See -ling on Wiktionary
Download JSON data for -ling meaning in All languages combined (32.6kB)
{
"derived": [
{
"_dis1": "47 53",
"word": "buckling"
},
{
"_dis1": "47 53",
"word": "castling"
},
{
"_dis1": "47 53",
"word": "darling"
},
{
"_dis1": "47 53",
"word": "daughterling"
},
{
"_dis1": "47 53",
"word": "doeling"
},
{
"_dis1": "47 53",
"word": "duckling"
},
{
"_dis1": "47 53",
"word": "earthling"
},
{
"_dis1": "47 53",
"word": "fatling"
},
{
"_dis1": "47 53",
"word": "fingerling"
},
{
"_dis1": "47 53",
"word": "fledgling"
},
{
"_dis1": "47 53",
"word": "fondling"
},
{
"_dis1": "47 53",
"word": "goatling"
},
{
"_dis1": "47 53",
"word": "godling"
},
{
"_dis1": "47 53",
"word": "gosling"
},
{
"_dis1": "47 53",
"word": "lambling"
},
{
"_dis1": "47 53",
"word": "lordling"
},
{
"_dis1": "47 53",
"word": "pigling"
},
{
"_dis1": "47 53",
"word": "princeling"
},
{
"_dis1": "47 53",
"word": "puffling"
},
{
"_dis1": "47 53",
"word": "spiderling"
},
{
"_dis1": "47 53",
"word": "sportling"
},
{
"_dis1": "47 53",
"word": "swanling"
},
{
"_dis1": "47 53",
"word": "vetchling"
},
{
"_dis1": "47 53",
"word": "cageling"
},
{
"_dis1": "47 53",
"word": "changeling"
},
{
"_dis1": "47 53",
"word": "endling"
},
{
"_dis1": "47 53",
"word": "firstling"
},
{
"_dis1": "47 53",
"word": "foundling"
},
{
"_dis1": "47 53",
"word": "hatchling"
},
{
"_dis1": "47 53",
"word": "hireling"
},
{
"_dis1": "47 53",
"word": "kindling"
},
{
"_dis1": "47 53",
"word": "nestling"
},
{
"_dis1": "47 53",
"word": "overling"
},
{
"_dis1": "47 53",
"word": "ridgeling"
},
{
"_dis1": "47 53",
"word": "sapling"
},
{
"_dis1": "47 53",
"word": "seedling"
},
{
"_dis1": "47 53",
"word": "shaveling"
},
{
"_dis1": "47 53",
"word": "starveling"
},
{
"_dis1": "47 53",
"word": "stripling"
},
{
"_dis1": "47 53",
"word": "suckling"
},
{
"_dis1": "47 53",
"word": "underling"
},
{
"_dis1": "47 53",
"word": "weakling"
},
{
"_dis1": "47 53",
"word": "wildling"
},
{
"_dis1": "47 53",
"word": "witling"
},
{
"_dis1": "47 53",
"word": "wordling"
},
{
"_dis1": "47 53",
"word": "yearling"
},
{
"_dis1": "47 53",
"word": "youngling"
}
],
"etymology_number": 1,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "enm",
"3": "-ling"
},
"expansion": "Middle English -ling",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "ang",
"3": "-ling"
},
"expansion": "Old English -ling",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "gmw-pro",
"3": "*-ling"
},
"expansion": "Proto-West Germanic *-ling",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "gem-pro",
"3": "*-lingaz"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic *-lingaz",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "gem-pro",
"3": "*-ilaz"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic *-ilaz",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "gem-pro",
"3": "*-ingaz"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic *-ingaz",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "nl",
"2": "-ling"
},
"expansion": "-ling",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "de",
"2": "-ling"
},
"expansion": "German -ling",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "is",
"2": "-lingur"
},
"expansion": "Icelandic -lingur",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "got",
"2": "-𐌻𐌹𐌲𐌲𐍃"
},
"expansion": "Gothic -𐌻𐌹𐌲𐌲𐍃 (-liggs)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "-le"
},
"expansion": "-le",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "-ing"
},
"expansion": "-ing",
"name": "m"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Middle English -ling, from Old English -ling, from Proto-West Germanic *-ling, from Proto-Germanic *-lingaz, a nominal suffix, probably composed of Proto-Germanic *-ilaz (agent/instrumental/diminutive suffix) + Proto-Germanic *-ingaz (patronymic suffix).\nAkin to Dutch -ling, German -ling, Icelandic -lingur, Gothic -𐌻𐌹𐌲𐌲𐍃 (-liggs). More at -le, -ing.",
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "suffix",
"cat2": "noun-forming suffixes",
"cat3": "diminutive suffixes",
"head": "",
"id": ""
},
"expansion": "-ling",
"name": "head"
},
{
"args": {
"cat2": "noun-forming suffixes",
"cat3": "diminutive suffixes"
},
"expansion": "-ling",
"name": "en-suffix"
}
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "suffix",
"senses": [
{
"glosses": [
"small, immature, miniature"
],
"id": "en--ling-en-suffix-en:diminutive",
"links": [
[
"immature",
"immature"
]
],
"senseid": [
"en:diminutive"
],
"tags": [
"morpheme"
],
"translations": [
{
"_dis1": "74 26",
"code": "br",
"lang": "Breton",
"sense": "Diminutive",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "-ig"
},
{
"_dis1": "74 26",
"code": "cmn",
"lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
"roman": "xiǎo-",
"sense": "Diminutive",
"word": "小"
},
{
"_dis1": "74 26",
"code": "cmn",
"lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
"roman": "-zǎi",
"sense": "Diminutive",
"word": "崽"
},
{
"_dis1": "74 26",
"code": "cmn",
"lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
"roman": "-zi",
"sense": "Diminutive",
"word": "-子"
},
{
"_dis1": "74 26",
"code": "nl",
"lang": "Dutch",
"sense": "Diminutive",
"word": "-je"
},
{
"_dis1": "74 26",
"code": "nl",
"lang": "Dutch",
"sense": "Diminutive",
"word": "-pje"
},
{
"_dis1": "74 26",
"code": "nl",
"lang": "Dutch",
"sense": "Diminutive",
"word": "-tje"
},
{
"_dis1": "74 26",
"code": "nl",
"lang": "Dutch",
"sense": "Diminutive",
"word": "-ling"
},
{
"_dis1": "74 26",
"code": "et",
"lang": "Estonian",
"sense": "Diminutive",
"tags": [
"singular"
],
"word": "-kene"
},
{
"_dis1": "74 26",
"code": "et",
"lang": "Estonian",
"sense": "Diminutive",
"tags": [
"singular"
],
"word": "-lane"
},
{
"_dis1": "74 26",
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "Diminutive",
"word": "-nen"
},
{
"_dis1": "74 26",
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "Diminutive",
"word": "-lainen"
},
{
"_dis1": "74 26",
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "Diminutive",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "-et"
},
{
"_dis1": "74 26",
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "Diminutive",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "-ette"
},
{
"_dis1": "74 26",
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "Diminutive",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "-in"
},
{
"_dis1": "74 26",
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "Diminutive",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "-ine"
},
{
"_dis1": "74 26",
"code": "gl",
"lang": "Galician",
"sense": "Diminutive",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "-iño"
},
{
"_dis1": "74 26",
"code": "gl",
"lang": "Galician",
"sense": "Diminutive",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "iña"
},
{
"_dis1": "74 26",
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "Diminutive",
"word": "-chen"
},
{
"_dis1": "74 26",
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "Diminutive",
