See -ling on Wiktionary
{
"derived": [
{
"_dis1": "47 53",
"word": "buckling"
},
{
"_dis1": "47 53",
"word": "castling"
},
{
"_dis1": "47 53",
"word": "darling"
},
{
"_dis1": "47 53",
"word": "daughterling"
},
{
"_dis1": "47 53",
"word": "doeling"
},
{
"_dis1": "47 53",
"word": "duckling"
},
{
"_dis1": "47 53",
"word": "earthling"
},
{
"_dis1": "47 53",
"word": "fatling"
},
{
"_dis1": "47 53",
"word": "fingerling"
},
{
"_dis1": "47 53",
"word": "fledgling"
},
{
"_dis1": "47 53",
"word": "fondling"
},
{
"_dis1": "47 53",
"word": "goatling"
},
{
"_dis1": "47 53",
"word": "godling"
},
{
"_dis1": "47 53",
"word": "gosling"
},
{
"_dis1": "47 53",
"word": "lambling"
},
{
"_dis1": "47 53",
"word": "lordling"
},
{
"_dis1": "47 53",
"word": "pigling"
},
{
"_dis1": "47 53",
"word": "princeling"
},
{
"_dis1": "47 53",
"word": "puffling"
},
{
"_dis1": "47 53",
"word": "spiderling"
},
{
"_dis1": "47 53",
"word": "sportling"
},
{
"_dis1": "47 53",
"word": "swanling"
},
{
"_dis1": "47 53",
"word": "vetchling"
},
{
"_dis1": "47 53",
"word": "cageling"
},
{
"_dis1": "47 53",
"word": "changeling"
},
{
"_dis1": "47 53",
"word": "endling"
},
{
"_dis1": "47 53",
"word": "firstling"
},
{
"_dis1": "47 53",
"word": "foundling"
},
{
"_dis1": "47 53",
"word": "hatchling"
},
{
"_dis1": "47 53",
"word": "hireling"
},
{
"_dis1": "47 53",
"word": "kindling"
},
{
"_dis1": "47 53",
"word": "nestling"
},
{
"_dis1": "47 53",
"word": "overling"
},
{
"_dis1": "47 53",
"word": "ridgeling"
},
{
"_dis1": "47 53",
"word": "sapling"
},
{
"_dis1": "47 53",
"word": "seedling"
},
{
"_dis1": "47 53",
"word": "shaveling"
},
{
"_dis1": "47 53",
"word": "starveling"
},
{
"_dis1": "47 53",
"word": "stripling"
},
{
"_dis1": "47 53",
"word": "suckling"
},
{
"_dis1": "47 53",
"word": "underling"
},
{
"_dis1": "47 53",
"word": "weakling"
},
{
"_dis1": "47 53",
"word": "wildling"
},
{
"_dis1": "47 53",
"word": "witling"
},
{
"_dis1": "47 53",
"word": "wordling"
},
{
"_dis1": "47 53",
"word": "worldling"
},
{
"_dis1": "47 53",
"word": "yearling"
},
{
"_dis1": "47 53",
"word": "youngling"
}
],
"etymology_number": 1,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "enm",
"3": "-ling"
},
"expansion": "Middle English -ling",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "ang",
"3": "-ling"
},
"expansion": "Old English -ling",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "gmw-pro",
"3": "*-ling"
},
"expansion": "Proto-West Germanic *-ling",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "gem-pro",
"3": "*-lingaz"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic *-lingaz",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "gem-pro",
"3": "*-ilaz"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic *-ilaz",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "gem-pro",
"3": "*-ingaz"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic *-ingaz",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "de",
"2": "-ling"
},
"expansion": "German -ling",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "is",
"2": "-lingur"
},
"expansion": "Icelandic -lingur",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "got",
"2": "-𐌻𐌹𐌲𐌲𐍃"
},
"expansion": "Gothic -𐌻𐌹𐌲𐌲𐍃 (-liggs)",
"name": "cog"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Middle English -ling, from Old English -ling, from Proto-West Germanic *-ling, from Proto-Germanic *-lingaz, a nominal suffix, probably composed of Proto-Germanic *-ilaz (agent/instrumental/diminutive suffix) + Proto-Germanic *-ingaz (patronymic suffix).\nAkin to Dutch -ling, German -ling, Icelandic -lingur, Gothic -𐌻𐌹𐌲𐌲𐍃 (-liggs). More at -le, -ing.",
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "suffix",
"cat2": "noun-forming suffixes",
"cat3": "diminutive suffixes",
"head": "",
"id": ""
},
"expansion": "-ling",
"name": "head"
},
{
"args": {
"cat2": "noun-forming suffixes",
"cat3": "diminutive suffixes"
},
"expansion": "-ling",
"name": "en-suffix"
}
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "suffix",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "72 28",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Entries with translation boxes",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "77 23",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Dutch translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "81 19",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with French translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "61 39",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with German translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "47 53",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Interlingua translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "74 26",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Italian translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "74 26",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Japanese translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "77 23",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Middle English translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "45 55",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Northern Kurdish translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "74 26",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Russian translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "68 32",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Spanish translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "81 19",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Welsh translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"small, immature, miniature"
],
"id": "en--ling-en-suffix-en:diminutive",
"links": [
[
"immature",
"immature"
]
],
"senseid": [
"en:diminutive"
],
"tags": [
"morpheme"
],
"translations": [
{
"_dis1": "74 26",
"code": "br",
"lang": "Breton",
"sense": "Diminutive",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "-ig"
},
{
"_dis1": "74 26",
"code": "cmn",
"lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
"roman": "xiǎo-",
"sense": "Diminutive",
"word": "小"
},
{
"_dis1": "74 26",
"code": "cmn",
"lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
"roman": "-zǎi",
"sense": "Diminutive",
"word": "崽"
},
{
"_dis1": "74 26",
"code": "cmn",
"lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
"roman": "-zi",
"sense": "Diminutive",
"word": "-子"
},
{
"_dis1": "74 26",
"code": "nl",
"lang": "Dutch",
"sense": "Diminutive",
"word": "-je"
},
{
"_dis1": "74 26",
"code": "nl",
"lang": "Dutch",
"sense": "Diminutive",
"word": "-pje"
},
{
"_dis1": "74 26",
"code": "nl",
"lang": "Dutch",
"sense": "Diminutive",
"word": "-tje"
},
{
"_dis1": "74 26",
"code": "nl",
"lang": "Dutch",
"sense": "Diminutive",
"word": "-ling"
},
{
"_dis1": "74 26",
"code": "et",
"lang": "Estonian",
"sense": "Diminutive",
"tags": [
"singular"
],
"word": "-kene"
},
{
"_dis1": "74 26",
"code": "et",
"lang": "Estonian",
"sense": "Diminutive",
"tags": [
"singular"
],
"word": "-lane"
},
{
"_dis1": "74 26",
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "Diminutive",
"word": "-nen"
},
{
"_dis1": "74 26",
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "Diminutive",
"word": "-lainen"
},
{
"_dis1": "74 26",
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "Diminutive",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "-et"
},
{
"_dis1": "74 26",
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "Diminutive",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "-ette"
},
{
"_dis1": "74 26",
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "Diminutive",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "-in"
},
{
"_dis1": "74 26",
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "Diminutive",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "-ine"
},
{
"_dis1": "74 26",
"code": "gl",
"lang": "Galician",
"sense": "Diminutive",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "-iño"
},
{
"_dis1": "74 26",
"code": "gl",
"lang": "Galician",
"sense": "Diminutive",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "iña"
},
{
"_dis1": "74 26",
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "Diminutive",
"word": "-chen"
},
{
"_dis1": "74 26",
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "Diminutive",
"word": "-lein"
},
{
"_dis1": "74 26",
"code": "de",
"english": "south German",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "Diminutive",
"word": "-erl"
},
{
"_dis1": "74 26",
"code": "ia",
"lang": "Interlingua",
"sense": "Diminutive",
"tags": [
"masculine",
"neuter"
],
"word": "-etto"
},
{
"_dis1": "74 26",
"code": "ia",
"lang": "Interlingua",
"sense": "Diminutive",
"tags": [
"feminine",
"neuter"
],
"word": "-etta"
},
{
"_dis1": "74 26",
"code": "ga",
"lang": "Irish",
"sense": "Diminutive",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "-án"
},
{
"_dis1": "74 26",
"code": "ga",
"lang": "Irish",
"sense": "Diminutive",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "-ín"
},
{
"_dis1": "74 26",
"code": "ga",
"lang": "Irish",
"sense": "Diminutive",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "-óg"
},
{
"_dis1": "74 26",
"code": "it",
"lang": "Italian",
"sense": "Diminutive",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "-ino"
},
{
"_dis1": "74 26",
"code": "it",
"lang": "Italian",
