See -el on Wiktionary
{
"etymology_number": 1,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "ine-pro"
},
"expansion": "",
"name": "dercat"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "enm",
"3": "-el"
},
"expansion": "Middle English -el",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "ang",
"3": "-el"
},
"expansion": "Old English -el",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "gem-pro",
"3": "*-ilaz"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic *-ilaz",
"name": "inh"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Middle English -el, from Old English -el, from Proto-Germanic *-ilaz.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "-le",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "-al",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "suffix",
"cat2": "unproductive suffixes",
"cat3": "noun-forming suffixes",
"cat4": "",
"head": "",
"id": ""
},
"expansion": "-el",
"name": "head"
},
{
"args": {
"cat2": "unproductive suffixes",
"cat3": "noun-forming suffixes"
},
"expansion": "-el",
"name": "en-suffix"
}
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "suffix",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "English links with redundant alt parameters",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"text": "runnel, shovel, dotel"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Suffix forming nouns, originally denoting an instrument, from verbs, usually spelt -le except after n and e."
],
"id": "en--el-en-suffix-en:agent_noun",
"links": [
[
"-le",
"-le#English"
]
],
"senseid": [
"en:agent noun"
],
"tags": [
"morpheme"
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "33 45 22",
"kind": "other",
"name": "English entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "3 4 5 16 2 5 4 2 8 3 3 4 4 9 4 4 4 5 10",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages using catfix",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"text": "hatchel, hovel, gomerel"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Diminutive suffix in words of Germanic origin."
],
"id": "en--el-en-suffix-en:diminutive",
"senseid": [
"en:diminutive"
],
"synonyms": [
{
"english": "suffixes",
"translation": "suffixes",
"word": "-cule"
},
{
"word": "-ee"
},
{
"word": "-et"
},
{
"word": "-ette"
},
{
"word": "-icle"
},
{
"word": "-ie"
},
{
"word": "-kin"
},
{
"word": "-le"
},
{
"word": "-let"
},
{
"word": "-ling"
},
{
"word": "-ole"
},
{
"word": "-ule"
},
{
"word": "-y"
},
{
"english": "prefixes",
"translation": "prefixes",
"word": "mini-"
},
{
"word": "micro-"
},
{
"word": "nano-"
}
],
"tags": [
"morpheme"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/əl/"
},
{
"ipa": "/l̩/"
}
],
"word": "-el"
}
{
"etymology_number": 2,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "enm",
"3": "-el"
},
"expansion": "Middle English -el",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "ang",
"3": "-el",
"pos": "diminutive suffix"
},
"expansion": "Old English -el (diminutive suffix)",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "fro",
"3": "-el",
"pos": "diminutive suffix"
},
"expansion": "Old French -el (diminutive suffix)",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "la",
"3": "-ellus"
},
"expansion": "Latin -ellus",
"name": "der"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Middle English -el, a merger of two suffixes:\n* Old English -el (diminutive suffix)\n* Old French -el (diminutive suffix), from Latin -ellus",
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "suffix",
"cat2": "",
"cat3": "",
"cat4": "",
"head": "",
"id": ""
},
"expansion": "-el",
"name": "head"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "-el",
"name": "en-suffix"
}
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "suffix",
"senses": [
{
"examples": [
{
"text": "cupel, chapel, tunnel"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Suffix, originally diminutive, in words of mostly Romance origin."
],
"id": "en--el-en-suffix-8IwTVYZP",
"tags": [
"morpheme"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/əl/"
},
{
"ipa": "/l̩/"
}
],
"word": "-el"
}
{
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "abe",
"2": "suffix"
},
"expansion": "-el",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Abenaki",
"lang_code": "abe",
"pos": "suffix",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Abenaki entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 23 entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"english": "I love",
"text": "n'kezalmô",
"translation": "I love"
},
{
"english": "I love you (singular)",
"text": "k'kezalmel",
"translation": "I love you (singular)"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Used on verbs, together with the prefix k-, to indicate that the first person singular (I) is the actor and the second person singular (you) is the object of the verb."
],
"id": "en--el-abe-suffix-gzL9B-mp",
"links": [
[
"k-",
"k-"
]
],
"related": [
{
"word": "-elba"
}
],
"tags": [
"morpheme"
]
}
],
"word": "-el"
}
{
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "fr",
"2": "-el"
},
"expansion": "French -el",
"name": "cog"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Cf. French -el (e.g. sexuel, individuel, industriel)",
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "br",
"2": "suffix"
},
"expansion": "-el",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Breton",
"lang_code": "br",
"pos": "suffix",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Breton entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages using catfix",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 23 entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"text": "broad (“nation”) + -el → broadel (“national”)",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"To make an adjective of a noun; -al"
],
"id": "en--el-br-suffix-8PQr7eqX",
"links": [
[
"-al",
"-al"
]
],
"tags": [
"morpheme"
]
}
],
"word": "-el"
}
{
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "kw",
"2": "en",
"3": "-al"
},
"expansion": "English -al",
"name": "bor"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Likely borrowed from English -al.",
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "kw",
"2": "suffix"
},
"expansion": "-el",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Cornish",
"lang_code": "kw",
"pos": "suffix",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Cornish entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages using catfix",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 23 entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"text": "elven (“element”) + -el → elvennel (“elemental”)",
"type": "example"
},
{
"text": "breus (“judgement”) + -el → breusel (“critical”)",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Forming adjectives from nouns: -al"
],
"id": "en--el-kw-suffix-CgTMBGTh",
"links": [
[
"-al",
"-al#English"
]
],
"tags": [
"morpheme"
]
}
],
"word": "-el"
}
{
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "",
"2": "i",
"3": "I"
},
"expansion": "I",
"name": "yesno"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "Inherited"
},
"expansion": "Inherited",
"name": "glossary"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "cs",
"2": "zlw-ocs",
"3": "-el",
"4": "",
"5": "",
"g": "",
"g2": "",
"g3": "",
"id": "",
"lit": "",
"nocat": "",
"pos": "",
"sc": "",
"sort": "",
"tr": "",
"ts": ""
},
"expansion": "Old Czech -el",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "cs",
"2": "zlw-ocs",
"3": "-el"
},
"expansion": "Inherited from Old Czech -el",
"name": "inh+"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "cs",
"2": "sla-pro",
"3": "*-ьlъ, *-ъlъ"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Slavic *-ьlъ, *-ъlъ",
"name": "inh"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Inherited from Old Czech -el, from Proto-Slavic *-ьlъ, *-ъlъ. This suffix should be etymologically masculine. In the Old Czech, it was and the similar feminine suffix was -ěl, but these two suffixes have merged into one today. See e.g. Old Czech kúpěl –> koupel (instead of expected koupěl).",
"forms": [
{
"form": "-el m anim or",
"tags": [
"canonical",
"feminine",
"inanimate",
"masculine"
]
},
{
"form": "animate",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "cs-ndecl",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "-el",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-lové",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-la",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-lů",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-lovi",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-lu",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-lům",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-la",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-ly",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-le",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"singular",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "-lové",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"plural",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "-lovi",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"locative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-lu",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"locative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-lech",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"locative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-lem",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-ly",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "inanimate",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "cs-ndecl",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "-el",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-ly",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-lu",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-lů",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-lu",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-lům",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-el",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-ly",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-le",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"singular",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "-ly",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"plural",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "-lu",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"locative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-lech",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"locative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-lem",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-ly",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "inanimate",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "cs-ndecl",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "-el",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-ele",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-ele",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-elů",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-eli",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-elům",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-el",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-ele",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-eli",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"singular",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "-ele",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"plural",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "-eli",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"locative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-elích",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"locative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-elem",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-eli",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "inanimate",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "cs-ndecl",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "-el",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-le",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-le",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-lů",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-li",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-lům",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-el",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-le",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-li",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"singular",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "-le",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"plural",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "-li",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"locative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-lích",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"locative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-lem",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-li",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "cs-ndecl",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "-el",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-ele",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-ele",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-elí",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-eli",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-elím",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-el",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-ele",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-eli",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"singular",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "-ele",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"plural",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "-eli",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"locative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-elích",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"locative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-elí",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-elemi",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"plural"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "m-an,m-in,f"
},
"expansion": "-el m anim or m inan or f (noun-forming suffix)",
"name": "cs-noun"
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "m.an.*"
},
"name": "cs-ndecl"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "m.*"
},
"name": "cs-ndecl"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "m.soft"
},
"name": "cs-ndecl"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "m.soft.*"
},
"name": "cs-ndecl"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "f"
},
"name": "cs-ndecl"
}
],
"lang": "Czech",
"lang_code": "cs",
"pos": "suffix",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Czech entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Czech nouns with reducible stem",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Czech suffixes with multiple animacies",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Czech suffixes with multiple genders",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages using catfix",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 23 entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"text": "koza + -el → kozel",
"type": "example"
},
{
"text": "pleva + -el → plevel",
"type": "example"
},
{
"text": "koupat + -el → koupel",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"forms nouns"
],
"id": "en--el-cs-suffix-b2JvR4OS",
"tags": [
"morpheme"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "[ ɛl]"
}
],
"word": "-el"
}
{
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "da",
"2": "fr",
"3": "-el"
},
"expansion": "French -el",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "da",
"2": "la",
"3": "-ālis"
},
"expansion": "Latin -ālis",
"name": "der"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From French -el, from Latin -ālis.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "da-adj-infl",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "-el",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"error-unrecognized-form",
"positive"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"comparative",
"error-unrecognized-form"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"error-unrecognized-form",
"superlative"
]
},
{
"form": "-elt",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"error-unrecognized-form",
"positive"
]
},
{
"form": "-elle",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"plural",
"positive"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"comparative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"plural",
"superlative"
]
},
{
"form": "-elle",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"error-unrecognized-form",
"positive"
]
},
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "da-noun-infl",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "-el",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"indefinite",
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-ellet",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"definite",
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-eller",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"indefinite",
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-ellerne",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"definite",
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-els",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"indefinite",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-ellets",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"definite",
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-ellers",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"indefinite",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-ellernes",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"definite",
"genitive",
"plural"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "da",
"2": "suffix",
"head": ""
},
"expansion": "-el",
"name": "head"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "-el",
"name": "da-suffix"
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "-ell"
},
"name": "da-adj-infl"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "et",
"2": "er",
"dc": "1"
},
"name": "da-noun-infl"
},
{
"args": {
"g": "n",
"gen-pl-def": "-ellernes",
"gen-pl-def-2": "",
"gen-pl-def-3": "",
"gen-pl-indef": "-ellers",
"gen-pl-indef-2": "",
"gen-sg-def": "-ellets",
"gen-sg-def-2": "",
"gen-sg-indef": "-els",
"gen-sg-indef-2": "",
"gen-sg-indef-3": "",
"pl-def": "-ellerne",
"pl-def-2": "",
"pl-def-3": "",
"pl-indef": "-eller",
"pl-indef-2": "",
"pl-indef-3": "",
"sg-def": "-ellet",
"sg-def-2": "",
"sg-indef": "-el"
},
"name": "da-noun-infl-base"
}
],
"lang": "Danish",
"lang_code": "da",
"pos": "suffix",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Danish entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages using catfix",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 23 entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
}
],
"glosses": [
"-al"
],
"id": "en--el-da-suffix-eeqFMa7t",
"links": [
[
"-al",
"-al"
]
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "-al"
}
],
"tags": [
"morpheme"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/el/"
},
{
"ipa": "[ˈɛlˀ]"
}
],
"word": "-el"
}
{
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "nl",
"2": "odt",
"3": "*-el"
},
"expansion": "Old Dutch *-el",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "nl",
"2": "gmw-pro",
"3": "*-il"
},
"expansion": "Proto-West Germanic *-il",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "nl",
"2": "gem-pro",
"3": "*-ilaz"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic *-ilaz",
