See -ling in All languages combined, or Wiktionary
{
"derived": [
{
"_dis1": "47 53",
"word": "buckling"
},
{
"_dis1": "47 53",
"word": "castling"
},
{
"_dis1": "47 53",
"word": "darling"
},
{
"_dis1": "47 53",
"word": "daughterling"
},
{
"_dis1": "47 53",
"word": "doeling"
},
{
"_dis1": "47 53",
"word": "duckling"
},
{
"_dis1": "47 53",
"word": "earthling"
},
{
"_dis1": "47 53",
"word": "fatling"
},
{
"_dis1": "47 53",
"word": "fingerling"
},
{
"_dis1": "47 53",
"word": "fledgling"
},
{
"_dis1": "47 53",
"word": "fondling"
},
{
"_dis1": "47 53",
"word": "goatling"
},
{
"_dis1": "47 53",
"word": "godling"
},
{
"_dis1": "47 53",
"word": "gosling"
},
{
"_dis1": "47 53",
"word": "lambling"
},
{
"_dis1": "47 53",
"word": "lordling"
},
{
"_dis1": "47 53",
"word": "pigling"
},
{
"_dis1": "47 53",
"word": "princeling"
},
{
"_dis1": "47 53",
"word": "puffling"
},
{
"_dis1": "47 53",
"word": "spiderling"
},
{
"_dis1": "47 53",
"word": "sportling"
},
{
"_dis1": "47 53",
"word": "swanling"
},
{
"_dis1": "47 53",
"word": "vetchling"
},
{
"_dis1": "47 53",
"word": "cageling"
},
{
"_dis1": "47 53",
"word": "changeling"
},
{
"_dis1": "47 53",
"word": "endling"
},
{
"_dis1": "47 53",
"word": "firstling"
},
{
"_dis1": "47 53",
"word": "foundling"
},
{
"_dis1": "47 53",
"word": "hatchling"
},
{
"_dis1": "47 53",
"word": "hireling"
},
{
"_dis1": "47 53",
"word": "kindling"
},
{
"_dis1": "47 53",
"word": "nestling"
},
{
"_dis1": "47 53",
"word": "overling"
},
{
"_dis1": "47 53",
"word": "ridgeling"
},
{
"_dis1": "47 53",
"word": "sapling"
},
{
"_dis1": "47 53",
"word": "seedling"
},
{
"_dis1": "47 53",
"word": "shaveling"
},
{
"_dis1": "47 53",
"word": "starveling"
},
{
"_dis1": "47 53",
"word": "stripling"
},
{
"_dis1": "47 53",
"word": "suckling"
},
{
"_dis1": "47 53",
"word": "underling"
},
{
"_dis1": "47 53",
"word": "weakling"
},
{
"_dis1": "47 53",
"word": "wildling"
},
{
"_dis1": "47 53",
"word": "witling"
},
{
"_dis1": "47 53",
"word": "wordling"
},
{
"_dis1": "47 53",
"word": "worldling"
},
{
"_dis1": "47 53",
"word": "yearling"
},
{
"_dis1": "47 53",
"word": "youngling"
}
],
"etymology_number": 1,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "enm",
"3": "-ling"
},
"expansion": "Middle English -ling",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "ang",
"3": "-ling"
},
"expansion": "Old English -ling",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "gmw-pro",
"3": "*-ling"
},
"expansion": "Proto-West Germanic *-ling",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "gem-pro",
"3": "*-lingaz"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic *-lingaz",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "gem-pro",
"3": "*-ilaz"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic *-ilaz",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "gem-pro",
"3": "*-ingaz"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic *-ingaz",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "de",
"2": "-ling"
},
"expansion": "German -ling",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "is",
"2": "-lingur"
},
"expansion": "Icelandic -lingur",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "got",
"2": "-𐌻𐌹𐌲𐌲𐍃"
},
"expansion": "Gothic -𐌻𐌹𐌲𐌲𐍃 (-liggs)",
"name": "cog"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Middle English -ling, from Old English -ling, from Proto-West Germanic *-ling, from Proto-Germanic *-lingaz, a nominal suffix, probably composed of Proto-Germanic *-ilaz (agent/instrumental/diminutive suffix) + Proto-Germanic *-ingaz (patronymic suffix).\nAkin to Dutch -ling, German -ling, Icelandic -lingur, Gothic -𐌻𐌹𐌲𐌲𐍃 (-liggs). More at -le, -ing.",
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "suffix",
"cat2": "noun-forming suffixes",
"cat3": "diminutive suffixes",
"head": "",
"id": ""
},
"expansion": "-ling",
"name": "head"
},
{
"args": {
"cat2": "noun-forming suffixes",
"cat3": "diminutive suffixes"
},
"expansion": "-ling",
"name": "en-suffix"
}
