See -el on Wiktionary
Download JSON data for -el meaning in All languages combined (46.2kB)
{
"etymology_number": 1,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*-lós"
},
"expansion": "",
"name": "root"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "enm",
"3": "-el"
},
"expansion": "Middle English -el",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "ang",
"3": "-el"
},
"expansion": "Old English -el",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "gem-pro",
"3": "*-ilaz"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic *-ilaz",
"name": "inh"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Middle English -el, from Old English -el, from Proto-Germanic *-ilaz.",
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "suffix",
"cat2": "unproductive suffixes",
"cat3": "noun-forming suffixes",
"head": "",
"id": ""
},
"expansion": "-el",
"name": "head"
},
{
"args": {
"cat2": "unproductive suffixes",
"cat3": "noun-forming suffixes"
},
"expansion": "-el",
"name": "en-suffix"
}
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "suffix",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "English links with redundant alt parameters",
"parents": [
"Links with redundant alt parameters",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w"
},
{
"_dis": "50 19 31",
"kind": "other",
"name": "English entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"text": "runnel, shovel, dotel"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Suffix forming nouns, originally denoting an instrument, from verbs, usually spelt -le except after n and e."
],
"id": "en--el-en-suffix-en:agent_noun",
"links": [
[
"-le",
"-le#English"
]
],
"senseid": [
"en:agent noun"
],
"tags": [
"morpheme"
]
},
{
"examples": [
{
"text": "hatchel, hovel, gomeral"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Diminutive suffix in words of Germanic origin."
],
"id": "en--el-en-suffix-en:diminutive",
"senseid": [
"en:diminutive"
],
"tags": [
"morpheme"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/əl/"
},
{
"ipa": "/l̩/"
}
],
"synonyms": [
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "-le"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "-al"
}
],
"word": "-el"
}
{
"etymology_number": 2,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "enm",
"3": "-el"
},
"expansion": "Middle English -el",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "ang",
"3": "-el",
"pos": "diminutive suffix"
},
"expansion": "Old English -el (diminutive suffix)",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "fro",
"3": "-el",
"pos": "diminutive suffix"
},
"expansion": "Old French -el (diminutive suffix)",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "la",
"3": "-ellus"
},
"expansion": "Latin -ellus",
"name": "der"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Middle English -el, a merger of two suffixes:\n* Old English -el (diminutive suffix)\n* Old French -el (diminutive suffix), from Latin -ellus",
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "suffix",
"cat2": "",
"cat3": "",
"head": "",
"id": ""
},
"expansion": "-el",
"name": "head"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "-el",
"name": "en-suffix"
}
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "suffix",
"senses": [
{
"examples": [
{
"text": "cupel, chapel, tunnel"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Suffix, originally diminutive, in words of mostly Romance origin."
],
"id": "en--el-en-suffix-8IwTVYZP",
"tags": [
"morpheme"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/əl/"
},
{
"ipa": "/l̩/"
}
],
"word": "-el"
}
{
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "abe",
"2": "suffix"
},
"expansion": "-el",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Abenaki",
"lang_code": "abe",
"pos": "suffix",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Abenaki entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"english": "I love",
"text": "n'kezalmô"
},
{
"english": "I love you (singular)",
"text": "k'kezalmel"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Used on verbs, together with the prefix k-, to indicate that the first person singular (I) is the actor and the second person singular (you) is the object of the verb."
],
"id": "en--el-abe-suffix-gzL9B-mp",
"links": [
[
"k-",
"k-"
]
],
"related": [
{
"word": "-elba"
}
],
"tags": [
"morpheme"
]
}
],
"word": "-el"
}
{
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "fr",
"2": "-el"
},
"expansion": "French -el",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "fr",
"2": "sexuel"
},
"expansion": "sexuel",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "fr",
"2": "individuel"
},
"expansion": "individuel",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "fr",
"2": "industriel"
},
"expansion": "industriel",
"name": "m"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Cf. French -el (e.g. sexuel, individuel, industriel)",
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "br",
"2": "suffix"
},
"expansion": "-el",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Breton",
"lang_code": "br",
"pos": "suffix",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Breton entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"text": "broad (“nation”) + -el → broadel (“national”)",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"To make an adjective of a noun; -al"
],
"id": "en--el-br-suffix-8PQr7eqX",
"links": [
[
"-al",
"-al"
]
],
"tags": [
"morpheme"
]
}
],
"word": "-el"
}
{
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "f"
},
"expansion": "-el f (noun-forming suffix)",
"name": "cs-noun"
}
],
"lang": "Czech",
"lang_code": "cs",
"pos": "suffix",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Czech entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"text": "koupat + -el → koupel",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"forms nouns"
],
"id": "en--el-cs-suffix-b2JvR4OS",
"tags": [
"feminine",
"morpheme"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "[ ɛl]"
}
],
"word": "-el"
}
{
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "da",
"2": "suffix",
"head": ""
},
"expansion": "-el",
"name": "head"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "-el",
"name": "da-suffix"
}
],
"lang": "Danish",
"lang_code": "da",
"pos": "suffix",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Danish entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w"
}
],
"glosses": [
"-al"
],
"id": "en--el-da-suffix-eeqFMa7t",
"links": [
[
"-al",
"-al"
]
],
"tags": [
"morpheme"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/el/"
},
{
"ipa": "[ˈɛlˀ]"
}
],
"word": "-el"
}
{
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "nl",
"2": "odt",
"3": "*-el"
},
"expansion": "Old Dutch *-el",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "nl",
"2": "gmw-pro",
"3": "*-il"
},
"expansion": "Proto-West Germanic *-il",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "nl",
"2": "gem-pro",
"3": "*-ilaz"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic *-ilaz",
"name": "inh"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Old Dutch *-el, from Proto-West Germanic *-il, from Proto-Germanic *-ilaz.",
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "nl",
"2": "suffix"
},
"expansion": "-el",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Dutch",
"lang_code": "nl",
"pos": "suffix",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Dutch entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w"
}
],
"glosses": [
"A now-unproductive suffix forming diminutive and instrument nouns."