"name": "inh"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Old Dutch *-el, from Proto-West Germanic *-il, from Proto-Germanic *-ilaz.",
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "nl",
"2": "suffix",
"3": "unproductive"
},
"expansion": "-el (unproductive)",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Dutch",
"lang_code": "nl",
"pos": "suffix",
"senses": [
{
"examples": [
{
"text": "koren + -el → korrel",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"forms diminutive nouns"
],
"id": "en--el-nl-suffix-nl:diminutive",
"senseid": [
"nl:diminutive"
],
"tags": [
"morpheme"
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "35 65",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Dutch entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"text": "sluiten + -el → sleutel",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"forms noun denoting an instrument"
],
"id": "en--el-nl-suffix-nl:instrument",
"senseid": [
"nl:instrument"
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "-er"
}
],
"tags": [
"morpheme"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/əl/"
}
],
"word": "-el"
}
{
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "eo",
"2": "suffix"
},
"expansion": "-el",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Esperanto",
"lang_code": "eo",
"pos": "suffix",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Esperanto entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 23 entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
}
],
"derived": [
{
"english": "in what way, in what manner, how",
"translation": "in what way, in what manner, how",
"word": "kiel"
},
{
"english": "in that way, in that manner, thus",
"translation": "in that way, in that manner, thus",
"word": "tiel"
},
{
"english": "in every way, in every manner",
"translation": "in every way, in every manner",
"word": "ĉiel"
},
{
"english": "in some way, in some manner, somehow",
"translation": "in some way, in some manner, somehow",
"word": "iel"
},
{
"english": "in no way, nohow",
"translation": "in no way, nohow",
"word": "neniel"
},
{
"english": "in another way, somehow else",
"sense": "nonce",
"translation": "in another way, somehow else",
"word": "aliel"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"text": "-el is the ending for correlatives of manner or degree"
}
],
"glosses": [
"in … way"
],
"id": "en--el-eo-suffix-G-YnsWL1",
"tags": [
"morpheme"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"audio": "LL-Q143 (epo)-Lepticed7--el.wav",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/9/9d/LL-Q143_%28epo%29-Lepticed7--el.wav/LL-Q143_%28epo%29-Lepticed7--el.wav.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/9/9d/LL-Q143_%28epo%29-Lepticed7--el.wav/LL-Q143_%28epo%29-Lepticed7--el.wav.ogg"
}
],
"word": "-el"
}
{
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "frp",
"2": "pronoun form",
"g": "f"
},
"expansion": "-el f",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Franco-Provençal",
"lang_code": "frp",
"pos": "pron",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Franco-Provençal entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 23 entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
}
],
"form_of": [
{
"word": "el"
}
],
"glosses": [
"postpositive form of el"
],
"id": "en--el-frp-pron-0158Vm5D",
"links": [
[
"el",
"el#Franco-Provençal"
]
],
"tags": [
"feminine",
"form-of",
"postpositional"
]
}
],
"word": "-el"
}
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Danish",
"lang_code": "da",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"word": "-el"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Afrikaans",
"lang_code": "af",
"word": "-eel"
},
{
"lang": "Indonesian",
"lang_code": "id",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"word": "-il"
}
],
"lang": "Dutch",
"lang_code": "nl",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"word": "-eel"
},
{
"lang": "German",
"lang_code": "de",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"word": "-ell"
},
{
"lang": "Norwegian Bokmål",
"lang_code": "nb",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"word": "-ell"
},
{
"lang": "Norwegian Nynorsk",
"lang_code": "nn",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"word": "-ell"
},
{
"lang": "Swedish",
"lang_code": "sv",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"word": "-ell"
},
{
"lang": "Turkish",
"lang_code": "tr",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"word": "-sel"
},
{
"lang": "Yiddish",
"lang_code": "yi",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"roman": "-el",
"word": "־על"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "fr",
"2": ":inh",
"3": "fro:-el<id:forming adjectives>",
"id": "al",
"tree": "1"
},
"expansion": "Etymology tree\nOld French -el\nFrench -el",
"name": "etymon"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "",
"2": "i",
"3": "I"
},
"expansion": "I",
"name": "yesno"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "Inherited"
},
"expansion": "Inherited",
"name": "glossary"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "fr",
"2": "fro",
"3": "-el",
"4": "",
"5": "",
"g": "",
"g2": "",
"g3": "",
"id": "",
"lit": "",
"nocat": "",
"pos": "",
"sc": "",
"sort": "",
"tr": "",
"ts": ""
},
"expansion": "Old French -el",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "fr",
"2": "fro",
"3": "-el"
},
"expansion": "Inherited from Old French -el",
"name": "inh+"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "fr",
"2": "la",
"3": "-ālis"
},
"expansion": "Latin -ālis",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "fr",
"2": "-al"
},
"expansion": "Doublet of -al",
"name": "dbt"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Etymology tree\nOld French -el\nFrench -el\nInherited from Old French -el, from Latin -ālis. Doublet of -al.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "-elle",
"tags": [
"feminine"
]
},
{
"form": "-els",
"tags": [
"masculine",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-elles",
"tags": [
"feminine",
"plural"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "-el (adjective-forming suffix, feminine -elle, masculine plural -els, feminine plural -elles)",
"name": "fr-adj"
}
],
"lang": "French",
"lang_code": "fr",
"pos": "suffix",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "French entries referencing etymons with invalid IDs",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "French entries with etymology trees",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "French entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages using catfix",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 23 entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with etymology trees",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
}
],
"glosses": [
"forms adjectives from nouns: -al"
],
"id": "en--el-fr-suffix-65hXWpnC",
"links": [
[
"-al",
"-al"
]
],
"related": [
{
"word": "-al"
}
],
"tags": [
"morpheme"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ɛl/"
},
{
"audio": "LL-Q150 (fra)-Lyokoï--el.wav",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/2/21/LL-Q150_%28fra%29-Lyoko%C3%AF--el.wav/LL-Q150_%28fra%29-Lyoko%C3%AF--el.wav.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/2/21/LL-Q150_%28fra%29-Lyoko%C3%AF--el.wav/LL-Q150_%28fra%29-Lyoko%C3%AF--el.wav.ogg"
}
],
"word": "-el"
}
{
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "de",
"2": "gmh",
"3": "-el"
},
"expansion": "Middle High German -el",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "de",
"2": "goh",
"3": "-il"
},
"expansion": "Old High German -il",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "de",
"2": "gmw-pro",
"3": "*-il"
},
"expansion": "Proto-West Germanic *-il",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "de",
"2": "gem-pro",
"3": "*-ilaz"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic *-ilaz",
"name": "inh"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Middle High German -el, from Old High German -il, direct descendant of Proto-West Germanic *-il, from Proto-Germanic *-ilaz, or from dialectal variants of -lein, which as well ultimately go back to *-ilaz or to *-ilingaz.",
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "de",
"2": "suffix",
"cat2": "noun-forming suffixes",
"g": "n",
"g2": "m"
},
"expansion": "-el n or m",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "German",
"lang_code": "de",
"pos": "suffix",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Regional German",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"_dis": "47 32 21",
"kind": "other",
"name": "German entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "34 30 36",
"kind": "other",
"name": "German suffixes with multiple genders",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"text": "Kind (“child”) + -el → Kindel (“little child, darling”)",
"type": "example"
},
{
"text": "Haus (“house”) + -el → Häusel (“little house”)",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"suffix in diminutives"
],
"id": "en--el-de-suffix-oTiOGrGf",
"links": [
[
"regional",
"regional#English"
]
],
"qualifier": "productive",
"raw_glosses": [
"(productive, regional, Upper German) suffix in diminutives"
],
"tags": [
"Upper-German",
"masculine",
"morpheme",
"neuter",
"regional"
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "34 30 36",
"kind": "other",
"name": "German suffixes with multiple genders",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"text": "Arm (“arm”) + -el → Ärmel (“sleeve”)",
"type": "example"
},
{
"text": "Eiche (“oak”) + -el → Eichel (“acorn”)",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"suffix in nouns indicating appurtenance, i.e. accessories or things subordinate to a bigger entity"
],
"id": "en--el-de-suffix-RePYJctR",
"tags": [
"masculine",
"morpheme",
"neuter"
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "34 30 36",
"kind": "other",
"name": "German suffixes with multiple genders",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"text": "Büttel, Meißel, Weisel"
}
],
"glosses": [
"suffix in agent and instrumental nouns"
],
"id": "en--el-de-suffix-orsucMKh",
"tags": [
"masculine",
"morpheme",
"neuter"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/əl/"
},
{
"audio": "De--el.ogg",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/03/De--el.ogg/De--el.ogg.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/03/De--el.ogg"
}
],
"word": "-el"
}
{
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "hu",
"2": "-e-",
"3": "-l",
"nocat": "y"
},
"expansion": "-e- + -l",
"name": "af"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From -e- + -l.",
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "hu",
"2": "suffix",
"cat2": "noun-forming suffixes",
"cat3": "verb-forming suffixes"
},
"expansion": "-el",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Hungarian",
"lang_code": "hu",
"pos": "suffix",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "54 22 24",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Hungarian entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"text": "keres (“to seek”) + -el → keresel (“you seek, you are seeking”)",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Forms the second-person singular present tense of verbs ending in s, sz, z, dz (indicative mood, indefinite conjugation)."
],
"id": "en--el-hu-suffix-hu:personal",
"raw_glosses": [
"(personal suffix) Forms the second-person singular present tense of verbs ending in s, sz, z, dz (indicative mood, indefinite conjugation)."
],
"senseid": [
"hu:personal"
],
"tags": [
"morpheme",
"personal",
"suffix"
]
},
{
"examples": [
{
"text": "ebéd (“lunch”) + -el → ebédel (“to eat lunch”)",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Added to a noun to form a verb."
],
"id": "en--el-hu-suffix-hu:verb_forming",
"links": [
[
"noun",
"noun#English"
],
[
"verb",
"verb#English"
]
],
"qualifier": "verb-forming suffix",
"raw_glosses": [
"(verb-forming suffix) Added to a noun to form a verb."
],
"senseid": [
"hu:verb-forming"
],
"tags": [
"morpheme"
]
},
{
"examples": [
{
"text": "lep (“to cover”) + -el → lepel (“wrap”)",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Added to a verb to form a noun. No longer productive in this role."
],
"id": "en--el-hu-suffix-hu:noun_forming",
"links": [
[
"verb",
"verb#English"
],
[
"noun",
"noun#English"
]
],
"qualifier": "noun-forming suffix",
"raw_glosses": [
"(noun-forming suffix) Added to a verb to form a noun. No longer productive in this role."
],
"senseid": [
"hu:noun-forming"
],
"tags": [
"morpheme"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "[ɛl]"
},
{
"rhymes": "-ɛl"
}
],
"word": "-el"
}
{
"etymology_number": 1,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "nds",
"2": "gml",
"3": "-el"
},
"expansion": "Middle Low German -el",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "nds",
"2": "osx",
"3": "-il"
},
"expansion": "Old Saxon -il",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "nds",
"2": "gem-pro",
"3": "*-ilaz"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic *-ilaz",
"name": "inh"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Middle Low German -el, from Old Saxon -il, from Proto-Germanic *-ilaz.",
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "nds",
"2": "suffix",
"g": "m"
},
"expansion": "-el m",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Low German",
"lang_code": "nds",
"pos": "suffix",
"senses": [
{
"examples": [
{
"text": "Lepel, Snavel, Stickel"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Suffix forming nouns originally denoting an agent from verbs."
],
"id": "en--el-nds-suffix-2E-SZSbG",
"tags": [
"masculine",
"morpheme"
]
}
],
"word": "-el"
}
{
"etymology_number": 2,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "nds",
"2": "gml",
"3": "-ling"
},
"expansion": "Middle Low German -ling",
"name": "inh"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Middle Low German -ling. Result of resegmentation of nouns with -el and -ing suffixes. See the English suffix -ling. Akin to English, Dutch and German -ling.",
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "nds",
"2": "suffix",
"g": "m"
},
"expansion": "-el m",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Low German",
"lang_code": "nds",
"pos": "suffix",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "42 58",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Low German entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"derived": [
{
"word": "Bückel"
},
{
"word": "Stickel"
}
],
"glosses": [
"A suffix that describes a male person (or other creature) in terms of a place of origin or a quality, as defined by the root to which it is added. Now often replaced by a compound with Jung for a male person, and Deern for a female person such as Lehrjung, Lehrdeern (male/female pupil)."
],
"id": "en--el-nds-suffix-eq8rQbcS",
"links": [
[
"Jung",
"Jung"
],
[
"Deern",
"Deern"
],
[
"Lehrjung",
"Lehrjung"
],
[
"Lehrdeern",
"Lehrdeern"
]
],
"tags": [
"masculine",
"morpheme"
]
}
],
"word": "-el"
}
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"word": "-le"
},
{
"lang": "Scots",
"lang_code": "sco",
"word": "-le"
}
],
"etymology_number": 1,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "adjectival"
},
"expansion": "",
"name": "etymid"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "ang",
"3": "-el"
},
"expansion": "Old English -el",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "gmw-pro",
"3": "*-ul"
},
"expansion": "Proto-West Germanic *-ul",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "gem-pro",
"3": "*-ulaz"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic *-ulaz",
"name": "inh"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Old English -el, -ol, from Proto-West Germanic *-ul, from Proto-Germanic *-ulaz.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "-le",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "suffix",
"cat2": "adjective-forming suffixes"
},
"expansion": "-el",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Middle English",
"lang_code": "enm",
"pos": "suffix",
"senses": [
{
"glosses": [
"Forms adjectives meaning \"tending to\" or \"able to\" from verbs."
],
"id": "en--el-enm-suffix-r4nc3U-L",
"tags": [
"morpheme"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/-əl/"
}
],
"word": "-el"
}
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"word": "-le"
},
{
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"word": "-el"
},
{
"lang": "Scots",
"lang_code": "sco",
"word": "-le"
},
{
"lang": "Scots",
"lang_code": "sco",
"word": "-el"
}
],
"etymology_number": 2,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "agentive"
},
"expansion": "",
"name": "etymid"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "ang",
"3": "-el"
},
"expansion": "Old English -el",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "gmw-pro",
"3": "*-il"
},
"expansion": "Proto-West Germanic *-il",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "gem-pro",
"3": "*-ilaz"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic *-ilaz",
"name": "inh"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Old English -el, -ol, from Proto-West Germanic *-il, from Proto-Germanic *-ilaz.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "-ell",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "-il",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "-ill",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "-le",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "-ul",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "-yl",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "-yll",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "-ylle",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "suffix",
"cat2": "noun-forming suffixes"
},
"expansion": "-el",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Middle English",
"lang_code": "enm",
"pos": "suffix",
"senses": [
{
"glosses": [
"Forms diminutives from verbs or other nouns."
],
"id": "en--el-enm-suffix-iFx3iBjd",
"tags": [
"morpheme"
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "3 4 5 7 2 5 4 2 8 4 3 4 5 3 4 10 4 0 0 0 2 2 2 5 11",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 23 entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "2 4 4 7 1 6 4 1 9 4 4 4 5 4 4 11 4 0 0 0 1 1 1 5 12",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "15 19 38 19 4 4",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Middle English entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Forms agent nouns from verbs or other nouns."
],
"id": "en--el-enm-suffix-6JHfkpcH",
"tags": [
"morpheme"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/-əl/"
}
],
"word": "-el"
}
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"word": "-el"
},
{
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"word": "-le"
}
],
"etymology_number": 3,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "diminutive"
},
"expansion": "",
"name": "etymid"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "fro",
"3": "-el"
},
"expansion": "Old French -el",
"name": "bor"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "la",
"3": "-ālis"
},
"expansion": "Latin -ālis",
"name": "der"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Old French -el, -ele, from Latin -ālis and -ellus, -ella.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "-ele",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "-ell",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "-elle",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "-eylle",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "-le",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "-yll",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "-ylle",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "suffix",
"cat2": "noun-forming suffixes"
},
"expansion": "-el",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Middle English",
"lang_code": "enm",
"pos": "suffix",
"senses": [
{
"glosses": [
"Forms diminutives from verbs or other nouns."