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "suffix",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "72 28",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Entries with translation boxes",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "77 23",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Dutch translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "81 19",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with French translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "61 39",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with German translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "47 53",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Interlingua translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "74 26",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Italian translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "74 26",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Japanese translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "77 23",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Middle English translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "45 55",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Northern Kurdish translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "74 26",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Russian translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "68 32",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Spanish translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "81 19",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Welsh translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"small, immature, miniature"
],
"id": "en--ling-en-suffix-en:diminutive",
"links": [
[
"immature",
"immature"
]
],
"senseid": [
"en:diminutive"
],
"tags": [
"morpheme"
],
"translations": [
{
"_dis1": "74 26",
"code": "br",
"lang": "Breton",
"sense": "Diminutive",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "-ig"
},
{
"_dis1": "74 26",
"code": "cmn",
"lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
"roman": "xiǎo-",
"sense": "Diminutive",
"word": "小"
},
{
"_dis1": "74 26",
"code": "cmn",
"lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
"roman": "-zǎi",
"sense": "Diminutive",
"word": "崽"
},
{
"_dis1": "74 26",
"code": "cmn",
"lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
"roman": "-zi",
"sense": "Diminutive",
"word": "-子"
},
{
"_dis1": "74 26",
"code": "nl",
"lang": "Dutch",
"sense": "Diminutive",
"word": "-je"
},
{
"_dis1": "74 26",
"code": "nl",
"lang": "Dutch",
"sense": "Diminutive",
"word": "-pje"
},
{
"_dis1": "74 26",
"code": "nl",
"lang": "Dutch",
"sense": "Diminutive",
"word": "-tje"
},
{
"_dis1": "74 26",
"code": "nl",
"lang": "Dutch",
"sense": "Diminutive",
"word": "-ling"
},
{
"_dis1": "74 26",
"code": "et",
"lang": "Estonian",
"sense": "Diminutive",
"tags": [
"singular"
],
"word": "-kene"
},
{
"_dis1": "74 26",
"code": "et",
"lang": "Estonian",
"sense": "Diminutive",
"tags": [
"singular"
],
"word": "-lane"
},
{
"_dis1": "74 26",
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "Diminutive",
"word": "-nen"
},
{
"_dis1": "74 26",
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "Diminutive",
"word": "-lainen"
},
{
"_dis1": "74 26",
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "Diminutive",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "-et"
},
{
"_dis1": "74 26",
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "Diminutive",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "-ette"
},
{
"_dis1": "74 26",
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "Diminutive",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "-in"
},
{
"_dis1": "74 26",
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "Diminutive",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "-ine"
},
{
"_dis1": "74 26",
"code": "gl",
"lang": "Galician",
"sense": "Diminutive",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "-iño"
},
{
"_dis1": "74 26",
"code": "gl",
"lang": "Galician",
"sense": "Diminutive",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "iña"
},
{
"_dis1": "74 26",
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "Diminutive",
"word": "-chen"
},
{
"_dis1": "74 26",
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "Diminutive",
"word": "-lein"
},
{
"_dis1": "74 26",
"code": "de",
"english": "south German",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "Diminutive",
"word": "-erl"
},
{
"_dis1": "74 26",
"code": "ia",
"lang": "Interlingua",
"sense": "Diminutive",
"tags": [
"masculine",
"neuter"
],
"word": "-etto"
},
{
"_dis1": "74 26",
"code": "ia",
"lang": "Interlingua",
"sense": "Diminutive",
"tags": [
"feminine",
"neuter"
],
"word": "-etta"
},
{
"_dis1": "74 26",
"code": "ga",
"lang": "Irish",
"sense": "Diminutive",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "-án"
},
{
"_dis1": "74 26",
"code": "ga",
"lang": "Irish",
"sense": "Diminutive",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "-ín"
},
{
"_dis1": "74 26",
"code": "ga",
"lang": "Irish",
"sense": "Diminutive",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "-óg"
},
{
"_dis1": "74 26",
"code": "it",
"lang": "Italian",
"sense": "Diminutive",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "-ino"