"word": "-lein"
},
{
"_dis1": "74 26",
"code": "de",
"english": "south German",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "Diminutive",
"word": "-erl"
},
{
"_dis1": "74 26",
"code": "ia",
"lang": "Interlingua",
"sense": "Diminutive",
"tags": [
"masculine",
"neuter"
],
"word": "-etto"
},
{
"_dis1": "74 26",
"code": "ia",
"lang": "Interlingua",
"sense": "Diminutive",
"tags": [
"feminine",
"neuter"
],
"word": "-etta"
},
{
"_dis1": "74 26",
"code": "ga",
"lang": "Irish",
"sense": "Diminutive",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "-án"
},
{
"_dis1": "74 26",
"code": "ga",
"lang": "Irish",
"sense": "Diminutive",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "-ín"
},
{
"_dis1": "74 26",
"code": "ga",
"lang": "Irish",
"sense": "Diminutive",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "-óg"
},
{
"_dis1": "74 26",
"code": "it",
"lang": "Italian",
"sense": "Diminutive",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "-ino"
},
{
"_dis1": "74 26",
"code": "it",
"lang": "Italian",
"sense": "Diminutive",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "-ina"
},
{
"_dis1": "74 26",
"code": "it",
"lang": "Italian",
"sense": "Diminutive",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "-etto"
},
{
"_dis1": "74 26",
"code": "it",
"lang": "Italian",
"sense": "Diminutive",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "-etta"
},
{
"_dis1": "74 26",
"code": "it",
"lang": "Italian",
"sense": "Diminutive",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "-ello"
},
{
"_dis1": "74 26",
"code": "it",
"lang": "Italian",
"sense": "Diminutive",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "-ella"
},
{
"_dis1": "74 26",
"alt": "こ",
"code": "ja",
"lang": "Japanese",
"roman": "ko-",
"sense": "Diminutive",
"word": "子"
},
{
"_dis1": "74 26",
"code": "enm",
"lang": "Middle English",
"sense": "Diminutive",
"word": "-ling"
},
{
"_dis1": "74 26",
"code": "enm",
"lang": "Middle English",
"sense": "Diminutive",
"word": "-ing"
},
{
"_dis1": "74 26",
"code": "pl",
"lang": "Polish",
"sense": "Diminutive",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "-ę"
},
{
"_dis1": "74 26",
"code": "pt",
"lang": "Portuguese",
"sense": "Diminutive",
"word": "-inho"
},
{
"_dis1": "74 26",
"code": "ro",
"lang": "Romanian",
"sense": "Diminutive",
"word": "-el"
},
{
"_dis1": "74 26",
"code": "ro",
"lang": "Romanian",
"sense": "Diminutive",
"word": "-șor"
},
{
"_dis1": "74 26",
"code": "ro",
"lang": "Romanian",
"sense": "Diminutive",
"word": "-uț"
},
{
"_dis1": "74 26",
"code": "ro",
"lang": "Romanian",
"sense": "Diminutive",
"word": "-uș"
},
{
"_dis1": "74 26",
"code": "ro",
"lang": "Romanian",
"sense": "Diminutive",
"word": "-aș"
},
{
"_dis1": "74 26",
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "-jónok",
"sense": "Diminutive",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "-ёнок"
},
{
"_dis1": "74 26",
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "-ónok",
"sense": "Diminutive",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "-о́нок"
},
{
"_dis1": "74 26",
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "-ok",
"sense": "Diminutive",
"word": "-ок"
},
{
"_dis1": "74 26",
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "-jók",
"sense": "Diminutive",
"word": "-ёк"
},
{
"_dis1": "74 26",
"code": "gd",
"lang": "Scottish Gaelic",
"sense": "Diminutive",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "-an"
},
{
"_dis1": "74 26",
"code": "gd",
"lang": "Scottish Gaelic",
"sense": "Diminutive",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "-ag"
},
{
"_dis1": "74 26",
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "Diminutive",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "-ito"
},
{
"_dis1": "74 26",
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "Diminutive",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "-ita"
},
{
"_dis1": "74 26",
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "Diminutive",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "-illo"
},
{
"_dis1": "74 26",
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "Diminutive",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "-illa"
},
{
"_dis1": "74 26",
"code": "sv",
"lang": "Swedish",
"sense": "Diminutive",
"word": "-is"
},
{
"_dis1": "74 26",
"code": "uk",
"lang": "Ukrainian",
"roman": "-enjá",
"sense": "Diminutive",
"word": "-еня́"
},
{
"_dis1": "74 26",
"code": "uk",
"lang": "Ukrainian",
"roman": "-óčok",
"sense": "Diminutive",
"word": "-о́чок"
},
{
"_dis1": "74 26",
"code": "uk",
"lang": "Ukrainian",
"roman": "-énʹko",
"sense": "Diminutive",
"word": "-е́нько"
},
{
"_dis1": "74 26",
"code": "cy",
"lang": "Welsh",
"sense": "Diminutive",
"tags": [
"feminine",
"masculine"
],
"word": "-ig"
},
{
"_dis1": "74 26",
"code": "cy",
"lang": "Welsh",
"sense": "Diminutive",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "-cyn"
},
{
"_dis1": "74 26",
"code": "cy",
"lang": "Welsh",
"sense": "Diminutive",
"tags": [
"feminine",
"masculine",
"plural"
],
"word": "-os"
}
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"follower or resident"
],
"id": "en--ling-en-suffix-en:follower_or_resident",
"links": [
[
"follower",
"follower"
]
],
"senseid": [
"en:follower or resident"
],
"tags": [
"morpheme"
]
}
],
"synonyms": [
{
"_dis1": "47 53",
"tags": [
"obsolete"
],
"word": "-lyng"
}
],
"word": "-ling"
}
{
"etymology_number": 2,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "enm",
"3": "-ling"
},
"expansion": "Middle English -ling",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "ang",
"3": "-ling"
},
"expansion": "Old English -ling",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ang",
"2": "-linga"
},
"expansion": "-linga",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ang",
"2": "-lunga",
"pos": "adverbial suffix"
},
"expansion": "-lunga (adverbial suffix)",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "-long"
},
"expansion": "-long",
"name": "m"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Middle English -ling, from Old English -ling, -linga, -lunga (adverbial suffix). Compare -long.",
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "suffix",
"cat2": "adverb-forming suffixes",
"cat3": "",
"head": "",
"id": ""
},
"expansion": "-ling",
"name": "head"
},
{
"args": {
"cat2": "adverb-forming suffixes"
},
"expansion": "-ling",
"name": "en-suffix"
}
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "suffix",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "8 23 69",
"kind": "other",
"name": "English entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"derived": [
{
"_dis1": "5 6 89",
"word": "darkling"
},
{
"word": "flatling"
},
{
"word": "headling"
},
{
"word": "sideling"
},
{
"word": "sunderling"
}
],
"glosses": [
"An adverbial suffix denoting manner, direction or position."
],
"id": "en--ling-en-suffix-rvYf9z7K",
"qualifier": "non-productive",
"raw_glosses": [
"(non-productive) An adverbial suffix denoting manner, direction or position."