],
"id": "en--el-enm-suffix-iFx3iBjd1",
"tags": [
"morpheme"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/-ˈɛːl(ə)/"
},
{
"ipa": "/-ɛl(ə)/"
}
],
"word": "-el"
}
{
"etymology_number": 4,
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "suffix",
"altform": "1"
},
"expansion": "-el",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Middle English",
"lang_code": "enm",
"pos": "suffix",
"senses": [
{
"alt_of": [
{
"word": "-al"
}
],
"glosses": [
"alternative form of -al"
],
"id": "en--el-enm-suffix-8vzy69Gl",
"links": [
[
"-al",
"-al#Middle_English"
]
],
"tags": [
"alt-of",
"alternative",
"morpheme"
]
}
],
"word": "-el"
}
{
"etymology_number": 5,
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "suffix",
"altform": "1"
},
"expansion": "-el",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Middle English",
"lang_code": "enm",
"pos": "suffix",
"senses": [
{
"alt_of": [
{
"word": "-elen"
}
],
"glosses": [
"alternative form of -elen"
],
"id": "en--el-enm-suffix-BLzqcG~M",
"links": [
[
"-elen",
"-elen#Middle_English"
]
],
"tags": [
"alt-of",
"alternative",
"morpheme"
]
}
],
"word": "-el"
}
{
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "nrf",
"2": "fro",
"3": "-el"
},
"expansion": "Old French -el",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "nrf",
"2": "la",
"3": "-ālis"
},
"expansion": "Latin -ālis",
"name": "inh"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Old French -el, from Latin -ālis.",
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "nrf",
"2": "suffix"
},
"expansion": "-el",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Norman",
"lang_code": "nrm",
"pos": "suffix",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Norman entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages using catfix",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 23 entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
}
],
"glosses": [
"makes an adjectival form of a noun; -al"
],
"id": "en--el-nrm-suffix-m9ealRlQ",
"links": [
[
"-al",
"-al"
]
],
"tags": [
"morpheme"
]
}
],
"word": "-el"
}
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Czech",
"lang_code": "cs",
"word": "-el"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "",
"2": "i",
"3": "I"
},
"expansion": "I",
"name": "yesno"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "Inherited"
},
"expansion": "Inherited",
"name": "glossary"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "zlw-ocs",
"2": "sla-pro",
"3": "*-ьlъ, *-ъlъ",
"4": "",
"5": "",
"g": "",
"g2": "",
"g3": "",
"id": "",
"lit": "",
"nocat": "",
"pos": "",
"sc": "",
"sort": "",
"tr": "",
"ts": ""
},
"expansion": "Proto-Slavic *-ьlъ, *-ъlъ",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "zlw-ocs",
"2": "sla-pro",
"3": "*-ьlъ, *-ъlъ"
},
"expansion": "Inherited from Proto-Slavic *-ьlъ, *-ъlъ",
"name": "inh+"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Inherited from Proto-Slavic *-ьlъ, *-ъlъ.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "-el",
"tags": [
"canonical",
"masculine",
"person"
]
},
{
"form": "m animal or",
"tags": [
"canonical",
"inanimate",
"masculine"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "m-pr,m-anml,m-in"
},
"expansion": "-el m pers or m animal or m inan (noun-forming suffix)",
"name": "zlw-ocs-noun"
}
],
"lang": "Old Czech",
"lang_code": "zlw-ocs",
"pos": "suffix",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Old Czech entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Old Czech suffixes with multiple animacies",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages using catfix",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 23 entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"text": "koza + -el → kozel",
"type": "example"
},
{
"text": "s- + viezti + -el → sviezel",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"forms nouns"
],
"id": "en--el-zlw-ocs-suffix-b2JvR4OS",
"related": [
{
"word": "-ěl"
}
],
"tags": [
"morpheme"
]
}
],
"word": "-el"
}
{
"etymology_number": 1,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ang",
"2": "gem-pro",
"3": "*-a-l-"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic *-a-l-",
"name": "inh"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Proto-Germanic *-a-l-.",
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ang",
"2": "suffix",
"cat2": "",
"head": "",
"head2": "",
"sort": ""
},
"expansion": "-el",
"name": "head"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "-el",
"name": "ang-suffix"
}
],
"lang": "Old English",
"lang_code": "ang",
"pos": "suffix",
"senses": [
{
"alt_of": [
{
"word": "-ol"
}
],
"glosses": [
"alternative form of -ol"
],
"id": "en--el-ang-suffix-K05PX6lg",
"links": [
[
"-ol",
"-ol#Old_English"
]
],
"tags": [
"alt-of",
"alternative",
"morpheme"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/el/"
}
],
"word": "-el"
}
{
"descendants": [
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"word": "-le"
},
{
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"word": "-el"
},
{
"lang": "Scots",
"lang_code": "sco",
"word": "-le"
},
{
"lang": "Scots",
"lang_code": "sco",
"word": "-el"
}
],
"lang": "Middle English",
"lang_code": "enm",
"word": "-el"
}
],
"etymology_number": 2,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ang",
"2": "gem-pro",
"3": "*-ilaz"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic *-ilaz",
"name": "inh"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Proto-Germanic *-ilaz.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "ang-decl-noun",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "-el",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-elas",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-las",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-el",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-elas",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-las",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-eles",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-les",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-ela",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-la",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-ele",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-le",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-elum",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-lum",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-il",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ang",
"2": "suffix",
"cat2": "",
"head": "",
"head2": "",
"sort": ""
},
"expansion": "-el",
"name": "head"
},
{
"args": {
"g": "m"
},
"expansion": "-el",
"name": "ang-suffix"
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "-el",
"2": "-elas,-las",
"3": "-el",
"4": "-elas,-las",
"5": "-eles,-les",
"6": "-ela,-la",
"7": "-ele,-le",
"8": "-elum,-lum"
},
"name": "ang-decl-noun"
}
],
"lang": "Old English",
"lang_code": "ang",
"pos": "suffix",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "40 60",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Old English entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"text": "crēopan (“to creep”) + -el → crypel (“cripple”)",
"type": "example"
},
{
"text": "bēodan (“to command”) + -el → bydel (“herald, messenger”)",
"type": "example"
},
{
"text": "spittan (“to dig”) + -el → spitel (“shovel”)",
"type": "example"
},
{
"text": "hladan (“to lade”) + -el → hlædel (“ladle”)",
"type": "example"
},
{
"text": "þrēapian (“to reprove, reprehend”) + -el → þrīpel (“instrument of punishment, cross”)",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"agent and instrumental suffix creating nouns from verbs"
],
"id": "en--el-ang-suffix-Zu5vDJmn",
"qualifier": "causes i-mutation",
"raw_glosses": [
"(causes i-mutation) agent and instrumental suffix creating nouns from verbs"
],
"tags": [
"morpheme"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/el/"
}
],
"word": "-el"
}
{
"descendants": [
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Danish",
"lang_code": "da",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"word": "-el"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Afrikaans",
"lang_code": "af",
"word": "-eel"
},
{
"lang": "Indonesian",
"lang_code": "id",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"word": "-il"
}
],
"lang": "Dutch",
"lang_code": "nl",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"word": "-eel"
},
{
"lang": "German",
"lang_code": "de",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"word": "-ell"
},
{
"lang": "Norwegian Bokmål",
"lang_code": "nb",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"word": "-ell"
},
{
"lang": "Norwegian Nynorsk",
"lang_code": "nn",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"word": "-ell"
},
{
"lang": "Swedish",
"lang_code": "sv",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"word": "-ell"
},
{
"lang": "Turkish",
"lang_code": "tr",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"word": "-sel"
},
{
"lang": "Yiddish",
"lang_code": "yi",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"roman": "-el",
"word": "־על"
}
],
"lang": "French",
"lang_code": "fr",
"word": "-el"
}
],
"etymology_number": 1,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "fro",
"2": ":inh",
"3": "la:-ālis<id:adjectivizing suffix>",
"id": "adjective",
"text": "++",
"tree": "1"
},
"expansion": "Etymology tree\nProto-Italic *-ālis\nLatin -ālis\nOld French -el\nInherited from Latin -ālis, from Proto-Italic *-ālis.",
"name": "etymon"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Etymology tree\nProto-Italic *-ālis\nLatin -ālis\nOld French -el\nInherited from Latin -ālis, from Proto-Italic *-ālis.",
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "fro",
"2": "suffix"
},
"expansion": "-el",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Old French",
"lang_code": "fro",
"pos": "suffix",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "51 49",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Old French entries with etymology texts",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "51 49",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Old French entries with etymology trees",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "55 45",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Old French entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "51 49",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages using etymon with no ID",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "51 49",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with etymology trees",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"used to form an adjective"
],
"id": "en--el-fro-suffix-SZXlquuA",
"links": [
[
"adjective",
"adjective#English"
]
],
"tags": [
"morpheme"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ˈɛl/"
}
],
"word": "-el"
}
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Angevin",
"lang_code": "roa-ang",
"word": "-iau"
},
{
"lang": "Bourbonnais-Berrichon",
"lang_code": "roa-bbn",
"word": "-iau"
},
{
"lang": "Bourguignon",
"lang_code": "roa-brg",
"word": "-eâ"
},
{
"lang": "Champenois",
"lang_code": "roa-cha",
"word": "-é"
},
{
"lang": "Champenois",
"lang_code": "roa-cha",
"word": "-iau"
},
{
"lang": "Franc-Comtois",
"lang_code": "roa-fcm",
"word": "-é"
},
{
"lang": "Franc-Comtois",
"lang_code": "roa-fcm",
"word": "-ia"
},
{
"lang": "French",
"lang_code": "fr",
"word": "-eau"
},
{
"lang": "Gallo",
"lang_code": "roa-gal",
"word": "-ë"
},
{
"lang": "Gallo",
"lang_code": "roa-gal",
"word": "-iao"
},
{
"lang": "Lorrain",
"lang_code": "roa-lor",
"word": "-é"
},
{
"lang": "Norman",
"lang_code": "nrm",
"word": "-é"
},
{
"lang": "Norman",
"lang_code": "nrm",
"word": "iaô"
},
{
"lang": "Picard",
"lang_code": "pcd",
"word": "-iau"
},
{
"lang": "Picard",
"lang_code": "pcd",
"word": "-ieu"
},
{
"lang": "Poitevin-Saintongeais",
"lang_code": "roa-poi",
"word": "-ea"
},
{
"lang": "Walloon",
"lang_code": "wa",
"word": "-ea"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"word": "-el"
},
{
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"word": "-le"
}
],
"lang": "Middle English",
"lang_code": "enm",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"word": "-el"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"word": "-el"
},
{
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"word": "-le"
}
],
"lang": "Middle English",
"lang_code": "enm",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"word": "-ele"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"word": "-el"
},
{
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"word": "-le"
}
],
"lang": "Middle English",
"lang_code": "enm",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"word": "-ell"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"word": "-el"
},
{
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"word": "-le"
}
],
"lang": "Middle English",
"lang_code": "enm",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"word": "-elle"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"word": "-el"
},
{
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"word": "-le"
}
],
"lang": "Middle English",
"lang_code": "enm",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"word": "-eylle"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"word": "-el"
},
{
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"word": "-le"
}
],
"lang": "Middle English",
"lang_code": "enm",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"word": "-le"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"word": "-el"
},
{
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"word": "-le"
}
],
"lang": "Middle English",
"lang_code": "enm",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"word": "-yll"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"word": "-el"
},
{
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"word": "-le"
}
],
"lang": "Middle English",
"lang_code": "enm",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"word": "-ylle"
}
],
"etymology_number": 2,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "fro",
"2": ":inh",
"3": "la:-ellus",
"id": "diminutive",
"text": "++",
"tree": "1"
},
"expansion": "Etymology tree\nProto-Indo-European *-lós\nProto-Italic *-elos\nLatin -ulus\nLatin -ellus\nOld French -el\nInherited from Latin -ellus, from -ulus, from Proto-Italic *-elos, from Proto-Indo-European *-lós.",
"name": "etymon"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Etymology tree\nProto-Indo-European *-lós\nProto-Italic *-elos\nLatin -ulus\nLatin -ellus\nOld French -el\nInherited from Latin -ellus, from -ulus, from Proto-Italic *-elos, from Proto-Indo-European *-lós.",
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "fro",
"2": "suffix"
},
"expansion": "-el",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Old French",
"lang_code": "fro",
"pos": "suffix",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "51 49",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Old French entries with etymology texts",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "51 49",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Old French entries with etymology trees",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "55 45",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Old French entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "51 49",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages using etymon with no ID",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "51 49",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with etymology trees",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"used to form a diminutive"
],
"id": "en--el-fro-suffix-EiXUgVz7",
"links": [
[
"diminutive",
"diminutive#English"
]
],
"tags": [
"morpheme"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ˈɛl/"
}
],
"word": "-el"
}
{
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "pl",
"2": ":inh",
"3": "sla-pro:*-ělъ<id:nominal>",
"id": "nominal",
"tree": "1"
},
"expansion": "Etymology tree\nProto-Indo-European *-éh₁ti\nProto-Indo-European *-lós\nProto-Slavic *-ělъ\nPolish -el",
"name": "etymon"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "",
"2": "i",
"3": "I"
},
"expansion": "I",
"name": "yesno"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "Inherited"
},
"expansion": "Inherited",
"name": "glossary"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "pl",
"2": "sla-pro",
"3": "*-ělъ",
"4": "",
"5": "",
"g": "",
"g2": "",
"g3": "",
"id": "",
"lit": "",
"nocat": "",
"pos": "",
"sc": "",
"sort": "",
"tr": "",
"ts": ""
},
"expansion": "Proto-Slavic *-ělъ",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "pl",
"2": "sla-pro",
"3": "*-ělъ"
},
"expansion": "Inherited from Proto-Slavic *-ělъ",
"name": "inh+"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Etymology tree\nProto-Indo-European *-éh₁ti\nProto-Indo-European *-lós\nProto-Slavic *-ělъ\nPolish -el\nInherited from Proto-Slavic *-ělъ.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "pl-decl-noun-m-pr",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "-el",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-ele",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-elowie",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-ela",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-eli",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-elów",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-elowi",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-elom",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-ela",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-eli",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-elów",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-elem",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-elami",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-elu",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"locative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-elach",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"locative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-elu",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"singular",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "-ele",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"plural",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "-elowie",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"plural",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "pl-decl-noun-m-anml",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "-el",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-ele",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-ela",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-eli",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-elowi",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-elom",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-ela",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-ele",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-elem",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-elami",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-elu",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"locative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-elach",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"locative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-elu",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"singular",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "-ele",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"plural",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "pl-decl-noun-m-in",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "-el",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-ele",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-elu",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-eli",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-elowi",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-elom",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-el",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-ele",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-elem",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-elami",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-elu",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"locative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-elach",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"locative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-elu",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"singular",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "-ele",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"plural",
"vocative"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "pl",
"2": "suffix",
"g": "m"
},
"expansion": "-el m",
"name": "head"
}
],
"hyphenation": [
"-el"
],
"hyphenations": [
{
"parts": [
"",
"el"
]
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "-e",
"2": "l",
"genp": "-eli/-elów",
"nomp": "-ele/-elowie"
},
"name": "pl-decl-noun-m-pr"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "-e",
"2": "l"
},
"name": "pl-decl-noun-m-anml"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "-e",
"2": "l"
},
"name": "pl-decl-noun-m-in"
}
],
"lang": "Polish",
"lang_code": "pl",
"pos": "suffix",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages using catfix",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 23 entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with etymology trees",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Polish entries with etymology trees",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Polish entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Polish links with manual fragments",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Polish links with redundant alt parameters",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Polish links with redundant wikilinks",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"text": "śmierdzieć + -el → śmierdziel",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"forms masculine agent nouns"
],
"id": "en--el-pl-suffix-yspPDGEB",
"links": [
[
"masculine",
"masculine#English"
],
[
"agent noun",
"agent noun#English"
]
],
"tags": [
"masculine",
"morpheme"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ɛl/"
},
{
"rhymes": "-ɛl"
}
],
"word": "-el"
}
{
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "rom",
"2": "suffix",
"cat2": "inflectional suffixes"
},
"expansion": "-el",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Romani",
"lang_code": "rom",
"pos": "suffix",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 23 entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Romani entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Forms the third-person singular present indicative of consonantal oikoclitic verbs"
],
"id": "en--el-rom-suffix-WchbKC~R",
"tags": [
"morpheme"
]
}
],
"word": "-el"
}
{
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "",
"2": "i",
"3": "I"
},
"expansion": "I",
"name": "yesno"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "Inherited"
},
"expansion": "Inherited",
"name": "glossary"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ro",
"2": "la",
"3": "-ellus",
"4": "",
"5": "",
"g": "",
"g2": "",
"g3": "",
"id": "",
"lit": "",
"nocat": "",
"pos": "",
"sc": "",
"sort": "",
"tr": "",
"ts": ""
},
"expansion": "Latin -ellus",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ro",
"2": "la",
"3": "-ellus"
},
"expansion": "Inherited from Latin -ellus",
"name": "inh+"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Inherited from Latin -ellus.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "-ei",
"tags": [
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-ea",
"tags": [
"feminine"
]
},
{
"form": "-ele",
"tags": [
"feminine",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "ro-noun-m",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "-el",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"indefinite",
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-elul",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"definite",
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-ei",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"indefinite",
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-eii",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"definite",
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-el",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"genitive",
"indefinite",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-elului",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"definite",
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-ei",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"genitive",
"indefinite",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-eilor",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"definite",
"genitive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-elule",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"singular",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "-eilor",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"plural",
"vocative"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ro",
"2": "suffix",
"3": "plural",
"4": "-ei",
"5": "feminine",
"6": "-ea",
"7": "feminine plural",
"8": "-ele",
"cat2": "diminutive suffixes",
"g": "m"
},
"expansion": "-el m (plural -ei, feminine -ea, feminine plural -ele)",
"name": "head"
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {
"gpd": "-eilor",
"gpi": "-ei",
"gsd": "-elului",
"gsi": "-el",
"n": "",
"npd": "-eii",
"npi": "-ei",
"nsd": "-elul",
"nsi": "-el",
"vp": "-eilor",
"vs": "-elule",
"vs2": ""
},
"name": "ro-decl-noun"
}
],
"lang": "Romanian",
"lang_code": "ro",
"pos": "suffix",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages using catfix",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 23 entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Romanian entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
}
],
"glosses": [
"used to form a masculine diminutive of a word (e.g. băiat (“boy”) + -el → băiețel (“little boy”)"
],
"id": "en--el-ro-suffix-SeZPEb3o",
"links": [
[
"diminutive",
"diminutive"
],
[
"băiat",
"băiat#Romanian"
],
[
"băiețel",
"băiețel#Romanian"
]
],
"related": [
{
"word": "-ea"
}
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "-uș"
},
{
"word": "-aș"
},
{
"word": "-uț"
},
{
"word": "-șor"
}
],
"tags": [
"masculine",
"morpheme"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/el/"
}
],
"word": "-el"
}
{
"etymology_number": 1,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "|",
"name": "!"