"sense": "Diminutive",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "-ina"
},
{
"_dis1": "74 26",
"code": "it",
"lang": "Italian",
"sense": "Diminutive",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "-etto"
},
{
"_dis1": "74 26",
"code": "it",
"lang": "Italian",
"sense": "Diminutive",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "-etta"
},
{
"_dis1": "74 26",
"code": "it",
"lang": "Italian",
"sense": "Diminutive",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "-ello"
},
{
"_dis1": "74 26",
"code": "it",
"lang": "Italian",
"sense": "Diminutive",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "-ella"
},
{
"_dis1": "74 26",
"alt": "こ",
"code": "ja",
"lang": "Japanese",
"roman": "ko-",
"sense": "Diminutive",
"word": "子"
},
{
"_dis1": "74 26",
"code": "kmr",
"lang": "Northern Kurdish",
"sense": "Diminutive",
"word": "-ik"
},
{
"_dis1": "74 26",
"code": "kmr",
"lang": "Northern Kurdish",
"sense": "Diminutive",
"word": "-k"
},
{
"_dis1": "74 26",
"code": "kmr",
"lang": "Northern Kurdish",
"sense": "Diminutive",
"word": "-ok"
},
{
"_dis1": "74 26",
"code": "enm",
"lang": "Middle English",
"sense": "Diminutive",
"word": "-ling"
},
{
"_dis1": "74 26",
"code": "enm",
"lang": "Middle English",
"sense": "Diminutive",
"word": "-ing"
},
{
"_dis1": "74 26",
"code": "pl",
"lang": "Polish",
"sense": "Diminutive",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "-ę"
},
{
"_dis1": "74 26",
"code": "pt",
"lang": "Portuguese",
"sense": "Diminutive",
"word": "-inho"
},
{
"_dis1": "74 26",
"code": "ro",
"lang": "Romanian",
"sense": "Diminutive",
"word": "-el"
},
{
"_dis1": "74 26",
"code": "ro",
"lang": "Romanian",
"sense": "Diminutive",
"word": "-șor"
},
{
"_dis1": "74 26",
"code": "ro",
"lang": "Romanian",
"sense": "Diminutive",
"word": "-uț"
},
{
"_dis1": "74 26",
"code": "ro",
"lang": "Romanian",
"sense": "Diminutive",
"word": "-uș"
},
{
"_dis1": "74 26",
"code": "ro",
"lang": "Romanian",
"sense": "Diminutive",
"word": "-aș"
},
{
"_dis1": "74 26",
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "-jónok",
"sense": "Diminutive",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "-ёнок"
},
{
"_dis1": "74 26",
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "-ónok",
"sense": "Diminutive",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "-о́нок"
},
{
"_dis1": "74 26",
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "-ok",
"sense": "Diminutive",
"word": "-ок"
},
{
"_dis1": "74 26",
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "-jók",
"sense": "Diminutive",
"word": "-ёк"
},
{
"_dis1": "74 26",
"code": "gd",
"lang": "Scottish Gaelic",
"sense": "Diminutive",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "-an"
},
{
"_dis1": "74 26",
"code": "gd",
"lang": "Scottish Gaelic",
"sense": "Diminutive",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "-ag"
},
{
"_dis1": "74 26",
"code": "scn",
"lang": "Sicilian",
"sense": "Diminutive",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "-eḍḍu"
},
{
"_dis1": "74 26",
"code": "scn",
"lang": "Sicilian",
"sense": "Diminutive",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "-eḍḍa"
},
{
"_dis1": "74 26",
"code": "scn",
"lang": "Sicilian",
"sense": "Diminutive",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "-uzzu"
},
{
"_dis1": "74 26",
"code": "scn",
"lang": "Sicilian",
"sense": "Diminutive",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "-uzza"
},
{
"_dis1": "74 26",
"code": "scn",
"lang": "Sicilian",
"sense": "Diminutive",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "-icchiu"
},
{
"_dis1": "74 26",
"code": "scn",
"lang": "Sicilian",
"sense": "Diminutive",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "-icchia"
},
{
"_dis1": "74 26",
"code": "scn",
"lang": "Sicilian",
"sense": "Diminutive",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "-ittu"
},
{
"_dis1": "74 26",
"alt": "(italianized) also as -ettu m",
"code": "scn",
"lang": "Sicilian",
"roman": "-etta",
"sense": "Diminutive",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "-itta"
},
{
"_dis1": "74 26",
"code": "scn",
"lang": "Sicilian",
"sense": "Diminutive",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "-inu"
},
{
"_dis1": "74 26",
"code": "scn",
"lang": "Sicilian",
"sense": "Diminutive",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "-ina"
},
{
"_dis1": "74 26",
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "Diminutive",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "-ito"
},
{
"_dis1": "74 26",
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "Diminutive",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "-ita"
},
{
"_dis1": "74 26",
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "Diminutive",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "-illo"
},
{
"_dis1": "74 26",
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "Diminutive",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "-illa"
},
{
"_dis1": "74 26",
"code": "sv",
"lang": "Swedish",
"sense": "Diminutive",
"word": "-is"
},
{
"_dis1": "74 26",
"code": "uk",
"lang": "Ukrainian",
"roman": "-enjá",
"sense": "Diminutive",
"word": "-еня́"
},
{
"_dis1": "74 26",
"code": "uk",
"lang": "Ukrainian",
"roman": "-óčok",
"sense": "Diminutive",
"word": "-о́чок"
},
{
"_dis1": "74 26",
"code": "uk",
"lang": "Ukrainian",
"roman": "-énʹko",
"sense": "Diminutive",
"word": "-е́нько"
},
{
"_dis1": "74 26",
"code": "cy",
"lang": "Welsh",
"sense": "Diminutive",
"tags": [
"feminine",
"masculine"
],
"word": "-ig"
},
{
"_dis1": "74 26",
"code": "cy",
"lang": "Welsh",
"sense": "Diminutive",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "-cyn"
},
{
"_dis1": "74 26",
"code": "cy",
"lang": "Welsh",
"sense": "Diminutive",
"tags": [
"feminine",
"masculine",
"plural"
],
"word": "-os"
}
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "36 64",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Breton translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "36 64",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Estonian translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "40 60",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Finnish translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "40 60",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Galician translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "47 53",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Interlingua translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "40 60",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Irish translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "33 67",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Mandarin translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "45 55",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Northern Kurdish translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "45 55",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Polish translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "36 64",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Portuguese translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "40 60",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Romanian translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "40 60",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Scottish Gaelic translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "40 60",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Sicilian translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "39 61",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Swedish translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "40 60",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Ukrainian translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"follower or resident"
],
"id": "en--ling-en-suffix-en:follower_or_resident",
"links": [
[
"follower",
"follower"
]
],
"senseid": [
"en:follower or resident"
],
"tags": [
"morpheme"
]
}
],
"synonyms": [
{
"_dis1": "47 53",
"tags": [
"obsolete"
],
"word": "-lyng"
}
],
"word": "-ling"
}
{
"etymology_number": 2,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "enm",
"3": "-ling"
},
"expansion": "Middle English -ling",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "ang",
"3": "-ling"
},
"expansion": "Old English -ling",
"name": "inh"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Middle English -ling, from Old English -ling, -linga, -lunga (adverbial suffix). Compare -long.",
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "suffix",
"cat2": "adverb-forming suffixes",
"cat3": "",
"head": "",
"id": ""
},
"expansion": "-ling",
"name": "head"
},
{
"args": {
"cat2": "adverb-forming suffixes"
},
"expansion": "-ling",
"name": "en-suffix"
}
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "suffix",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "8 22 70",
"kind": "other",
"name": "English entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"derived": [
{
"_dis1": "5 6 89",
"word": "darkling"
},
{
"word": "flatling"
},
{
"word": "headling"
},
{
"word": "sideling"
},
{
"word": "sunderling"
}
],
"glosses": [
"An adverbial suffix denoting manner, direction or position."
],
"id": "en--ling-en-suffix-rvYf9z7K",
"qualifier": "non-productive",
"raw_glosses": [
"(non-productive) An adverbial suffix denoting manner, direction or position."