],
"id": "en--el-nl-suffix-HHfy4OMO",
"tags": [
"morpheme"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/əl/"
}
],
"word": "-el"
}
{
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "eo",
"2": "suffix"
},
"expansion": "-el",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Esperanto",
"lang_code": "eo",
"pos": "suffix",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Esperanto entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w"
}
],
"derived": [
{
"english": "in what way, in what manner, how",
"word": "kiel"
},
{
"english": "in that way, in that manner, thus",
"word": "tiel"
},
{
"english": "in every way, in every manner",
"word": "ĉiel"
},
{
"english": "in some way, in some manner, somehow",
"word": "iel"
},
{
"english": "in no way, nohow",
"word": "neniel"
},
{
"english": "in another way, somehow else",
"sense": "nonce",
"word": "aliel"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"text": "-el is the ending for correlatives of manner or degree"
}
],
"glosses": [
"in … way"
],
"id": "en--el-eo-suffix-G-YnsWL1",
"tags": [
"morpheme"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"audio": "LL-Q143 (epo)-Lepticed7--el.wav",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/9/9d/LL-Q143_%28epo%29-Lepticed7--el.wav/LL-Q143_%28epo%29-Lepticed7--el.wav.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/9/9d/LL-Q143_%28epo%29-Lepticed7--el.wav/LL-Q143_%28epo%29-Lepticed7--el.wav.ogg",
"text": "Audio"
}
],
"word": "-el"
}
{
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "da",
"2": "-el",
"bor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ Danish: -el",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ Danish: -el"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "nl",
"2": "-eel",
"bor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ Dutch: -eel",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ Dutch: -eel"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "af",
"2": "-eel"
},
"expansion": "Afrikaans: -eel",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Afrikaans: -eel"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "id",
"2": "-il",
"bor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ Indonesian: -il",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ Indonesian: -il"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "de",
"2": "-ell",
"bor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ German: -ell",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ German: -ell"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "nb",
"2": "-ell",
"bor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ Norwegian Bokmål: -ell",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ Norwegian Bokmål: -ell"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "nn",
"2": "-ell",
"bor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ Norwegian Nynorsk: -ell",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ Norwegian Nynorsk: -ell"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sv",
"2": "-ell",
"bor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ Swedish: -ell",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ Swedish: -ell"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "tr",
"2": "-el",
"lbor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ Turkish: -el (learned)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ Turkish: -el (learned)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "yi",
"2": "־על",
"bor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ Yiddish: ־על (-el)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ Yiddish: ־על (-el)"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "Inherited"
},
"expansion": "Inherited",
"name": "glossary"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "fr",
"2": "fro",
"3": "-el",
"4": "",
"5": "",
"g": "",
"g2": "",
"g3": "",
"id": "",
"lit": "",
"nocat": "",
"pos": "",
"sc": "",
"sort": "",
"tr": "",
"ts": ""
},
"expansion": "Old French -el",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "fr",
"2": "fro",
"3": "-el"
},
"expansion": "Inherited from Old French -el",
"name": "inh+"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "fr",
"2": "la",
"3": "-ālis"
},
"expansion": "Latin -ālis",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "fr",
"2": "-al"
},
"expansion": "Doublet of -al",
"name": "dbt"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Inherited from Old French -el, from Latin -ālis. Doublet of -al.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "-elle",
"tags": [
"feminine"
]
},
{
"form": "-els",
"tags": [
"masculine",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-elles",
"tags": [
"feminine",
"plural"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "-el (feminine -elle, masculine plural -els, feminine plural -elles)",
"name": "fr-adj"
}
],
"lang": "French",
"lang_code": "fr",
"pos": "suffix",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "French entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w"
}
],
"glosses": [
"forms adjectives from nouns: -al"
],
"id": "en--el-fr-suffix-65hXWpnC",
"links": [
[
"-al",
"-al"
]
],
"related": [
{
"word": "-al"
}
],
"tags": [
"morpheme"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ɛl/"
},
{
"audio": "LL-Q150 (fra)-Lyokoï--el.wav",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/2/21/LL-Q150_%28fra%29-Lyoko%C3%AF--el.wav/LL-Q150_%28fra%29-Lyoko%C3%AF--el.wav.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/2/21/LL-Q150_%28fra%29-Lyoko%C3%AF--el.wav/LL-Q150_%28fra%29-Lyoko%C3%AF--el.wav.ogg",
"text": "Audio"
}
],
"word": "-el"
}
{
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "de",
"2": "gmh",
"3": "-el"
},
"expansion": "Middle High German -el",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "de",
"2": "goh",
"3": "-il"
},
"expansion": "Old High German -il",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "de",
"2": "gmw-pro",
"3": "*-il"
},
"expansion": "Proto-West Germanic *-il",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "de",
"2": "gem-pro",
"3": "*-ilaz"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic *-ilaz",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "de",
"2": "-lein"
},
"expansion": "-lein",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "gem-pro",
"2": "*-ilaz"
},
"expansion": "*-ilaz",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "gem-pro",
"2": "*-ilingaz"
},
"expansion": "*-ilingaz",
"name": "m"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Middle High German -el, from Old High German -il, direct descendant of Proto-West Germanic *-il, from Proto-Germanic *-ilaz, or from dialectal variants of -lein, which as well ultimately go back to *-ilaz or to *-ilingaz.",
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "de",
"2": "suffix",
"cat2": "unproductive suffixes",
"cat3": "noun-forming suffixes"
},
"expansion": "-el",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "German",
"lang_code": "de",
"pos": "suffix",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "49 34 17",
"kind": "other",
"name": "German entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"text": "Kind (“child”) + -el → Kindel (“little child, darling”)",
"type": "example"
},
{
"text": "Haus (“house”) + -el → Häusel (“little house”)",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"suffix in diminutives"
],
"id": "en--el-de-suffix-oTiOGrGf",
"tags": [
"morpheme"
]
},
{
"examples": [
{
"text": "Arm (“arm”) + -el → Ärmel (“sleeve”)",
"type": "example"
},
{
"text": "Eiche (“oak”) + -el → Eichel (“acorn”)",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"suffix in nouns indicating appurtenance"
],
"id": "en--el-de-suffix-Jhsf3Rf1",
"tags": [
"morpheme"
]
},
{
"examples": [
{
"text": "Büttel, Meißel"
}
],
"glosses": [
"suffix in agent and instrumental nouns"
],
"id": "en--el-de-suffix-orsucMKh",
"tags": [
"morpheme"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/əl/"
},
{
"audio": "De--el.ogg",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/03/De--el.ogg/De--el.ogg.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/03/De--el.ogg",
"text": "Audio"
}
],
"word": "-el"
}
{
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "hu",
"2": "-e-",
"3": "-l",
"nocat": "y"
},
"expansion": "-e- + -l",
"name": "af"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From -e- + -l.",
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "hu",
"2": "suffix",
"cat2": "noun-forming suffixes",
"cat3": "verb-forming suffixes"
},
"expansion": "-el",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Hungarian",
"lang_code": "hu",
"pos": "suffix",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "48 18 34",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Hungarian entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"text": "keres (“to seek”) + -el → keresel (“you seek, you are seeking”)",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Forms the second-person singular present tense of verbs ending in s, sz, z, dz (indicative mood, indefinite conjugation)."
],
"id": "en--el-hu-suffix-hu:personal",
"raw_glosses": [
"(personal suffix) Forms the second-person singular present tense of verbs ending in s, sz, z, dz (indicative mood, indefinite conjugation)."
],
"senseid": [
"hu:personal"
],
"tags": [
"morpheme",
"personal",
"suffix"
]
},
{
"examples": [
{
"text": "ebéd (“lunch”) + -el → ebédel (“to eat lunch”)",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Added to a noun to form a verb."
],
"id": "en--el-hu-suffix-hu:verb_forming",
"links": [
[
"noun",
"noun#English"
],
[
"verb",
"verb#English"
]
],
"qualifier": "verb-forming suffix",
"raw_glosses": [
"(verb-forming suffix) Added to a noun to form a verb."
],
"senseid": [
"hu:verb-forming"
],
"tags": [
"morpheme"
]
},
{
"examples": [
{
"text": "lep (“to cover”) + -el → lepel (“wrap”)",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Added to a verb to form a noun. No longer productive in this role."
],
"id": "en--el-hu-suffix-hu:noun_forming",
"links": [
[
"verb",
"verb#English"
],
[
"noun",
"noun#English"
]
],
"qualifier": "noun-forming suffix",
"raw_glosses": [
"(noun-forming suffix) Added to a verb to form a noun. No longer productive in this role."
],
"senseid": [
"hu:noun-forming"
],
"tags": [
"morpheme"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "[ɛl]"
},
{
"rhymes": "-ɛl"
}
],
"word": "-el"
}
{
"etymology_number": 1,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "nds",
"2": "gml",
"3": "-el"
},
"expansion": "Middle Low German -el",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "nds",
"2": "osx",
"3": "-il"
},
"expansion": "Old Saxon -il",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "nds",
"2": "gem-pro",
"3": "*-ilaz"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic *-ilaz",
"name": "inh"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Middle Low German -el, from Old Saxon -il, from Proto-Germanic *-ilaz.",
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "nds",
"2": "suffix",
"g": "m"
},
"expansion": "-el m",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Low German",
"lang_code": "nds",
"pos": "suffix",
"senses": [
{
"examples": [
{
"text": "Lepel, Snavel, Stickel"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Suffix forming nouns originally denoting an agent from verbs."
],
"id": "en--el-nds-suffix-2E-SZSbG",
"tags": [
"masculine",
"morpheme"
]
}
],
"word": "-el"
}
{
"etymology_number": 2,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "nds",
"2": "gml",
"3": "-ling"
},
"expansion": "Middle Low German -ling",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "nds",
"2": "-el"
},
"expansion": "-el",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "nds",
"2": "-ing"
},
"expansion": "-ing",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "-ling"
},
"expansion": "-ling",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "nl",
"2": "-ling"
},
"expansion": "-ling",
"name": "m"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Middle Low German -ling. Result of resegmentation of nouns with -el and -ing suffixes. See the English suffix -ling. Akin to English, Dutch and German -ling.",
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "nds",
"2": "suffix",
"g": "m"
},
"expansion": "-el m",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Low German",
"lang_code": "nds",
"pos": "suffix",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "43 57",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Low German entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"derived": [
{
"word": "Bückel"
},
{
"word": "Stickel"
}
],
"glosses": [
"A suffix that describes a male person (or other creature) in terms of a place of origin or a quality, as defined by the root to which it is added. Now often replaced by a compound with Jung for a male person, and Deern for a female person such as Lehrjung, Lehrdeern (male/female pupil)."