},
{
"args": {
"class": "floatright very-narrow",
"palette": "red",
"title": "-"
},
"expansion": "{| class=\"inflection-table \"",
"name": "inflection-table-top"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "|",
"name": "!"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "|",
"name": "!"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "|",
"name": "!"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "|",
"name": "!"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "|",
"name": "!"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "|",
"name": "!"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "|",
"name": "!"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "|",
"name": "!"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "|}",
"name": "inflection-table-bottom"
},
{
"args": {
"a": "al",
"e": "el"
},
"expansion": "",
"name": "tr-suffix-forms"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "tr",
"2": "trk-pro",
"3": "*-il"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Turkic *-il",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "tr",
"2": "trk-pro",
"3": "*-gil"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Turkic *-gil",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "fr",
"2": "-al"
},
"expansion": "-al",
"name": "suffix"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "tr",
"2": "-sel"
},
"expansion": "-sel",
"name": "suffix"
},
{
"args": {
"page": "102"
},
"expansion": "Lewis, Geoffrey (1999), The Turkish Language Reform: A Catastrophic Success, Oxford, New York: Oxford University Press, page 102",
"name": "r:tr:Lewis:1999"
}
],
"etymology_text": "A variation of -il (derives deverbals and denominals), from Proto-Turkic *-il or Proto-Turkic *-gil. Both variants are likely merged with homophonic -il (derives adjectives for onomatopoeia and colors).\nSee şırıltı (onomatopoeia for flowing water), kızıl (“red”) and yeşil (“green”).\nFor words from using the same suffix, see güzel (“beautiful”), tombul (“chubby”), tükel (“complete, perfect”), kutsal (“holy, sacred”), çatal (“fork”) and çakıl (“gravel”).\nPerhaps influenced by French -al, whence -sel as in göksel or işitsel but not kutsal.",
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "tr",
"2": "suffix",
"3": "",
"4": "-{{{var}}}",
"head": ""
},
"expansion": "-el",
"name": "head"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "-el",
"name": "tr-suffix"
}
],
"lang": "Turkish",
"lang_code": "tr",
"pos": "suffix",
"senses": [
{
"examples": [
{
"text": "özel (“private, special”) from öz (“self”)"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Derives adjectives from nouns and verbs."
],
"id": "en--el-tr-suffix-XeLBpkuQ",
"tags": [
"morpheme"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ɛl/"
}
],
"word": "-el"
}
{
"etymology_number": 2,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "|",
"name": "!"
},
{
"args": {
"class": "floatright very-narrow",
"palette": "red",
"title": "-"
},
"expansion": "{| class=\"inflection-table \"",
"name": "inflection-table-top"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "|",
"name": "!"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "|",
"name": "!"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "|",
"name": "!"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "|",
"name": "!"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "|",
"name": "!"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "|",
"name": "!"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "|",
"name": "!"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "|",
"name": "!"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "|}",
"name": "inflection-table-bottom"
},
{
"args": {
"a": "al",
"e": "el"
},
"expansion": "",
"name": "tr-suffix-forms"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "tr",
"2": "ota",
"3": "ـال",
"tr": "-al, -el"
},
"expansion": "Ottoman Turkish ـال (-al, -el)",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "tr",
"2": "trk-pro",
"3": "*-a",
"4": "*-(g)a",
"pos": "verb-forming suffix"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Turkic *-(g)a (verb-forming suffix)",
"name": "der"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Ottoman Turkish ـال (-al, -el) or ـل (-l), a combination of Proto-Turkic *-(g)a (verb-forming suffix) and *-il (passive suffix).",
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "tr",
"2": "suffix",
"3": "",
"4": "-{{{var}}}",
"head": ""
},
"expansion": "-el",
"name": "head"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "-el",
"name": "tr-suffix"
}
],
"lang": "Turkish",
"lang_code": "tr",
"pos": "suffix",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "3 4 5 7 2 5 4 2 8 4 3 4 5 3 4 10 4 0 0 0 2 2 2 5 11",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 23 entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "2 4 4 7 1 6 4 1 9 4 4 4 5 4 4 11 4 0 0 0 1 1 1 5 12",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "31 69",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Turkish entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"text": "ince (“thin”) + -l → (int.) incelmek (“to thin”)",
"type": "example"
},
{
"text": "dar (“narrow”) + -al → (int.) daralmak (“to narrow”)",
"type": "example"
},
{
"text": "çok (“many, much”) + -al → (int.) çoğalmak (“to multiply”)",
"type": "example"
},
{
"text": "düz (“straight”) + -el → (int.) düzelmek (“to straighten”)",
"type": "example"
},
{
"text": "kısa (“short”) + -al → (int.) kısalmak (“to shorten”)",
"type": "example"
},
{
"text": "yön (“direction”) + -el → (int.) yönelmek (“to face, to turn towards”)",
"type": "example"
},
{
"text": "diri (“alive, not dead”) + -l → (int.) dirilmek (“to come alive, to come back to life”)",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Derives intransitive verbs from adjectives."
],
"id": "en--el-tr-suffix-tr:verb_forming_suffix",
"senseid": [
"tr:verb-forming suffix"
],
"tags": [
"morpheme"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ɛl/"
}
],
"word": "-el"
}
{
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "vo",
"2": "suffix"
},
"expansion": "-el",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Volapük",
"lang_code": "vo",
"pos": "suffix",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages using catfix",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 23 entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Volapük entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Used to indicate a maker of a certain thing."
],
"id": "en--el-vo-suffix-LGU-b9Rh",
"tags": [
"morpheme"
]
}
],
"word": "-el"
}
{
"descendants": [
{
"descendants": [
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Georgian",
"lang_code": "ka",
"roman": "-el",
"word": "-ელ"
}
],
"lang": "Old Georgian",
"lang_code": "oge",
"roman": "-el",
"word": "-ელ"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Laz",
"lang_code": "lzz",
"roman": "-al",
"word": "-ალ"
},
{
"lang": "Laz",
"lang_code": "lzz",
"roman": "-a",
"word": "-ა"
},
{
"lang": "Laz",
"lang_code": "lzz",
"roman": "-e",
"word": "-ე"
},
{
"lang": "Laz",
"lang_code": "lzz",
"roman": "-u",
"word": "-უ"
},
{
"lang": "Mingrelian",
"lang_code": "xmf",
"roman": "-al",
"word": "-ალ"
},
{
"lang": "Mingrelian",
"lang_code": "xmf",
"roman": "-a",
"word": "-ა"
},
{
"lang": "Mingrelian",
"lang_code": "xmf",
"roman": "-e",
"word": "-ე"
},
{
"lang": "Mingrelian",
"lang_code": "xmf",
"roman": "-u",
"word": "-უ"
}
],
"lang": "Zan",
"lang_code": "unknown"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-Georgian-Zan",
"lang_code": "ccs-gzn-pro"
},
{
"lang": "Svan",
"lang_code": "sva",
"roman": "-el",
"word": "-ელ"
},
{
"lang": "Svan",
"lang_code": "sva",
"roman": "-e",
"word": "-ე"
},
{
"lang": "Svan",
"lang_code": "sva",
"word": "-∅"
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ccs-pro",
"2": "suffix"
},
"expansion": "*-el",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-Kartvelian",
"lang_code": "ccs-pro",
"original_title": "Reconstruction:Proto-Kartvelian/-el",
"pos": "suffix",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 1 entry",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Proto-Kartvelian entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
}
],
"glosses": [
"suffix of noun derivation"
],
"id": "en--el-ccs-pro-suffix-aBiyYbmX",
"tags": [
"morpheme",
"reconstruction"
]
}
],
"word": "-el"
}
{
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "abe",
"2": "suffix"
},
"expansion": "-el",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Abenaki",
"lang_code": "abe",
"pos": "suffix",
"related": [
{
"word": "-elba"
}
],
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"Abenaki entries with incorrect language header",
"Abenaki lemmas",
"Abenaki suffixes",
"Pages with 23 entries",
"Pages with entries"
],
"examples": [
{
"english": "I love",
"text": "n'kezalmô",
"translation": "I love"
},
{
"english": "I love you (singular)",
"text": "k'kezalmel",
"translation": "I love you (singular)"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Used on verbs, together with the prefix k-, to indicate that the first person singular (I) is the actor and the second person singular (you) is the object of the verb."