],
"related": [
{
"word": "-en"
},
{
"word": "-le"
},
{
"word": "-ock"
}
],
"synonyms": [
{
"_dis1": "25 27 48",
"tags": [
"dialectal"
],
"word": "-lin"
},
{
"word": "-lings"
}
],
"tags": [
"morpheme"
]
}
],
"word": "-ling"
}
{
"etymology_text": "From a rebracketing of nouns with an -ing suffix. See above (English).",
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "nl",
"2": "suffix",
"cat2": "noun-forming suffixes",
"g": "m"
},
"expansion": "-ling m",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Dutch",
"lang_code": "nl",
"pos": "suffix",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Dutch entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Dutch terms with non-redundant non-automated sortkeys",
"parents": [
"Terms with non-redundant non-automated sortkeys",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages using catfix",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 7 entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"_dis": "12 1 3 9 9 5 4 6 6 8 5 10 6 6 8 1",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Old English entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "38 1 0 12 5 4 2 3 3 6 3 9 4 3 6 0",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages using catfix",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "24 1 0 6 5 4 2 12 2 6 4 23 4 2 6 0",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 7 entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "21 1 0 7 5 4 1 11 2 8 5 20 5 2 8 0",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"derived": [
{
"tags": [
"adverb"
],
"word": "-lings"
},
{
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "-linge"
}
],
"glosses": [
"a suffix that describes a person (or other creature) in terms of a place of origin or a quality, as defined by the root to which it is added"
],
"id": "en--ling-nl-suffix-azIjFnLC",
"tags": [
"masculine",
"morpheme"
]
}
],
"word": "-ling"
}
{
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "de",
"2": "gem-pro",
"inh": "1"
},
"expansion": "",
"name": "dercat"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "de",
"2": "gmh",
"3": "-linc"
},
"expansion": "Middle High German -linc",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "de",
"2": "goh",
"3": "-ling"
},
"expansion": "Old High German -ling",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "de",
"2": "gmw-pro",
"3": "*-ling"
},
"expansion": "Proto-West Germanic *-ling",
"name": "der"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Middle High German -linc, from Old High German -ling, from Proto-West Germanic *-ling.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "-linges",
"tags": [
"genitive"
]
},
{
"form": "-lings",
"tags": [
"genitive"
]
},
{
"form": "-linge",
"tags": [
"plural"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "de",
"2": "suffix",
"3": "genitive",
"4": "-linges",
"5": "or",
"6": "-lings",
"7": "plural",
"8": "-linge",
"cat2": "noun-forming suffixes",
"g": "m"
},
"expansion": "-ling m (genitive -linges or -lings, plural -linge)",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "German",
"lang_code": "de",
"pos": "suffix",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "48 36 16",
"kind": "other",
"name": "German entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Indicates possession of or connection with a quality or property, such as Schwächling (“weakling”) from schwach (“weak”) or Frühling (“the season Spring [which comes early]”) from früh (“early”)."
],
"id": "en--ling-de-suffix-rsE5vuJ2",
"links": [
[
"quality",
"quality"
],
[
"property",
"property"
],
[
"Schwächling",
"Schwächling#German"
],
[
"schwach",
"schwach#German"
],
[
"Frühling",
"Frühling#German"
],
[
"früh",
"früh#German"
]
],
"tags": [
"masculine",
"morpheme"
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"A modifier of nouns, meaning a follower or resident of what is denoted by the stem form, such as Häftling from Haft."
],
"id": "en--ling-de-suffix-odhG614q",
"links": [
[
"noun",
"noun"
],
[
"Häftling",
"Häftling#German"
],
[
"Haft",
"Haft#German"
]
],
"tags": [
"masculine",
"morpheme"
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"Suffix forming the names of many mushrooms."
],
"id": "en--ling-de-suffix-xqGeutyI",
"links": [
[
"mushrooms",
"mushrooms"
]
],
"tags": [
"masculine",
"morpheme"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "[lɪŋ]"
},
{
"audio": "LL-Q188 (deu)-Frank C. Müller--ling.wav",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/d0/LL-Q188_%28deu%29-Frank_C._M%C3%BCller--ling.wav/LL-Q188_%28deu%29-Frank_C._M%C3%BCller--ling.wav.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/d0/LL-Q188_%28deu%29-Frank_C._M%C3%BCller--ling.wav/LL-Q188_%28deu%29-Frank_C._M%C3%BCller--ling.wav.ogg"
}
],
"word": "-ling"
}
{
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "is",
"2": "suffix form"
},
"expansion": "-ling",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Icelandic",
"lang_code": "is",
"pos": "suffix",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Icelandic entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 7 entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"_dis": "24 1 0 6 5 4 2 12 2 6 4 23 4 2 6 0",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 7 entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "21 1 0 7 5 4 1 11 2 8 5 20 5 2 8 0",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"form_of": [
{
"word": "-lingur"
}
],
"glosses": [
"indefinite accusative singular of -lingur"
],
"id": "en--ling-is-suffix-o0-oBKek",
"links": [
[
"-lingur",
"-lingur#Icelandic"
]
],
"tags": [
"accusative",
"form-of",
"indefinite",
"morpheme",
"singular"
]
}
],
"word": "-ling"
}
{
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "-ling"
},
"expansion": "English: -ling",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "English: -ling"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sco",
"2": "-ling",
"3": "-lin"
},
"expansion": "Scots: -ling, -lin",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Scots: -ling, -lin"
}
],
"etymology_number": 1,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "ang",
"3": "-ling",
"id": "nominal",
"pos": "nominal suffix"
},
"expansion": "Old English -ling (nominal suffix)",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "gmw-pro",
"3": "*-ling"
},
"expansion": "Proto-West Germanic *-ling",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "gem-pro",
"3": "*-ilingaz"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic *-ilingaz",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "-el",
"3": "-ing",
"id1": "agentive",
"id2": "diminutive suffix"
},
"expansion": "-el + -ing",
"name": "af"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Old English -ling (nominal suffix), from Proto-West Germanic *-ling, from Proto-Germanic *-ilingaz; equivalent to -el + -ing.",
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "suffix"
},
"expansion": "-ling",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Middle English",
"lang_code": "enm",
"pos": "suffix",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "47 53",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Middle English terms suffixed with -el (agentive)",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "49 51",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Middle English terms suffixed with -ing (diminutive suffix)",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"suffix used in forming personal nouns"
],
"id": "en--ling-enm-suffix-enm:diminutive",
"senseid": [
"enm:diminutive"
],
"synonyms": [
{
"_dis1": "66 34",
"word": "-linge"
},
{
"_dis1": "66 34",
"word": "-lingge"
},
{
"_dis1": "66 34",
"word": "-lyng"
},
{
"_dis1": "66 34",
"word": "-lynge"
}
],
"tags": [
"morpheme"
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "23 49 28",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Middle English entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "47 53",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Middle English terms suffixed with -el (agentive)",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "49 51",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Middle English terms suffixed with -ing (diminutive suffix)",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"suffix forming diminutives"
],
"id": "en--ling-enm-suffix-UG-Vi9H1",
"tags": [
"morpheme"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/-linɡ/"
}
],
"word": "-ling"
}
{
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "-ling",
"3": "-long"
},
"expansion": "English: -ling, -long",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "English: -ling, -long (as in headlong)"
}
],
"etymology_number": 2,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "ang",
"3": "-ling",
"id": "adverbial",
"pos": "adverbial suffix"
},
"expansion": "Old English -ling (adverbial suffix)",
"name": "inh"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Old English -ling (adverbial suffix).",
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "suffix"
},
"expansion": "-ling",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Middle English",
"lang_code": "enm",
"pos": "suffix",
"senses": [
{
"glosses": [
"An adverbial suffix denoting direction, state or position."
