer"
    },
    {
      "code": "es",
      "lang": "Spanish",
      "sense": "to make [adjective], to cause to be [adjective]",
      "word": "-ecer"
    },
    {
      "code": "sv",
      "lang": "Swedish",
      "sense": "to make [adjective], to cause to be [adjective]",
      "word": "-na"
    }
  ],
  "word": "-en"
}

{
  "categories": [
    "English adjective-forming suffixes",
    "English entries with incorrect language header",
    "English inflectional suffixes",
    "English lemmas",
    "English suffixes",
    "English terms derived from Middle English",
    "English terms derived from Old English",
    "English terms derived from Proto-Germanic",
    "English terms derived from Proto-West Germanic",
    "English terms inherited from Middle English",
    "English terms inherited from Old English",
    "English terms inherited from Proto-Germanic",
    "English terms inherited from Proto-West Germanic",
    "Pages using catfix",
    "Pages with 25 entries",
    "Pages with entries",
    "Yucatec Maya entries with incorrect language header",
    "Yucatec Maya lemmas",
    "Yucatec Maya suffixes"
  ],
  "etymology_number": 4,
  "etymology_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "adjective"
      },
      "expansion": "",
      "name": "etymid"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "enm",
        "3": "-en"
      },
      "expansion": "Middle English -en",
      "name": "inh"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "ang",
        "3": "-en"
      },
      "expansion": "Old English -en",
      "name": "inh"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "gmw-pro",
        "3": "*-īn"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-West Germanic *-īn",
      "name": "inh"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "gem-pro",
        "3": "*-īnaz"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-Germanic *-īnaz",
      "name": "inh"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "nl",
        "2": "-en"
      },
      "expansion": "Dutch -en",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "de",
        "2": "-en"
      },
      "expansion": "German -en",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "is",
        "2": "-inn"
      },
      "expansion": "Icelandic -inn",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "la",
        "2": "-īnus"
      },
      "expansion": "Latin -īnus",
      "name": "cog"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_text": "From Middle English -en, from Old English -en, from Proto-West Germanic *-īn, from Proto-Germanic *-īnaz; suffix meaning \"made of, consisting of, having the qualities of\" applied to nouns to form adjectives. Akin to Dutch -en, German -en, Icelandic -inn, Latin -īnus. See -ine.",
  "head_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "suffix",
        "cat2": "adjective-forming suffixes",
        "cat3": "",
        "head": "",
        "id": ""
      },
      "expansion": "-en",
      "name": "head"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "cat2": "adjective-forming suffixes"
      },
      "expansion": "-en",
      "name": "en-suffix"
    }
  ],
  "lang": "English",
  "lang_code": "en",
  "pos": "suffix",
  "senses": [
    {
      "examples": [
        {
          "text": "wolf + -en → wolven",
          "type": "example"
        },
        {
          "text": "peach + -en → peachen",
          "type": "example"
        },
        {
          "text": "goat + -en → goaten",
          "type": "example"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "Suffix meaning \"pertaining to\", \"having the qualities of\", \"resembling\", \"like\"."
      ],
      "senseid": [
        "en:resembling"
      ],
      "tags": [
        "morpheme"
      ]
    },
    {
      "examples": [
        {
          "ref": "Current examples used in a literal and sometimes metaphorical sense",
          "text": "wood + -en → wooden\ngold + -en → golden\nwheat + -en → wheaten\noat + -en → oaten\nsilk + -en → silken\nearth + -en → earthen\nflax + -en → flaxen\nlead + -en → leaden\nwool + -en → woollen\noak + -en → oaken",
          "type": "example"
        },
        {
          "text": "Examples where a metaphorical sense is common but the literal sense is rare or archaic:\nbrass + -en → brazen (\"shameless\")",
          "type": "example"
        },
        {
          "ref": "Rare or archaic examples",
          "text": "ash + -en → ashen (\"made of ash-tree wood\"; ashen \"grey like ashes, appalled\" is still current)\nbeech + -en → beechen (\"made of wood from, or otherwise concerning, the beech tree\")\nbox + -en → boxen (\"made of boxwood\")\nbronze + -en → bronzen\nsilver + -en → silvern\ncedar + -en → cedarn\nleather + -en → leathern\ncopper + -en → coppern\npaper + -en → papern\nbrick + -en → bricken\nboard + -en → boarden\ntree + -en → treen\nhemp + -en → hempen",
          "type": "example"
        },
        {
          "text": "Orphan examples:\nline (“flax”) + -en → linen",
          "type": "example"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "When attached to certain nouns that are the names of a material, it forms an adjective whose meaning is, made of (noun). This is a formative pattern with many obsolescent remnants. Fowler (1926) pointed out the tendency for the -en forms to be restricted to metaphorical and secondary senses. Changes in the form of the root noun, and the dropping of the \"e\" in the suffix occur. There are also orphan formations whose root has been lost to the current language."