],
"related": [
{
"word": "-en"
},
{
"word": "-le"
},
{
"word": "-ock"
}
],
"synonyms": [
{
"_dis1": "25 27 48",
"tags": [
"dialectal"
],
"word": "-lin"
},
{
"word": "-lings"
}
],
"tags": [
"morpheme"
]
}
],
"word": "-ling"
}
{
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "nl",
"2": "-ing"
},
"expansion": "-ing",
"name": "m"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From a rebracketing of nouns with an -ing suffix. See above (English).",
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "nl",
"2": "suffix",
"cat2": "noun-forming suffixes",
"g": "m"
},
"expansion": "-ling m",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Dutch",
"lang_code": "nl",
"pos": "suffix",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Dutch entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Dutch entries with language name categories using raw markup",
"parents": [
"Entries with language name categories using raw markup",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Dutch terms with non-redundant non-automated sortkeys",
"parents": [
"Terms with non-redundant non-automated sortkeys",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with raw sortkeys",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"_dis": "11 1 3 8 10 5 5 6 6 8 5 10 6 6 8 1",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Old English entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "23 3 1 5 6 3 2 12 3 5 3 21 3 3 5 1",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with raw sortkeys",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"derived": [
{
"tags": [
"adverb"
],
"word": "-lings"
},
{
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "-linge"
}
],
"glosses": [
"A suffix that describes a person (or other creature) in terms of a place of origin or a quality, as defined by the root to which it is added."
],
"id": "en--ling-nl-suffix-NaINEqM8",
"tags": [
"masculine",
"morpheme"
]
}
],
"word": "-ling"
}
{
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "de",
"2": "gem-pro",
"inh": "1"
},
"expansion": "",
"name": "dercat"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "de",
"2": "gmh",
"3": "-linc"
},
"expansion": "Middle High German -linc",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "de",
"2": "goh",
"3": "-ling"
},
"expansion": "Old High German -ling",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "de",
"2": "gmw-pro",
"3": "*-ling"
},
"expansion": "Proto-West Germanic *-ling",
"name": "der"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Middle High German -linc, from Old High German -ling, from Proto-West Germanic *-ling.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "-linges",
"tags": [
"genitive"
]
},
{
"form": "-lings",
"tags": [
"genitive"
]
},
{
"form": "-linge",
"tags": [
"plural"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "de",
"2": "suffix",
"3": "genitive",
"4": "-linges",
"5": "or",
"6": "-lings",
"7": "plural",
"8": "-linge",
"cat2": "noun-forming suffixes",
"g": "m"
},
"expansion": "-ling m (genitive -linges or -lings, plural -linge)",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "German",
"lang_code": "de",
"pos": "suffix",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "11 1 3 8 10 5 5 6 6 8 5 10 6 6 8 1",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Old English entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "63 25 12",
"kind": "other",
"name": "German entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Indicates possession of or connection with a quality or property, such as Schwächling (“weakling”) from schwach (“weak”) or Frühling (“the season Spring [which comes early]”) from früh (“early”)."
],
"id": "en--ling-de-suffix-rsE5vuJ2",
"links": [
[
"quality",
"quality"
],
[
"property",
"property"
],
[
"Schwächling",
"Schwächling#German"
],
[
"schwach",
"schwach#German"
],
[
"Frühling",
"Frühling#German"
],
[
"früh",
"früh#German"
]
],
"tags": [
"masculine",
"morpheme"
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"A modifier of nouns, meaning a follower or resident of what is denoted by the stem form, such as Häftling from Haft."
],
"id": "en--ling-de-suffix-odhG614q",
"links": [
[
"noun",
"noun"
],
[
"Häftling",
"Häftling#German"
],
[
"Haft",
"Haft#German"
]
],
"tags": [
"masculine",
"morpheme"
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"Suffix forming the names of many mushrooms."
],
"id": "en--ling-de-suffix-xqGeutyI",
"links": [
[
"mushrooms",
"mushrooms"
]
],
"tags": [
"masculine",
"morpheme"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "[lɪŋ]"
},
{
"audio": "LL-Q188 (deu)-Frank C. Müller--ling.wav",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/d0/LL-Q188_%28deu%29-Frank_C._M%C3%BCller--ling.wav/LL-Q188_%28deu%29-Frank_C._M%C3%BCller--ling.wav.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/d0/LL-Q188_%28deu%29-Frank_C._M%C3%BCller--ling.wav/LL-Q188_%28deu%29-Frank_C._M%C3%BCller--ling.wav.ogg",
"text": "Audio"
}
],
"word": "-ling"
}
{
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "is",
"2": "suffix form"
},
"expansion": "-ling",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Icelandic",
"lang_code": "is",
"pos": "suffix",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Icelandic entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with raw sortkeys",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"_dis": "23 3 1 5 6 3 2 12 3 5 3 21 3 3 5 1",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with raw sortkeys",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"form_of": [
{
"word": "-lingur"
}
],
"glosses": [
"indefinite accusative singular of -lingur"
],
"id": "en--ling-is-suffix-o0-oBKek",
"links": [
[
"-lingur",
"-lingur#Icelandic"
]
],
"tags": [
"accusative",
"form-of",
"indefinite",
"morpheme",
"singular"
]
}
],
"word": "-ling"
}
{
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "-ling"
},
"expansion": "English: -ling",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "English: -ling"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sco",
"2": "-ling",
"3": "-lin"
},
"expansion": "Scots: -ling, -lin",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Scots: -ling, -lin"
}
],
"etymology_number": 1,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "ang",
"3": "-ling",
"id": "nominal",
"pos": "nominal suffix"
},
"expansion": "Old English -ling (nominal suffix)",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "gmw-pro",
"3": "*-ling"
},
"expansion": "Proto-West Germanic *-ling",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "gem-pro",
"3": "*-ilingaz"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic *-ilingaz",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "-el",
"3": "-ing",
"id1": "agentive",
"id2": "diminutive suffix"
},
"expansion": "-el + -ing",
"name": "af"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Old English -ling (nominal suffix), from Proto-West Germanic *-ling, from Proto-Germanic *-ilingaz; equivalent to -el + -ing.",
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "suffix"
},
"expansion": "-ling",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Middle English",
"lang_code": "enm",
"pos": "suffix",
"senses": [
{
"glosses": [
"suffix used in forming personal nouns"
],
"id": "en--ling-enm-suffix-enm:diminutive",
"senseid": [
"enm:diminutive"
],
"synonyms": [
{
"_dis1": "66 34",
"word": "-linge"
},
{
"_dis1": "66 34",
"word": "-lingge"
},
{
"_dis1": "66 34",
"word": "-lyng"
},
{
"_dis1": "66 34",
"word": "-lynge"
}
],
"tags": [
"morpheme"
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "20 52 28",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Middle English entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "21 53 26",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Middle English entries with language name categories using raw markup",
"parents": [
"Entries with language name categories using raw markup",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "28 72",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Middle English terms suffixed with -el (agentive)",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "38 62",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Middle English terms suffixed with -ing (diminutive suffix)",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "15 60 25",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Middle English terms with non-redundant non-automated sortkeys",
"parents": [
"Terms with non-redundant non-automated sortkeys",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"suffix forming diminutives"
],
"id": "en--ling-enm-suffix-UG-Vi9H1",
"tags": [
"morpheme"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/-linɡ/"
}
],
"word": "-ling"
}
{
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "-ling",
"3": "-long"
},
"expansion": "English: -ling, -long",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "headlong"
},
"expansion": "headlong",
"name": "m"
}
],
"text": "English: -ling, -long (as in headlong)"
}
],
"etymology_number": 2,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "ang",
"3": "-ling",
"id": "adverbial",
"pos": "adverbial suffix"
},
"expansion": "Old English -ling (adverbial suffix)",
"name": "inh"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Old English -ling (adverbial suffix).",
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "suffix"
},
"expansion": "-ling",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Middle English",
"lang_code": "enm",
"pos": "suffix",
"senses": [
{
"glosses": [
"An adverbial suffix denoting direction, state or position."