],
"id": "en--ling-enm-suffix-enm:adverbial",
"senseid": [
"enm:adverbial"
],
"tags": [
"morpheme"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/-linɡ/"
}
],
"word": "-ling"
}
{
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "nb",
"2": "de",
"3": "-ling"
},
"expansion": "German -ling",
"name": "der"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From German -ling.",
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "nb",
"2": "suffix"
},
"expansion": "-ling",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Norwegian Bokmål",
"lang_code": "nb",
"pos": "suffix",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Norwegian Bokmål entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 7 entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"_dis": "12 1 3 9 9 5 4 6 6 8 5 10 6 6 8 1",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Old English entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "24 1 0 6 5 4 2 12 2 6 4 23 4 2 6 0",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 7 entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "21 1 0 7 5 4 1 11 2 8 5 20 5 2 8 0",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"denoting diminutive"
],
"id": "en--ling-nb-suffix-AXDLVpJy",
"links": [
[
"diminutive",
"diminutive#English"
]
],
"tags": [
"morpheme"
]
}
],
"word": "-ling"
}
{
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "-ling",
"id": "adverbial"
},
"expansion": "Middle English: -ling\nEnglish: -ling, -long (as in headlong)",
"name": "desctree"
}
],
"text": "Middle English: -ling\nEnglish: -ling, -long (as in headlong)"
}
],
"etymology_number": 1,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ang",
"2": "long",
"3": "lang",
"4": "long"
},
"expansion": "Old English lang (“long”)",
"name": "cog"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From alteration of suffixal use of Old English lang (“long”).",
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ang",
"2": "suffix",
"head": "-ling"
},
"expansion": "-ling",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Old English",
"lang_code": "ang",
"pos": "suffix",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [],
"examples": [
{
"english": "backwards",
"text": "hinderling",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"adverbial suffix denoting direction, state or position"
],
"id": "en--ling-ang-suffix-ang:adverbial",
"senseid": [
"ang:adverbial"
],
"tags": [
"morpheme"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/linɡ/"
},
{
"ipa": "[liŋɡ]"
}
],
"word": "-ling"
}
{
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "-ling",
"id": "diminutive"
},
"expansion": "Middle English: -ling",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Middle English: -ling"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "-ling"
},
"expansion": "English: -ling",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "English: -ling"
}
],
"etymology_number": 2,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ang",
"2": "gmw-pro",
"3": "*-ling"
},
"expansion": "Proto-West Germanic *-ling",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ang",
"2": "gem-pro",
"3": "*-ilingaz"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic *-ilingaz",
"name": "inh"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Proto-West Germanic *-ling, from Proto-Germanic *-ilingaz.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "ang-decl-noun-a-m",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "-ling",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-lingas",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-ling",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-lingas",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-linges",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-linga",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-linge",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-lingum",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"plural"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ang",
"2": "suffix",
"g": "m",
"head": "-ling"
},
"expansion": "-ling m",
"name": "head"
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "-ling"
},
"name": "ang-decl-noun-a-m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "-ling",
"2": "-lingas",
"3": "-ling",
"4": "-lingas",
"5": "-linges",
"6": "-linga",
"7": "-linge",
"8": "-lingum",
"num": "",
"title": "",
"type": "strong a-stem"
},
"name": "ang-decl-noun"
}
],
"lang": "Old English",
"lang_code": "ang",
"pos": "suffix",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [],
"examples": [
{
"english": "favorite, darling",
"text": "dīerling",
"type": "example"
},
{
"english": "prisoner",
"text": "rǣpling",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"suffix used in forming personal nouns"
],
"id": "en--ling-ang-suffix-ang:nominal",
"senseid": [
"ang:nominal"
],
"synonyms": [
{
"_dis1": "57 29 13",
"word": "-linc"
}
],
"tags": [
"masculine",
"morpheme"
]
},
{
"categories": [],
"examples": [
{
"english": "starling",
"text": "stærling",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"suffix forming diminutives"
],
"id": "en--ling-ang-suffix-UG-Vi9H1",
"tags": [
"masculine",
"morpheme"
]
},
{
"examples": [
{
"text": "Icling (\"dynasty of Icel\" or \"House of Icel\"); Ætheling (House of Ethel)"
}
],
"glosses": [
"dynasty, lineage"
],
"id": "en--ling-ang-suffix-A1uikNPg",
"links": [
[
"dynasty",
"dynasty"
],
[
"lineage",
"lineage"
]
],
"tags": [
"masculine",
"morpheme"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/linɡ/"
},
{
"ipa": "[liŋɡ]"
}
],
"word": "-ling"
}
{
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ang",
"2": "-ling"
},
"expansion": "Old English: -ling",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old English: -ling"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "-ling"
},
"expansion": "Middle English: -ling, -linge, -lingge, -lyng, -lynge\nEnglish: -ling\nScots: -ling, -lin",
"name": "desctree"
}
],
"text": "Middle English: -ling, -linge, -lingge, -lyng, -lynge\nEnglish: -ling\nScots: -ling, -lin"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ofs",
"2": "-ling"
},
"expansion": "Old Frisian: -ling",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old Frisian: -ling"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "stq",
"2": "-ling"
},
"expansion": "Saterland Frisian: -ling",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Saterland Frisian: -ling"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "fy",
"2": "-ling"
},
"expansion": "West Frisian: -ling",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "West Frisian: -ling"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "osx",
"2": "-ling"
},
"expansion": "Old Saxon: -ling",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old Saxon: -ling"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gml",
"2": "-linc",
"3": "-link"
},
"expansion": "Middle Low German: -linc, -link",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Middle Low German: -linc, -link"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "nds-de",
"2": "-ling"
},
"expansion": "German Low German: -ling",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "German Low German: -ling"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "odt",
"2": "-ling"
},
"expansion": "Old Dutch: -ling",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old Dutch: -ling"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "dum",
"2": "-ling"
},
"expansion": "Middle Dutch: -ling",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Middle Dutch: -ling"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "nl",
"2": "-ling"
},
"expansion": "Dutch: -ling",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Dutch: -ling"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "goh",
"2": "-ling"
},
"expansion": "Old High German: -ling",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old High German: -ling"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gmh",
"2": "-linc"
},
"expansion": "Middle High German: -linc",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Middle High German: -linc"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "de",
"2": "-ling"
},
"expansion": "German: -ling",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "German: -ling"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "la-vul",
"2": "*-lingus",
"bor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ Vulgar Latin: *-lingus",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ Vulgar Latin: *-lingus"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "fro",
"2": "-lein",
"3": "-lain",
"4": "-llan",
"5": "-layn",
"6": "-lenc",
"7": "-leyn"
},
"expansion": "Old French: -lein, -lain, -llan, -layn, -lenc, -leyn",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old French: -lein, -lain, -llan, -layn, -lenc, -leyn"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "frm",
"2": "-llan"
},
"expansion": "Middle French: -llan",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Middle French: -llan"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "fr",
"2": "-llan"
},
"expansion": "French: -llan",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "French: -llan"
},
{
"depth": 5,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "it",
"2": "-llano",
"bor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ Italian: -llano",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ Italian: -llano"
},
{
"depth": 5,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "es",
"2": "-lán",
"bor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ Spanish: -lán",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ Spanish: -lán"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "-lain",
"bor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ English: -lain",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ English: -lain"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "roa-oit",
"2": "-lingo"
},
"expansion": "Old Italian: -lingo",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old Italian: -lingo"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "it",
"2": "-lengo"
},
"expansion": "Italian: -lengo",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Italian: -lengo"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "pro",
"2": "-leng"
},
"expansion": "Old Occitan: -leng",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old Occitan: -leng"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ca",
"2": "-lenc"
},
"expansion": "Catalan: -lenc",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Catalan: -lenc"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "es",
"2": "-lengo"
},
"expansion": "Spanish: -lengo",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Spanish: -lengo"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gmw-pro",
"2": "gem-pro",
"3": "*-lingaz"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic *-lingaz",
"name": "inh"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Proto-Germanic *-lingaz.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "gmw-infl-noun-a",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "a-stem",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"class"
]
},
{
"form": "Masculine a-stem",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"class"
]
},
{
"form": "-ling",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-lingō",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-lingōs",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-ling",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-lingā",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-lingas",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-lingō",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-lingē",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-lingum",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-lingu",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-lingum",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"plural"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gmw-pro",
"2": "suffix",
"cat2": "noun-forming suffixes",
"g": "m"
},
"expansion": "*-ling m",
"name": "head"
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {
"g": "m"
},
"name": "gmw-infl-noun-a"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-West Germanic",
"lang_code": "gmw-pro",
"original_title": "Reconstruction:Proto-West Germanic/-ling",
"pos": "suffix",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages using catfix",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 1 entry",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Proto-West Germanic entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Forms noun-derivatives with sense of 'belonging to, coming from, descending from', often with a diminutive force."