],
"id": "en--el-nds-suffix-eq8rQbcS",
"links": [
[
"Jung",
"Jung"
],
[
"Deern",
"Deern"
],
[
"Lehrjung",
"Lehrjung"
],
[
"Lehrdeern",
"Lehrdeern"
]
],
"tags": [
"masculine",
"morpheme"
]
}
],
"word": "-el"
}
{
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "-le"
},
"expansion": "English: -le",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "English: -le"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sco",
"2": "-le"
},
"expansion": "Scots: -le",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Scots: -le"
}
],
"etymology_number": 1,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "adjectival"
},
"expansion": "table",
"name": "etymid"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "ang",
"3": "-el"
},
"expansion": "Old English -el",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ang",
"2": "-ol"
},
"expansion": "-ol",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "gmw-pro",
"3": "*-ul"
},
"expansion": "Proto-West Germanic *-ul",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "gem-pro",
"3": "*-ulaz"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic *-ulaz",
"name": "inh"
}
],
"etymology_text": "table\nFrom Old English -el, -ol, from Proto-West Germanic *-ul, from Proto-Germanic *-ulaz.",
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "suffix"
},
"expansion": "-el",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Middle English",
"lang_code": "enm",
"pos": "suffix",
"senses": [
{
"glosses": [
"Forms adjectives meaning \"tending to\" or \"able to\" from verbs."
],
"id": "en--el-enm-suffix-r4nc3U-L",
"tags": [
"morpheme"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/-əl/"
}
],
"synonyms": [
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"word": "-le"
}
],
"word": "-el"
}
{
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "-le",
"3": "-el"
},
"expansion": "English: -le, -el",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "English: -le, -el"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sco",
"2": "-le",
"3": "-el"
},
"expansion": "Scots: -le, -el",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Scots: -le, -el"
}
],
"etymology_number": 2,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "agentive"
},
"expansion": "table",
"name": "etymid"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "ang",
"3": "-el"
},
"expansion": "Old English -el",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ang",
"2": "-ol"
},
"expansion": "-ol",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "gmw-pro",
"3": "*-il"
},
"expansion": "Proto-West Germanic *-il",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "gem-pro",
"3": "*-ilaz"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic *-ilaz",
"name": "inh"
}
],
"etymology_text": "table\nFrom Old English -el, -ol, from Proto-West Germanic *-il, from Proto-Germanic *-ilaz.",
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "suffix"
},
"expansion": "-el",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Middle English",
"lang_code": "enm",
"pos": "suffix",
"senses": [
{
"glosses": [
"Forms diminutives from verbs or other nouns."
],
"id": "en--el-enm-suffix-iFx3iBjd",
"tags": [
"morpheme"
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "15 19 43 19 2 2",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Middle English entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "15 19 43 19 1 1",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Middle English entries with language name categories using raw markup",
"parents": [
"Entries with language name categories using raw markup",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "15 19 44 19 1 1",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Middle English terms with non-redundant non-automated sortkeys",
"parents": [
"Terms with non-redundant non-automated sortkeys",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Forms agent nouns from verbs or other nouns."
],
"id": "en--el-enm-suffix-6JHfkpcH",
"tags": [
"morpheme"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/-əl/"
}
],
"synonyms": [
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"word": "-le"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"word": "-ell"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"word": "-yll"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"word": "-ylle"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "-il"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "-ill"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "-ul"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "-yl"
}
],
"word": "-el"
}
{
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "-el",
"3": "-le"
},
"expansion": "English: -el, -le",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "English: -el, -le"
}
],
"etymology_number": 3,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "diminutive"
},
"expansion": "table",
"name": "etymid"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "fro",
"3": "-el"
},
"expansion": "Old French -el",
"name": "bor"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "fro",
"2": "-ele"
},
"expansion": "-ele",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "la",
"3": "-ālis"
},
"expansion": "Latin -ālis",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "-ellus"
},
"expansion": "-ellus",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "-ella"
},
"expansion": "-ella",
"name": "m"
}
],
"etymology_text": "table\nFrom Old French -el, -ele, from Latin -ālis and -ellus, -ella.",
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "suffix"
},
"expansion": "-el",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Middle English",
"lang_code": "enm",
"pos": "suffix",
"senses": [
{
"glosses": [
"Forms diminutives from verbs or other nouns."
],
"id": "en--el-enm-suffix-iFx3iBjd1",
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "-ele"
},
{
"word": "-elle"
},
{
"word": "-eylle"
}
],
"tags": [
"morpheme"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/-ˈɛːl(ə)/"
},
{
"ipa": "/-ɛl(ə)/"
}
],
"synonyms": [
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"word": "-le"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"word": "-ell"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"word": "-yll"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"word": "-ylle"
}
],
"word": "-el"
}
{
"etymology_number": 4,
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "suffix"
},
"expansion": "-el",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Middle English",
"lang_code": "enm",
"pos": "suffix",
"senses": [
{
"alt_of": [
{
"word": "-al"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Alternative form of -al"
],
"id": "en--el-enm-suffix-gI2CHycb",
"links": [
[
"-al",
"-al#Middle English"
]
],
"tags": [
"alt-of",
"alternative",
"morpheme"
]
}
],
"word": "-el"
}
{
"etymology_number": 5,
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "suffix"
},
"expansion": "-el",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Middle English",
"lang_code": "enm",
"pos": "suffix",
"senses": [
{
"alt_of": [
{
"word": "-elen"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Alternative form of -elen"
],
"id": "en--el-enm-suffix-2s3UR4h3",
"links": [
[
"-elen",
"-elen#Middle English"
]
],
"tags": [
"alt-of",
"alternative",
"morpheme"
]
}
],
"word": "-el"
}
{
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "nrf",
"2": "fro",
"3": "-el"
},
"expansion": "Old French -el",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "nrf",
"2": "la",
"3": "-ālis"
},
"expansion": "Latin -ālis",
"name": "inh"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Old French -el, from Latin -ālis.",
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "nrf",
"2": "suffix"
},
"expansion": "-el",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Norman",
"lang_code": "nrm",
"pos": "suffix",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Norman entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w"
}
],
"glosses": [
"makes an adjectival form of a noun; -al"
],
"id": "en--el-nrm-suffix-m9ealRlQ",
"links": [
[
"-al",
"-al"
]
],
"tags": [
"morpheme"
]
}
],
"word": "-el"
}
{
"etymology_number": 1,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ang",
"2": "gem-pro",
"3": "*-a-l-"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic *-a-l-",
"name": "inh"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Proto-Germanic *-a-l-.",
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ang",
"2": "suffix",
"cat2": "",
"head": "",
"head2": "",
"sort": ""
},
"expansion": "-el",
"name": "head"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "-el",
"name": "ang-suffix"
}
],
"lang": "Old English",
"lang_code": "ang",
"pos": "suffix",
"senses": [
{
"alt_of": [
{
"word": "-ol"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Alternative form of -ol"
],
"id": "en--el-ang-suffix-0GayhBqs",
"links": [
[
"-ol",
"-ol#Old English"
]
],
"tags": [
"alt-of",
"alternative",
"morpheme"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/el/"
}
],
"word": "-el"
}
{
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "-el",
"id": "agentive",
"noalts": "1"
},
"expansion": "Middle English: -el\nEnglish: -le, -el\nScots: -le, -el",
"name": "desctree"
}
],
"text": "Middle English: -el\nEnglish: -le, -el\nScots: -le, -el"
}
],
"etymology_number": 2,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ang",
"2": "gem-pro",
"3": "*-ilaz"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic *-ilaz",
"name": "inh"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Proto-Germanic *-ilaz.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "ang-decl-noun",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "-el",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-elas",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-las",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-el",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-elas",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-las",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-eles",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-les",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-ela",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-la",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-ele",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-le",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-elum",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-lum",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"plural"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ang",
"2": "suffix",
"cat2": "",
"head": "",
"head2": "",
"sort": ""
},
"expansion": "-el",
"name": "head"
},
{
"args": {
"g": "m"
},
"expansion": "-el",
"name": "ang-suffix"
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "-el",
"2": "-elas,-las",
"3": "-el",
"4": "-elas,-las",
"5": "-eles,-les",
"6": "-ela,-la",
"7": "-ele,-le",
"8": "-elum,-lum"
},
"name": "ang-decl-noun"
}
],
"lang": "Old English",
"lang_code": "ang",
"pos": "suffix",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "30 70",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Old English entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"text": "crēopan (“to creep”) + -el → crypel (“cripple”)",
"type": "example"
},
{
"text": "bēodan (“to command”) + -el → bydel (“herald, messenger”)",
"type": "example"
},
{
"text": "spittan (“to dig”) + -el → spitel (“shovel”)",
"type": "example"
},
{
"text": "hladan (“to lade”) + -el → hlædel (“ladle”)",
"type": "example"
},
{
"text": "þrēapian (“to reprove, reprehend”) + -el → þrīpel (“instrument of punishment, cross”)",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"agent and instrumental suffix creating nouns from verbs"
],
"id": "en--el-ang-suffix-Zu5vDJmn",
"qualifier": "causes i-mutation",
"raw_glosses": [
"(causes i-mutation) agent and instrumental suffix creating nouns from verbs"
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "-il"
}
],
"tags": [
"morpheme"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/el/"
}
],
"word": "-el"
}
{
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "fr",
"2": "-el"
},
"expansion": "French: -el",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "French: -el"
}
],
"etymology_number": 1,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "fro",
"2": "la",
"3": "-ālis"
},
"expansion": "Latin -ālis",