],
"id": "en--ling-enm-suffix-enm:adverbial",
"senseid": [
"enm:adverbial"
],
"tags": [
"morpheme"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/-linɡ/"
}
],
"word": "-ling"
}
{
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "nb",
"2": "de",
"3": "-ling"
},
"expansion": "German -ling",
"name": "der"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From German -ling.",
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "nb",
"2": "suffix"
},
"expansion": "-ling",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Norwegian Bokmål",
"lang_code": "nb",
"pos": "suffix",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Norwegian Bokmål entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with raw sortkeys",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"_dis": "11 1 3 8 10 5 5 6 6 8 5 10 6 6 8 1",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Old English entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "23 3 1 5 6 3 2 12 3 5 3 21 3 3 5 1",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with raw sortkeys",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"denoting diminutive"
],
"id": "en--ling-nb-suffix-AXDLVpJy",
"links": [
[
"diminutive",
"diminutive#English"
]
],
"tags": [
"morpheme"
]
}
],
"word": "-ling"
}
{
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "-ling",
"id": "adverbial"
},
"expansion": "Middle English: -ling\nEnglish: -ling, -long (as in headlong)",
"name": "desctree"
}
],
"text": "Middle English: -ling\nEnglish: -ling, -long (as in headlong)"
}
],
"etymology_number": 1,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ang",
"2": "long",
"3": "lang",
"4": "long"
},
"expansion": "Old English lang (“long”)",
"name": "cog"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From alteration of suffixal use of Old English lang (“long”).",
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ang",
"2": "suffix",
"head": "-ling"
},
"expansion": "-ling",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Old English",
"lang_code": "ang",
"pos": "suffix",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [],
"examples": [
{
"english": "backwards",
"text": "hinderling",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"adverbial suffix denoting direction, state or position"
],
"id": "en--ling-ang-suffix-ang:adverbial",
"senseid": [
"ang:adverbial"
],
"tags": [
"morpheme"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/linɡ/"
},
{
"ipa": "[liŋɡ]"
}
],
"word": "-ling"
}
{
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "-ling",
"id": "diminutive"
},
"expansion": "Middle English: -ling",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Middle English: -ling"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "-ling"
},
"expansion": "English: -ling",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "English: -ling"
}
],
"etymology_number": 2,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ang",
"2": "gmw-pro",
"3": "*-ling"
},
"expansion": "Proto-West Germanic *-ling",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ang",
"2": "gem-pro",
"3": "*-ilingaz"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic *-ilingaz",
"name": "inh"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Proto-West Germanic *-ling, from Proto-Germanic *-ilingaz.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "strong",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "ang-decl-noun-a-m",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "a-stem",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"class"
]
},
{
"form": "-ling",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-lingas",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-ling",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-lingas",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-linges",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-linga",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-linge",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-lingum",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"plural"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ang",
"2": "suffix",
"g": "m",
"head": "-ling"
},
"expansion": "-ling m",
"name": "head"
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "-ling"
},
"name": "ang-decl-noun-a-m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "-ling",
"2": "-lingas",
"3": "-ling",
"4": "-lingas",
"5": "-linges",
"6": "-linga",
"7": "-linge",
"8": "-lingum",
"num": "",
"title": "",
"type": "strong a-stem"
},
"name": "ang-decl-noun"
}
],
"lang": "Old English",
"lang_code": "ang",
"pos": "suffix",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [],
"examples": [
{
"english": "favorite, darling",
"text": "dīerling",
"type": "example"
},
{
"english": "prisoner",
"text": "rǣpling",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"suffix used in forming personal nouns"
],
"id": "en--ling-ang-suffix-ang:nominal",
"senseid": [
"ang:nominal"
],
"synonyms": [
{
"_dis1": "57 29 13",
"word": "-linc"
}
],
"tags": [
"masculine",
"morpheme"
]
},
{
"categories": [],
"examples": [
{
"text": "stærling ― starling",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"suffix forming diminutives"
],
"id": "en--ling-ang-suffix-UG-Vi9H1",
"tags": [
"masculine",
"morpheme"
]
},
{
"examples": [
{
"text": "Icling (\"dynasty of Icel\" or \"House of Icel\"); Ætheling (House of Ethel)"
}
],
"glosses": [
"dynasty, lineage"
],
"id": "en--ling-ang-suffix-A1uikNPg",
"links": [
[
"dynasty",
"dynasty"
],
[
"lineage",
"lineage"
]
],
"tags": [
"masculine",
"morpheme"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/linɡ/"
},
{
"ipa": "[liŋɡ]"
}
],
"word": "-ling"
}
{
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ang",
"2": "-ling"
},
"expansion": "Old English: -ling",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old English: -ling"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "-ling"
},
"expansion": "Middle English: -ling, -linge, -lingge, -lyng, -lynge\nEnglish: -ling\nScots: -ling, -lin",
"name": "desctree"
}
],
"text": "Middle English: -ling, -linge, -lingge, -lyng, -lynge\nEnglish: -ling\nScots: -ling, -lin"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ofs",
"2": "-ling"
},
"expansion": "Old Frisian: -ling",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old Frisian: -ling"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "stq",
"2": "-ling"
},
"expansion": "Saterland Frisian: -ling",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Saterland Frisian: -ling"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "fy",
"2": "-ling"
},
"expansion": "West Frisian: -ling",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "West Frisian: -ling"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "osx",
"2": "-ling"
},
"expansion": "Old Saxon: -ling",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old Saxon: -ling"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gml",
"2": "-linc",
"3": "-link"
},
"expansion": "Middle Low German: -linc, -link",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Middle Low German: -linc, -link"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "nds-de",
"2": "-ling"
},
"expansion": "German Low German: -ling",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "German Low German: -ling"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "odt",
"2": "-ling"
},
"expansion": "Old Dutch: -ling",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old Dutch: -ling"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "dum",
"2": "-ling"
},
"expansion": "Middle Dutch: -ling",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Middle Dutch: -ling"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "nl",
"2": "-ling"
},
"expansion": "Dutch: -ling",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Dutch: -ling"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "goh",
"2": "-ling"
},
"expansion": "Old High German: -ling",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old High German: -ling"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gmh",
"2": "-linc"
},
"expansion": "Middle High German: -linc",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Middle High German: -linc"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "de",
"2": "-ling"
},
"expansion": "German: -ling",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "German: -ling"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "la-vul",
"2": "*-lingus",
"bor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ Vulgar Latin: *-lingus",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ Vulgar Latin: *-lingus"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "fro",
"2": "-lein",
"3": "-lain",
"4": "-llan",
"5": "-layn",
"6": "-lenc",
"7": "-leyn"
},
"expansion": "Old French: -lein, -lain, -llan, -layn, -lenc, -leyn",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old French: -lein, -lain, -llan, -layn, -lenc, -leyn"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "frm",
"2": "-llan"
},
"expansion": "Middle French: -llan",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Middle French: -llan"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "fr",
"2": "-llan"
},
"expansion": "French: -llan",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "French: -llan"
},
{
"depth": 5,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "it",
"2": "-llano",
"bor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ Italian: -llano",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ Italian: -llano"
},
{
"depth": 5,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "es",
"2": "-lán",
"bor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ Spanish: -lán",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ Spanish: -lán"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "-lain",
"bor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ English: -lain",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ English: -lain"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "roa-oit",
"2": "-lingo"
},
"expansion": "Old Italian: -lingo",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old Italian: -lingo"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "it",
"2": "-lengo"
},
"expansion": "Italian: -lengo",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Italian: -lengo"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "pro",
"2": "-leng"
},
"expansion": "Old Occitan: -leng",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old Occitan: -leng"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ca",
"2": "-lenc"
},
"expansion": "Catalan: -lenc",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Catalan: -lenc"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "es",
"2": "-lengo"
},
"expansion": "Spanish: -lengo",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Spanish: -lengo"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gmw-pro",
"2": "gem-pro",
"3": "*-lingaz"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic *-lingaz",
"name": "inh"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Proto-Germanic *-lingaz.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "gmw-infl-noun-a",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "a-stem",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"class"
]
},
{
"form": "Masculine a-stem",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"class"
]
},
{
"form": "-ling",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-lingō",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-lingōs",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-ling",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-lingā",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-lingas",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-lingō",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-lingē",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-lingum",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-lingu",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-lingum",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"plural"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gmw-pro",
"2": "suffix",
"cat2": "noun-forming suffixes",
"g": "m"
},
"expansion": "*-ling m",
"name": "head"
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {
"g": "m"
},
"name": "gmw-infl-noun-a"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-West Germanic",
"lang_code": "gmw-pro",
"original_title": "Reconstruction:Proto-West Germanic/-ling",
"pos": "suffix",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Proto-West Germanic entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Forms noun-derivatives with sense of 'belonging to, coming from, descending from', often with a diminutive force."