},
{
"_dis1": "74 26",
"code": "it",
"lang": "Italian",
"sense": "Diminutive",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "-ina"
},
{
"_dis1": "74 26",
"code": "it",
"lang": "Italian",
"sense": "Diminutive",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "-etto"
},
{
"_dis1": "74 26",
"code": "it",
"lang": "Italian",
"sense": "Diminutive",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "-etta"
},
{
"_dis1": "74 26",
"code": "it",
"lang": "Italian",
"sense": "Diminutive",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "-ello"
},
{
"_dis1": "74 26",
"code": "it",
"lang": "Italian",
"sense": "Diminutive",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "-ella"
},
{
"_dis1": "74 26",
"alt": "こ",
"code": "ja",
"lang": "Japanese",
"roman": "ko-",
"sense": "Diminutive",
"word": "子"
},
{
"_dis1": "74 26",
"code": "kmr",
"lang": "Northern Kurdish",
"sense": "Diminutive",
"word": "-ik"
},
{
"_dis1": "74 26",
"code": "kmr",
"lang": "Northern Kurdish",
"sense": "Diminutive",
"word": "-k"
},
{
"_dis1": "74 26",
"code": "kmr",
"lang": "Northern Kurdish",
"sense": "Diminutive",
"word": "-ok"
},
{
"_dis1": "74 26",
"code": "enm",
"lang": "Middle English",
"sense": "Diminutive",
"word": "-ling"
},
{
"_dis1": "74 26",
"code": "enm",
"lang": "Middle English",
"sense": "Diminutive",
"word": "-ing"
},
{
"_dis1": "74 26",
"code": "pl",
"lang": "Polish",
"sense": "Diminutive",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "-ę"
},
{
"_dis1": "74 26",
"code": "pt",
"lang": "Portuguese",
"sense": "Diminutive",
"word": "-inho"
},
{
"_dis1": "74 26",
"code": "ro",
"lang": "Romanian",
"sense": "Diminutive",
"word": "-el"
},
{
"_dis1": "74 26",
"code": "ro",
"lang": "Romanian",
"sense": "Diminutive",
"word": "-șor"
},
{
"_dis1": "74 26",
"code": "ro",
"lang": "Romanian",
"sense": "Diminutive",
"word": "-uț"
},
{
"_dis1": "74 26",
"code": "ro",
"lang": "Romanian",
"sense": "Diminutive",
"word": "-uș"
},
{
"_dis1": "74 26",
"code": "ro",
"lang": "Romanian",
"sense": "Diminutive",
"word": "-aș"
},
{
"_dis1": "74 26",
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "-jónok",
"sense": "Diminutive",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "-ёнок"
},
{
"_dis1": "74 26",
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "-ónok",
"sense": "Diminutive",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "-о́нок"
},
{
"_dis1": "74 26",
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "-ok",
"sense": "Diminutive",
"word": "-ок"
},
{
"_dis1": "74 26",
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "-jók",
"sense": "Diminutive",
"word": "-ёк"
},
{
"_dis1": "74 26",
"code": "gd",
"lang": "Scottish Gaelic",
"sense": "Diminutive",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "-an"
},
{
"_dis1": "74 26",
"code": "gd",
"lang": "Scottish Gaelic",
"sense": "Diminutive",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "-ag"
},
{
"_dis1": "74 26",
"code": "scn",
"lang": "Sicilian",
"sense": "Diminutive",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "-eḍḍu"
},
{
"_dis1": "74 26",
"code": "scn",
"lang": "Sicilian",
"sense": "Diminutive",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "-eḍḍa"
},
{
"_dis1": "74 26",
"code": "scn",
"lang": "Sicilian",
"sense": "Diminutive",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "-uzzu"
},
{
"_dis1": "74 26",
"code": "scn",
"lang": "Sicilian",
"sense": "Diminutive",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "-uzza"
},
{
"_dis1": "74 26",
"code": "scn",
"lang": "Sicilian",
"sense": "Diminutive",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "-icchiu"
},
{
"_dis1": "74 26",
"code": "scn",
"lang": "Sicilian",
"sense": "Diminutive",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "-icchia"
},
{
"_dis1": "74 26",
"code": "scn",
"lang": "Sicilian",
"sense": "Diminutive",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "-ittu"
},
{
"_dis1": "74 26",
"alt": "(italianized) also as -ettu m",
"code": "scn",
"lang": "Sicilian",
"roman": "-etta",
"sense": "Diminutive",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "-itta"
},
{
"_dis1": "74 26",
"code": "scn",
"lang": "Sicilian",
"sense": "Diminutive",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "-inu"
},
{
"_dis1": "74 26",
"code": "scn",
"lang": "Sicilian",
"sense": "Diminutive",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "-ina"
},
{
"_dis1": "74 26",
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "Diminutive",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "-ito"
},
{
"_dis1": "74 26",