"name": "inh"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Latin -ālis.",
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "fro",
"2": "suffix"
},
"expansion": "-el",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Old French",
"lang_code": "fro",
"pos": "suffix",
"senses": [
{
"glosses": [
"used to form an adjective"
],
"id": "en--el-fro-suffix-SZXlquuA",
"links": [
[
"adjective",
"adjective#English"
]
],
"tags": [
"morpheme"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ˈɛl/"
}
],
"word": "-el"
}
{
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "fr",
"2": "-eau"
},
"expansion": "French: -eau",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "French: -eau"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "-el",
"bor": "1",
"id": "diminutive"
},
"expansion": "→ Middle English: -el, -ele, -ell, -elle, -eylle, -le, -yll, -ylle\nEnglish: -el, -le",
"name": "desctree"
}
],
"text": "→ Middle English: -el, -ele, -ell, -elle, -eylle, -le, -yll, -ylle\nEnglish: -el, -le"
}
],
"etymology_number": 2,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "fro",
"2": "la",
"3": "-ellus"
},
"expansion": "Latin -ellus",
"name": "inh"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Latin -ellus.",
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "fro",
"2": "suffix"
},
"expansion": "-el",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Old French",
"lang_code": "fro",
"pos": "suffix",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "42 58",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Old French entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"used to form a diminutive"
],
"id": "en--el-fro-suffix-EiXUgVz7",
"links": [
[
"diminutive",
"diminutive#English"
]
],
"tags": [
"morpheme"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ˈɛl/"
}
],
"word": "-el"
}
{
"forms": [
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "pl-decl-noun-m-pr",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "-el",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-ele",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-elowie",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-ela",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-eli",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-elów",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-elowi",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-elom",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-ela",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-eli",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-elów",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-elem",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-elami",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-elu",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"locative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-elach",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"locative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-elu",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"singular",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "-ele",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"plural",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "-elowie",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"plural",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "pl-decl-noun-m-anml",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "-el",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-ele",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-ela",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-eli",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-elowi",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-elom",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-ela",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-ele",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-elem",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-elami",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-elu",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"locative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-elach",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"locative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-elu",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"singular",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "-ele",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"plural",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "pl-decl-noun-m-in",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "-el",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-ele",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-elu",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-eli",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-elowi",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-elom",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-el",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-ele",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-elem",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-elami",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-elu",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"locative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-elach",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"locative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-elu",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"singular",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "-ele",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"plural",
"vocative"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "pl",
"2": "suffix",
"g": "m"
},
"expansion": "-el m",
"name": "head"
}
],
"hyphenation": [
"el"
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "-e",
"2": "l",
"genp": "-eli / -elów",
"nomp": "-ele / -elowie"
},
"name": "pl-decl-noun-m-pr"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "-e",
"2": "l"
},
"name": "pl-decl-noun-m-anml"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "-e",
"2": "l"
},
"name": "pl-decl-noun-m-in"
}
],
"lang": "Polish",
"lang_code": "pl",
"pos": "suffix",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Polish entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Polish links with manual fragments",
"parents": [
"Links with manual fragments",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Polish links with redundant alt parameters",
"parents": [
"Links with redundant alt parameters",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Polish links with redundant wikilinks",
"parents": [
"Links with redundant wikilinks",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"text": "śmierdzieć + -el → śmierdziel",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"forms masculine agent nouns"
],
"id": "en--el-pl-suffix-yspPDGEB",
"links": [
[
"masculine",
"masculine#English"
],
[
"agent noun",
"agent noun#English"
]
],
"tags": [
"masculine",
"morpheme"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ɛl/"
},
{
"rhymes": "-ɛl"
}
],
"word": "-el"
}
{
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "rom",
"2": "suffix",
"cat2": "inflectional suffixes"
},
"expansion": "-el",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Romani",
"lang_code": "rom",
"pos": "suffix",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Romani entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Forms the third-person singular present indicative of consonantal oikoclitic verbs"
],
"id": "en--el-rom-suffix-WchbKC~R",
"tags": [
"morpheme"
]
}
],
"word": "-el"
}
{
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "Inherited"
},
"expansion": "Inherited",
"name": "glossary"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ro",
"2": "la",
"3": "-ellus",
"4": "",
"5": "",
"g": "",
"g2": "",
"g3": "",
"id": "",
"lit": "",
"nocat": "",
"pos": "",
"sc": "",
"sort": "",
"tr": "",
"ts": ""
},
"expansion": "Latin -ellus",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ro",
"2": "la",
"3": "-ellus"
},
"expansion": "Inherited from Latin -ellus",
"name": "inh+"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Inherited from Latin -ellus.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "-ei",
"tags": [
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-ea",
"tags": [
"feminine"
]
},
{
"form": "-ele",
"tags": [
"feminine",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "ro-noun-m",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "-el",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"indefinite",
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "un -el",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"indefinite",
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-elul",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"definite",
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-ei",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"indefinite",
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "niște -ei",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"indefinite",
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-eii",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"definite",
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-el",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"genitive",
"indefinite",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "unui -el",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"genitive",
"indefinite",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-elului",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"definite",
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-ei",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"genitive",
"indefinite",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "unor -ei",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"genitive",
"indefinite",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-eilor",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"definite",
"genitive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-elule",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"singular",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "-eilor",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"plural",
"vocative"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ro",
"2": "suffix",
"3": "plural",
"4": "-ei",
"5": "feminine",
"6": "-ea",
"7": "feminine plural",
"8": "-ele",
"cat2": "diminutive suffixes",
"g": "m"
},
"expansion": "-el m (plural -ei, feminine -ea, feminine plural -ele)",
"name": "head"
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {
"g": "m",
"gpd": "-eilor",
"gpi": "-ei",
"gsd": "-elului",
"gsi": "-el",
"n": "",
"npd": "-eii",
"npi": "-ei",
"nsd": "-elul",
"nsi": "-el",
"vp": "-eilor",
"vs": "-elule",
"vs2": ""
},
"name": "ro-decl-noun"
}
],
"lang": "Romanian",
"lang_code": "ro",
"pos": "suffix",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Romanian entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w"
}
],
"glosses": [
"used to form a masculine diminutive of a word (e.g. băiat (“boy”) + -el → băiețel (“little boy”)"
],
"id": "en--el-ro-suffix-SeZPEb3o",
"links": [
[
"diminutive",
"diminutive"
],
[
"băiat",
"băiat#Romanian"
],
[
"băiețel",
"băiețel#Romanian"
]
],
"related": [
{
"word": "-ea"
}
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "-uș"
},
{
"word": "-aș"
},
{
"word": "-uț"
},
{
"word": "-șor"
}
],
"tags": [
"masculine",
"morpheme"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/el/"
}
],
"word": "-el"
}
{
"etymology_number": 1,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "|",
"name": "!"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "|",
"name": "!"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "|",
"name": "!"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "|",
"name": "!"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "|",
"name": "!"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "|",
"name": "!"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "tr",
"2": "-al"
},
"expansion": "-al",
"name": "l-self"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "|",
"name": "!"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "tr",
"2": "-el"
},
"expansion": "-el",
"name": "l-self"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "|",
"name": "!"