],
"id": "en--ling-gmw-pro-suffix-oLTwje2l",
"links": [
[
"belong",
"belong#English"
]
],
"tags": [
"masculine",
"morpheme",
"reconstruction"
]
}
],
"word": "-ling"
}
{
"categories": [
"Old English diminutive suffixes",
"Old English entries with incorrect language header",
"Old English lemmas",
"Old English masculine a-stem nouns",
"Old English masculine suffixes",
"Old English suffixes",
"Old English terms derived from Proto-Germanic",
"Old English terms derived from Proto-West Germanic",
"Old English terms inherited from Proto-Germanic",
"Old English terms inherited from Proto-West Germanic",
"Old English terms with IPA pronunciation",
"Old English terms with redundant head parameter",
"Pages using catfix",
"Pages with 7 entries",
"Pages with entries"
],
"derived": [
{
"tags": [
"adverb"
],
"word": "-lings"
},
{
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "-linge"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From a rebracketing of nouns with an -ing suffix. See above (English).",
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "nl",
"2": "suffix",
"cat2": "noun-forming suffixes",
"g": "m"
},
"expansion": "-ling m",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Dutch",
"lang_code": "nl",
"pos": "suffix",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"Dutch entries with incorrect language header",
"Dutch lemmas",
"Dutch masculine suffixes",
"Dutch noun-forming suffixes",
"Dutch suffixes",
"Dutch terms with non-redundant non-automated sortkeys",
"Pages using catfix",
"Pages with 7 entries",
"Pages with entries"
],
"glosses": [
"a suffix that describes a person (or other creature) in terms of a place of origin or a quality, as defined by the root to which it is added"
],
"tags": [
"masculine",
"morpheme"
]
}
],
"word": "-ling"
}
{
"categories": [
"English adverb-forming suffixes",
"English diminutive suffixes",
"English entries with incorrect language header",
"English lemmas",
"English noun-forming suffixes",
"English suffixes",
"English terms derived from Middle English",
"English terms derived from Old English",
"English terms derived from Proto-Germanic",
"English terms derived from Proto-West Germanic",
"English terms inherited from Middle English",
"English terms inherited from Old English",
"English terms inherited from Proto-Germanic",
"English terms inherited from Proto-West Germanic",
"Entries with translation boxes",
"Old English diminutive suffixes",
"Old English entries with incorrect language header",
"Old English lemmas",
"Old English masculine a-stem nouns",
"Old English masculine suffixes",
"Old English suffixes",
"Old English terms derived from Proto-Germanic",
"Old English terms derived from Proto-West Germanic",
"Old English terms inherited from Proto-Germanic",
"Old English terms inherited from Proto-West Germanic",
"Old English terms with IPA pronunciation",
"Old English terms with redundant head parameter",
"Pages using catfix",
"Pages with 7 entries",
"Pages with entries",
"Terms with Breton translations",
"Terms with Dutch translations",
"Terms with Estonian translations",
"Terms with Finnish translations",
"Terms with French translations",
"Terms with Galician translations",
"Terms with German translations",
"Terms with Interlingua translations",
"Terms with Irish translations",
"Terms with Italian translations",
"Terms with Japanese translations",
"Terms with Mandarin translations",
"Terms with Middle English translations",
"Terms with Northern Kurdish translations",
"Terms with Polish translations",
"Terms with Portuguese translations",
"Terms with Romanian translations",
"Terms with Russian translations",
"Terms with Scottish Gaelic translations",
"Terms with Sicilian translations",
"Terms with Spanish translations",
"Terms with Swedish translations",
"Terms with Ukrainian translations",
"Terms with Welsh translations"
],
"derived": [
{
"word": "buckling"
},
{
"word": "castling"
},
{
"word": "darling"
},
{
"word": "daughterling"
},
{
"word": "doeling"
},
{
"word": "duckling"
},
{
"word": "earthling"
},
{
"word": "fatling"
},
{
"word": "fingerling"
},
{
"word": "fledgling"
},
{
"word": "fondling"
},
{
"word": "goatling"
},
{
"word": "godling"
},
{
"word": "gosling"
},
{
"word": "lambling"
},
{
"word": "lordling"
},
{
"word": "pigling"
},
{
"word": "princeling"
},
{
"word": "puffling"
},
{
"word": "spiderling"
},
{
"word": "sportling"
},
{
"word": "swanling"
},
{
"word": "vetchling"
},
{
"word": "cageling"
},
{
"word": "changeling"
},
{
"word": "darkling"
},
{
"word": "endling"
},
{
"word": "firstling"
},
{
"word": "foundling"
},
{
"word": "hatchling"
},
{
"word": "hireling"
},
{
"word": "kindling"
},
{
"word": "nestling"
},
{
"word": "overling"
},
{
"word": "ridgeling"
},
{
"word": "sapling"
},
{
"word": "seedling"
},
{
"word": "shaveling"
},
{
"word": "starveling"
},
{
"word": "stripling"
},
{
"word": "suckling"
},
{
"word": "underling"
},
{
"word": "weakling"
},
{
"word": "wildling"
},
{
"word": "witling"
},
{
"word": "wordling"
},
{
"word": "worldling"
},
{
"word": "yearling"
},
{
"word": "youngling"
}
],
"etymology_number": 1,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "enm",
"3": "-ling"
},
"expansion": "Middle English -ling",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "ang",
"3": "-ling"
},
"expansion": "Old English -ling",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "gmw-pro",
"3": "*-ling"
},
"expansion": "Proto-West Germanic *-ling",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "gem-pro",
"3": "*-lingaz"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic *-lingaz",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "gem-pro",
"3": "*-ilaz"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic *-ilaz",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "gem-pro",
"3": "*-ingaz"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic *-ingaz",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "de",
"2": "-ling"
},
"expansion": "German -ling",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "is",
"2": "-lingur"
},
"expansion": "Icelandic -lingur",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "got",
"2": "-𐌻𐌹𐌲𐌲𐍃"
},
"expansion": "Gothic -𐌻𐌹𐌲𐌲𐍃 (-liggs)",
"name": "cog"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Middle English -ling, from Old English -ling, from Proto-West Germanic *-ling, from Proto-Germanic *-lingaz, a nominal suffix, probably composed of Proto-Germanic *-ilaz (agent/instrumental/diminutive suffix) + Proto-Germanic *-ingaz (patronymic suffix).\nAkin to Dutch -ling, German -ling, Icelandic -lingur, Gothic -𐌻𐌹𐌲𐌲𐍃 (-liggs). More at -le, -ing.",
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "suffix",
"cat2": "noun-forming suffixes",
"cat3": "diminutive suffixes",
"head": "",
"id": ""
},
"expansion": "-ling",
"name": "head"
},
{
"args": {
"cat2": "noun-forming suffixes",
"cat3": "diminutive suffixes"
},
"expansion": "-ling",
"name": "en-suffix"
}
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "suffix",
"senses": [
{
"glosses": [
"small, immature, miniature"
],
"links": [
[
"immature",
"immature"
]
],
"senseid": [
"en:diminutive"
],
"tags": [
"morpheme"
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"follower or resident"
],
"links": [
[
"follower",
"follower"
]
],
"senseid": [
"en:follower or resident"
],
"tags": [
"morpheme"
]
}
],
"synonyms": [
{
"tags": [
"obsolete"
],
"word": "-lyng"
},
{
"tags": [
"dialectal"
],
"word": "-lin"
}
],
"translations": [
{
"code": "br",
"lang": "Breton",
"sense": "Diminutive",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "-ig"
},
{
"code": "cmn",
"lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
"roman": "xiǎo-",
"sense": "Diminutive",
"word": "小"
},
{
"code": "cmn",
"lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
"roman": "-zǎi",
"sense": "Diminutive",
"word": "崽"
},
{
"code": "cmn",
"lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
"roman": "-zi",
"sense": "Diminutive",
"word": "-子"
},
{
"code": "nl",
"lang": "Dutch",
"sense": "Diminutive",
"word": "-je"
},
{
"code": "nl",
"lang": "Dutch",
"sense": "Diminutive",
"word": "-pje"
},
{
"code": "nl",
"lang": "Dutch",
"sense": "Diminutive",
"word": "-tje"
},
{
"code": "nl",
"lang": "Dutch",
"sense": "Diminutive",
"word": "-ling"
},
{
"code": "et",
"lang": "Estonian",
"sense": "Diminutive",
"tags": [
"singular"
],
"word": "-kene"
},
{
"code": "et",
"lang": "Estonian",
"sense": "Diminutive",
"tags": [
"singular"
],
"word": "-lane"
},
{
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "Diminutive",
"word": "-nen"
},
{
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "Diminutive",
"word": "-lainen"
},
{
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "Diminutive",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "-et"
},
{
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "Diminutive",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "-ette"
},
{
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "Diminutive",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "-in"
},
{
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "Diminutive",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "-ine"
},
{
"code": "gl",
"lang": "Galician",
"sense": "Diminutive",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "-iño"
},
{
"code": "gl",
"lang": "Galician",
"sense": "Diminutive",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "iña"
},
{
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "Diminutive",
"word": "-chen"
},
{
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "Diminutive",
"word": "-lein"
},
{
"code": "de",
"english": "south German",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "Diminutive",
"word": "-erl"
},
{
"code": "ia",
"lang": "Interlingua",
"sense": "Diminutive",
"tags": [
"masculine",
"neuter"
],
"word": "-etto"
},
{
"code": "ia",
"lang": "Interlingua",
"sense": "Diminutive",
"tags": [
"feminine",
"neuter"
],
"word": "-etta"
},
{
"code": "ga",
"lang": "Irish",
"sense": "Diminutive",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "-án"
},
{
"code": "ga",
"lang": "Irish",