],
"links": [
[
"k-",
"k-"
]
],
"tags": [
"morpheme"
]
}
],
"word": "-el"
}
{
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "fr",
"2": "-el"
},
"expansion": "French -el",
"name": "cog"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Cf. French -el (e.g. sexuel, individuel, industriel)",
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "br",
"2": "suffix"
},
"expansion": "-el",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Breton",
"lang_code": "br",
"pos": "suffix",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"Breton entries with incorrect language header",
"Breton lemmas",
"Breton suffixes",
"Pages using catfix",
"Pages with 23 entries",
"Pages with entries"
],
"examples": [
{
"text": "broad (“nation”) + -el → broadel (“national”)",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"To make an adjective of a noun; -al"
],
"links": [
[
"-al",
"-al"
]
],
"tags": [
"morpheme"
]
}
],
"word": "-el"
}
{
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "kw",
"2": "en",
"3": "-al"
},
"expansion": "English -al",
"name": "bor"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Likely borrowed from English -al.",
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "kw",
"2": "suffix"
},
"expansion": "-el",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Cornish",
"lang_code": "kw",
"pos": "suffix",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"Cornish entries with incorrect language header",
"Cornish lemmas",
"Cornish suffixes",
"Cornish terms borrowed from English",
"Cornish terms derived from English",
"Pages using catfix",
"Pages with 23 entries",
"Pages with entries"
],
"examples": [
{
"text": "elven (“element”) + -el → elvennel (“elemental”)",
"type": "example"
},
{
"text": "breus (“judgement”) + -el → breusel (“critical”)",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Forming adjectives from nouns: -al"
],
"links": [
[
"-al",
"-al#English"
]
],
"tags": [
"morpheme"
]
}
],
"word": "-el"
}
{
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "",
"2": "i",
"3": "I"
},
"expansion": "I",
"name": "yesno"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "Inherited"
},
"expansion": "Inherited",
"name": "glossary"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "cs",
"2": "zlw-ocs",
"3": "-el",
"4": "",
"5": "",
"g": "",
"g2": "",
"g3": "",
"id": "",
"lit": "",
"nocat": "",
"pos": "",
"sc": "",
"sort": "",
"tr": "",
"ts": ""
},
"expansion": "Old Czech -el",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "cs",
"2": "zlw-ocs",
"3": "-el"
},
"expansion": "Inherited from Old Czech -el",
"name": "inh+"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "cs",
"2": "sla-pro",
"3": "*-ьlъ, *-ъlъ"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Slavic *-ьlъ, *-ъlъ",
"name": "inh"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Inherited from Old Czech -el, from Proto-Slavic *-ьlъ, *-ъlъ. This suffix should be etymologically masculine. In the Old Czech, it was and the similar feminine suffix was -ěl, but these two suffixes have merged into one today. See e.g. Old Czech kúpěl –> koupel (instead of expected koupěl).",
"forms": [
{
"form": "-el m anim or",
"tags": [
"canonical",
"feminine",
"inanimate",
"masculine"
]
},
{
"form": "animate",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "cs-ndecl",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "-el",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-lové",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-la",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-lů",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-lovi",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-lu",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-lům",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-la",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-ly",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-le",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"singular",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "-lové",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"plural",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "-lovi",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"locative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-lu",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"locative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-lech",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"locative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-lem",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-ly",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "inanimate",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "cs-ndecl",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "-el",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-ly",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-lu",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-lů",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-lu",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-lům",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-el",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-ly",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-le",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"singular",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "-ly",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"plural",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "-lu",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"locative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-lech",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"locative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-lem",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-ly",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "inanimate",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "cs-ndecl",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "-el",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-ele",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-ele",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-elů",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-eli",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-elům",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-el",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-ele",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-eli",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"singular",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "-ele",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"plural",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "-eli",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"locative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-elích",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"locative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-elem",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-eli",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "inanimate",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "cs-ndecl",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "-el",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-le",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-le",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-lů",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-li",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-lům",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-el",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-le",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-li",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"singular",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "-le",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"plural",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "-li",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"locative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-lích",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"locative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-lem",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-li",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "cs-ndecl",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "-el",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-ele",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-ele",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-elí",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-eli",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-elím",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-el",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-ele",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-eli",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"singular",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "-ele",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"plural",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "-eli",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"locative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-elích",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"locative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-elí",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-elemi",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"plural"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "m-an,m-in,f"
},
"expansion": "-el m anim or m inan or f (noun-forming suffix)",
"name": "cs-noun"
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "m.an.*"
},
"name": "cs-ndecl"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "m.*"
},
"name": "cs-ndecl"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "m.soft"
},
"name": "cs-ndecl"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "m.soft.*"
},
"name": "cs-ndecl"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "f"
},
"name": "cs-ndecl"
}
],
"lang": "Czech",
"lang_code": "cs",
"pos": "suffix",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"Czech animate suffixes",
"Czech entries with incorrect language header",
"Czech feminine suffixes",
"Czech hard masculine animate nouns",
"Czech hard masculine inanimate nouns",
"Czech inanimate suffixes",
"Czech lemmas",
"Czech masculine animate nouns",
"Czech masculine inanimate nouns",
"Czech masculine suffixes",
"Czech noun-forming suffixes",
"Czech nouns with reducible stem",
"Czech soft masculine inanimate nouns",
"Czech soft zero-ending feminine nouns",
"Czech suffixes",
"Czech suffixes with multiple animacies",
"Czech suffixes with multiple genders",
"Czech terms derived from Old Czech",
"Czech terms derived from Proto-Slavic",
"Czech terms inherited from Old Czech",
"Czech terms inherited from Proto-Slavic",
"Czech terms with IPA pronunciation",
"Pages using catfix",
"Pages with 23 entries",
"Pages with entries"
],
"examples": [
{
"text": "koza + -el → kozel",
"type": "example"
},
{
"text": "pleva + -el → plevel",
"type": "example"
},
{
"text": "koupat + -el → koupel",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"forms nouns"
],
"tags": [
"morpheme"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "[ ɛl]"
}
],
"word": "-el"
}
{
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "da",
"2": "fr",
"3": "-el"
},
"expansion": "French -el",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "da",
"2": "la",
"3": "-ālis"
},
"expansion": "Latin -ālis",
"name": "der"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From French -el, from Latin -ālis.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "da-adj-infl",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "-el",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"error-unrecognized-form",
"positive"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"comparative",
"error-unrecognized-form"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"error-unrecognized-form",
"superlative"
]
},
{
"form": "-elt",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"error-unrecognized-form",
"positive"
]
},
{
"form": "-elle",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"plural",
"positive"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"comparative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"plural",
"superlative"
]
},
{
"form": "-elle",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"error-unrecognized-form",
"positive"
]
},
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "da-noun-infl",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "-el",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"indefinite",
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-ellet",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"definite",
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-eller",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"indefinite",
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-ellerne",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"definite",
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-els",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"indefinite",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-ellets",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"definite",
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-ellers",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"indefinite",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-ellernes",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"definite",
"genitive",
"plural"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "da",
"2": "suffix",
"head": ""
},
"expansion": "-el",
"name": "head"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "-el",
"name": "da-suffix"
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "-ell"
},
"name": "da-adj-infl"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "et",
"2": "er",
"dc": "1"
},
"name": "da-noun-infl"
},
{
"args": {
"g": "n",
"gen-pl-def": "-ellernes",
"gen-pl-def-2": "",
"gen-pl-def-3": "",
"gen-pl-indef": "-ellers",
"gen-pl-indef-2": "",
"gen-sg-def": "-ellets",
"gen-sg-def-2": "",
"gen-sg-indef": "-els",
"gen-sg-indef-2": "",
"gen-sg-indef-3": "",
"pl-def": "-ellerne",
"pl-def-2": "",
"pl-def-3": "",
"pl-indef": "-eller",
"pl-indef-2": "",
"pl-indef-3": "",
"sg-def": "-ellet",
"sg-def-2": "",
"sg-indef": "-el"
},
"name": "da-noun-infl-base"
}
],
"lang": "Danish",
"lang_code": "da",
"pos": "suffix",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"Danish entries with incorrect language header",
"Danish lemmas",
"Danish suffixes",
"Danish terms derived from French",
"Danish terms derived from Latin",
"Pages using catfix",
"Pages with 23 entries",
"Pages with entries"
],
"glosses": [
"-al"
],
"links": [
[
"-al",
"-al"
]
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "-al"
}
],
"tags": [
"morpheme"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/el/"
},
{
"ipa": "[ˈɛlˀ]"
}
],
"word": "-el"
}
{
"categories": [
"Dutch entries with incorrect language header",
"Dutch lemmas",
"Dutch suffixes",
"Dutch terms derived from Old Dutch",
"Dutch terms derived from Proto-Germanic",
"Dutch terms derived from Proto-West Germanic",
"Dutch terms inherited from Old Dutch",
"Dutch terms inherited from Proto-Germanic",
"Dutch terms inherited from Proto-West Germanic",
"Pages using catfix",
"Pages with 23 entries",
"Pages with entries"
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "nl",
"2": "odt",
"3": "*-el"
},
"expansion": "Old Dutch *-el",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "nl",
"2": "gmw-pro",
"3": "*-il"
},
"expansion": "Proto-West Germanic *-il",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "nl",
"2": "gem-pro",
"3": "*-ilaz"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic *-ilaz",
"name": "inh"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Old Dutch *-el, from Proto-West Germanic *-il, from Proto-Germanic *-ilaz.",
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "nl",
"2": "suffix",
"3": "unproductive"
},
"expansion": "-el (unproductive)",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Dutch",
"lang_code": "nl",
"pos": "suffix",
"senses": [
{
"examples": [
{
"text": "koren + -el → korrel",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"forms diminutive nouns"
],
"senseid": [
"nl:diminutive"
],
"tags": [
"morpheme"
]
},
{
"examples": [
{
"text": "sluiten + -el → sleutel",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"forms noun denoting an instrument"
],
"senseid": [
"nl:instrument"
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "-er"
}
],
"tags": [
"morpheme"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/əl/"
}
],
"word": "-el"
}
{
"categories": [
"English diminutive suffixes",
"English entries with incorrect language header",
"English lemmas",
"English noun-forming suffixes",
"English suffixes",
"English terms derived from Middle English",
"English terms derived from Old English",
"English terms derived from Proto-Germanic",
"English terms derived from Proto-Indo-European",
"English terms inherited from Middle English",
"English terms inherited from Old English",
"English terms inherited from Proto-Germanic",
"English unproductive suffixes",
"Pages using catfix",
"Pages with 23 entries",
"Pages with entries"
],
"etymology_number": 1,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "ine-pro"
},
"expansion": "",
"name": "dercat"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "enm",
"3": "-el"
},
"expansion": "Middle English -el",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "ang",
"3": "-el"
},
"expansion": "Old English -el",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "gem-pro",
"3": "*-ilaz"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic *-ilaz",
"name": "inh"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Middle English -el, from Old English -el, from Proto-Germanic *-ilaz.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "-le",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "-al",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "suffix",
"cat2": "unproductive suffixes",
"cat3": "noun-forming suffixes",
"cat4": "",
"head": "",
"id": ""
},
"expansion": "-el",
"name": "head"
},
{
"args": {
"cat2": "unproductive suffixes",
"cat3": "noun-forming suffixes"
},
"expansion": "-el",
"name": "en-suffix"
}
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "suffix",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"English links with redundant alt parameters"
],
"examples": [
{
"text": "runnel, shovel, dotel"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Suffix forming nouns, originally denoting an instrument, from verbs, usually spelt -le except after n and e."
],
"links": [
[
"-le",
"-le#English"
]
],
"senseid": [
"en:agent noun"
],
"tags": [
"morpheme"
]
},
{
"examples": [
{
"text": "hatchel, hovel, gomerel"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Diminutive suffix in words of Germanic origin."
],
"senseid": [
"en:diminutive"
],
"synonyms": [
{
"english": "suffixes",
"translation": "suffixes",
"word": "-cule"
},
{
"word": "-ee"
},
{
"word": "-et"
},
{
"word": "-ette"
},
{
"word": "-icle"
},
{
"word": "-ie"
},
{
"word": "-kin"
},
{
"word": "-le"
},
{
"word": "-let"
},
{
"word": "-ling"
},
{
"word": "-ole"
},
{
"word": "-ule"
},
{
"word": "-y"
},
{
"english": "prefixes",
"translation": "prefixes",
"word": "mini-"
},
{
"word": "micro-"
},
{
"word": "nano-"
}
],
"tags": [
"morpheme"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/əl/"
},
{
"ipa": "/l̩/"
}
],
"word": "-el"
}
{
"categories": [
"English entries with incorrect language header",
"English lemmas",
"English suffixes",
"English terms derived from Middle English",
"English terms inherited from Middle English",
"Pages using catfix",
"Pages with 23 entries",
"Pages with entries"
],
"etymology_number": 2,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "enm",
"3": "-el"
},
"expansion": "Middle English -el",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "ang",
"3": "-el",
"pos": "diminutive suffix"
},
"expansion": "Old English -el (diminutive suffix)",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "fro",
"3": "-el",
"pos": "diminutive suffix"
},
"expansion": "Old French -el (diminutive suffix)",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "la",
"3": "-ellus"
},
"expansion": "Latin -ellus",
"name": "der"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Middle English -el, a merger of two suffixes:\n* Old English -el (diminutive suffix)\n* Old French -el (diminutive suffix), from Latin -ellus",
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "suffix",
"cat2": "",
"cat3": "",
"cat4": "",
"head": "",
"id": ""
},
"expansion": "-el",
"name": "head"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "-el",
"name": "en-suffix"
}
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "suffix",
"senses": [
{
"examples": [
{
"text": "cupel, chapel, tunnel"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Suffix, originally diminutive, in words of mostly Romance origin."
],
"tags": [
"morpheme"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/əl/"
},
{
"ipa": "/l̩/"
}
],
"word": "-el"
}
{
"derived": [
{
"english": "in what way, in what manner, how",
"translation": "in what way, in what manner, how",
"word": "kiel"
},
{
"english": "in that way, in that manner, thus",
"translation": "in that way, in that manner, thus",
"word": "tiel"
},
{
"english": "in every way, in every manner",
"translation": "in every way, in every manner",
"word": "ĉiel"
},
{
"english": "in some way, in some manner, somehow",
"translation": "in some way, in some manner, somehow",
"word": "iel"
},
{
"english": "in no way, nohow",
"translation": "in no way, nohow",
"word": "neniel"
},
{
"english": "in another way, somehow else",
"sense": "nonce",
"translation": "in another way, somehow else",
"word": "aliel"
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "eo",
"2": "suffix"
},
"expansion": "-el",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Esperanto",
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{
"categories": [
"Esperanto entries with incorrect language header",
"Esperanto lemmas",
"Esperanto suffixes",
"Pages with 23 entries",
"Pages with entries"
],
"examples": [
{
"text": "-el is the ending for correlatives of manner or degree"
}
],
"glosses": [
"in … way"
],
"tags": [
"morpheme"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"audio": "LL-Q143 (epo)-Lepticed7--el.wav",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/9/9d/LL-Q143_%28epo%29-Lepticed7--el.wav/LL-Q143_%28epo%29-Lepticed7--el.wav.mp3",
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],
"word": "-el"
}
{
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "frp",
"2": "pronoun form",
"g": "f"
},
"expansion": "-el f",
"name": "head"
}
],
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"pos": "pron",
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{
"categories": [
"Franco-Provençal entries with incorrect language header",
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"Franco-Provençal pronoun forms",
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"Pages with entries"
],
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{
"word": "el"
}
],
"glosses": [
"postpositive form of el"
],
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[
"el",
"el#Franco-Provençal"
]
],
"tags": [
"feminine",
"form-of",
"postpositional"
]
}
],
"word": "-el"
}
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Danish",
"lang_code": "da",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"word": "-el"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Afrikaans",
"lang_code": "af",
"word": "-eel"
},
{
"lang": "Indonesian",
"lang_code": "id",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"word": "-il"
}
],
"lang": "Dutch",
"lang_code": "nl",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"word": "-eel"
},
{
"lang": "German",
"lang_code": "de",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"word": "-ell"
},
{
"lang": "Norwegian Bokmål",
"lang_code": "nb",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"word": "-ell"
},
{
"lang": "Norwegian Nynorsk",
"lang_code": "nn",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"word": "-ell"
},
{
"lang": "Swedish",
"lang_code": "sv",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"word": "-ell"
},
{
"lang": "Turkish",
"lang_code": "tr",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"word": "-sel"
},
{
"lang": "Yiddish",
"lang_code": "yi",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"roman": "-el",
"word": "־על"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "fr",
"2": ":inh",
"3": "fro:-el<id:forming adjectives>",
"id": "al",
"tree": "1"
},
"expansion": "Etymology tree\nOld French -el\nFrench -el",
"name": "etymon"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "",
"2": "i",
"3": "I"
},
"expansion": "I",
"name": "yesno"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "Inherited"
},
"expansion": "Inherited",
"name": "glossary"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "fr",
"2": "fro",
"3": "-el",
"4": "",
"5": "",
"g": "",
"g2": "",
"g3": "",
"id": "",
"lit": "",
"nocat": "",
"pos": "",
"sc": "",
"sort": "",
"tr": "",
"ts": ""
},
"expansion": "Old French -el",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "fr",
"2": "fro",
"3": "-el"
},
"expansion": "Inherited from Old French -el",
"name": "inh+"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "fr",
"2": "la",
"3": "-ālis"
},
"expansion": "Latin -ālis",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "fr",
"2": "-al"
},
"expansion": "Doublet of -al",
"name": "dbt"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Etymology tree\nOld French -el\nFrench -el\nInherited from Old French -el, from Latin -ālis. Doublet of -al.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "-elle",
"tags": [
"feminine"
]
},
{
"form": "-els",
"tags": [
"masculine",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-elles",
"tags": [
"feminine",
"plural"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "-el (adjective-forming suffix, feminine -elle, masculine plural -els, feminine plural -elles)",
"name": "fr-adj"
}
],
"lang": "French",
"lang_code": "fr",
"pos": "suffix",
"related": [
{
"word": "-al"
}
],
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"French 1-syllable words",
"French adjective-forming suffixes",
"French doublets",
"French entries referencing etymons with invalid IDs",
"French entries with etymology trees",
"French entries with incorrect language header",
"French lemmas",
"French suffixes",
"French terms derived from Latin",
"French terms derived from Old French",
"French terms inherited from Latin",
"French terms inherited from Old French",
"French terms with IPA pronunciation",
"Pages using catfix",
"Pages with 23 entries",
"Pages with entries",
"Pages with etymology trees"
],
"glosses": [
"forms adjectives from nouns: -al"
],
"links": [
[
"-al",
"-al"
]
],
"tags": [
"morpheme"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ɛl/"
},
{
"audio": "LL-Q150 (fra)-Lyokoï--el.wav",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/2/21/LL-Q150_%28fra%29-Lyoko%C3%AF--el.wav/LL-Q150_%28fra%29-Lyoko%C3%AF--el.wav.mp3",
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}
],
"word": "-el"
}
{
"categories": [
"German diminutive suffixes",
"German entries with incorrect language header",
"German lemmas",
"German masculine suffixes",
"German neuter suffixes",
"German noun-forming suffixes",
"German suffixes",
"German suffixes with multiple genders",
"German terms derived from Middle High German",
"German terms derived from Old High German",
"German terms derived from Proto-Germanic",
"German terms derived from Proto-West Germanic",
"German terms inherited from Middle High German",
"German terms inherited from Old High German",
"German terms inherited from Proto-Germanic",
"German terms inherited from Proto-West Germanic",
"Pages using catfix",
"Pages with 23 entries",
"Pages with entries"
],
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{
"args": {
"1": "de",
"2": "gmh",
"3": "-el"
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"expansion": "Middle High German -el",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "de",
"2": "goh",
"3": "-il"
},
"expansion": "Old High German -il",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "de",
"2": "gmw-pro",
"3": "*-il"
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"expansion": "Proto-West Germanic *-il",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "de",
"2": "gem-pro",
"3": "*-ilaz"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic *-ilaz",
"name": "inh"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Middle High German -el, from Old High German -il, direct descendant of Proto-West Germanic *-il, from Proto-Germanic *-ilaz, or from dialectal variants of -lein, which as well ultimately go back to *-ilaz or to *-ilingaz.",
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{
"args": {
"1": "de",
"2": "suffix",
"cat2": "noun-forming suffixes",
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"g2": "m"
},
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"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "German",
"lang_code": "de",
"pos": "suffix",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"Regional German"
],
"examples": [
{
"text": "Kind (“child”) + -el → Kindel (“little child, darling”)",
"type": "example"
},
{
"text": "Haus (“house”) + -el → Häusel (“little house”)",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"suffix in diminutives"
],
"links": [
[
"regional",
"regional#English"
]
],
"qualifier": "productive",
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"(productive, regional, Upper German) suffix in diminutives"
],
"tags": [
"Upper-German",
"masculine",
"morpheme",
"neuter",
"regional"
]
},
{
"examples": [
{
"text": "Arm (“arm”) + -el → Ärmel (“sleeve”)",
"type": "example"
},
{
"text": "Eiche (“oak”) + -el → Eichel (“acorn”)",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"suffix in nouns indicating appurtenance, i.e. accessories or things subordinate to a bigger entity"
],
"tags": [
"masculine",
"morpheme",
"neuter"
]
},
{
"examples": [
{
"text": "Büttel, Meißel, Weisel"
}
],
"glosses": [
"suffix in agent and instrumental nouns"
],
"tags": [
"masculine",
"morpheme",
"neuter"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/əl/"
},
{
"audio": "De--el.ogg",
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"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/03/De--el.ogg"
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],
"word": "-el"
}
{
"categories": [
"Hungarian entries with incorrect language header",
"Hungarian lemmas",
"Hungarian noun-forming suffixes",
"Hungarian suffixes",
"Hungarian terms with IPA pronunciation",
"Hungarian verb-forming suffixes",
"Pages using catfix",
"Pages with 23 entries",
"Pages with entries",
"Rhymes:Hungarian/ɛl",
"Rhymes:Hungarian/ɛl/1 syllable"
],
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{
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"2": "-e-",
"3": "-l",
"nocat": "y"
},
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"name": "af"
}
],
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{
"args": {
"1": "hu",
"2": "suffix",
"cat2": "noun-forming suffixes",
"cat3": "verb-forming suffixes"
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],
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"lang_code": "hu",
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{
"examples": [
{
"text": "keres (“to seek”) + -el → keresel (“you seek, you are seeking”)",
"type": "example"
}
],
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],
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"(personal suffix) Forms the second-person singular present tense of verbs ending in s, sz, z, dz (indicative mood, indefinite conjugation)."