},
{
"args": {
"a": "al",
"e": "el"
},
"expansion": "",
"name": "tr-suffix-forms"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "tr",
"2": "fr",
"3": "-el"
},
"expansion": "Learned borrowing from French -el",
"name": "learned borrowing"
},
{
"args": {
"page": "102"
},
"expansion": "Lewis, Geoffrey (1999) The Turkish Language Reform: A Catastrophic Success, Oxford, New York: Oxford University Press, page 102",
"name": "r:tr:Lewis:1999"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Learned borrowing from French -el.",
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "tr",
"2": "suffix",
"3": "",
"4": "-{{{var}}}",
"head": ""
},
"expansion": "-el",
"name": "head"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "-el",
"name": "tr-suffix"
}
],
"lang": "Turkish",
"lang_code": "tr",
"pos": "suffix",
"senses": [
{
"examples": [
{
"text": "özel (“private, special”) from öz (“self”)"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Derives adjectives from nouns and verbs."
],
"id": "en--el-tr-suffix-XeLBpkuQ",
"tags": [
"morpheme"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ɛl/"
}
],
"word": "-el"
}
{
"etymology_number": 2,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "|",
"name": "!"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "|",
"name": "!"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "|",
"name": "!"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "|",
"name": "!"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "|",
"name": "!"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "|",
"name": "!"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "tr",
"2": "-al"
},
"expansion": "-al",
"name": "l-self"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "|",
"name": "!"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "tr",
"2": "-el"
},
"expansion": "-el",
"name": "l-self"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "|",
"name": "!"
},
{
"args": {
"a": "al",
"e": "el"
},
"expansion": "",
"name": "tr-suffix-forms"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "tr",
"2": "ota",
"3": "ـال",
"tr": "-al, -el"
},
"expansion": "Ottoman Turkish ـال (-al, -el)",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ota",
"2": "ـل",
"tr": "-l"
},
"expansion": "ـل (-l)",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "tr",
"2": "trk-pro",
"3": "*-a",
"4": "*-(g)a",
"pos": "verb-forming suffix"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Turkic *-(g)a (verb-forming suffix)",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "trk-pro",
"2": "*-l",
"3": "*-il",
"pos": "passive suffix"
},
"expansion": "*-il (passive suffix)",
"name": "m"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Ottoman Turkish ـال (-al, -el) or ـل (-l), a combination of Proto-Turkic *-(g)a (verb-forming suffix) and *-il (passive suffix).",
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "tr",
"2": "suffix",
"3": "",
"4": "-{{{var}}}",
"head": ""
},
"expansion": "-el",
"name": "head"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "-el",
"name": "tr-suffix"
}
],
"lang": "Turkish",
"lang_code": "tr",
"pos": "suffix",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "31 69",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Turkish entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"text": "ince (“thin”) + -l → (int.) incelmek (“to thin”)",
"type": "example"
},
{
"text": "dar (“narrow”) + -al → (int.) daralmak (“to narrow”)",
"type": "example"
},
{
"text": "çok (“many, much”) + -al → (int.) çoğalmak (“to multiply”)",
"type": "example"
},
{
"text": "düz (“straight”) + -el → (int.) düzelmek (“to straighten”)",
"type": "example"
},
{
"text": "kısa (“short”) + -al → (int.) kısalmak (“to shorten”)",
"type": "example"
},
{
"text": "yön (“direction”) + -el → (int.) yönelmek (“to face, to turn towards”)",
"type": "example"
},
{
"text": "diri (“alive, not dead”) + -l → (int.) dirilmek (“to come alive, to come back to life”)",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Derives intransitive verbs from adjectives."
],
"id": "en--el-tr-suffix-tr:verb_forming_suffix",
"senseid": [
"tr:verb-forming suffix"
],
"tags": [
"morpheme"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ɛl/"
}
],
"word": "-el"
}
{
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "vo",
"2": "suffix"
},
"expansion": "-el",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Volapük",
"lang_code": "vo",
"pos": "suffix",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Volapük entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Used to indicate a maker of a certain thing."
],
"id": "en--el-vo-suffix-LGU-b9Rh",
"tags": [
"morpheme"
]
}
],
"word": "-el"
}
{
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ccs-gzn-pro",
"2": "-"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Georgian-Zan:",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Georgian-Zan:"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "oge",
"2": "-ელი",
"alt": "-ელ"
},
"expansion": "Old Georgian: -ელ (-el)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old Georgian: -ელ (-el)"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ka",
"2": "-ელი",
"alt": "-ელ"
},
"expansion": "Georgian: -ელ (-el)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Georgian: -ელ (-el)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [],
"text": "Zan:"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "lzz",
"2": "-ალ",
"3": "-ა",
"4": "-ე",
"5": "-უ"
},
"expansion": "Laz: -ალ (-al), -ა (-a), -ე (-e), -უ (-u)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Laz: -ალ (-al), -ა (-a), -ე (-e), -უ (-u)"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "xmf",
"2": "-ალ",
"3": "-ა",
"4": "-ე",
"5": "-უ"
},
"expansion": "Mingrelian: -ალ (-al), -ა (-a), -ე (-e), -უ (-u)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Mingrelian: -ალ (-al), -ა (-a), -ე (-e), -უ (-u)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sva",
"2": "-ელ",
"3": "-ე",
"alt3": "-∅"
},
"expansion": "Svan: -ელ (-el), -ე (-e), -∅",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Svan: -ელ (-el), -ე (-e), -∅"
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ccs-pro",
"2": "suffix"
},
"expansion": "*-el",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-Kartvelian",
"lang_code": "ccs-pro",
"original_title": "Reconstruction:Proto-Kartvelian/-el",
"pos": "suffix",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Proto-Kartvelian entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w"
}
],
"glosses": [
"suffix of noun derivation"
],
"id": "en--el-ccs-pro-suffix-aBiyYbmX",
"tags": [
"morpheme",
"reconstruction"
]
}
],
"word": "-el"
}
{
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "abe",
"2": "suffix"
},
"expansion": "-el",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Abenaki",
"lang_code": "abe",
"pos": "suffix",
"related": [
{
"word": "-elba"
}
],
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"Abenaki entries with incorrect language header",
"Abenaki lemmas",
"Abenaki suffixes"
],
"examples": [
{
"english": "I love",
"text": "n'kezalmô"
},
{
"english": "I love you (singular)",
"text": "k'kezalmel"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Used on verbs, together with the prefix k-, to indicate that the first person singular (I) is the actor and the second person singular (you) is the object of the verb."
],
"links": [
[
"k-",
"k-"
]
],
"tags": [
"morpheme"
]
}
],
"word": "-el"
}
{
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "fr",
"2": "-el"
},
"expansion": "French -el",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "fr",
"2": "sexuel"
},
"expansion": "sexuel",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "fr",
"2": "individuel"
},
"expansion": "individuel",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "fr",
"2": "industriel"
},
"expansion": "industriel",
"name": "m"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Cf. French -el (e.g. sexuel, individuel, industriel)",
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "br",
"2": "suffix"
},
"expansion": "-el",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Breton",
"lang_code": "br",
"pos": "suffix",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"Breton entries with incorrect language header",
"Breton lemmas",
"Breton suffixes"
],
"examples": [
{
"text": "broad (“nation”) + -el → broadel (“national”)",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"To make an adjective of a noun; -al"
],
"links": [
[
"-al",
"-al"
]
],
"tags": [
"morpheme"
]
}
],
"word": "-el"
}
{
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "f"
},
"expansion": "-el f (noun-forming suffix)",
"name": "cs-noun"
}
],
"lang": "Czech",
"lang_code": "cs",
"pos": "suffix",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"Czech entries with incorrect language header",
"Czech feminine suffixes",
"Czech lemmas",
"Czech noun-forming suffixes",
"Czech suffixes",
"Czech terms with IPA pronunciation"
],
"examples": [
{
"text": "koupat + -el → koupel",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"forms nouns"
],
"tags": [
"feminine",
"morpheme"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "[ ɛl]"
}
],
"word": "-el"
}
{
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "da",
"2": "suffix",
"head": ""
},
"expansion": "-el",
"name": "head"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "-el",
"name": "da-suffix"
}
],
"lang": "Danish",
"lang_code": "da",
"pos": "suffix",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"Danish entries with incorrect language header",
"Danish lemmas",
"Danish suffixes",
"Danish terms with IPA pronunciation"
],
"glosses": [
"-al"
],
"links": [
[
"-al",
"-al"
]
],
"tags": [
"morpheme"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/el/"
},
{
"ipa": "[ˈɛlˀ]"
}
],
"word": "-el"
}
{
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "nl",
"2": "odt",
"3": "*-el"
},
"expansion": "Old Dutch *-el",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "nl",
"2": "gmw-pro",
"3": "*-il"
},
"expansion": "Proto-West Germanic *-il",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "nl",
"2": "gem-pro",
"3": "*-ilaz"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic *-ilaz",
"name": "inh"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Old Dutch *-el, from Proto-West Germanic *-il, from Proto-Germanic *-ilaz.",
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "nl",
"2": "suffix"
},
"expansion": "-el",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Dutch",
"lang_code": "nl",
"pos": "suffix",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"Dutch entries with incorrect language header",
"Dutch lemmas",
"Dutch suffixes",
"Dutch terms derived from Old Dutch",
"Dutch terms derived from Proto-Germanic",
"Dutch terms derived from Proto-West Germanic",
"Dutch terms inherited from Old Dutch",
"Dutch terms inherited from Proto-Germanic",
"Dutch terms inherited from Proto-West Germanic",
"Dutch terms with IPA pronunciation"
],
"glosses": [
"A now-unproductive suffix forming diminutive and instrument nouns."