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "Diminutive",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "-ita"
},
{
"_dis1": "74 26",
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "Diminutive",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "-illo"
},
{
"_dis1": "74 26",
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "Diminutive",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "-illa"
},
{
"_dis1": "74 26",
"code": "sv",
"lang": "Swedish",
"sense": "Diminutive",
"word": "-is"
},
{
"_dis1": "74 26",
"code": "uk",
"lang": "Ukrainian",
"roman": "-enjá",
"sense": "Diminutive",
"word": "-еня́"
},
{
"_dis1": "74 26",
"code": "uk",
"lang": "Ukrainian",
"roman": "-óčok",
"sense": "Diminutive",
"word": "-о́чок"
},
{
"_dis1": "74 26",
"code": "uk",
"lang": "Ukrainian",
"roman": "-énʹko",
"sense": "Diminutive",
"word": "-е́нько"
},
{
"_dis1": "74 26",
"code": "cy",
"lang": "Welsh",
"sense": "Diminutive",
"tags": [
"feminine",
"masculine"
],
"word": "-ig"
},
{
"_dis1": "74 26",
"code": "cy",
"lang": "Welsh",
"sense": "Diminutive",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "-cyn"
},
{
"_dis1": "74 26",
"code": "cy",
"lang": "Welsh",
"sense": "Diminutive",
"tags": [
"feminine",
"masculine",
"plural"
],
"word": "-os"
}
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "36 64",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Breton translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "36 64",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Estonian translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "40 60",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Finnish translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "40 60",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Galician translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "47 53",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Interlingua translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "40 60",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Irish translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "33 67",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Mandarin translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "45 55",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Northern Kurdish translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "45 55",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Polish translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "36 64",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Portuguese translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "40 60",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Romanian translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "40 60",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Scottish Gaelic translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "40 60",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Sicilian translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "39 61",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Swedish translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "40 60",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Ukrainian translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"follower or resident"
],
"id": "en--ling-en-suffix-en:follower_or_resident",
"links": [
[
"follower",
"follower"
]
],
"senseid": [
"en:follower or resident"
],
"tags": [
"morpheme"
]
}
],
"synonyms": [
{
"_dis1": "47 53",
"tags": [
"obsolete"
],
"word": "-lyng"
}
],
"word": "-ling"
}
{
"etymology_number": 2,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "enm",
"3": "-ling"
},
"expansion": "Middle English -ling",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "ang",
"3": "-ling"
},
"expansion": "Old English -ling",
"name": "inh"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Middle English -ling, from Old English -ling, -linga, -lunga (adverbial suffix). Compare -long.",
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "suffix",
"cat2": "adverb-forming suffixes",
"cat3": "",
"head": "",
"id": ""
},
"expansion": "-ling",
"name": "head"
},
{
"args": {
"cat2": "adverb-forming suffixes"
},
"expansion": "-ling",
"name": "en-suffix"
}
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "suffix",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "8 22 70",
"kind": "other",
"name": "English entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"derived": [
{
"_dis1": "5 6 89",
"word": "darkling"
},
{
"word": "flatling"
},
{
"word": "headling"
},
{
"word": "sideling"
},
{
"word": "sunderling"
}
],
"glosses": [
"An adverbial suffix denoting manner, direction or position."