"sense": "Diminutive",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "-ín"
},
{
"code": "ga",
"lang": "Irish",
"sense": "Diminutive",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "-óg"
},
{
"code": "it",
"lang": "Italian",
"sense": "Diminutive",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "-ino"
},
{
"code": "it",
"lang": "Italian",
"sense": "Diminutive",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "-ina"
},
{
"code": "it",
"lang": "Italian",
"sense": "Diminutive",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "-etto"
},
{
"code": "it",
"lang": "Italian",
"sense": "Diminutive",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "-etta"
},
{
"code": "it",
"lang": "Italian",
"sense": "Diminutive",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "-ello"
},
{
"code": "it",
"lang": "Italian",
"sense": "Diminutive",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "-ella"
},
{
"alt": "こ",
"code": "ja",
"lang": "Japanese",
"roman": "ko-",
"sense": "Diminutive",
"word": "子"
},
{
"code": "kmr",
"lang": "Northern Kurdish",
"sense": "Diminutive",
"word": "-ik"
},
{
"code": "kmr",
"lang": "Northern Kurdish",
"sense": "Diminutive",
"word": "-k"
},
{
"code": "kmr",
"lang": "Northern Kurdish",
"sense": "Diminutive",
"word": "-ok"
},
{
"code": "enm",
"lang": "Middle English",
"sense": "Diminutive",
"word": "-ling"
},
{
"code": "enm",
"lang": "Middle English",
"sense": "Diminutive",
"word": "-ing"
},
{
"code": "pl",
"lang": "Polish",
"sense": "Diminutive",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "-ę"
},
{
"code": "pt",
"lang": "Portuguese",
"sense": "Diminutive",
"word": "-inho"
},
{
"code": "ro",
"lang": "Romanian",
"sense": "Diminutive",
"word": "-el"
},
{
"code": "ro",
"lang": "Romanian",
"sense": "Diminutive",
"word": "-șor"
},
{
"code": "ro",
"lang": "Romanian",
"sense": "Diminutive",
"word": "-uț"
},
{
"code": "ro",
"lang": "Romanian",
"sense": "Diminutive",
"word": "-uș"
},
{
"code": "ro",
"lang": "Romanian",
"sense": "Diminutive",
"word": "-aș"
},
{
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "-jónok",
"sense": "Diminutive",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "-ёнок"
},
{
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "-ónok",
"sense": "Diminutive",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "-о́нок"
},
{
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "-ok",
"sense": "Diminutive",
"word": "-ок"
},
{
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "-jók",
"sense": "Diminutive",
"word": "-ёк"
},
{
"code": "gd",
"lang": "Scottish Gaelic",
"sense": "Diminutive",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "-an"
},
{
"code": "gd",
"lang": "Scottish Gaelic",
"sense": "Diminutive",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "-ag"
},
{
"code": "scn",
"lang": "Sicilian",
"sense": "Diminutive",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "-eḍḍu"
},
{
"code": "scn",
"lang": "Sicilian",
"sense": "Diminutive",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "-eḍḍa"
},
{
"code": "scn",
"lang": "Sicilian",
"sense": "Diminutive",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "-uzzu"
},
{
"code": "scn",
"lang": "Sicilian",
"sense": "Diminutive",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "-uzza"
},
{
"code": "scn",
"lang": "Sicilian",
"sense": "Diminutive",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "-icchiu"
},
{
"code": "scn",
"lang": "Sicilian",
"sense": "Diminutive",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "-icchia"
},
{
"code": "scn",
"lang": "Sicilian",
"sense": "Diminutive",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "-ittu"
},
{
"alt": "(italianized) also as -ettu m",
"code": "scn",
"lang": "Sicilian",
"roman": "-etta",
"sense": "Diminutive",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "-itta"
},
{
"code": "scn",
"lang": "Sicilian",
"sense": "Diminutive",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "-inu"
},
{
"code": "scn",
"lang": "Sicilian",
"sense": "Diminutive",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "-ina"
},
{
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "Diminutive",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "-ito"
},
{
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "Diminutive",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "-ita"
},
{
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "Diminutive",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "-illo"
},
{
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "Diminutive",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "-illa"
},
{
"code": "sv",
"lang": "Swedish",
"sense": "Diminutive",
"word": "-is"
},
{
"code": "uk",
"lang": "Ukrainian",
"roman": "-enjá",
"sense": "Diminutive",
"word": "-еня́"
},
{
"code": "uk",
"lang": "Ukrainian",
"roman": "-óčok",
"sense": "Diminutive",
"word": "-о́чок"
},
{
"code": "uk",
"lang": "Ukrainian",
"roman": "-énʹko",
"sense": "Diminutive",
"word": "-е́нько"
},
{
"code": "cy",
"lang": "Welsh",
"sense": "Diminutive",
"tags": [
"feminine",
"masculine"
],
"word": "-ig"
},
{
"code": "cy",
"lang": "Welsh",
"sense": "Diminutive",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "-cyn"
},
{
"code": "cy",
"lang": "Welsh",
"sense": "Diminutive",
"tags": [
"feminine",
"masculine",
"plural"
],
"word": "-os"
}
],
"word": "-ling"
}
{
"categories": [
"English adverb-forming suffixes",
"English entries with incorrect language header",
"English lemmas",
"English suffixes",
"English terms derived from Middle English",
"English terms derived from Old English",
"English terms inherited from Middle English",
"English terms inherited from Old English",
"Old English diminutive suffixes",
"Old English entries with incorrect language header",
"Old English lemmas",
"Old English masculine a-stem nouns",
"Old English masculine suffixes",
"Old English suffixes",
"Old English terms derived from Proto-Germanic",
"Old English terms derived from Proto-West Germanic",
"Old English terms inherited from Proto-Germanic",
"Old English terms inherited from Proto-West Germanic",
"Old English terms with IPA pronunciation",
"Old English terms with redundant head parameter",
"Pages using catfix",
"Pages with 7 entries",
"Pages with entries"
],
"derived": [
{
"word": "darkling"
},
{
"word": "flatling"
},
{
"word": "headling"
},
{
"word": "sideling"
},
{
"word": "sunderling"
}
],
"etymology_number": 2,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "enm",
"3": "-ling"
},
"expansion": "Middle English -ling",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "ang",
"3": "-ling"
},
"expansion": "Old English -ling",
"name": "inh"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Middle English -ling, from Old English -ling, -linga, -lunga (adverbial suffix). Compare -long.",
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "suffix",
"cat2": "adverb-forming suffixes",
"cat3": "",
"head": "",
"id": ""
},
"expansion": "-ling",
"name": "head"
},
{
"args": {
"cat2": "adverb-forming suffixes"
},
"expansion": "-ling",
"name": "en-suffix"
}
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "suffix",
"related": [
{
"word": "-en"
},
{
"word": "-le"
},
{
"word": "-ock"
}
],
"senses": [
{
"glosses": [
"An adverbial suffix denoting manner, direction or position."
],
"qualifier": "non-productive",
"raw_glosses": [
"(non-productive) An adverbial suffix denoting manner, direction or position."
],
"tags": [
"morpheme"
]
}
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "-lings"
},
{
"tags": [
"dialectal"
],
"word": "-lin"
}
],
"word": "-ling"
}
{
"categories": [
"German entries with incorrect language header",
"German lemmas",
"German masculine suffixes",
"German noun-forming suffixes",
"German suffixes",
"German terms derived from Middle High German",
"German terms derived from Old High German",
"German terms derived from Proto-Germanic",
"German terms derived from Proto-West Germanic",
"German terms inherited from Middle High German",
"German terms inherited from Old High German",
"German terms inherited from Proto-Germanic",
"Old English diminutive suffixes",
"Old English entries with incorrect language header",
"Old English lemmas",
"Old English masculine a-stem nouns",
"Old English masculine suffixes",
"Old English suffixes",
"Old English terms derived from Proto-Germanic",
"Old English terms derived from Proto-West Germanic",
"Old English terms inherited from Proto-Germanic",
"Old English terms inherited from Proto-West Germanic",
"Old English terms with IPA pronunciation",
"Old English terms with redundant head parameter",
"Pages using catfix",
"Pages with 7 entries",
"Pages with entries"
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "de",
"2": "gem-pro",
"inh": "1"
},
"expansion": "",
"name": "dercat"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "de",
"2": "gmh",
"3": "-linc"
},
"expansion": "Middle High German -linc",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "de",
"2": "goh",
"3": "-ling"
},
"expansion": "Old High German -ling",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "de",
"2": "gmw-pro",
"3": "*-ling"
},
"expansion": "Proto-West Germanic *-ling",
"name": "der"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Middle High German -linc, from Old High German -ling, from Proto-West Germanic *-ling.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "-linges",
"tags": [
"genitive"
]
},
{
"form": "-lings",
"tags": [
"genitive"
]
},
{
"form": "-linge",
"tags": [
"plural"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "de",
"2": "suffix",
"3": "genitive",
"4": "-linges",
"5": "or",
"6": "-lings",
"7": "plural",
"8": "-linge",
"cat2": "noun-forming suffixes",
"g": "m"
},
"expansion": "-ling m (genitive -linges or -lings, plural -linge)",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "German",
"lang_code": "de",
"pos": "suffix",
"senses": [
{
"glosses": [
"Indicates possession of or connection with a quality or property, such as Schwächling (“weakling”) from schwach (“weak”) or Frühling (“the season Spring [which comes early]”) from früh (“early”)."