],
"tags": [
"morpheme"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/əl/"
}
],
"word": "-el"
}
{
"categories": [
"English 1-syllable words",
"English diminutive suffixes",
"English entries with incorrect language header",
"English lemmas",
"English noun-forming suffixes",
"English suffixes",
"English terms derived from Middle English",
"English terms derived from Old English",
"English terms derived from Proto-Germanic",
"English terms derived from Proto-Indo-European",
"English terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *-lós",
"English terms inherited from Middle English",
"English terms inherited from Old English",
"English terms inherited from Proto-Germanic",
"English terms with IPA pronunciation",
"English unproductive suffixes"
],
"etymology_number": 1,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*-lós"
},
"expansion": "",
"name": "root"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "enm",
"3": "-el"
},
"expansion": "Middle English -el",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "ang",
"3": "-el"
},
"expansion": "Old English -el",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "gem-pro",
"3": "*-ilaz"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic *-ilaz",
"name": "inh"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Middle English -el, from Old English -el, from Proto-Germanic *-ilaz.",
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "suffix",
"cat2": "unproductive suffixes",
"cat3": "noun-forming suffixes",
"head": "",
"id": ""
},
"expansion": "-el",
"name": "head"
},
{
"args": {
"cat2": "unproductive suffixes",
"cat3": "noun-forming suffixes"
},
"expansion": "-el",
"name": "en-suffix"
}
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "suffix",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"English links with redundant alt parameters"
],
"examples": [
{
"text": "runnel, shovel, dotel"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Suffix forming nouns, originally denoting an instrument, from verbs, usually spelt -le except after n and e."
],
"links": [
[
"-le",
"-le#English"
]
],
"senseid": [
"en:agent noun"
],
"tags": [
"morpheme"
]
},
{
"examples": [
{
"text": "hatchel, hovel, gomeral"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Diminutive suffix in words of Germanic origin."
],
"senseid": [
"en:diminutive"
],
"tags": [
"morpheme"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/əl/"
},
{
"ipa": "/l̩/"
}
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "-le"
},
{
"word": "-al"
}
],
"word": "-el"
}
{
"categories": [
"English 1-syllable words",
"English entries with incorrect language header",
"English lemmas",
"English suffixes",
"English terms derived from Middle English",
"English terms inherited from Middle English",
"English terms with IPA pronunciation"
],
"etymology_number": 2,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "enm",
"3": "-el"
},
"expansion": "Middle English -el",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "ang",
"3": "-el",
"pos": "diminutive suffix"
},
"expansion": "Old English -el (diminutive suffix)",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "fro",
"3": "-el",
"pos": "diminutive suffix"
},
"expansion": "Old French -el (diminutive suffix)",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "la",
"3": "-ellus"
},
"expansion": "Latin -ellus",
"name": "der"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Middle English -el, a merger of two suffixes:\n* Old English -el (diminutive suffix)\n* Old French -el (diminutive suffix), from Latin -ellus",
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "suffix",
"cat2": "",
"cat3": "",
"head": "",
"id": ""
},
"expansion": "-el",
"name": "head"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "-el",
"name": "en-suffix"
}
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "suffix",
"senses": [
{
"examples": [
{
"text": "cupel, chapel, tunnel"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Suffix, originally diminutive, in words of mostly Romance origin."
],
"tags": [
"morpheme"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/əl/"
},
{
"ipa": "/l̩/"
}
],
"word": "-el"
}
{
"derived": [
{
"english": "in what way, in what manner, how",
"word": "kiel"
},
{
"english": "in that way, in that manner, thus",
"word": "tiel"
},
{
"english": "in every way, in every manner",
"word": "ĉiel"
},
{
"english": "in some way, in some manner, somehow",
"word": "iel"
},
{
"english": "in no way, nohow",
"word": "neniel"
},
{
"english": "in another way, somehow else",
"sense": "nonce",
"word": "aliel"
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "eo",
"2": "suffix"
},
"expansion": "-el",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Esperanto",
"lang_code": "eo",
"pos": "suffix",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"Esperanto entries with incorrect language header",
"Esperanto lemmas",
"Esperanto suffixes",
"Esperanto terms with audio links"
],
"examples": [
{
"text": "-el is the ending for correlatives of manner or degree"
}
],
"glosses": [
"in … way"
],
"tags": [
"morpheme"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"audio": "LL-Q143 (epo)-Lepticed7--el.wav",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/9/9d/LL-Q143_%28epo%29-Lepticed7--el.wav/LL-Q143_%28epo%29-Lepticed7--el.wav.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/9/9d/LL-Q143_%28epo%29-Lepticed7--el.wav/LL-Q143_%28epo%29-Lepticed7--el.wav.ogg",
"text": "Audio"
}
],
"word": "-el"
}
{
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "da",
"2": "-el",
"bor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ Danish: -el",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ Danish: -el"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "nl",
"2": "-eel",
"bor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ Dutch: -eel",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ Dutch: -eel"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "af",
"2": "-eel"
},
"expansion": "Afrikaans: -eel",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Afrikaans: -eel"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "id",
"2": "-il",
"bor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ Indonesian: -il",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ Indonesian: -il"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "de",
"2": "-ell",
"bor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ German: -ell",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ German: -ell"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "nb",
"2": "-ell",
"bor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ Norwegian Bokmål: -ell",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ Norwegian Bokmål: -ell"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "nn",
"2": "-ell",
"bor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ Norwegian Nynorsk: -ell",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ Norwegian Nynorsk: -ell"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sv",
"2": "-ell",
"bor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ Swedish: -ell",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ Swedish: -ell"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "tr",
"2": "-el",
"lbor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ Turkish: -el (learned)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ Turkish: -el (learned)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "yi",
"2": "־על",
"bor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ Yiddish: ־על (-el)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ Yiddish: ־על (-el)"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "Inherited"
},
"expansion": "Inherited",
"name": "glossary"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "fr",
"2": "fro",
"3": "-el",
"4": "",
"5": "",
"g": "",
"g2": "",
"g3": "",
"id": "",
"lit": "",
"nocat": "",
"pos": "",
"sc": "",
"sort": "",
"tr": "",
"ts": ""
},
"expansion": "Old French -el",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "fr",
"2": "fro",
"3": "-el"
},
"expansion": "Inherited from Old French -el",
"name": "inh+"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "fr",
"2": "la",
"3": "-ālis"
},
"expansion": "Latin -ālis",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "fr",
"2": "-al"
},
"expansion": "Doublet of -al",
"name": "dbt"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Inherited from Old French -el, from Latin -ālis. Doublet of -al.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "-elle",
"tags": [
"feminine"
]
},
{
"form": "-els",
"tags": [
"masculine",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-elles",
"tags": [
"feminine",
"plural"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "-el (feminine -elle, masculine plural -els, feminine plural -elles)",
"name": "fr-adj"
}
],
"lang": "French",
"lang_code": "fr",
"pos": "suffix",
"related": [
{
"word": "-al"
}
],
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"French 1-syllable words",
"French adjective-forming suffixes",
"French doublets",