      ],
      "links": [
        [
          "material",
          "material#English"
        ]
      ],
      "senseid": [
        "en:made of"
      ],
      "tags": [
        "morpheme"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "sounds": [
    {
      "ipa": "/ən/"
    },
    {
      "ipa": "[ən]"
    },
    {
      "ipa": "[n̩]"
    },
    {
      "audio": "LL-Q1860 (eng)-Vealhurl--en.wav",
      "mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/03/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl--en.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl--en.wav.mp3",
      "ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/03/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl--en.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl--en.wav.ogg"
    },
    {
      "other": "/ˈfæt.ən/"
    },
    {
      "other": "/-ɪŋ/"
    },
    {
      "other": "/ˈfæt.ən.ɪŋ/"
    },
    {
      "other": "/ˈfæt.nɪŋ/"
    },
    {
      "other": "/ɡɑː(ɹ)d.nə(ɹ)/"
    },
    {
      "other": "/ˈlaɪt.ən.ɪŋ/"
    },
    {
      "other": "/ˈlaɪt.nɪŋ/"
    },
    {
      "other": "/ɛnˈlaɪt.ən.ɪŋ/"
    },
    {
      "other": "/ɛnˈlaɪt.nɪŋ/"
    }
  ],
  "synonyms": [
    {
      "word": "-in"
    }
  ],
  "word": "-en"
}

{
  "categories": [
    "English entries with incorrect language header",
    "English inflectional suffixes",
    "English lemmas",
    "English noun-forming suffixes",
    "English suffixes",
    "English terms derived from Middle English",
    "English terms derived from Old English",
    "English terms inherited from Middle English",
    "English terms inherited from Old English",
    "Pages using catfix",
    "Pages with 25 entries",
    "Pages with entries",
    "Yucatec Maya entries with incorrect language header",
    "Yucatec Maya lemmas",
    "Yucatec Maya suffixes"
  ],
  "etymology_number": 5,
  "etymology_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "diminutive noun"
      },
      "expansion": "",
      "name": "etymid"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "enm",
        "3": "-en"
      },
      "expansion": "Middle English -en",
      "name": "inh"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "ang",
        "3": "-en"
      },
      "expansion": "Old English -en",
      "name": "inh"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_text": "From Middle English -en, from Old English -en, from the neuter form of -en (“pertaining to”, adjective-forming suffix).",
  "head_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "suffix",
        "cat2": "noun-forming suffixes",
        "cat3": "",
        "head": "",
        "id": ""
      },
      "expansion": "-en",
      "name": "head"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "cat2": "noun-forming suffixes"
      },
      "expansion": "-en",
      "name": "en-suffix"
    }
  ],
  "lang": "English",
  "lang_code": "en",
  "pos": "suffix",
  "related": [
    {
      "word": "-ock"
    },
    {
      "word": "-ling"
    }
  ],
  "senses": [
    {
      "examples": [
        {
          "text": "chick + -en → chicken",
          "type": "example"
        },
        {
          "text": "maid + -en → maiden",
          "type": "example"
        },
        {
          "text": "smitch, smidge + -en → smidgen",
          "type": "example"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "Used to form the diminutives of certain nouns."