],
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"hu:personal"
],
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"morpheme",
"personal",
"suffix"
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},
{
"examples": [
{
"text": "ebéd (“lunch”) + -el → ebédel (“to eat lunch”)",
"type": "example"
}
],
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"Added to a noun to form a verb."
],
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[
"noun",
"noun#English"
],
[
"verb",
"verb#English"
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],
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],
"senseid": [
"hu:verb-forming"
],
"tags": [
"morpheme"
]
},
{
"examples": [
{
"text": "lep (“to cover”) + -el → lepel (“wrap”)",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Added to a verb to form a noun. No longer productive in this role."
],
"links": [
[
"verb",
"verb#English"
],
[
"noun",
"noun#English"
]
],
"qualifier": "noun-forming suffix",
"raw_glosses": [
"(noun-forming suffix) Added to a verb to form a noun. No longer productive in this role."
],
"senseid": [
"hu:noun-forming"
],
"tags": [
"morpheme"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "[ɛl]"
},
{
"rhymes": "-ɛl"
}
],
"word": "-el"
}
{
"categories": [
"Low German entries with incorrect language header",
"Low German lemmas",
"Low German masculine suffixes",
"Low German suffixes",
"Low German terms derived from Middle Low German",
"Low German terms derived from Old Saxon",
"Low German terms derived from Proto-Germanic",
"Low German terms inherited from Middle Low German",
"Low German terms inherited from Old Saxon",
"Low German terms inherited from Proto-Germanic",
"Pages with 23 entries",
"Pages with entries"
],
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{
"args": {
"1": "nds",
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"3": "-el"
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"expansion": "Middle Low German -el",
"name": "inh"
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{
"args": {
"1": "nds",
"2": "osx",
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"expansion": "Old Saxon -il",
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{
"args": {
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"2": "gem-pro",
"3": "*-ilaz"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic *-ilaz",
"name": "inh"
}
],
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{
"args": {
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],
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{
"examples": [
{
"text": "Lepel, Snavel, Stickel"
}
],
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],
"tags": [
"masculine",
"morpheme"
]
}
],
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{
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"Low German lemmas",
"Low German masculine suffixes",
"Low German suffixes",
"Low German terms derived from Middle Low German",
"Low German terms inherited from Middle Low German",
"Pages with 23 entries",
"Pages with entries"
],
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{
"word": "Bückel"
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{
"word": "Stickel"
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],
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"expansion": "Middle Low German -ling",
"name": "inh"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Middle Low German -ling. Result of resegmentation of nouns with -el and -ing suffixes. See the English suffix -ling. Akin to English, Dutch and German -ling.",
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{
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{
"glosses": [
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],
"links": [
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"Jung"
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[
"Deern",
"Deern"
],
[
"Lehrjung",
"Lehrjung"
],
[
"Lehrdeern",
"Lehrdeern"
]
],
"tags": [
"masculine",
"morpheme"
]
}
],
"word": "-el"
}
{
"categories": [
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"Middle English alternative forms",
"Middle English diminutive suffixes",
"Middle English entries with incorrect language header",
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"Middle English suffixes",
"Middle English terms derived from Old English",
"Middle English terms derived from Proto-Germanic",
"Middle English terms derived from Proto-West Germanic",
"Middle English terms inherited from Old English",
"Middle English terms inherited from Proto-Germanic",
"Middle English terms inherited from Proto-West Germanic",
"Pages using catfix",
"Pages with 23 entries",
"Pages with entries"
],
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{
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"word": "-le"
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{
"lang": "Scots",
"lang_code": "sco",
"word": "-le"
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],
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"expansion": "",
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},
{
"args": {
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{
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"name": "inh"
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{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "gem-pro",
"3": "*-ulaz"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic *-ulaz",
"name": "inh"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Old English -el, -ol, from Proto-West Germanic *-ul, from Proto-Germanic *-ulaz.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "-le",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
}
],
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{
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"cat2": "adjective-forming suffixes"
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"name": "head"
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],
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"lang_code": "enm",
"pos": "suffix",
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{
"glosses": [
"Forms adjectives meaning \"tending to\" or \"able to\" from verbs."
],
"tags": [
"morpheme"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/-əl/"
}
],
"word": "-el"
}
{
"categories": [
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"Middle English diminutive suffixes",
"Middle English entries with incorrect language header",
"Middle English lemmas",
"Middle English noun-forming suffixes",
"Middle English suffixes",
"Middle English terms derived from Old English",
"Middle English terms derived from Proto-Germanic",
"Middle English terms derived from Proto-West Germanic",
"Middle English terms inherited from Old English",
"Middle English terms inherited from Proto-Germanic",
"Middle English terms inherited from Proto-West Germanic",
"Pages using catfix",
"Pages with 23 entries",
"Pages with entries"
],
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"word": "-le"
},
{
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"word": "-el"
},
{
"lang": "Scots",
"lang_code": "sco",
"word": "-le"
},
{
"lang": "Scots",
"lang_code": "sco",
"word": "-el"
}
],
"etymology_number": 2,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "agentive"
},
"expansion": "",
"name": "etymid"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "ang",
"3": "-el"
},
"expansion": "Old English -el",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "gmw-pro",
"3": "*-il"
},
"expansion": "Proto-West Germanic *-il",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "gem-pro",
"3": "*-ilaz"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic *-ilaz",
"name": "inh"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Old English -el, -ol, from Proto-West Germanic *-il, from Proto-Germanic *-ilaz.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "-ell",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "-il",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "-ill",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "-le",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "-ul",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "-yl",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "-yll",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "-ylle",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "suffix",
"cat2": "noun-forming suffixes"
},
"expansion": "-el",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Middle English",
"lang_code": "enm",
"pos": "suffix",
"senses": [
{
"glosses": [
"Forms diminutives from verbs or other nouns."
],
"tags": [
"morpheme"
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"Forms agent nouns from verbs or other nouns."
],
"tags": [
"morpheme"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/-əl/"
}
],
"word": "-el"
}
{
"categories": [
"Middle English alternative forms",
"Middle English diminutive suffixes",
"Middle English entries with incorrect language header",
"Middle English lemmas",
"Middle English noun-forming suffixes",
"Middle English suffixes",
"Middle English terms borrowed from Old French",
"Middle English terms derived from Latin",
"Middle English terms derived from Old French",
"Pages using catfix",
"Pages with 23 entries",
"Pages with entries"
],
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"word": "-el"
},
{
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"word": "-le"
}
],
"etymology_number": 3,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "diminutive"
},
"expansion": "",
"name": "etymid"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "fro",
"3": "-el"
},
"expansion": "Old French -el",
"name": "bor"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "la",
"3": "-ālis"
},
"expansion": "Latin -ālis",
"name": "der"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Old French -el, -ele, from Latin -ālis and -ellus, -ella.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "-ele",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "-ell",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "-elle",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "-eylle",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "-le",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "-yll",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "-ylle",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "suffix",
"cat2": "noun-forming suffixes"
},
"expansion": "-el",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Middle English",
"lang_code": "enm",
"pos": "suffix",
"senses": [
{
"glosses": [
"Forms diminutives from verbs or other nouns."