],
"links": [
[
"quality",
"quality"
],
[
"property",
"property"
],
[
"Schwächling",
"Schwächling#German"
],
[
"schwach",
"schwach#German"
],
[
"Frühling",
"Frühling#German"
],
[
"früh",
"früh#German"
]
],
"tags": [
"masculine",
"morpheme"
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"A modifier of nouns, meaning a follower or resident of what is denoted by the stem form, such as Häftling from Haft."
],
"links": [
[
"noun",
"noun"
],
[
"Häftling",
"Häftling#German"
],
[
"Haft",
"Haft#German"
]
],
"tags": [
"masculine",
"morpheme"
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"Suffix forming the names of many mushrooms."
],
"links": [
[
"mushrooms",
"mushrooms"
]
],
"tags": [
"masculine",
"morpheme"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "[lɪŋ]"
},
{
"audio": "LL-Q188 (deu)-Frank C. Müller--ling.wav",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/d0/LL-Q188_%28deu%29-Frank_C._M%C3%BCller--ling.wav/LL-Q188_%28deu%29-Frank_C._M%C3%BCller--ling.wav.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/d0/LL-Q188_%28deu%29-Frank_C._M%C3%BCller--ling.wav/LL-Q188_%28deu%29-Frank_C._M%C3%BCller--ling.wav.ogg"
}
],
"word": "-ling"
}
{
"categories": [
"Old English diminutive suffixes",
"Old English entries with incorrect language header",
"Old English lemmas",
"Old English masculine a-stem nouns",
"Old English masculine suffixes",
"Old English suffixes",
"Old English terms derived from Proto-Germanic",
"Old English terms derived from Proto-West Germanic",
"Old English terms inherited from Proto-Germanic",
"Old English terms inherited from Proto-West Germanic",
"Old English terms with IPA pronunciation",
"Old English terms with redundant head parameter",
"Pages using catfix",
"Pages with 7 entries",
"Pages with entries"
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "is",
"2": "suffix form"
},
"expansion": "-ling",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Icelandic",
"lang_code": "is",
"pos": "suffix",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"Icelandic entries with incorrect language header",
"Icelandic non-lemma forms",
"Icelandic suffix forms",
"Pages with 7 entries",
"Pages with entries"
],
"form_of": [
{
"word": "-lingur"
}
],
"glosses": [
"indefinite accusative singular of -lingur"
],
"links": [
[
"-lingur",
"-lingur#Icelandic"
]
],
"tags": [
"accusative",
"form-of",
"indefinite",
"morpheme",
"singular"
]
}
],
"word": "-ling"
}
{
"categories": [
"Middle English diminutive suffixes",
"Middle English entries with incorrect language header",
"Middle English lemmas",
"Middle English suffixes",
"Middle English terms derived from Old English",
"Middle English terms derived from Proto-Germanic",
"Middle English terms derived from Proto-West Germanic",
"Middle English terms inherited from Old English",
"Middle English terms inherited from Proto-Germanic",
"Middle English terms inherited from Proto-West Germanic",
"Middle English terms suffixed with -el (agentive)",
"Middle English terms suffixed with -ing (diminutive suffix)",
"Old English diminutive suffixes",
"Old English entries with incorrect language header",
"Old English lemmas",
"Old English masculine a-stem nouns",
"Old English masculine suffixes",
"Old English suffixes",
"Old English terms derived from Proto-Germanic",
"Old English terms derived from Proto-West Germanic",
"Old English terms inherited from Proto-Germanic",
"Old English terms inherited from Proto-West Germanic",
"Old English terms with IPA pronunciation",
"Old English terms with redundant head parameter",
"Pages using catfix",
"Pages with 7 entries",
"Pages with entries"
],
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "-ling"
},
"expansion": "English: -ling",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "English: -ling"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sco",
"2": "-ling",
"3": "-lin"
},
"expansion": "Scots: -ling, -lin",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Scots: -ling, -lin"
}
],
"etymology_number": 1,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "ang",
"3": "-ling",
"id": "nominal",
"pos": "nominal suffix"
},
"expansion": "Old English -ling (nominal suffix)",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "gmw-pro",
"3": "*-ling"
},
"expansion": "Proto-West Germanic *-ling",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "gem-pro",
"3": "*-ilingaz"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic *-ilingaz",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "-el",
"3": "-ing",
"id1": "agentive",
"id2": "diminutive suffix"
},
"expansion": "-el + -ing",
"name": "af"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Old English -ling (nominal suffix), from Proto-West Germanic *-ling, from Proto-Germanic *-ilingaz; equivalent to -el + -ing.",
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "suffix"
},
"expansion": "-ling",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Middle English",
"lang_code": "enm",
"pos": "suffix",
"senses": [
{
"glosses": [
"suffix used in forming personal nouns"
],
"senseid": [
"enm:diminutive"
],
"tags": [
"morpheme"
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"suffix forming diminutives"
],
"tags": [
"morpheme"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/-linɡ/"
}
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "-linge"
},
{
"word": "-lingge"
},
{
"word": "-lyng"
},
{
"word": "-lynge"
}
],
"word": "-ling"
}
{
"categories": [
"Middle English diminutive suffixes",
"Middle English entries with incorrect language header",
"Middle English lemmas",
"Middle English suffixes",
"Middle English terms derived from Old English",
"Middle English terms inherited from Old English",
"Old English diminutive suffixes",
"Old English entries with incorrect language header",
"Old English lemmas",
"Old English masculine a-stem nouns",
"Old English masculine suffixes",
"Old English suffixes",
"Old English terms derived from Proto-Germanic",
"Old English terms derived from Proto-West Germanic",
"Old English terms inherited from Proto-Germanic",
"Old English terms inherited from Proto-West Germanic",
"Old English terms with IPA pronunciation",
"Old English terms with redundant head parameter",
"Pages using catfix",
"Pages with 7 entries",
"Pages with entries"
],
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "-ling",
"3": "-long"
},
"expansion": "English: -ling, -long",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "English: -ling, -long (as in headlong)"
}
],
"etymology_number": 2,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "ang",
"3": "-ling",
"id": "adverbial",
"pos": "adverbial suffix"
},
"expansion": "Old English -ling (adverbial suffix)",
"name": "inh"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Old English -ling (adverbial suffix).",
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "suffix"
},
"expansion": "-ling",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Middle English",
"lang_code": "enm",
"pos": "suffix",
"senses": [
{
"glosses": [
"An adverbial suffix denoting direction, state or position."