      ],
      "links": [
        [
          "diminutive",
          "diminutive#English"
        ]
      ],
      "tags": [
        "morpheme"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "sounds": [
    {
      "ipa": "/ən/"
    },
    {
      "ipa": "[ən]"
    },
    {
      "ipa": "[n̩]"
    },
    {
      "audio": "LL-Q1860 (eng)-Vealhurl--en.wav",
      "mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/03/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl--en.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl--en.wav.mp3",
      "ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/03/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl--en.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl--en.wav.ogg"
    },
    {
      "other": "/ˈfæt.ən/"
    },
    {
      "other": "/-ɪŋ/"
    },
    {
      "other": "/ˈfæt.ən.ɪŋ/"
    },
    {
      "other": "/ˈfæt.nɪŋ/"
    },
    {
      "other": "/ɡɑː(ɹ)d.nə(ɹ)/"
    },
    {
      "other": "/ˈlaɪt.ən.ɪŋ/"
    },
    {
      "other": "/ˈlaɪt.nɪŋ/"
    },
    {
      "other": "/ɛnˈlaɪt.ən.ɪŋ/"
    },
    {
      "other": "/ɛnˈlaɪt.nɪŋ/"
    }
  ],
  "word": "-en"
}

{
  "categories": [
    "English entries with incorrect language header",
    "English inflectional suffixes",
    "English lemmas",
    "English noun-forming suffixes",
    "English suffixes",
    "English terms derived from Middle English",
    "English terms derived from Old English",
    "English terms derived from Proto-West Germanic",
    "English terms inherited from Middle English",
    "English terms inherited from Old English",
    "English terms inherited from Proto-West Germanic",
    "Pages using catfix",
    "Pages with 25 entries",
    "Pages with entries",
    "Yucatec Maya entries with incorrect language header",
    "Yucatec Maya lemmas",
    "Yucatec Maya suffixes"
  ],
  "etymology_number": 6,
  "etymology_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "feminine"
      },
      "expansion": "",
      "name": "etymid"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "enm",
        "3": "-en",
        "id": "feminine"
      },
      "expansion": "Middle English -en",
      "name": "inh"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "ang",
        "3": "-en",
        "id": "feminine"
      },
      "expansion": "Old English -en",
      "name": "inh"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "gmw-pro",
        "3": "*inī"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-West Germanic *inī",
      "name": "inh"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_text": "From Middle English -en, from Old English -en, from Proto-West Germanic *inī.",
  "head_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "suffix",
        "cat2": "noun-forming suffixes",
        "cat3": "",
        "head": "",
        "id": ""
      },
      "expansion": "-en",
      "name": "head"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "cat2": "noun-forming suffixes"
      },
      "expansion": "-en",
      "name": "en-suffix"
    }
  ],
  "lang": "English",
  "lang_code": "en",
  "pos": "suffix",
  "senses": [
    {
      "examples": [
        {
          "text": "fox + -en → vixen (“female fox”)",
          "type": "example"
        },
        {
          "text": "monk + -en → minchen (“nun”) (obsolete)",
          "type": "example"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "Denotes a female form of a few nouns."
      ],
      "links": [
        [
          "female",
          "female#English"
        ]
      ],
      "tags": [
        "morpheme"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "sounds": [
    {
      "ipa": "/ən/"
    },
    {
      "ipa": "[ən]"
    },
    {
      "ipa": "[n̩]"
    },
    {
      "audio": "LL-Q1860 (eng)-Vealhurl--en.wav",
      "mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/03/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl--en.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl--en.wav.mp3",
      "ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/03/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl--en.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl--en.wav.ogg"
    },
    {
      "other": "/ˈfæt.ən/"
    },
    {
      "other": "/-ɪŋ/"
    },
    {
      "other": "/ˈfæt.ən.ɪŋ/"
    },
    {
      "other": "/ˈfæt.nɪŋ/"
    },
    {
      "other": "/ɡɑː(ɹ)d.nə(ɹ)/"
    },
    {
      "other": "/ˈlaɪt.ən.ɪŋ/"
    },
    {
      "other": "/ˈlaɪt.nɪŋ/"
    },
    {
      "other": "/ɛnˈlaɪt.ən.ɪŋ/"
    },
    {
      "other": "/ɛnˈlaɪt.nɪŋ/"
    }
  ],
  "word": "-en"
}

{
  "categories": [
    "English entries with incorrect language header",
    "English inflectional suffixes",
    "English lemmas",
    "English suffixes",
    "English terms derived from Middle English",
    "English terms derived from Old English",
    "English terms derived from Proto-Germanic",
    "English terms inherited from Middle English",
    "English terms inherited from Proto-Germanic",
    "Pages using catfix",
    "Pages with 25 entries",
    "Pages with entries",
    "Yucatec Maya entries with incorrect language header",
    "Yucatec Maya lemmas",
    "Yucatec Maya suffixes"
  ],
  "etymology_number": 7,
  "etymology_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "verb ending"
      },
      "expansion": "",
      "name": "etymid"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "enm",
        "3": "-en"
      },
      "expansion": "Middle English -en",
      "name": "inh"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "ang",
        "3": "-an"
      },
      "expansion": "Old English -an",
      "name": "der"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "gem-pro",
        "3": "*-aną"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-Germanic *-aną",
      "name": "inh"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_text": "From Middle English -en, from Old English -an, from Proto-Germanic *-aną.",
  "head_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "suffix",