],
"tags": [
"morpheme"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/-ˈɛːl(ə)/"
},
{
"ipa": "/-ɛl(ə)/"
}
],
"word": "-el"
}
{
"categories": [
"Middle English alternative forms",
"Middle English diminutive suffixes",
"Middle English entries with incorrect language header",
"Pages with 23 entries",
"Pages with entries"
],
"etymology_number": 4,
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "suffix",
"altform": "1"
},
"expansion": "-el",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Middle English",
"lang_code": "enm",
"pos": "suffix",
"senses": [
{
"alt_of": [
{
"word": "-al"
}
],
"glosses": [
"alternative form of -al"
],
"links": [
[
"-al",
"-al#Middle_English"
]
],
"tags": [
"alt-of",
"alternative",
"morpheme"
]
}
],
"word": "-el"
}
{
"categories": [
"Middle English alternative forms",
"Middle English diminutive suffixes",
"Middle English entries with incorrect language header",
"Pages with 23 entries",
"Pages with entries"
],
"etymology_number": 5,
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "suffix",
"altform": "1"
},
"expansion": "-el",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Middle English",
"lang_code": "enm",
"pos": "suffix",
"senses": [
{
"alt_of": [
{
"word": "-elen"
}
],
"glosses": [
"alternative form of -elen"
],
"links": [
[
"-elen",
"-elen#Middle_English"
]
],
"tags": [
"alt-of",
"alternative",
"morpheme"
]
}
],
"word": "-el"
}
{
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "nrf",
"2": "fro",
"3": "-el"
},
"expansion": "Old French -el",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "nrf",
"2": "la",
"3": "-ālis"
},
"expansion": "Latin -ālis",
"name": "inh"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Old French -el, from Latin -ālis.",
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "nrf",
"2": "suffix"
},
"expansion": "-el",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Norman",
"lang_code": "nrm",
"pos": "suffix",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"Norman entries with incorrect language header",
"Norman lemmas",
"Norman suffixes",
"Norman terms derived from Latin",
"Norman terms derived from Old French",
"Norman terms inherited from Latin",
"Norman terms inherited from Old French",
"Pages using catfix",
"Pages with 23 entries",
"Pages with entries"
],
"glosses": [
"makes an adjectival form of a noun; -al"
],
"links": [
[
"-al",
"-al"
]
],
"tags": [
"morpheme"
]
}
],
"word": "-el"
}
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Czech",
"lang_code": "cs",
"word": "-el"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "",
"2": "i",
"3": "I"
},
"expansion": "I",
"name": "yesno"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "Inherited"
},
"expansion": "Inherited",
"name": "glossary"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "zlw-ocs",
"2": "sla-pro",
"3": "*-ьlъ, *-ъlъ",
"4": "",
"5": "",
"g": "",
"g2": "",
"g3": "",
"id": "",
"lit": "",
"nocat": "",
"pos": "",
"sc": "",
"sort": "",
"tr": "",
"ts": ""
},
"expansion": "Proto-Slavic *-ьlъ, *-ъlъ",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "zlw-ocs",
"2": "sla-pro",
"3": "*-ьlъ, *-ъlъ"
},
"expansion": "Inherited from Proto-Slavic *-ьlъ, *-ъlъ",
"name": "inh+"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Inherited from Proto-Slavic *-ьlъ, *-ъlъ.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "-el",
"tags": [
"canonical",
"masculine",
"person"
]
},
{
"form": "m animal or",
"tags": [
"canonical",
"inanimate",
"masculine"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "m-pr,m-anml,m-in"
},
"expansion": "-el m pers or m animal or m inan (noun-forming suffix)",
"name": "zlw-ocs-noun"
}
],
"lang": "Old Czech",
"lang_code": "zlw-ocs",
"pos": "suffix",
"related": [
{
"word": "-ěl"
}
],
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"Old Czech animal suffixes",
"Old Czech entries with incorrect language header",
"Old Czech inanimate suffixes",
"Old Czech lemmas",
"Old Czech masculine suffixes",
"Old Czech noun-forming suffixes",
"Old Czech personal suffixes",
"Old Czech suffixes",
"Old Czech suffixes with multiple animacies",
"Old Czech terms derived from Proto-Slavic",
"Old Czech terms inherited from Proto-Slavic",
"Pages using catfix",
"Pages with 23 entries",
"Pages with entries"
],
"examples": [
{
"text": "koza + -el → kozel",
"type": "example"
},
{
"text": "s- + viezti + -el → sviezel",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"forms nouns"
],
"tags": [
"morpheme"
]
}
],
"word": "-el"
}
{
"categories": [
"Old English entries with incorrect language header",
"Old English lemmas",
"Old English suffixes",
"Old English terms derived from Proto-Germanic",
"Old English terms inherited from Proto-Germanic",
"Old English terms with IPA pronunciation",
"Pages with 23 entries",
"Pages with entries"
],
"etymology_number": 1,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ang",
"2": "gem-pro",
"3": "*-a-l-"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic *-a-l-",
"name": "inh"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Proto-Germanic *-a-l-.",
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ang",
"2": "suffix",
"cat2": "",
"head": "",
"head2": "",
"sort": ""
},
"expansion": "-el",
"name": "head"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "-el",
"name": "ang-suffix"
}
],
"lang": "Old English",
"lang_code": "ang",
"pos": "suffix",
"senses": [
{
"alt_of": [
{
"word": "-ol"
}
],
"glosses": [
"alternative form of -ol"
],
"links": [
[
"-ol",
"-ol#Old_English"
]
],
"tags": [
"alt-of",
"alternative",
"morpheme"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/el/"
}
],
"word": "-el"
}
{
"categories": [
"Old English entries with incorrect language header",
"Old English lemmas",
"Old English suffixes",
"Old English terms derived from Proto-Germanic",
"Old English terms inherited from Proto-Germanic",
"Old English terms with IPA pronunciation",
"Pages with 23 entries",
"Pages with entries"
],
"descendants": [
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"word": "-le"
},
{
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"word": "-el"
},
{
"lang": "Scots",
"lang_code": "sco",
"word": "-le"
},
{
"lang": "Scots",
"lang_code": "sco",
"word": "-el"
}
],
"lang": "Middle English",
"lang_code": "enm",
"word": "-el"
}
],
"etymology_number": 2,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ang",
"2": "gem-pro",
"3": "*-ilaz"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic *-ilaz",
"name": "inh"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Proto-Germanic *-ilaz.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "ang-decl-noun",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "-el",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-elas",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-las",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-el",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-elas",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-las",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-eles",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-les",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-ela",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-la",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-ele",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-le",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-elum",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-lum",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-il",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ang",
"2": "suffix",
"cat2": "",
"head": "",
"head2": "",
"sort": ""
},
"expansion": "-el",
"name": "head"
},
{
"args": {
"g": "m"
},
"expansion": "-el",
"name": "ang-suffix"
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "-el",
"2": "-elas,-las",
"3": "-el",
"4": "-elas,-las",
"5": "-eles,-les",
"6": "-ela,-la",
"7": "-ele,-le",
"8": "-elum,-lum"
},
"name": "ang-decl-noun"
}
],
"lang": "Old English",
"lang_code": "ang",
"pos": "suffix",
"senses": [
{
"examples": [
{
"text": "crēopan (“to creep”) + -el → crypel (“cripple”)",
"type": "example"
},
{
"text": "bēodan (“to command”) + -el → bydel (“herald, messenger”)",
"type": "example"
},
{
"text": "spittan (“to dig”) + -el → spitel (“shovel”)",
"type": "example"
},
{
"text": "hladan (“to lade”) + -el → hlædel (“ladle”)",
"type": "example"
},
{
"text": "þrēapian (“to reprove, reprehend”) + -el → þrīpel (“instrument of punishment, cross”)",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"agent and instrumental suffix creating nouns from verbs"
],
"qualifier": "causes i-mutation",
"raw_glosses": [
"(causes i-mutation) agent and instrumental suffix creating nouns from verbs"
],
"tags": [
"morpheme"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/el/"
}
],
"word": "-el"
}
{
"categories": [
"Old French adjective-forming suffixes",
"Old French diminutive suffixes",
"Old French entries with etymology texts",
"Old French entries with etymology trees",
"Old French entries with incorrect language header",
"Old French lemmas",
"Old French suffixes",
"Old French terms derived from Latin",
"Old French terms derived from Proto-Indo-European",
"Old French terms derived from Proto-Italic",
"Old French terms inherited from Latin",
"Old French terms inherited from Proto-Indo-European",
"Old French terms inherited from Proto-Italic",
"Pages using catfix",
"Pages using etymon with no ID",
"Pages with 23 entries",
"Pages with entries",
"Pages with etymology trees"
],
"descendants": [
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Danish",
"lang_code": "da",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"word": "-el"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Afrikaans",
"lang_code": "af",
"word": "-eel"
},
{
"lang": "Indonesian",
"lang_code": "id",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"word": "-il"
}
],
"lang": "Dutch",
"lang_code": "nl",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"word": "-eel"
},
{
"lang": "German",
"lang_code": "de",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"word": "-ell"
},
{
"lang": "Norwegian Bokmål",
"lang_code": "nb",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"word": "-ell"
},
{
"lang": "Norwegian Nynorsk",
"lang_code": "nn",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"word": "-ell"
},
{
"lang": "Swedish",
"lang_code": "sv",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"word": "-ell"
},
{
"lang": "Turkish",
"lang_code": "tr",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"word": "-sel"
},
{
"lang": "Yiddish",
"lang_code": "yi",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"roman": "-el",
"word": "־על"
}
],
"lang": "French",
"lang_code": "fr",
"word": "-el"
}
],
"etymology_number": 1,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "fro",
"2": ":inh",
"3": "la:-ālis<id:adjectivizing suffix>",
"id": "adjective",
"text": "++",
"tree": "1"
},
"expansion": "Etymology tree\nProto-Italic *-ālis\nLatin -ālis\nOld French -el\nInherited from Latin -ālis, from Proto-Italic *-ālis.",
"name": "etymon"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Etymology tree\nProto-Italic *-ālis\nLatin -ālis\nOld French -el\nInherited from Latin -ālis, from Proto-Italic *-ālis.",
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "fro",
"2": "suffix"
},
"expansion": "-el",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Old French",
"lang_code": "fro",
"pos": "suffix",
"senses": [
{
"glosses": [
"used to form an adjective"
],
"links": [
[
"adjective",
"adjective#English"
]
],
"tags": [
"morpheme"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ˈɛl/"
}
],
"word": "-el"
}
{
"categories": [
"Old French adjective-forming suffixes",
"Old French diminutive suffixes",
"Old French entries with etymology texts",
"Old French entries with etymology trees",
"Old French entries with incorrect language header",
"Old French lemmas",
"Old French suffixes",
"Old French terms derived from Latin",
"Old French terms derived from Proto-Indo-European",
"Old French terms derived from Proto-Italic",
"Old French terms inherited from Latin",
"Old French terms inherited from Proto-Indo-European",
"Old French terms inherited from Proto-Italic",
"Pages using catfix",
"Pages using etymon with no ID",
"Pages with 23 entries",
"Pages with entries",
"Pages with etymology trees"
],
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Angevin",
"lang_code": "roa-ang",
"word": "-iau"
},
{
"lang": "Bourbonnais-Berrichon",
"lang_code": "roa-bbn",
"word": "-iau"
},
{
"lang": "Bourguignon",
"lang_code": "roa-brg",
"word": "-eâ"
},
{
"lang": "Champenois",
"lang_code": "roa-cha",
"word": "-é"
},
{
"lang": "Champenois",
"lang_code": "roa-cha",
"word": "-iau"
},
{
"lang": "Franc-Comtois",
"lang_code": "roa-fcm",
"word": "-é"
},
{
"lang": "Franc-Comtois",
"lang_code": "roa-fcm",
"word": "-ia"
},
{
"lang": "French",
"lang_code": "fr",
"word": "-eau"
},
{
"lang": "Gallo",
"lang_code": "roa-gal",
"word": "-ë"
},
{
"lang": "Gallo",
"lang_code": "roa-gal",
"word": "-iao"
},
{
"lang": "Lorrain",
"lang_code": "roa-lor",
"word": "-é"
},
{
"lang": "Norman",
"lang_code": "nrm",
"word": "-é"
},
{
"lang": "Norman",
"lang_code": "nrm",
"word": "iaô"
},
{
"lang": "Picard",
"lang_code": "pcd",
"word": "-iau"
},
{
"lang": "Picard",
"lang_code": "pcd",
"word": "-ieu"
},
{
"lang": "Poitevin-Saintongeais",
"lang_code": "roa-poi",
"word": "-ea"
},
{
"lang": "Walloon",
"lang_code": "wa",
"word": "-ea"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"word": "-el"
},
{
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"word": "-le"
}
],
"lang": "Middle English",
"lang_code": "enm",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"word": "-el"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"word": "-el"
},
{
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"word": "-le"
}
],
"lang": "Middle English",
"lang_code": "enm",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"word": "-ele"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"word": "-el"
},
{
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"word": "-le"
}
],
"lang": "Middle English",
"lang_code": "enm",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"word": "-ell"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"word": "-el"
},
{
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"word": "-le"
}
],
"lang": "Middle English",
"lang_code": "enm",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"word": "-elle"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"word": "-el"
},
{
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"word": "-le"
}
],
"lang": "Middle English",
"lang_code": "enm",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"word": "-eylle"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"word": "-el"
},
{
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"word": "-le"
}
],
"lang": "Middle English",
"lang_code": "enm",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"word": "-le"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"word": "-el"
},
{
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"word": "-le"
}
],
"lang": "Middle English",
"lang_code": "enm",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"word": "-yll"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"word": "-el"
},
{
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"word": "-le"
}
],
"lang": "Middle English",
"lang_code": "enm",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"word": "-ylle"
}
],
"etymology_number": 2,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "fro",
"2": ":inh",
"3": "la:-ellus",
"id": "diminutive",
"text": "++",
"tree": "1"
},
"expansion": "Etymology tree\nProto-Indo-European *-lós\nProto-Italic *-elos\nLatin -ulus\nLatin -ellus\nOld French -el\nInherited from Latin -ellus, from -ulus, from Proto-Italic *-elos, from Proto-Indo-European *-lós.",
"name": "etymon"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Etymology tree\nProto-Indo-European *-lós\nProto-Italic *-elos\nLatin -ulus\nLatin -ellus\nOld French -el\nInherited from Latin -ellus, from -ulus, from Proto-Italic *-elos, from Proto-Indo-European *-lós.",
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "fro",
"2": "suffix"
},
"expansion": "-el",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Old French",
"lang_code": "fro",
"pos": "suffix",
"senses": [
{
"glosses": [
"used to form a diminutive"
],
"links": [
[
"diminutive",
"diminutive#English"
]
],
"tags": [
"morpheme"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ˈɛl/"
}
],
"word": "-el"
}
{
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "pl",
"2": ":inh",
"3": "sla-pro:*-ělъ<id:nominal>",
"id": "nominal",
"tree": "1"
},
"expansion": "Etymology tree\nProto-Indo-European *-éh₁ti\nProto-Indo-European *-lós\nProto-Slavic *-ělъ\nPolish -el",
"name": "etymon"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "",
"2": "i",
"3": "I"
},
"expansion": "I",
"name": "yesno"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "Inherited"
},
"expansion": "Inherited",
"name": "glossary"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "pl",
"2": "sla-pro",
"3": "*-ělъ",
"4": "",
"5": "",
"g": "",
"g2": "",
"g3": "",
"id": "",
"lit": "",
"nocat": "",
"pos": "",
"sc": "",
"sort": "",
"tr": "",
"ts": ""
},
"expansion": "Proto-Slavic *-ělъ",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "pl",
"2": "sla-pro",
"3": "*-ělъ"
},
"expansion": "Inherited from Proto-Slavic *-ělъ",
"name": "inh+"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Etymology tree\nProto-Indo-European *-éh₁ti\nProto-Indo-European *-lós\nProto-Slavic *-ělъ\nPolish -el\nInherited from Proto-Slavic *-ělъ.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "pl-decl-noun-m-pr",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "-el",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-ele",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-elowie",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-ela",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-eli",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-elów",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-elowi",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-elom",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-ela",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-eli",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-elów",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-elem",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-elami",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-elu",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"locative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-elach",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"locative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-elu",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"singular",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "-ele",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"plural",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "-elowie",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"plural",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "pl-decl-noun-m-anml",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "-el",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-ele",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-ela",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-eli",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-elowi",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-elom",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-ela",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-ele",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-elem",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-elami",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-elu",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"locative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-elach",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"locative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-elu",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"singular",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "-ele",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"plural",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "pl-decl-noun-m-in",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "-el",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-ele",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-elu",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-eli",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-elowi",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-elom",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-el",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-ele",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-elem",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-elami",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-elu",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"locative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-elach",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"locative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-elu",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"singular",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "-ele",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"plural",