],
"id": "en--ling-en-suffix-rvYf9z7K",
"qualifier": "non-productive",
"raw_glosses": [
"(non-productive) An adverbial suffix denoting manner, direction or position."
],
"related": [
{
"word": "-en"
},
{
"word": "-le"
},
{
"word": "-ock"
}
],
"synonyms": [
{
"_dis1": "25 27 48",
"tags": [
"dialectal"
],
"word": "-lin"
},
{
"word": "-lings"
}
],
"tags": [
"morpheme"
]
}
],
"word": "-ling"
}
{
"categories": [
"English adverb-forming suffixes",
"English diminutive suffixes",
"English entries with incorrect language header",
"English lemmas",
"English noun-forming suffixes",
"English suffixes",
"English terms derived from Middle English",
"English terms derived from Old English",
"English terms derived from Proto-Germanic",
"English terms derived from Proto-West Germanic",
"English terms inherited from Middle English",
"English terms inherited from Old English",
"English terms inherited from Proto-Germanic",
"English terms inherited from Proto-West Germanic",
"Entries with translation boxes",
"Old English diminutive suffixes",
"Old English entries with incorrect language header",
"Old English lemmas",
"Old English masculine a-stem nouns",
"Old English masculine suffixes",
"Old English suffixes",
"Old English terms derived from Proto-Germanic",
"Old English terms derived from Proto-West Germanic",
"Old English terms inherited from Proto-Germanic",
"Old English terms inherited from Proto-West Germanic",
"Old English terms with IPA pronunciation",
"Old English terms with redundant head parameter",
"Pages with 7 entries",
"Pages with entries",
"Terms with Breton translations",
"Terms with Dutch translations",
"Terms with Estonian translations",
"Terms with Finnish translations",
"Terms with French translations",
"Terms with Galician translations",
"Terms with German translations",
"Terms with Interlingua translations",
"Terms with Irish translations",
"Terms with Italian translations",
"Terms with Japanese translations",
"Terms with Mandarin translations",
"Terms with Middle English translations",
"Terms with Northern Kurdish translations",
"Terms with Polish translations",
"Terms with Portuguese translations",
"Terms with Romanian translations",
"Terms with Russian translations",
"Terms with Scottish Gaelic translations",
"Terms with Sicilian translations",
"Terms with Spanish translations",
"Terms with Swedish translations",
"Terms with Ukrainian translations",
"Terms with Welsh translations"
],
"derived": [
{
"word": "buckling"
},
{
"word": "castling"
},
{
"word": "darling"
},
{
"word": "daughterling"
},
{
"word": "doeling"
},
{
"word": "duckling"
},
{
"word": "earthling"
},
{
"word": "fatling"
},
{
"word": "fingerling"
},
{
"word": "fledgling"
},
{
"word": "fondling"
},
{
"word": "goatling"
},
{
"word": "godling"
},
{
"word": "gosling"
},
{
"word": "lambling"
},
{
"word": "lordling"
},
{
"word": "pigling"
},
{
"word": "princeling"
},
{
"word": "puffling"
},
{
"word": "spiderling"
},
{
"word": "sportling"
},
{
"word": "swanling"
},
{
"word": "vetchling"
},
{
"word": "cageling"
},
{
"word": "changeling"
},
{
"word": "darkling"
},
{
"word": "endling"
},
{
"word": "firstling"
},
{
"word": "foundling"
},
{
"word": "hatchling"
},
{
"word": "hireling"
},
{
"word": "kindling"
},
{
"word": "nestling"
},
{
"word": "overling"
},
{
"word": "ridgeling"
},
{
"word": "sapling"
},
{
"word": "seedling"
},
{
"word": "shaveling"
},
{
"word": "starveling"
},
{
"word": "stripling"
},
{
"word": "suckling"
},
{
"word": "underling"
},
{
"word": "weakling"
},
{
"word": "wildling"
},
{
"word": "witling"
},
{
"word": "wordling"
},
{
"word": "worldling"
},
{
"word": "yearling"
},
{
"word": "youngling"
}
],
"etymology_number": 1,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "enm",
"3": "-ling"
},
"expansion": "Middle English -ling",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "ang",
"3": "-ling"
},
"expansion": "Old English -ling",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "gmw-pro",
"3": "*-ling"
},
"expansion": "Proto-West Germanic *-ling",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "gem-pro",