"French entries with incorrect language header",
"French lemmas",
"French suffixes",
"French terms derived from Latin",
"French terms derived from Old French",
"French terms inherited from Latin",
"French terms inherited from Old French",
"French terms with IPA pronunciation",
"French terms with audio links"
],
"glosses": [
"forms adjectives from nouns: -al"
],
"links": [
[
"-al",
"-al"
]
],
"tags": [
"morpheme"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ɛl/"
},
{
"audio": "LL-Q150 (fra)-Lyokoï--el.wav",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/2/21/LL-Q150_%28fra%29-Lyoko%C3%AF--el.wav/LL-Q150_%28fra%29-Lyoko%C3%AF--el.wav.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/2/21/LL-Q150_%28fra%29-Lyoko%C3%AF--el.wav/LL-Q150_%28fra%29-Lyoko%C3%AF--el.wav.ogg",
"text": "Audio"
}
],
"word": "-el"
}
{
"categories": [
"German 1-syllable words",
"German diminutive suffixes",
"German entries with incorrect language header",
"German lemmas",
"German noun-forming suffixes",
"German suffixes",
"German terms derived from Middle High German",
"German terms derived from Old High German",
"German terms derived from Proto-Germanic",
"German terms derived from Proto-West Germanic",
"German terms inherited from Middle High German",
"German terms inherited from Old High German",
"German terms inherited from Proto-Germanic",
"German terms inherited from Proto-West Germanic",
"German terms with IPA pronunciation",
"German terms with audio links",
"German unproductive suffixes"
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "de",
"2": "gmh",
"3": "-el"
},
"expansion": "Middle High German -el",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "de",
"2": "goh",
"3": "-il"
},
"expansion": "Old High German -il",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "de",
"2": "gmw-pro",
"3": "*-il"
},
"expansion": "Proto-West Germanic *-il",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "de",
"2": "gem-pro",
"3": "*-ilaz"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic *-ilaz",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "de",
"2": "-lein"
},
"expansion": "-lein",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "gem-pro",
"2": "*-ilaz"
},
"expansion": "*-ilaz",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "gem-pro",
"2": "*-ilingaz"
},
"expansion": "*-ilingaz",
"name": "m"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Middle High German -el, from Old High German -il, direct descendant of Proto-West Germanic *-il, from Proto-Germanic *-ilaz, or from dialectal variants of -lein, which as well ultimately go back to *-ilaz or to *-ilingaz.",
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "de",
"2": "suffix",
"cat2": "unproductive suffixes",
"cat3": "noun-forming suffixes"
},
"expansion": "-el",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "German",
"lang_code": "de",
"pos": "suffix",
"senses": [
{
"examples": [
{
"text": "Kind (“child”) + -el → Kindel (“little child, darling”)",
"type": "example"
},
{
"text": "Haus (“house”) + -el → Häusel (“little house”)",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"suffix in diminutives"
],
"tags": [
"morpheme"
]
},
{
"examples": [
{
"text": "Arm (“arm”) + -el → Ärmel (“sleeve”)",
"type": "example"
},
{
"text": "Eiche (“oak”) + -el → Eichel (“acorn”)",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"suffix in nouns indicating appurtenance"
],
"tags": [
"morpheme"
]
},
{
"examples": [
{
"text": "Büttel, Meißel"
}
],
"glosses": [
"suffix in agent and instrumental nouns"
],
"tags": [
"morpheme"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/əl/"
},
{
"audio": "De--el.ogg",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/03/De--el.ogg/De--el.ogg.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/03/De--el.ogg",
"text": "Audio"
}
],
"word": "-el"
}
{
"categories": [
"Hungarian entries with incorrect language header",
"Hungarian lemmas",
"Hungarian noun-forming suffixes",
"Hungarian suffixes",
"Hungarian terms with IPA pronunciation",
"Hungarian verb-forming suffixes",
"Rhymes:Hungarian/ɛl",
"Rhymes:Hungarian/ɛl/1 syllable"
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "hu",
"2": "-e-",
"3": "-l",
"nocat": "y"
},
"expansion": "-e- + -l",
"name": "af"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From -e- + -l.",
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "hu",
"2": "suffix",
"cat2": "noun-forming suffixes",
"cat3": "verb-forming suffixes"
},
"expansion": "-el",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Hungarian",
"lang_code": "hu",
"pos": "suffix",
"senses": [
{
"examples": [
{
"text": "keres (“to seek”) + -el → keresel (“you seek, you are seeking”)",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Forms the second-person singular present tense of verbs ending in s, sz, z, dz (indicative mood, indefinite conjugation)."
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(personal suffix) Forms the second-person singular present tense of verbs ending in s, sz, z, dz (indicative mood, indefinite conjugation)."
],
"senseid": [
"hu:personal"
],
"tags": [
"morpheme",
"personal",
"suffix"
]
},
{
"examples": [
{
"text": "ebéd (“lunch”) + -el → ebédel (“to eat lunch”)",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Added to a noun to form a verb."
],
"links": [
[
"noun",
"noun#English"
],
[
"verb",
"verb#English"
]
],
"qualifier": "verb-forming suffix",
"raw_glosses": [
"(verb-forming suffix) Added to a noun to form a verb."
],
"senseid": [
"hu:verb-forming"
],
"tags": [
"morpheme"
]
},
{
"examples": [
{
"text": "lep (“to cover”) + -el → lepel (“wrap”)",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Added to a verb to form a noun. No longer productive in this role."
],
"links": [
[
"verb",
"verb#English"
],
[
"noun",
"noun#English"
]
],
"qualifier": "noun-forming suffix",
"raw_glosses": [
"(noun-forming suffix) Added to a verb to form a noun. No longer productive in this role."
],
"senseid": [
"hu:noun-forming"
],
"tags": [
"morpheme"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "[ɛl]"
},
{
"rhymes": "-ɛl"
}
],
"word": "-el"
}
{
"categories": [
"Low German entries with incorrect language header",
"Low German lemmas",
"Low German masculine suffixes",
"Low German suffixes",
"Low German terms derived from Middle Low German",
"Low German terms derived from Old Saxon",
"Low German terms derived from Proto-Germanic",
"Low German terms inherited from Middle Low German",
"Low German terms inherited from Old Saxon",
"Low German terms inherited from Proto-Germanic"
],
"etymology_number": 1,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "nds",
"2": "gml",
"3": "-el"
},
"expansion": "Middle Low German -el",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "nds",
"2": "osx",
"3": "-il"
},
"expansion": "Old Saxon -il",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "nds",
"2": "gem-pro",
"3": "*-ilaz"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic *-ilaz",
"name": "inh"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Middle Low German -el, from Old Saxon -il, from Proto-Germanic *-ilaz.",
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "nds",
"2": "suffix",
"g": "m"
},
"expansion": "-el m",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Low German",
"lang_code": "nds",
"pos": "suffix",
"senses": [
{
"examples": [
{
"text": "Lepel, Snavel, Stickel"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Suffix forming nouns originally denoting an agent from verbs."
],
"tags": [
"masculine",
"morpheme"
]
}
],
"word": "-el"
}
{
"categories": [
"Low German entries with incorrect language header",
"Low German lemmas",
"Low German masculine suffixes",
"Low German suffixes",
"Low German terms derived from Middle Low German",
"Low German terms inherited from Middle Low German"
],
"derived": [
{
"word": "Bückel"
},
{
"word": "Stickel"
}
],
"etymology_number": 2,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "nds",
"2": "gml",
"3": "-ling"
},
"expansion": "Middle Low German -ling",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "nds",
"2": "-el"
},
"expansion": "-el",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "nds",
"2": "-ing"
},
"expansion": "-ing",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "-ling"
},
"expansion": "-ling",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "nl",
"2": "-ling"
},
"expansion": "-ling",
"name": "m"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Middle Low German -ling. Result of resegmentation of nouns with -el and -ing suffixes. See the English suffix -ling. Akin to English, Dutch and German -ling.",
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "nds",
"2": "suffix",
"g": "m"
},
"expansion": "-el m",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Low German",
"lang_code": "nds",
"pos": "suffix",
"senses": [
{
"glosses": [
"A suffix that describes a male person (or other creature) in terms of a place of origin or a quality, as defined by the root to which it is added. Now often replaced by a compound with Jung for a male person, and Deern for a female person such as Lehrjung, Lehrdeern (male/female pupil)."