"vocative"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "pl",
"2": "suffix",
"g": "m"
},
"expansion": "-el m",
"name": "head"
}
],
"hyphenation": [
"-el"
],
"hyphenations": [
{
"parts": [
"",
"el"
]
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "-e",
"2": "l",
"genp": "-eli/-elów",
"nomp": "-ele/-elowie"
},
"name": "pl-decl-noun-m-pr"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "-e",
"2": "l"
},
"name": "pl-decl-noun-m-anml"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "-e",
"2": "l"
},
"name": "pl-decl-noun-m-in"
}
],
"lang": "Polish",
"lang_code": "pl",
"pos": "suffix",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"Pages using catfix",
"Pages with 23 entries",
"Pages with entries",
"Pages with etymology trees",
"Polish 1-syllable words",
"Polish entries with etymology trees",
"Polish entries with incorrect language header",
"Polish lemmas",
"Polish links with manual fragments",
"Polish links with redundant alt parameters",
"Polish links with redundant wikilinks",
"Polish masculine suffixes",
"Polish suffixes",
"Polish terms derived from Proto-Indo-European",
"Polish terms derived from Proto-Slavic",
"Polish terms inherited from Proto-Slavic",
"Polish terms with IPA pronunciation",
"Polish terms with audio pronunciation",
"Rhymes:Polish/ɛl",
"Rhymes:Polish/ɛl/1 syllable"
],
"examples": [
{
"text": "śmierdzieć + -el → śmierdziel",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"forms masculine agent nouns"
],
"links": [
[
"masculine",
"masculine#English"
],
[
"agent noun",
"agent noun#English"
]
],
"tags": [
"masculine",
"morpheme"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ɛl/"
},
{
"rhymes": "-ɛl"
}
],
"word": "-el"
}
{
"descendants": [
{
"descendants": [
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Georgian",
"lang_code": "ka",
"roman": "-el",
"word": "-ელ"
}
],
"lang": "Old Georgian",
"lang_code": "oge",
"roman": "-el",
"word": "-ელ"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Laz",
"lang_code": "lzz",
"roman": "-al",
"word": "-ალ"
},
{
"lang": "Laz",
"lang_code": "lzz",
"roman": "-a",
"word": "-ა"
},
{
"lang": "Laz",
"lang_code": "lzz",
"roman": "-e",
"word": "-ე"
},
{
"lang": "Laz",
"lang_code": "lzz",
"roman": "-u",
"word": "-უ"
},
{
"lang": "Mingrelian",
"lang_code": "xmf",
"roman": "-al",
"word": "-ალ"
},
{
"lang": "Mingrelian",
"lang_code": "xmf",
"roman": "-a",
"word": "-ა"
},
{
"lang": "Mingrelian",
"lang_code": "xmf",
"roman": "-e",
"word": "-ე"
},
{
"lang": "Mingrelian",
"lang_code": "xmf",
"roman": "-u",
"word": "-უ"
}
],
"lang": "Zan",
"lang_code": "unknown"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-Georgian-Zan",
"lang_code": "ccs-gzn-pro"
},
{
"lang": "Svan",
"lang_code": "sva",
"roman": "-el",
"word": "-ელ"
},
{
"lang": "Svan",
"lang_code": "sva",
"roman": "-e",
"word": "-ე"
},
{
"lang": "Svan",
"lang_code": "sva",
"word": "-∅"
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ccs-pro",
"2": "suffix"
},
"expansion": "*-el",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-Kartvelian",
"lang_code": "ccs-pro",
"original_title": "Reconstruction:Proto-Kartvelian/-el",
"pos": "suffix",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"Pages with 1 entry",
"Pages with entries",
"Proto-Kartvelian entries with incorrect language header",
"Proto-Kartvelian lemmas",
"Proto-Kartvelian suffixes"
],
"glosses": [
"suffix of noun derivation"
],
"tags": [
"morpheme",
"reconstruction"
]
}
],
"word": "-el"
}
{
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "rom",
"2": "suffix",
"cat2": "inflectional suffixes"
},
"expansion": "-el",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Romani",
"lang_code": "rom",
"pos": "suffix",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"Pages with 23 entries",
"Pages with entries",
"Romani entries with incorrect language header",
"Romani inflectional suffixes",
"Romani lemmas",
"Romani suffixes"
],
"glosses": [
"Forms the third-person singular present indicative of consonantal oikoclitic verbs"
],
"tags": [
"morpheme"
]
}
],
"word": "-el"
}
{
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "",
"2": "i",
"3": "I"
},
"expansion": "I",
"name": "yesno"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "Inherited"
},
"expansion": "Inherited",
"name": "glossary"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ro",
"2": "la",
"3": "-ellus",
"4": "",
"5": "",
"g": "",
"g2": "",
"g3": "",
"id": "",
"lit": "",
"nocat": "",
"pos": "",
"sc": "",
"sort": "",
"tr": "",
"ts": ""
},
"expansion": "Latin -ellus",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ro",
"2": "la",
"3": "-ellus"
},
"expansion": "Inherited from Latin -ellus",
"name": "inh+"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Inherited from Latin -ellus.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "-ei",
"tags": [
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-ea",
"tags": [
"feminine"
]
},
{
"form": "-ele",
"tags": [
"feminine",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "ro-noun-m",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "-el",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"indefinite",
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-elul",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"definite",
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-ei",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"indefinite",
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-eii",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"definite",
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-el",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"genitive",
"indefinite",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-elului",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"definite",
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-ei",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"genitive",
"indefinite",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-eilor",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"definite",
"genitive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-elule",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"singular",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "-eilor",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"plural",
"vocative"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ro",
"2": "suffix",
"3": "plural",
"4": "-ei",
"5": "feminine",
"6": "-ea",
"7": "feminine plural",
"8": "-ele",
"cat2": "diminutive suffixes",
"g": "m"
},
"expansion": "-el m (plural -ei, feminine -ea, feminine plural -ele)",
"name": "head"
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {
"gpd": "-eilor",
"gpi": "-ei",
"gsd": "-elului",
"gsi": "-el",
"n": "",
"npd": "-eii",
"npi": "-ei",
"nsd": "-elul",
"nsi": "-el",
"vp": "-eilor",
"vs": "-elule",
"vs2": ""
},
"name": "ro-decl-noun"
}
],
"lang": "Romanian",
"lang_code": "ro",
"pos": "suffix",
"related": [
{
"word": "-ea"
}
],
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"Pages using catfix",
"Pages with 23 entries",
"Pages with entries",
"Romanian diminutive suffixes",
"Romanian entries with incorrect language header",
"Romanian lemmas",
"Romanian masculine suffixes",
"Romanian suffixes",
"Romanian terms derived from Latin",
"Romanian terms inherited from Latin"
],
"glosses": [
"used to form a masculine diminutive of a word (e.g. băiat (“boy”) + -el → băiețel (“little boy”)"
],
"links": [
[
"diminutive",
"diminutive"
],
[
"băiat",
"băiat#Romanian"
],
[
"băiețel",
"băiețel#Romanian"
]
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "-uș"
},
{
"word": "-aș"
},
{
"word": "-uț"
},
{
"word": "-șor"
}
],
"tags": [
"masculine",
"morpheme"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/el/"
}
],
"word": "-el"
}
{
"categories": [
"Pages using catfix",
"Pages with 23 entries",
"Pages with entries",
"Turkish entries with incorrect language header",
"Turkish lemmas",
"Turkish suffixes",
"Turkish terms derived from Ottoman Turkish",
"Turkish terms derived from Proto-Turkic",
"Turkish terms inherited from Proto-Turkic"
],
"etymology_number": 1,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "|",
"name": "!"
},
{
"args": {
"class": "floatright very-narrow",
"palette": "red",
"title": "-"
},
"expansion": "{| class=\"inflection-table \"",
"name": "inflection-table-top"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "|",
"name": "!"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "|",
"name": "!"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "|",
"name": "!"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "|",
"name": "!"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "|",
"name": "!"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "|",
"name": "!"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "|",
"name": "!"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "|",
"name": "!"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "|}",
"name": "inflection-table-bottom"
},
{
"args": {
"a": "al",
"e": "el"
},
"expansion": "",
"name": "tr-suffix-forms"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "tr",
"2": "trk-pro",
"3": "*-il"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Turkic *-il",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "tr",
"2": "trk-pro",
"3": "*-gil"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Turkic *-gil",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "fr",
"2": "-al"
},
"expansion": "-al",
"name": "suffix"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "tr",
"2": "-sel"
},
"expansion": "-sel",
"name": "suffix"
},
{
"args": {
"page": "102"
},
"expansion": "Lewis, Geoffrey (1999), The Turkish Language Reform: A Catastrophic Success, Oxford, New York: Oxford University Press, page 102",
"name": "r:tr:Lewis:1999"
}
],
"etymology_text": "A variation of -il (derives deverbals and denominals), from Proto-Turkic *-il or Proto-Turkic *-gil. Both variants are likely merged with homophonic -il (derives adjectives for onomatopoeia and colors).\nSee şırıltı (onomatopoeia for flowing water), kızıl (“red”) and yeşil (“green”).\nFor words from using the same suffix, see güzel (“beautiful”), tombul (“chubby”), tükel (“complete, perfect”), kutsal (“holy, sacred”), çatal (“fork”) and çakıl (“gravel”).\nPerhaps influenced by French -al, whence -sel as in göksel or işitsel but not kutsal.",
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "tr",
"2": "suffix",
"3": "",
"4": "-{{{var}}}",
"head": ""
},
"expansion": "-el",
"name": "head"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "-el",
"name": "tr-suffix"
}
],
"lang": "Turkish",
"lang_code": "tr",
"pos": "suffix",
"senses": [
{
"examples": [
{
"text": "özel (“private, special”) from öz (“self”)"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Derives adjectives from nouns and verbs."
],
"tags": [
"morpheme"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ɛl/"
}
],
"word": "-el"
}
{
"categories": [
"Pages using catfix",
"Pages with 23 entries",
"Pages with entries",
"Turkish entries with incorrect language header",
"Turkish lemmas",
"Turkish suffixes",
"Turkish terms derived from Ottoman Turkish",
"Turkish terms derived from Proto-Turkic"
],
"etymology_number": 2,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "|",
"name": "!"
},
{
"args": {
"class": "floatright very-narrow",
"palette": "red",
"title": "-"
},
"expansion": "{| class=\"inflection-table \"",
"name": "inflection-table-top"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "|",
"name": "!"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "|",
"name": "!"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "|",
"name": "!"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "|",
"name": "!"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "|",
"name": "!"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "|",
"name": "!"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "|",
"name": "!"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "|",
"name": "!"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "|}",
"name": "inflection-table-bottom"
},
{
"args": {
"a": "al",
"e": "el"
},
"expansion": "",
"name": "tr-suffix-forms"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "tr",
"2": "ota",
"3": "ـال",
"tr": "-al, -el"
},
"expansion": "Ottoman Turkish ـال (-al, -el)",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "tr",
"2": "trk-pro",
"3": "*-a",
"4": "*-(g)a",
"pos": "verb-forming suffix"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Turkic *-(g)a (verb-forming suffix)",
"name": "der"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Ottoman Turkish ـال (-al, -el) or ـل (-l), a combination of Proto-Turkic *-(g)a (verb-forming suffix) and *-il (passive suffix).",
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "tr",
"2": "suffix",
"3": "",
"4": "-{{{var}}}",
"head": ""
},
"expansion": "-el",
"name": "head"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "-el",
"name": "tr-suffix"
}
],
"lang": "Turkish",
"lang_code": "tr",
"pos": "suffix",
"senses": [
{
"examples": [
{
"text": "ince (“thin”) + -l → (int.) incelmek (“to thin”)",
"type": "example"
},
{
"text": "dar (“narrow”) + -al → (int.) daralmak (“to narrow”)",
"type": "example"
},
{
"text": "çok (“many, much”) + -al → (int.) çoğalmak (“to multiply”)",
"type": "example"
},
{
"text": "düz (“straight”) + -el → (int.) düzelmek (“to straighten”)",
"type": "example"
},
{
"text": "kısa (“short”) + -al → (int.) kısalmak (“to shorten”)",
"type": "example"
},
{
"text": "yön (“direction”) + -el → (int.) yönelmek (“to face, to turn towards”)",
"type": "example"
},
{
"text": "diri (“alive, not dead”) + -l → (int.) dirilmek (“to come alive, to come back to life”)",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Derives intransitive verbs from adjectives."
],
"senseid": [
"tr:verb-forming suffix"
],
"tags": [
"morpheme"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ɛl/"
}
],
"word": "-el"
}
{
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "vo",
"2": "suffix"
},
"expansion": "-el",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Volapük",
"lang_code": "vo",
"pos": "suffix",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"Pages using catfix",
"Pages with 23 entries",
"Pages with entries",
"Volapük entries with incorrect language header",
"Volapük lemmas",
"Volapük suffixes"
],
"glosses": [
"Used to indicate a maker of a certain thing."
],
"tags": [
"morpheme"
]
}
],
"word": "-el"
}
Download raw JSONL data for -el meaning in All languages combined (69.5kB)
{
"called_from": "form_descriptions/1089",
"msg": "suspicious unhandled suffix in Czech: '-el m anim or', originally '-el m anim or m inan or f'",
"path": [
"-el"
],
"section": "Czech",
"subsection": "suffix",
"title": "-el",
"trace": ""
}
{
"called_from": "form_descriptions/1089",
"msg": "suspicious unhandled suffix in Czech: '-el m anim or', originally '-el m anim or m inan or f'",
"path": [
"-el"
],
"section": "Czech",
"subsection": "suffix",
"title": "-el",
"trace": ""
}
{
"called_from": "form_descriptions/1147",
"msg": "suspicious related form tags ['masculine', 'inanimate', 'feminine', 'canonical']: '-el m anim or' in '-el m anim or m inan or f (noun-forming suffix)'",
"path": [
"-el"
],
"section": "Czech",
"subsection": "suffix",
"title": "-el",
"trace": ""
}
{
"called_from": "form_descriptions/1698",
"msg": "unrecognized head form: noun-forming suffix",
"path": [
"-el"
],
"section": "Czech",
"subsection": "suffix",
"title": "-el",
"trace": ""
}
{
"called_from": "inflection/735",
"msg": "inflection table: unrecognized header: 'indefinite common singular'",
"path": [
"-el"
],
"section": "Danish",
"subsection": "suffix",
"title": "-el",
"trace": ""
}
{
"called_from": "inflection/735",
"msg": "inflection table: unrecognized header: 'indefinite neuter singular'",
"path": [
"-el"
],
"section": "Danish",
"subsection": "suffix",
"title": "-el",
"trace": ""
}
{
"called_from": "inflection/735",
"msg": "inflection table: unrecognized header: 'definite attributive'",
"path": [
"-el"
],
"section": "Danish",
"subsection": "suffix",
"title": "-el",
"trace": ""
}
{
"called_from": "form_descriptions/1698",
"msg": "unrecognized head form: unproductive",
"path": [
"-el"
],
"section": "Dutch",
"subsection": "suffix",
"title": "-el",
"trace": ""
}
{
"called_from": "form_descriptions/1698",
"msg": "unrecognized head form: adjective-forming suffix",
"path": [
"-el"
],
"section": "French",
"subsection": "suffix",
"title": "-el",
"trace": ""
}
{
"called_from": "form_descriptions/1089",
"msg": "suspicious unhandled suffix in Old Czech: 'm animal or', originally 'm animal or m inan'",
"path": [
"-el"
],
"section": "Old Czech",
"subsection": "suffix",
"title": "-el",
"trace": ""
}
{
"called_from": "form_descriptions/1089",
"msg": "suspicious unhandled suffix in Old Czech: 'm animal or', originally 'm animal or m inan'",
"path": [
"-el"
],
"section": "Old Czech",
"subsection": "suffix",
"title": "-el",
"trace": ""
}
{
"called_from": "form_descriptions/1147",
"msg": "suspicious related form tags ['masculine', 'inanimate', 'canonical']: 'm animal or' in '-el m pers or m animal or m inan (noun-forming suffix)'",
"path": [
"-el"
],
"section": "Old Czech",
"subsection": "suffix",
"title": "-el",
"trace": ""
}
{
"called_from": "form_descriptions/1698",
"msg": "unrecognized head form: noun-forming suffix",
"path": [
"-el"
],
"section": "Old Czech",
"subsection": "suffix",
"title": "-el",
"trace": ""
}
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable All languages combined dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2025-12-23 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2025-12-02 using wiktextract (6fdc867 and 9905b1f). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.