"3": "*-lingaz"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic *-lingaz",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "gem-pro",
"3": "*-ilaz"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic *-ilaz",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "gem-pro",
"3": "*-ingaz"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic *-ingaz",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "de",
"2": "-ling"
},
"expansion": "German -ling",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "is",
"2": "-lingur"
},
"expansion": "Icelandic -lingur",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "got",
"2": "-𐌻𐌹𐌲𐌲𐍃"
},
"expansion": "Gothic -𐌻𐌹𐌲𐌲𐍃 (-liggs)",
"name": "cog"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Middle English -ling, from Old English -ling, from Proto-West Germanic *-ling, from Proto-Germanic *-lingaz, a nominal suffix, probably composed of Proto-Germanic *-ilaz (agent/instrumental/diminutive suffix) + Proto-Germanic *-ingaz (patronymic suffix).\nAkin to Dutch -ling, German -ling, Icelandic -lingur, Gothic -𐌻𐌹𐌲𐌲𐍃 (-liggs). More at -le, -ing.",
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "suffix",
"cat2": "noun-forming suffixes",
"cat3": "diminutive suffixes",
"head": "",
"id": ""
},
"expansion": "-ling",
"name": "head"
},
{
"args": {
"cat2": "noun-forming suffixes",
"cat3": "diminutive suffixes"
},
"expansion": "-ling",
"name": "en-suffix"
}
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "suffix",
"senses": [
{
"glosses": [
"small, immature, miniature"
],
"links": [
[
"immature",
"immature"
]
],
"senseid": [
"en:diminutive"
],
"tags": [
"morpheme"
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"follower or resident"
],
"links": [
[
"follower",
"follower"
]
],
"senseid": [
"en:follower or resident"
],
"tags": [
"morpheme"
]
}
],
"synonyms": [
{
"tags": [
"obsolete"
],
"word": "-lyng"
},
{
"tags": [
"dialectal"
],
"word": "-lin"
}
],
"translations": [
{
"code": "br",
"lang": "Breton",
"sense": "Diminutive",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "-ig"
},
{
"code": "cmn",
"lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
"roman": "xiǎo-",
"sense": "Diminutive",
"word": "小"
},
{
"code": "cmn",
"lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
"roman": "-zǎi",
"sense": "Diminutive",
"word": "崽"
},
{
"code": "cmn",
"lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
"roman": "-zi",
"sense": "Diminutive",
"word": "-子"
},
{
"code": "nl",
"lang": "Dutch",
"sense": "Diminutive",
"word": "-je"
},
{
"code": "nl",
"lang": "Dutch",
"sense": "Diminutive",
"word": "-pje"
},
{
"code": "nl",
"lang": "Dutch",
"sense": "Diminutive",
"word": "-tje"
},
{
"code": "nl",
"lang": "Dutch",
"sense": "Diminutive",
"word": "-ling"
},
{
"code": "et",
"lang": "Estonian",
"sense": "Diminutive",
"tags": [
"singular"
],
"word": "-kene"
},
{
"code": "et",
"lang": "Estonian",
"sense": "Diminutive",
"tags": [
"singular"
],
"word": "-lane"
},
{
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "Diminutive",
"word": "-nen"
},
{
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "Diminutive",
"word": "-lainen"
},
{
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "Diminutive",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "-et"
},
{
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "Diminutive",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "-ette"
},
{
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "Diminutive",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "-in"
},
{
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "Diminutive",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "-ine"
},
{
"code": "gl",
"lang": "Galician",
"sense": "Diminutive",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "-iño"
},
{
"code": "gl",
"lang": "Galician",
"sense": "Diminutive",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "iña"
},
{
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "Diminutive",
"word": "-chen"
},
{
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "Diminutive",
"word": "-lein"
},
{
"code": "de",
"english": "south German",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "Diminutive",
"word": "-erl"
},