],
"id": "en--ling-gmw-pro-suffix-oLTwje2l",
"links": [
[
"belong",
"belong#English"
]
],
"tags": [
"masculine",
"morpheme",
"reconstruction"
]
}
],
"word": "-ling"
}
{
"categories": [
"Old English diminutive suffixes",
"Old English entries with incorrect language header",
"Old English lemmas",
"Old English masculine a-stem nouns",
"Old English masculine suffixes",
"Old English suffixes",
"Old English terms derived from Proto-Germanic",
"Old English terms derived from Proto-West Germanic",
"Old English terms inherited from Proto-Germanic",
"Old English terms inherited from Proto-West Germanic",
"Old English terms with IPA pronunciation",
"Old English terms with redundant head parameter",
"Pages with raw sortkeys"
],
"derived": [
{
"tags": [
"adverb"
],
"word": "-lings"
},
{
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "-linge"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "nl",
"2": "-ing"
},
"expansion": "-ing",
"name": "m"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From a rebracketing of nouns with an -ing suffix. See above (English).",
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "nl",
"2": "suffix",
"cat2": "noun-forming suffixes",
"g": "m"
},
"expansion": "-ling m",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Dutch",
"lang_code": "nl",
"pos": "suffix",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"Dutch entries with incorrect language header",
"Dutch entries with language name categories using raw markup",
"Dutch lemmas",
"Dutch masculine suffixes",
"Dutch noun-forming suffixes",
"Dutch suffixes",
"Dutch terms with non-redundant non-automated sortkeys",
"Pages with raw sortkeys"
],
"glosses": [
"A suffix that describes a person (or other creature) in terms of a place of origin or a quality, as defined by the root to which it is added."
],
"tags": [
"masculine",
"morpheme"
]
}
],
"word": "-ling"
}
{
"categories": [
"English adverb-forming suffixes",
"English diminutive suffixes",
"English entries with incorrect language header",
"English lemmas",
"English noun-forming suffixes",
"English suffixes",
"English terms derived from Middle English",
"English terms derived from Old English",
"English terms derived from Proto-Germanic",
"English terms derived from Proto-West Germanic",
"English terms inherited from Middle English",
"English terms inherited from Old English",
"English terms inherited from Proto-Germanic",
"English terms inherited from Proto-West Germanic",
"Old English diminutive suffixes",
"Old English entries with incorrect language header",
"Old English lemmas",
"Old English masculine a-stem nouns",
"Old English masculine suffixes",
"Old English suffixes",
"Old English terms derived from Proto-Germanic",
"Old English terms derived from Proto-West Germanic",
"Old English terms inherited from Proto-Germanic",
"Old English terms inherited from Proto-West Germanic",
"Old English terms with IPA pronunciation",
"Old English terms with redundant head parameter",
"Pages with raw sortkeys"
],
"derived": [
{
"word": "buckling"
},
{
"word": "castling"
},
{
"word": "darling"
},
{
"word": "daughterling"
},
{
"word": "doeling"
},
{
"word": "duckling"
},
{
"word": "earthling"
},
{
"word": "fatling"
},
{
"word": "fingerling"
},
{
"word": "fledgling"
},
{
"word": "fondling"
},
{
"word": "goatling"
},
{
"word": "godling"
},
{
"word": "gosling"
},
{
"word": "lambling"
},
{
"word": "lordling"
},
{
"word": "pigling"
},
{
"word": "princeling"
},
{
"word": "puffling"
},
{
"word": "spiderling"
},
{
"word": "sportling"
},
{
"word": "swanling"
},
{
"word": "vetchling"
},
{
"word": "cageling"
},
{
"word": "changeling"
},
{
"word": "darkling"
},
{
"word": "endling"
},
{
"word": "firstling"
},
{
"word": "foundling"
},
{
"word": "hatchling"
},
{
"word": "hireling"
},
{
"word": "kindling"
},
{
"word": "nestling"
},
{
"word": "overling"
},
{
"word": "ridgeling"
},
{
"word": "sapling"
},
{
"word": "seedling"
},
{
"word": "shaveling"
},
{
"word": "starveling"
},
{
"word": "stripling"
},
{
"word": "suckling"
},
{
"word": "underling"
},
{
"word": "weakling"
},
{
"word": "wildling"
},
{
"word": "witling"
},
{
"word": "wordling"
},
{
"word": "yearling"
},
{
"word": "youngling"
}
],
"etymology_number": 1,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "enm",
"3": "-ling"
},
"expansion": "Middle English -ling",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "ang",
"3": "-ling"
},
"expansion": "Old English -ling",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "gmw-pro",
"3": "*-ling"
},
"expansion": "Proto-West Germanic *-ling",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "gem-pro",
"3": "*-lingaz"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic *-lingaz",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "gem-pro",
"3": "*-ilaz"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic *-ilaz",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "gem-pro",
"3": "*-ingaz"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic *-ingaz",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "nl",
"2": "-ling"
},
"expansion": "-ling",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "de",
"2": "-ling"
},
"expansion": "German -ling",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "is",
"2": "-lingur"
},
"expansion": "Icelandic -lingur",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "got",
"2": "-𐌻𐌹𐌲𐌲𐍃"
},
"expansion": "Gothic -𐌻𐌹𐌲𐌲𐍃 (-liggs)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "-le"
},
"expansion": "-le",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "-ing"
},
"expansion": "-ing",
"name": "m"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Middle English -ling, from Old English -ling, from Proto-West Germanic *-ling, from Proto-Germanic *-lingaz, a nominal suffix, probably composed of Proto-Germanic *-ilaz (agent/instrumental/diminutive suffix) + Proto-Germanic *-ingaz (patronymic suffix).\nAkin to Dutch -ling, German -ling, Icelandic -lingur, Gothic -𐌻𐌹𐌲𐌲𐍃 (-liggs). More at -le, -ing.",
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "suffix",
"cat2": "noun-forming suffixes",
"cat3": "diminutive suffixes",
"head": "",
"id": ""
},
"expansion": "-ling",
"name": "head"
},
{
"args": {
"cat2": "noun-forming suffixes",
"cat3": "diminutive suffixes"
},
"expansion": "-ling",
"name": "en-suffix"
}
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "suffix",
"senses": [
{
"glosses": [
"small, immature, miniature"
],
"links": [
[
"immature",
"immature"
]
],
"senseid": [
"en:diminutive"
],
"tags": [
"morpheme"
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"follower or resident"
],
"links": [
[
"follower",
"follower"
]
],
"senseid": [
"en:follower or resident"
],
"tags": [
"morpheme"
]
}
],
"synonyms": [
{
"tags": [
"obsolete"
],
"word": "-lyng"
},
{
"tags": [
"dialectal"
],
"word": "-lin"
}
],
"translations": [
{
"code": "br",
"lang": "Breton",
"sense": "Diminutive",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "-ig"
},
{
"code": "cmn",
"lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
"roman": "xiǎo-",
"sense": "Diminutive",
"word": "小"
},
{
"code": "cmn",
"lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
"roman": "-zǎi",
"sense": "Diminutive",
"word": "崽"
},
{
"code": "cmn",
"lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
"roman": "-zi",
"sense": "Diminutive",
"word": "-子"
},
{
"code": "nl",
"lang": "Dutch",
"sense": "Diminutive",
"word": "-je"
},
{
"code": "nl",
"lang": "Dutch",
"sense": "Diminutive",
"word": "-pje"
},
{
"code": "nl",
"lang": "Dutch",
"sense": "Diminutive",
"word": "-tje"
},
{
"code": "nl",
"lang": "Dutch",
"sense": "Diminutive",
"word": "-ling"
},
{
"code": "et",