],
"senseid": [
"enm:adverbial"
],
"tags": [
"morpheme"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/-linɡ/"
}
],
"word": "-ling"
}
{
"categories": [
"Old English diminutive suffixes",
"Old English entries with incorrect language header",
"Old English lemmas",
"Old English masculine a-stem nouns",
"Old English masculine suffixes",
"Old English suffixes",
"Old English terms derived from Proto-Germanic",
"Old English terms derived from Proto-West Germanic",
"Old English terms inherited from Proto-Germanic",
"Old English terms inherited from Proto-West Germanic",
"Old English terms with IPA pronunciation",
"Old English terms with redundant head parameter",
"Pages using catfix",
"Pages with 7 entries",
"Pages with entries"
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "nb",
"2": "de",
"3": "-ling"
},
"expansion": "German -ling",
"name": "der"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From German -ling.",
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "nb",
"2": "suffix"
},
"expansion": "-ling",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Norwegian Bokmål",
"lang_code": "nb",
"pos": "suffix",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"Norwegian Bokmål entries with incorrect language header",
"Norwegian Bokmål lemmas",
"Norwegian Bokmål suffixes",
"Norwegian Bokmål terms derived from German",
"Pages with 7 entries",
"Pages with entries"
],
"glosses": [
"denoting diminutive"
],
"links": [
[
"diminutive",
"diminutive#English"
]
],
"tags": [
"morpheme"
]
}
],
"word": "-ling"
}
{
"categories": [
"Old English diminutive suffixes",
"Old English entries with incorrect language header",
"Old English lemmas",
"Old English masculine a-stem nouns",
"Old English masculine suffixes",
"Old English suffixes",
"Old English terms derived from Proto-Germanic",
"Old English terms derived from Proto-West Germanic",
"Old English terms inherited from Proto-Germanic",
"Old English terms inherited from Proto-West Germanic",
"Old English terms with IPA pronunciation",
"Old English terms with redundant head parameter",
"Pages using catfix",
"Pages with 7 entries",
"Pages with entries"
],
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "-ling",
"id": "adverbial"
},
"expansion": "Middle English: -ling\nEnglish: -ling, -long (as in headlong)",
"name": "desctree"
}
],
"text": "Middle English: -ling\nEnglish: -ling, -long (as in headlong)"
}
],
"etymology_number": 1,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ang",
"2": "long",
"3": "lang",
"4": "long"
},
"expansion": "Old English lang (“long”)",
"name": "cog"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From alteration of suffixal use of Old English lang (“long”).",
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ang",
"2": "suffix",
"head": "-ling"
},
"expansion": "-ling",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Old English",
"lang_code": "ang",
"pos": "suffix",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"Old English terms with usage examples"
],
"examples": [
{
"english": "backwards",
"text": "hinderling",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"adverbial suffix denoting direction, state or position"
],
"senseid": [
"ang:adverbial"
],
"tags": [
"morpheme"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/linɡ/"
},
{
"ipa": "[liŋɡ]"
}
],
"word": "-ling"
}
{
"categories": [
"Old English diminutive suffixes",
"Old English entries with incorrect language header",
"Old English lemmas",
"Old English masculine a-stem nouns",
"Old English masculine suffixes",
"Old English suffixes",
"Old English terms derived from Proto-Germanic",
"Old English terms derived from Proto-West Germanic",
"Old English terms inherited from Proto-Germanic",
"Old English terms inherited from Proto-West Germanic",
"Old English terms with IPA pronunciation",
"Old English terms with redundant head parameter",
"Pages using catfix",
"Pages with 7 entries",
"Pages with entries"
],
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "-ling",
"id": "diminutive"
},
"expansion": "Middle English: -ling",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Middle English: -ling"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "-ling"
},
"expansion": "English: -ling",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "English: -ling"
}
],
"etymology_number": 2,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ang",
"2": "gmw-pro",
"3": "*-ling"
},
"expansion": "Proto-West Germanic *-ling",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ang",
"2": "gem-pro",
"3": "*-ilingaz"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic *-ilingaz",
"name": "inh"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Proto-West Germanic *-ling, from Proto-Germanic *-ilingaz.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "ang-decl-noun-a-m",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "-ling",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-lingas",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-ling",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-lingas",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-linges",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-linga",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-linge",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-lingum",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"plural"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ang",
"2": "suffix",
"g": "m",
"head": "-ling"
},
"expansion": "-ling m",
"name": "head"
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "-ling"
},
"name": "ang-decl-noun-a-m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "-ling",
"2": "-lingas",
"3": "-ling",
"4": "-lingas",
"5": "-linges",
"6": "-linga",
"7": "-linge",
"8": "-lingum",
"num": "",
"title": "",
"type": "strong a-stem"
},
"name": "ang-decl-noun"
}
],
"lang": "Old English",
"lang_code": "ang",
"pos": "suffix",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"Old English terms with usage examples"
],
"examples": [
{
"english": "favorite, darling",
"text": "dīerling",
"type": "example"
},
{
"english": "prisoner",
"text": "rǣpling",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"suffix used in forming personal nouns"
],
"senseid": [
"ang:nominal"
],
"tags": [
"masculine",
"morpheme"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"Old English terms with usage examples"
],
"examples": [
{
"english": "starling",
"text": "stærling",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"suffix forming diminutives"
],
"tags": [
"masculine",
"morpheme"
]
},
{
"examples": [
{
"text": "Icling (\"dynasty of Icel\" or \"House of Icel\"); Ætheling (House of Ethel)"
}
],
"glosses": [
"dynasty, lineage"
],
"links": [
[
"dynasty",
"dynasty"
],
[
"lineage",
"lineage"
]
],
"tags": [
"masculine",
"morpheme"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/linɡ/"
},
{
"ipa": "[liŋɡ]"
}
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "-linc"
}
],
"word": "-ling"
}
{
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ang",
"2": "-ling"
},
"expansion": "Old English: -ling",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old English: -ling"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "-ling"
},
"expansion": "Middle English: -ling, -linge, -lingge, -lyng, -lynge\nEnglish: -ling\nScots: -ling, -lin",
"name": "desctree"
}
],
"text": "Middle English: -ling, -linge, -lingge, -lyng, -lynge\nEnglish: -ling\nScots: -ling, -lin"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ofs",
"2": "-ling"
},
"expansion": "Old Frisian: -ling",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old Frisian: -ling"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "stq",
"2": "-ling"
},
"expansion": "Saterland Frisian: -ling",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Saterland Frisian: -ling"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "fy",
"2": "-ling"
},
"expansion": "West Frisian: -ling",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "West Frisian: -ling"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "osx",
"2": "-ling"
},
"expansion": "Old Saxon: -ling",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old Saxon: -ling"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gml",
"2": "-linc",
"3": "-link"
},
"expansion": "Middle Low German: -linc, -link",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Middle Low German: -linc, -link"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "nds-de",
"2": "-ling"
},
"expansion": "German Low German: -ling",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "German Low German: -ling"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "odt",
"2": "-ling"
},
"expansion": "Old Dutch: -ling",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old Dutch: -ling"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "dum",
"2": "-ling"
},
"expansion": "Middle Dutch: -ling",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Middle Dutch: -ling"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "nl",
"2": "-ling"
},
"expansion": "Dutch: -ling",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Dutch: -ling"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "goh",
"2": "-ling"
},
"expansion": "Old High German: -ling",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old High German: -ling"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gmh",
"2": "-linc"
},
"expansion": "Middle High German: -linc",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Middle High German: -linc"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "de",
"2": "-ling"
},
"expansion": "German: -ling",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "German: -ling"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "la-vul",
"2": "*-lingus",
"bor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ Vulgar Latin: *-lingus",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ Vulgar Latin: *-lingus"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "fro",
"2": "-lein",
"3": "-lain",
"4": "-llan",
"5": "-layn",
"6": "-lenc",
"7": "-leyn"
},
"expansion": "Old French: -lein, -lain, -llan, -layn, -lenc, -leyn",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old French: -lein, -lain, -llan, -layn, -lenc, -leyn"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "frm",
"2": "-llan"
},
"expansion": "Middle French: -llan",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Middle French: -llan"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "fr",
"2": "-llan"
},
"expansion": "French: -llan",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "French: -llan"
},
{
"depth": 5,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "it",
"2": "-llano",
"bor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ Italian: -llano",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ Italian: -llano"
},
{
"depth": 5,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "es",
"2": "-lán",
"bor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ Spanish: -lán",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ Spanish: -lán"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "-lain",
"bor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ English: -lain",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ English: -lain"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "roa-oit",
"2": "-lingo"
},
"expansion": "Old Italian: -lingo",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old Italian: -lingo"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "it",
"2": "-lengo"
},
"expansion": "Italian: -lengo",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Italian: -lengo"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "pro",
"2": "-leng"
},
"expansion": "Old Occitan: -leng",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old Occitan: -leng"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ca",
"2": "-lenc"
},
"expansion": "Catalan: -lenc",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Catalan: -lenc"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "es",
"2": "-lengo"
},
"expansion": "Spanish: -lengo",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Spanish: -lengo"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gmw-pro",
"2": "gem-pro",
"3": "*-lingaz"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic *-lingaz",
"name": "inh"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Proto-Germanic *-lingaz.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "gmw-infl-noun-a",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "a-stem",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"class"
]
},
{
"form": "Masculine a-stem",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"class"
]
},
{
"form": "-ling",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-lingō",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-lingōs",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-ling",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-lingā",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-lingas",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-lingō",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-lingē",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-lingum",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-lingu",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-lingum",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"plural"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gmw-pro",
"2": "suffix",
"cat2": "noun-forming suffixes",
"g": "m"
},
"expansion": "*-ling m",
"name": "head"
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {
"g": "m"
},
"name": "gmw-infl-noun-a"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-West Germanic",
"lang_code": "gmw-pro",
"original_title": "Reconstruction:Proto-West Germanic/-ling",
"pos": "suffix",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"Pages using catfix",
"Pages with 1 entry",
"Pages with entries",
"Proto-West Germanic entries with incorrect language header",
"Proto-West Germanic lemmas",
"Proto-West Germanic masculine a-stem nouns",
"Proto-West Germanic masculine suffixes",
"Proto-West Germanic noun-forming suffixes",
"Proto-West Germanic suffixes",
"Proto-West Germanic terms derived from Proto-Germanic",
"Proto-West Germanic terms inherited from Proto-Germanic"
],
"glosses": [
"Forms noun-derivatives with sense of 'belonging to, coming from, descending from', often with a diminutive force."
],
"links": [
[
"belong",
"belong#English"
]
],
"tags": [
"masculine",
"morpheme",
"reconstruction"
]
}
],
"word": "-ling"
}
Download raw JSONL data for -ling meaning in All languages combined (36.8kB)
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable All languages combined dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2025-02-17 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2025-02-02 using wiktextract (ca09fec and c40eb85). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.