{
"code": "ia",
"lang": "Interlingua",
"sense": "Diminutive",
"tags": [
"masculine",
"neuter"
],
"word": "-etto"
},
{
"code": "ia",
"lang": "Interlingua",
"sense": "Diminutive",
"tags": [
"feminine",
"neuter"
],
"word": "-etta"
},
{
"code": "ga",
"lang": "Irish",
"sense": "Diminutive",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "-án"
},
{
"code": "ga",
"lang": "Irish",
"sense": "Diminutive",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "-ín"
},
{
"code": "ga",
"lang": "Irish",
"sense": "Diminutive",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "-óg"
},
{
"code": "it",
"lang": "Italian",
"sense": "Diminutive",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "-ino"
},
{
"code": "it",
"lang": "Italian",
"sense": "Diminutive",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "-ina"
},
{
"code": "it",
"lang": "Italian",
"sense": "Diminutive",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "-etto"
},
{
"code": "it",
"lang": "Italian",
"sense": "Diminutive",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "-etta"
},
{
"code": "it",
"lang": "Italian",
"sense": "Diminutive",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "-ello"
},
{
"code": "it",
"lang": "Italian",
"sense": "Diminutive",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "-ella"
},
{
"alt": "こ",
"code": "ja",
"lang": "Japanese",
"roman": "ko-",
"sense": "Diminutive",
"word": "子"
},
{
"code": "kmr",
"lang": "Northern Kurdish",
"sense": "Diminutive",
"word": "-ik"
},
{
"code": "kmr",
"lang": "Northern Kurdish",
"sense": "Diminutive",
"word": "-k"
},
{
"code": "kmr",
"lang": "Northern Kurdish",
"sense": "Diminutive",
"word": "-ok"
},
{
"code": "enm",
"lang": "Middle English",
"sense": "Diminutive",
"word": "-ling"
},
{
"code": "enm",
"lang": "Middle English",
"sense": "Diminutive",
"word": "-ing"
},
{
"code": "pl",
"lang": "Polish",
"sense": "Diminutive",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "-ę"
},
{
"code": "pt",
"lang": "Portuguese",
"sense": "Diminutive",
"word": "-inho"
},
{
"code": "ro",
"lang": "Romanian",
"sense": "Diminutive",
"word": "-el"
},
{
"code": "ro",
"lang": "Romanian",
"sense": "Diminutive",
"word": "-șor"
},
{
"code": "ro",
"lang": "Romanian",
"sense": "Diminutive",
"word": "-uț"
},
{
"code": "ro",
"lang": "Romanian",
"sense": "Diminutive",
"word": "-uș"
},
{
"code": "ro",
"lang": "Romanian",
"sense": "Diminutive",
"word": "-aș"
},
{
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "-jónok",
"sense": "Diminutive",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "-ёнок"
},
{
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "-ónok",
"sense": "Diminutive",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "-о́нок"
},
{
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "-ok",
"sense": "Diminutive",
"word": "-ок"
},
{
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "-jók",
"sense": "Diminutive",
"word": "-ёк"
},
{
"code": "gd",
"lang": "Scottish Gaelic",
"sense": "Diminutive",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "-an"
},
{
"code": "gd",
"lang": "Scottish Gaelic",
"sense": "Diminutive",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "-ag"
},
{
"code": "scn",
"lang": "Sicilian",
"sense": "Diminutive",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "-eḍḍu"
},
{
"code": "scn",
"lang": "Sicilian",
"sense": "Diminutive",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "-eḍḍa"
},
{
"code": "scn",
"lang": "Sicilian",
"sense": "Diminutive",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "-uzzu"
},
{
"code": "scn",
"lang": "Sicilian",
"sense": "Diminutive",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "-uzza"
},
{
"code": "scn",
"lang": "Sicilian",
"sense": "Diminutive",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "-icchiu"
},
{
"code": "scn",
"lang": "Sicilian",
"sense": "Diminutive",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "-icchia"
},
{
"code": "scn",
"lang": "Sicilian",
"sense": "Diminutive",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "-ittu"
},
{
"alt": "(italianized) also as -ettu m",
"code": "scn",
"lang": "Sicilian",
"roman": "-etta",