"lang": "Estonian",
"sense": "Diminutive",
"tags": [
"singular"
],
"word": "-kene"
},
{
"code": "et",
"lang": "Estonian",
"sense": "Diminutive",
"tags": [
"singular"
],
"word": "-lane"
},
{
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "Diminutive",
"word": "-nen"
},
{
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "Diminutive",
"word": "-lainen"
},
{
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "Diminutive",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "-et"
},
{
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "Diminutive",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "-ette"
},
{
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "Diminutive",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "-in"
},
{
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "Diminutive",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "-ine"
},
{
"code": "gl",
"lang": "Galician",
"sense": "Diminutive",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "-iño"
},
{
"code": "gl",
"lang": "Galician",
"sense": "Diminutive",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "iña"
},
{
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "Diminutive",
"word": "-chen"
},
{
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "Diminutive",
"word": "-lein"
},
{
"code": "de",
"english": "south German",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "Diminutive",
"word": "-erl"
},
{
"code": "ia",
"lang": "Interlingua",
"sense": "Diminutive",
"tags": [
"masculine",
"neuter"
],
"word": "-etto"
},
{
"code": "ia",
"lang": "Interlingua",
"sense": "Diminutive",
"tags": [
"feminine",
"neuter"
],
"word": "-etta"
},
{
"code": "ga",
"lang": "Irish",
"sense": "Diminutive",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "-án"
},
{
"code": "ga",
"lang": "Irish",
"sense": "Diminutive",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "-ín"
},
{
"code": "ga",
"lang": "Irish",
"sense": "Diminutive",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "-óg"
},
{
"code": "it",
"lang": "Italian",
"sense": "Diminutive",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "-ino"
},
{
"code": "it",
"lang": "Italian",
"sense": "Diminutive",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "-ina"
},
{
"code": "it",
"lang": "Italian",
"sense": "Diminutive",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "-etto"
},
{
"code": "it",
"lang": "Italian",
"sense": "Diminutive",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "-etta"
},
{
"code": "it",
"lang": "Italian",
"sense": "Diminutive",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "-ello"
},
{
"code": "it",
"lang": "Italian",
"sense": "Diminutive",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "-ella"
},
{
"alt": "こ",
"code": "ja",
"lang": "Japanese",
"roman": "ko-",
"sense": "Diminutive",
"word": "子"
},
{
"code": "enm",
"lang": "Middle English",
"sense": "Diminutive",
"word": "-ling"
},
{
"code": "enm",
"lang": "Middle English",
"sense": "Diminutive",
"word": "-ing"
},
{
"code": "pl",
"lang": "Polish",
"sense": "Diminutive",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "-ę"
},
{
"code": "pt",
"lang": "Portuguese",
"sense": "Diminutive",
"word": "-inho"
},
{
"code": "ro",
"lang": "Romanian",
"sense": "Diminutive",
"word": "-el"
},
{
"code": "ro",
"lang": "Romanian",
"sense": "Diminutive",
"word": "-șor"
},
{
"code": "ro",
"lang": "Romanian",
"sense": "Diminutive",
"word": "-uț"
},
{
"code": "ro",
"lang": "Romanian",
"sense": "Diminutive",
"word": "-uș"
},
{
"code": "ro",
"lang": "Romanian",
"sense": "Diminutive",
"word": "-aș"
},
{
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "-jónok",
"sense": "Diminutive",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "-ёнок"
},
{
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "-ónok",
"sense": "Diminutive",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "-о́нок"
},
{
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "-ok",
"sense": "Diminutive",
"word": "-ок"
},
{
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "-jók",
"sense": "Diminutive",
"word": "-ёк"
},
{
"code": "gd",
"lang": "Scottish Gaelic",
"sense": "Diminutive",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "-an"
},
{
"code": "gd",
"lang": "Scottish Gaelic",
"sense": "Diminutive",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "-ag"
},
{
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "Diminutive",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "-ito"
},
{
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "Diminutive",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "-ita"
},
{
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "Diminutive",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "-illo"
},
{
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "Diminutive",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "-illa"
},
{
"code": "sv",
"lang": "Swedish",
"sense": "Diminutive",
"word": "-is"
},
{
"code": "uk",
"lang": "Ukrainian",
"roman": "-enjá",
"sense": "Diminutive",
"word": "-еня́"
},
{
"code": "uk",
"lang": "Ukrainian",
"roman": "-óčok",
"sense": "Diminutive",
"word": "-о́чок"
},
{
"code": "uk",
"lang": "Ukrainian",
"roman": "-énʹko",
"sense": "Diminutive",
"word": "-е́нько"
},
{
"code": "cy",
"lang": "Welsh",
"sense": "Diminutive",
"tags": [
"feminine",
"masculine"
],
"word": "-ig"
},
{
"code": "cy",
"lang": "Welsh",
"sense": "Diminutive",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "-cyn"
},
{
"code": "cy",
"lang": "Welsh",
"sense": "Diminutive",
"tags": [
"feminine",
"masculine",
"plural"
],
"word": "-os"
}
],
"word": "-ling"
}
{
"categories": [
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"English entries with incorrect language header",
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"English terms derived from Middle English",
"English terms derived from Old English",
"English terms inherited from Middle English",
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"Old English terms derived from Proto-Germanic",
"Old English terms derived from Proto-West Germanic",
"Old English terms inherited from Proto-Germanic",
"Old English terms inherited from Proto-West Germanic",
"Old English terms with IPA pronunciation",
"Old English terms with redundant head parameter",
"Pages with raw sortkeys"
],
"derived": [
{
"word": "darkling"
},
{
"word": "flatling"
},
{
"word": "headling"
},
{
"word": "sideling"
},
{
"word": "sunderling"
}
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{
"args": {
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"name": "inh"
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{
"args": {
"1": "en",
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"name": "inh"
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{
"args": {
"1": "ang",
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{
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},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
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},
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}
],
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{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "suffix",
"cat2": "adverb-forming suffixes",
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"id": ""
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{
"args": {
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{
"word": "-en"
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{
"word": "-le"
},
{
"word": "-ock"
}
],
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{
"glosses": [
"An adverbial suffix denoting manner, direction or position."