        "cat2": "inflectional suffixes",
        "cat3": "",
        "head": "",
        "id": ""
      },
      "expansion": "-en",
      "name": "head"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "cat2": "inflectional suffixes"
      },
      "expansion": "-en",
      "name": "en-suffix"
    }
  ],
  "lang": "English",
  "lang_code": "en",
  "pos": "suffix",
  "senses": [
    {
      "categories": [
        "English terms with obsolete senses",
        "English terms with quotations"
      ],
      "examples": [
        {
          "ref": "c. 1593 (date written), William Shakespeare, “The Tragedy of Richard the Third: […]”, in Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies […] (First Folio), London: […] Isaac Iaggard, and Ed[ward] Blount, published 1623, →OCLC, (please specify the act number in uppercase Roman numerals, and the scene number in lowercase Roman numerals):",
          "text": "The Sonne compell'd, beene Butcher to the Sire[…]",
          "type": "quote"
        },
        {
          "ref": "1590, Edmund Spenser, “(please specify the book)”, in The Faerie Queene. […], London: […] [John Wolfe] for William Ponsonbie, →OCLC:",
          "text": "As gentle Shepheard in sweete euen-tide, When ruddy Phoebus gins to welke in west, High on an hill, his flocke to vewen wide […]",
          "type": "quote"
        },
        {
          "ref": "c. 1607–1608, William Shakeſpeare, The Late, And much admired Play, Called Pericles, Prince of Tyre. […], London: Imprinted at London for Henry Goſſon, […], published 1609, →OCLC, [Act II, (please specify the scene number in lowercase Roman numerals)]:",
          "text": "From others' labours; for though he strive\nTo killen bad, keep good alive;",
          "type": "quote"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "Used to form the infinitive of verbs."
      ],
      "links": [
        [
          "infinitive",
          "infinitive#English"
        ]
      ],
      "raw_glosses": [
        "(obsolete) Used to form the infinitive of verbs."
      ],
      "senseid": [
        "en:infinitive"
      ],
      "tags": [
        "morpheme",
        "obsolete"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "sounds": [
    {
      "ipa": "/ən/"
    },
    {
      "ipa": "[ən]"
    },
    {
      "ipa": "[n̩]"
    },
    {
      "audio": "LL-Q1860 (eng)-Vealhurl--en.wav",
      "mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/03/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl--en.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl--en.wav.mp3",
      "ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/03/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl--en.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl--en.wav.ogg"
    },
    {
      "other": "/ˈfæt.ən/"
    },
    {
      "other": "/-ɪŋ/"
    },
    {
      "other": "/ˈfæt.ən.ɪŋ/"
    },
    {
      "other": "/ˈfæt.nɪŋ/"
    },
    {
      "other": "/ɡɑː(ɹ)d.nə(ɹ)/"
    },
    {
      "other": "/ˈlaɪt.ən.ɪŋ/"
    },
    {
      "other": "/ˈlaɪt.nɪŋ/"
    },
    {
      "other": "/ɛnˈlaɪt.ən.ɪŋ/"
    },
    {
      "other": "/ɛnˈlaɪt.nɪŋ/"
    }
  ],
  "word": "-en"
}

{
  "categories": [
    "English entries with incorrect language header",
    "English inflectional suffixes",
    "English lemmas",
    "English suffixes",
    "English terms derived from Middle English",
    "English terms derived from Old English",
    "English terms inherited from Middle English",
    "Pages using catfix",
    "Pages with 25 entries",
    "Pages with entries",
    "Yucatec Maya entries with incorrect language header",
    "Yucatec Maya lemmas",
    "Yucatec Maya suffixes"
  ],
  "etymology_number": 8,
  "etymology_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "verb ending"
      },
      "expansion": "",
      "name": "etymid"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "enm",
        "3": "-en"
      },
      "expansion": "Middle English -en",
      "name": "inh"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "ang",
        "3": "-on"
      },
      "expansion": "Old English -on",
      "name": "der"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_text": "From Middle English -en, from Old English -on and -en, the indicative and subjunctive past tense plural endings of verbs.",
  "head_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "suffix",
        "cat2": "inflectional suffixes",
        "cat3": "",
        "head": "",
        "id": ""
      },
      "expansion": "-en",
      "name": "head"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "cat2": "inflectional suffixes"
      },
      "expansion": "-en",
      "name": "en-suffix"
    }
  ],
  "lang": "English",
  "lang_code": "en",
  "pos": "suffix",
  "senses": [
    {
      "categories": [
        "English terms with obsolete senses",
        "English terms with quotations"
      ],
      "examples": [
        {
          "ref": "1590, Edmund Spenser, “Book I, Canto IV”, in The Faerie Queene. […], London: […] [John Wolfe] for William Ponsonbie, →OCLC:",
          "text": "So forth they marchen in this goodly sort,\nTo take the solace of the open aire,",
          "type": "quote"
        },
        {
          "ref": "c. 1607–1608, William Shakeſpeare, The Late, And much admired Play, Called Pericles, Prince of Tyre. […], London: Imprinted at London for Henry Goſſon, […], published 1609, →OCLC, [Act II, scene i]:",
          "text": "All periſhen of man, of pelfe,\nNe ought eſcapend but himſelfe; […]",
          "type": "quote"
        },
        {
          "ref": "1905 May 13, M. E. Francis, “Mrs Gradwell's Piano”, in Country Life, volume XVII, number 436, Country Life, Limited, page 678:",
          "text": "Hoo'll never do no good at the music, they tellen her up at the school, wi'out hoo practises reg'lar, an' it's unpossible for her to do that wi'out we has a pianney i' the 'ouse.",
          "type": "quote"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "Used to form the plural present tense of verbs."