"sense": "Diminutive",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "-itta"
},
{
"code": "scn",
"lang": "Sicilian",
"sense": "Diminutive",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "-inu"
},
{
"code": "scn",
"lang": "Sicilian",
"sense": "Diminutive",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "-ina"
},
{
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "Diminutive",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "-ito"
},
{
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "Diminutive",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "-ita"
},
{
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "Diminutive",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "-illo"
},
{
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "Diminutive",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "-illa"
},
{
"code": "sv",
"lang": "Swedish",
"sense": "Diminutive",
"word": "-is"
},
{
"code": "uk",
"lang": "Ukrainian",
"roman": "-enjá",
"sense": "Diminutive",
"word": "-еня́"
},
{
"code": "uk",
"lang": "Ukrainian",
"roman": "-óčok",
"sense": "Diminutive",
"word": "-о́чок"
},
{
"code": "uk",
"lang": "Ukrainian",
"roman": "-énʹko",
"sense": "Diminutive",
"word": "-е́нько"
},
{
"code": "cy",
"lang": "Welsh",
"sense": "Diminutive",
"tags": [
"feminine",
"masculine"
],
"word": "-ig"
},
{
"code": "cy",
"lang": "Welsh",
"sense": "Diminutive",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "-cyn"
},
{
"code": "cy",
"lang": "Welsh",
"sense": "Diminutive",
"tags": [
"feminine",
"masculine",
"plural"
],
"word": "-os"
}
],
"word": "-ling"
}
{
"categories": [
"English adverb-forming suffixes",
"English entries with incorrect language header",
"English lemmas",
"English suffixes",
"English terms derived from Middle English",
"English terms derived from Old English",
"English terms inherited from Middle English",
"English terms inherited from Old English",
"Old English diminutive suffixes",
"Old English entries with incorrect language header",
"Old English lemmas",
"Old English masculine a-stem nouns",
"Old English masculine suffixes",
"Old English suffixes",
"Old English terms derived from Proto-Germanic",
"Old English terms derived from Proto-West Germanic",
"Old English terms inherited from Proto-Germanic",
"Old English terms inherited from Proto-West Germanic",
"Old English terms with IPA pronunciation",
"Old English terms with redundant head parameter",
"Pages with 7 entries",
"Pages with entries"
],
"derived": [
{
"word": "darkling"
},
{
"word": "flatling"
},
{
"word": "headling"
},
{
"word": "sideling"
},
{
"word": "sunderling"
}
],
"etymology_number": 2,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "enm",
"3": "-ling"
},
"expansion": "Middle English -ling",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "ang",
"3": "-ling"
},
"expansion": "Old English -ling",
"name": "inh"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Middle English -ling, from Old English -ling, -linga, -lunga (adverbial suffix). Compare -long.",
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "suffix",
"cat2": "adverb-forming suffixes",
"cat3": "",
"head": "",
"id": ""
},
"expansion": "-ling",
"name": "head"
},
{
"args": {
"cat2": "adverb-forming suffixes"
},
"expansion": "-ling",
"name": "en-suffix"
}
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "suffix",
"related": [
{
"word": "-en"
},
{
"word": "-le"
},
{
"word": "-ock"
}
],
"senses": [
{
"glosses": [
"An adverbial suffix denoting manner, direction or position."
],
"qualifier": "non-productive",
"raw_glosses": [
"(non-productive) An adverbial suffix denoting manner, direction or position."
],
"tags": [
"morpheme"
]
}
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "-lings"
},
{
"tags": [
"dialectal"
],
"word": "-lin"
}
],
"word": "-ling"
}
Download raw JSONL data for -ling meaning in English (13.8kB)
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable English dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2024-12-21 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2024-12-04 using wiktextract (d8cb2f3 and 4e554ae). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.