],
"qualifier": "non-productive",
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"(non-productive) An adverbial suffix denoting manner, direction or position."
],
"tags": [
"morpheme"
]
}
],
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{
"word": "-lings"
},
{
"tags": [
"dialectal"
],
"word": "-lin"
}
],
"word": "-ling"
}
{
"categories": [
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"German lemmas",
"German masculine suffixes",
"German noun-forming suffixes",
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"German terms derived from Middle High German",
"German terms derived from Old High German",
"German terms derived from Proto-Germanic",
"German terms derived from Proto-West Germanic",
"German terms inherited from Middle High German",
"German terms inherited from Old High German",
"German terms inherited from Proto-Germanic",
"German terms with IPA pronunciation",
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"Old English terms inherited from Proto-Germanic",
"Old English terms inherited from Proto-West Germanic",
"Old English terms with IPA pronunciation",
"Old English terms with redundant head parameter",
"Pages with raw sortkeys"
],
"etymology_templates": [
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"expansion": "",
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"args": {
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{
"args": {
"1": "de",
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"2": "gmw-pro",
"3": "*-ling"
},
"expansion": "Proto-West Germanic *-ling",
"name": "der"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Middle High German -linc, from Old High German -ling, from Proto-West Germanic *-ling.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "-linges",
"tags": [
"genitive"
]
},
{
"form": "-lings",
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"genitive"
]
},
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"form": "-linge",
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"plural"
]
}
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}
],
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"lang_code": "de",
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{
"glosses": [
"Indicates possession of or connection with a quality or property, such as Schwächling (“weakling”) from schwach (“weak”) or Frühling (“the season Spring [which comes early]”) from früh (“early”)."
],
"links": [
[
"quality",
"quality"
],
[
"property",
"property"
],
[
"Schwächling",
"Schwächling#German"
],
[
"schwach",
"schwach#German"
],
[
"Frühling",
"Frühling#German"
],
[
"früh",
"früh#German"
]
],
"tags": [
"masculine",
"morpheme"
]
},
{
"glosses": [
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],
"links": [
[
"noun",
"noun"
],
[
"Häftling",
"Häftling#German"
],
[
"Haft",
"Haft#German"
]
],
"tags": [
"masculine",
"morpheme"
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"Suffix forming the names of many mushrooms."
],
"links": [
[
"mushrooms",
"mushrooms"
]
],
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"masculine",
"morpheme"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "[lɪŋ]"
},
{
"audio": "LL-Q188 (deu)-Frank C. Müller--ling.wav",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/d0/LL-Q188_%28deu%29-Frank_C._M%C3%BCller--ling.wav/LL-Q188_%28deu%29-Frank_C._M%C3%BCller--ling.wav.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/d0/LL-Q188_%28deu%29-Frank_C._M%C3%BCller--ling.wav/LL-Q188_%28deu%29-Frank_C._M%C3%BCller--ling.wav.ogg",
"text": "Audio"
}
],
"word": "-ling"
}
{
"categories": [
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"Old English entries with incorrect language header",
"Old English lemmas",
"Old English masculine a-stem nouns",
"Old English masculine suffixes",
"Old English suffixes",
"Old English terms derived from Proto-Germanic",
"Old English terms derived from Proto-West Germanic",
"Old English terms inherited from Proto-Germanic",
"Old English terms inherited from Proto-West Germanic",
"Old English terms with IPA pronunciation",
"Old English terms with redundant head parameter",
"Pages with raw sortkeys"
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "is",
"2": "suffix form"
},
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}
],
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"pos": "suffix",
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{
"categories": [
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"Icelandic non-lemma forms",
"Icelandic suffix forms",
"Pages with raw sortkeys"
],
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{
"word": "-lingur"
}
],
"glosses": [
"indefinite accusative singular of -lingur"
],
"links": [
[
"-lingur",
"-lingur#Icelandic"
]
],
"tags": [
"accusative",
"form-of",
"indefinite",
"morpheme",
"singular"
]
}
],
"word": "-ling"
}
{
"categories": [
"Middle English diminutive suffixes",
"Middle English entries with incorrect language header",
"Middle English entries with language name categories using raw markup",
"Middle English lemmas",
"Middle English suffixes",
"Middle English terms derived from Old English",
"Middle English terms derived from Proto-Germanic",
"Middle English terms derived from Proto-West Germanic",
"Middle English terms inherited from Old English",
"Middle English terms inherited from Proto-Germanic",
"Middle English terms inherited from Proto-West Germanic",
"Middle English terms suffixed with -el (agentive)",
"Middle English terms suffixed with -ing (diminutive suffix)",
"Middle English terms with IPA pronunciation",
"Middle English terms with non-redundant non-automated sortkeys",
"Old English diminutive suffixes",
"Old English entries with incorrect language header",
"Old English lemmas",
"Old English masculine a-stem nouns",
"Old English masculine suffixes",
"Old English suffixes",
"Old English terms derived from Proto-Germanic",
"Old English terms derived from Proto-West Germanic",
"Old English terms inherited from Proto-Germanic",
"Old English terms inherited from Proto-West Germanic",
"Old English terms with IPA pronunciation",
"Old English terms with redundant head parameter",
"Pages with raw sortkeys"
],
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "-ling"
},
"expansion": "English: -ling",
"name": "desc"
}
],
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},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sco",
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},
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"name": "desc"
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],
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}
],
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"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
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"pos": "nominal suffix"
},
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"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "gmw-pro",
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},
"expansion": "Proto-West Germanic *-ling",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "gem-pro",
"3": "*-ilingaz"
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"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "-el",
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"id1": "agentive",
"id2": "diminutive suffix"
},
"expansion": "-el + -ing",
"name": "af"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Old English -ling (nominal suffix), from Proto-West Germanic *-ling, from Proto-Germanic *-ilingaz; equivalent to -el + -ing.",
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
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],
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{
"glosses": [
"suffix used in forming personal nouns"
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"morpheme"
]
},
{
"glosses": [
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],
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"morpheme"
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}
],
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{
"ipa": "/-linɡ/"
}
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "-linge"
},
{
"word": "-lingge"
},
{
"word": "-lyng"
},
{
"word": "-lynge"
}
],
"word": "-ling"
}
{
"categories": [
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"Middle English entries with incorrect language header",
"Middle English entries with language name categories using raw markup",
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"Old English terms inherited from Proto-Germanic",
"Old English terms inherited from Proto-West Germanic",
"Old English terms with IPA pronunciation",
"Old English terms with redundant head parameter",
"Pages with raw sortkeys"
],
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
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{
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},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "headlong"
},
"expansion": "headlong",
"name": "m"
}
],
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}
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{
"args": {
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},
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"name": "inh"
}
],
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{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "suffix"
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],
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{
"glosses": [
"An adverbial suffix denoting direction, state or position."