      ],
      "links": [
        [
          "plural",
          "plural#English"
        ],
        [
          "present tense",
          "present tense#English"
        ]
      ],
      "raw_glosses": [
        "(obsolete) Used to form the plural present tense of verbs."
      ],
      "senseid": [
        "en:plural present"
      ],
      "tags": [
        "morpheme",
        "obsolete"
      ]
    },
    {
      "categories": [
        "English terms with obsolete senses",
        "English terms with quotations",
        "Quotation templates to be cleaned"
      ],
      "examples": [
        {
          "ref": "1596, Edmund Spenser, “Book IIII, Canto II”, in The Faerie Queene. […], part II (books IV–VI), London: […] [Richard Field] for William Ponsonby, →OCLC, page 32:",
          "text": "Her name was Agape whoſe children werne\nAll three as one, the firſt hight Priamond,\nThe ſecond Dyamond, the youngeſt Triamond.",
          "type": "quote"
        },
        {
          "ref": "1860, Sir James Phillips Kay-Shuttleworth, “The Attack on the Eagle Mill—The Ride to the Rescue”, in Scarsdale, or, Life on the Yorkshire-Lancashire Border, Thirty Years Ago, volume 1, London: Smith, Elder & Co., page 61:",
          "text": "Nau, if ony chap ax you wheere yone getten these, yo mun say, yo hadden um fro' t' boggart o' Deerpley Fell. Good-bye, meaustur; and nau, lads, let's to our wark.",
          "type": "quote"
        },
        {
          "ref": "1883, Charlotte Sophia Burne, Georgina Frederica Jackson, Shropshire Folk-lore: A Sheaf of Gleanings, volume 1, London: Trübner & Company, page 46:",
          "text": "[…] but they tooken on 'em soft, an' maden out as they wun right glad to see 'em agen, an axt 'em to come in an' a some mate an' drink.",
          "type": "quote"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "Used to form the plural past tense of verbs."
      ],
      "links": [
        [
          "plural",
          "plural#English"
        ],
        [
          "past tense",
          "past tense#English"
        ]
      ],
      "raw_glosses": [
        "(obsolete) Used to form the plural past tense of verbs."
      ],
      "senseid": [
        "en:plural past"
      ],
      "tags": [
        "morpheme",
        "obsolete"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "sounds": [
    {
      "ipa": "/ən/"
    },
    {
      "ipa": "[ən]"
    },
    {
      "ipa": "[n̩]"
    },
    {
      "audio": "LL-Q1860 (eng)-Vealhurl--en.wav",
      "mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/03/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl--en.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl--en.wav.mp3",
      "ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/03/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl--en.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl--en.wav.ogg"
    },
    {
      "other": "/ˈfæt.ən/"
    },
    {
      "other": "/-ɪŋ/"
    },
    {
      "other": "/ˈfæt.ən.ɪŋ/"
    },
    {
      "other": "/ˈfæt.nɪŋ/"
    },
    {
      "other": "/ɡɑː(ɹ)d.nə(ɹ)/"
    },
    {
      "other": "/ˈlaɪt.ən.ɪŋ/"
    },
    {
      "other": "/ˈlaɪt.nɪŋ/"
    },
    {
      "other": "/ɛnˈlaɪt.ən.ɪŋ/"
    },
    {
      "other": "/ɛnˈlaɪt.nɪŋ/"
    }
  ],
  "word": "-en"
}

Download raw JSONL data for -en meaning in English (33.8kB)


This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable English dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2025-01-23 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2025-01-20 using wiktextract (0c0c1f1 and 4230888). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.

If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.