],
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"morpheme"
]
}
],
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"ipa": "/-linɡ/"
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],
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}
{
"categories": [
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"Old English terms inherited from Proto-West Germanic",
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"Old English terms with redundant head parameter",
"Pages with raw sortkeys"
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"args": {
"1": "nb",
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],
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{
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},
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{
"categories": [
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"Pages with raw sortkeys"
],
"glosses": [
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"links": [
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"diminutive#English"
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}
],
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{
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"Old English terms inherited from Proto-Germanic",
"Old English terms inherited from Proto-West Germanic",
"Old English terms with IPA pronunciation",
"Old English terms with redundant head parameter",
"Pages with raw sortkeys"
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"id": "adverbial"
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"expansion": "Middle English: -ling\nEnglish: -ling, -long (as in headlong)",
"name": "desctree"
}
],
"text": "Middle English: -ling\nEnglish: -ling, -long (as in headlong)"
}
],
"etymology_number": 1,
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{
"args": {
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"name": "cog"
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],
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{
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{
"english": "backwards",
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]
}
],
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"ipa": "/linɡ/"
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{
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{
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"Old English terms inherited from Proto-Germanic",
"Old English terms inherited from Proto-West Germanic",
"Old English terms with IPA pronunciation",
"Old English terms with redundant head parameter",
"Pages with raw sortkeys"
],
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],
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{
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{
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],
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},
{
"args": {
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"2": "gem-pro",
"3": "*-ilingaz"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic *-ilingaz",
"name": "inh"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Proto-West Germanic *-ling, from Proto-Germanic *-ilingaz.",
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{
"form": "strong",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "ang-decl-noun-a-m",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "a-stem",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"class"
]
},
{
"form": "-ling",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
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"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-lingas",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
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"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-ling",
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"singular"
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},
{
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]
},
{
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"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-linga",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-linge",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-lingum",
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"tags": [
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"plural"
]
}
],
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{
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],
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},
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{
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"4": "-lingas",
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"6": "-linga",
"7": "-linge",
"8": "-lingum",
"num": "",
"title": "",
"type": "strong a-stem"
},
"name": "ang-decl-noun"
}
],
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"lang_code": "ang",
"pos": "suffix",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"Old English terms with usage examples"
],
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{
"english": "favorite, darling",
"text": "dīerling",
"type": "example"
},
{
"english": "prisoner",
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"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"suffix used in forming personal nouns"
],
"senseid": [
"ang:nominal"
],
"tags": [
"masculine",
"morpheme"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"Old English terms with usage examples"
],
"examples": [
{
"text": "stærling ― starling",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"suffix forming diminutives"
],
"tags": [
"masculine",
"morpheme"
]
},
{
"examples": [
{
"text": "Icling (\"dynasty of Icel\" or \"House of Icel\"); Ætheling (House of Ethel)"
}
],
"glosses": [
"dynasty, lineage"
],
"links": [
[
"dynasty",
"dynasty"
],
[
"lineage",
"lineage"
]
],
"tags": [
"masculine",
"morpheme"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/linɡ/"
},
{
"ipa": "[liŋɡ]"
}
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "-linc"
}
],
"word": "-ling"
}
{
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ang",
"2": "-ling"
},
"expansion": "Old English: -ling",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old English: -ling"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "-ling"
},
"expansion": "Middle English: -ling, -linge, -lingge, -lyng, -lynge\nEnglish: -ling\nScots: -ling, -lin",
"name": "desctree"
}
],
"text": "Middle English: -ling, -linge, -lingge, -lyng, -lynge\nEnglish: -ling\nScots: -ling, -lin"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ofs",
"2": "-ling"
},
"expansion": "Old Frisian: -ling",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old Frisian: -ling"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "stq",
"2": "-ling"
},
"expansion": "Saterland Frisian: -ling",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Saterland Frisian: -ling"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "fy",
"2": "-ling"
},
"expansion": "West Frisian: -ling",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "West Frisian: -ling"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "osx",
"2": "-ling"
},
"expansion": "Old Saxon: -ling",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old Saxon: -ling"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gml",
"2": "-linc",
"3": "-link"
},
"expansion": "Middle Low German: -linc, -link",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Middle Low German: -linc, -link"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "nds-de",
"2": "-ling"
},
"expansion": "German Low German: -ling",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "German Low German: -ling"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "odt",
"2": "-ling"
},
"expansion": "Old Dutch: -ling",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old Dutch: -ling"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "dum",
"2": "-ling"
},
"expansion": "Middle Dutch: -ling",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Middle Dutch: -ling"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "nl",
"2": "-ling"
},
"expansion": "Dutch: -ling",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Dutch: -ling"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "goh",
"2": "-ling"
},
"expansion": "Old High German: -ling",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old High German: -ling"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gmh",
"2": "-linc"
},
"expansion": "Middle High German: -linc",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Middle High German: -linc"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "de",
"2": "-ling"
},
"expansion": "German: -ling",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "German: -ling"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "la-vul",
"2": "*-lingus",
"bor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ Vulgar Latin: *-lingus",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ Vulgar Latin: *-lingus"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "fro",
"2": "-lein",
"3": "-lain",
"4": "-llan",
"5": "-layn",
"6": "-lenc",
"7": "-leyn"
},
"expansion": "Old French: -lein, -lain, -llan, -layn, -lenc, -leyn",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old French: -lein, -lain, -llan, -layn, -lenc, -leyn"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "frm",
"2": "-llan"
},
"expansion": "Middle French: -llan",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Middle French: -llan"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "fr",
"2": "-llan"
},
"expansion": "French: -llan",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "French: -llan"
},
{
"depth": 5,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "it",
"2": "-llano",
"bor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ Italian: -llano",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ Italian: -llano"
},
{
"depth": 5,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "es",
"2": "-lán",
"bor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ Spanish: -lán",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ Spanish: -lán"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "-lain",
"bor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ English: -lain",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ English: -lain"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "roa-oit",
"2": "-lingo"
},
"expansion": "Old Italian: -lingo",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old Italian: -lingo"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "it",
"2": "-lengo"
},
"expansion": "Italian: -lengo",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Italian: -lengo"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "pro",
"2": "-leng"
},
"expansion": "Old Occitan: -leng",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old Occitan: -leng"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ca",
"2": "-lenc"
},
"expansion": "Catalan: -lenc",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Catalan: -lenc"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "es",
"2": "-lengo"
},
"expansion": "Spanish: -lengo",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Spanish: -lengo"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gmw-pro",
"2": "gem-pro",
"3": "*-lingaz"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic *-lingaz",
"name": "inh"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Proto-Germanic *-lingaz.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "gmw-infl-noun-a",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "a-stem",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"class"
]
},
{
"form": "Masculine a-stem",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"class"
]
},
{
"form": "-ling",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-lingō",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-lingōs",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-ling",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-lingā",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-lingas",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-lingō",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-lingē",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-lingum",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-lingu",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-lingum",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"plural"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gmw-pro",
"2": "suffix",
"cat2": "noun-forming suffixes",
"g": "m"
},
"expansion": "*-ling m",
"name": "head"
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {
"g": "m"
},
"name": "gmw-infl-noun-a"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-West Germanic",
"lang_code": "gmw-pro",
"original_title": "Reconstruction:Proto-West Germanic/-ling",
"pos": "suffix",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"Proto-West Germanic entries with incorrect language header",
"Proto-West Germanic lemmas",
"Proto-West Germanic masculine a-stem nouns",
"Proto-West Germanic masculine suffixes",
"Proto-West Germanic noun-forming suffixes",
"Proto-West Germanic suffixes",
"Proto-West Germanic terms derived from Proto-Germanic",
"Proto-West Germanic terms inherited from Proto-Germanic"
],
"glosses": [
"Forms noun-derivatives with sense of 'belonging to, coming from, descending from', often with a diminutive force."
],
"links": [
[
"belong",
"belong#English"
]
],
"tags": [
"masculine",
"morpheme",
"reconstruction"
]
}
],
"word": "-ling"
}
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable All languages combined dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2024-04-30 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2024-04-21 using wiktextract (210104c and c9440ce). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.