],
"links": [
[
"Jung",
"Jung"
],
[
"Deern",
"Deern"
],
[
"Lehrjung",
"Lehrjung"
],
[
"Lehrdeern",
"Lehrdeern"
]
],
"tags": [
"masculine",
"morpheme"
]
}
],
"word": "-el"
}
{
"categories": [
"Middle English diminutive suffixes",
"Middle English entries with incorrect language header",
"Middle English entries with language name categories using raw markup",
"Middle English lemmas",
"Middle English suffixes",
"Middle English terms derived from Old English",
"Middle English terms derived from Proto-Germanic",
"Middle English terms derived from Proto-West Germanic",
"Middle English terms inherited from Old English",
"Middle English terms inherited from Proto-Germanic",
"Middle English terms inherited from Proto-West Germanic",
"Middle English terms with IPA pronunciation",
"Middle English terms with non-redundant non-automated sortkeys"
],
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "-le"
},
"expansion": "English: -le",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "English: -le"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sco",
"2": "-le"
},
"expansion": "Scots: -le",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Scots: -le"
}
],
"etymology_number": 1,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "adjectival"
},
"expansion": "table",
"name": "etymid"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "ang",
"3": "-el"
},
"expansion": "Old English -el",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ang",
"2": "-ol"
},
"expansion": "-ol",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "gmw-pro",
"3": "*-ul"
},
"expansion": "Proto-West Germanic *-ul",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "gem-pro",
"3": "*-ulaz"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic *-ulaz",
"name": "inh"
}
],
"etymology_text": "table\nFrom Old English -el, -ol, from Proto-West Germanic *-ul, from Proto-Germanic *-ulaz.",
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "suffix"
},
"expansion": "-el",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Middle English",
"lang_code": "enm",
"pos": "suffix",
"senses": [
{
"glosses": [
"Forms adjectives meaning \"tending to\" or \"able to\" from verbs."
],
"tags": [
"morpheme"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/-əl/"
}
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "-le"
}
],
"word": "-el"
}
{
"categories": [
"Middle English diminutive suffixes",
"Middle English entries with incorrect language header",
"Middle English entries with language name categories using raw markup",
"Middle English lemmas",
"Middle English suffixes",
"Middle English terms derived from Old English",
"Middle English terms derived from Proto-Germanic",
"Middle English terms derived from Proto-West Germanic",
"Middle English terms inherited from Old English",
"Middle English terms inherited from Proto-Germanic",
"Middle English terms inherited from Proto-West Germanic",
"Middle English terms with IPA pronunciation",
"Middle English terms with non-redundant non-automated sortkeys"
],
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "-le",
"3": "-el"
},
"expansion": "English: -le, -el",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "English: -le, -el"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sco",
"2": "-le",
"3": "-el"
},
"expansion": "Scots: -le, -el",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Scots: -le, -el"
}
],
"etymology_number": 2,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "agentive"
},
"expansion": "table",
"name": "etymid"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "ang",
"3": "-el"
},
"expansion": "Old English -el",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ang",
"2": "-ol"
},
"expansion": "-ol",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "gmw-pro",
"3": "*-il"
},
"expansion": "Proto-West Germanic *-il",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "gem-pro",
"3": "*-ilaz"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic *-ilaz",
"name": "inh"
}
],
"etymology_text": "table\nFrom Old English -el, -ol, from Proto-West Germanic *-il, from Proto-Germanic *-ilaz.",
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "suffix"
},
"expansion": "-el",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Middle English",
"lang_code": "enm",
"pos": "suffix",
"senses": [
{
"glosses": [
"Forms diminutives from verbs or other nouns."
],
"tags": [
"morpheme"
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"Forms agent nouns from verbs or other nouns."
],
"tags": [
"morpheme"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/-əl/"
}
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "-ell"
},
{
"word": "-il"
},
{
"word": "-ill"
},
{
"word": "-le"
},
{
"word": "-ul"
},
{
"word": "-yl"
},
{
"word": "-yll"
},
{
"word": "-ylle"
}
],
"word": "-el"
}
{
"categories": [
"Middle English diminutive suffixes",
"Middle English entries with incorrect language header",
"Middle English entries with language name categories using raw markup",
"Middle English lemmas",
"Middle English suffixes",
"Middle English terms borrowed from Old French",
"Middle English terms derived from Latin",
"Middle English terms derived from Old French",
"Middle English terms with IPA pronunciation",
"Middle English terms with non-redundant non-automated sortkeys"
],
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "-el",
"3": "-le"
},
"expansion": "English: -el, -le",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "English: -el, -le"
}
],
"etymology_number": 3,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "diminutive"
},
"expansion": "table",
"name": "etymid"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "fro",
"3": "-el"
},
"expansion": "Old French -el",
"name": "bor"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "fro",
"2": "-ele"
},
"expansion": "-ele",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "la",
"3": "-ālis"
},
"expansion": "Latin -ālis",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "-ellus"
},
"expansion": "-ellus",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "-ella"
},
"expansion": "-ella",
"name": "m"
}
],
"etymology_text": "table\nFrom Old French -el, -ele, from Latin -ālis and -ellus, -ella.",
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "suffix"
},
"expansion": "-el",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Middle English",
"lang_code": "enm",
"pos": "suffix",
"senses": [
{
"glosses": [
"Forms diminutives from verbs or other nouns."
],
"tags": [
"morpheme"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/-ˈɛːl(ə)/"
},
{
"ipa": "/-ɛl(ə)/"
}
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "-ele"
},
{
"word": "-ell"
},
{
"word": "-elle"
},
{
"word": "-eylle"
},
{
"word": "-le"
},
{
"word": "-yll"
},
{
"word": "-ylle"
}
],
"word": "-el"
}
{
"categories": [
"Middle English diminutive suffixes",
"Middle English entries with incorrect language header",
"Middle English entries with language name categories using raw markup",
"Middle English lemmas",
"Middle English suffixes",
"Middle English terms with non-redundant non-automated sortkeys"
],
"etymology_number": 4,
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "suffix"
},
"expansion": "-el",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Middle English",
"lang_code": "enm",
"pos": "suffix",
"senses": [
{
"alt_of": [
{
"word": "-al"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Alternative form of -al"
],
"links": [
[
"-al",
"-al#Middle English"
]
],
"tags": [
"alt-of",
"alternative",
"morpheme"
]
}
],
"word": "-el"
}
{
"categories": [
"Middle English diminutive suffixes",
"Middle English entries with incorrect language header",
"Middle English entries with language name categories using raw markup",
"Middle English lemmas",
"Middle English suffixes",
"Middle English terms with non-redundant non-automated sortkeys"
],
"etymology_number": 5,
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "suffix"
},
"expansion": "-el",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Middle English",
"lang_code": "enm",
"pos": "suffix",
"senses": [
{
"alt_of": [
{
"word": "-elen"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Alternative form of -elen"
],
"links": [
[
"-elen",
"-elen#Middle English"
]
],
"tags": [
"alt-of",
"alternative",
"morpheme"
]
}
],
"word": "-el"
}
{
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "nrf",
"2": "fro",
"3": "-el"
},
"expansion": "Old French -el",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "nrf",
"2": "la",
"3": "-ālis"
},
"expansion": "Latin -ālis",
"name": "inh"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Old French -el, from Latin -ālis.",
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "nrf",
"2": "suffix"
},
"expansion": "-el",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Norman",
"lang_code": "nrm",
"pos": "suffix",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"Norman entries with incorrect language header",
"Norman lemmas",
"Norman suffixes",
"Norman terms derived from Latin",
"Norman terms derived from Old French",
"Norman terms inherited from Latin",
"Norman terms inherited from Old French"
],
"glosses": [
"makes an adjectival form of a noun; -al"
],
"links": [
[
"-al",
"-al"
]
],
"tags": [
"morpheme"
]
}
],
"word": "-el"
}
{
"categories": [
"Old English entries with incorrect language header",
"Old English lemmas",
"Old English suffixes",
"Old English terms derived from Proto-Germanic",
"Old English terms inherited from Proto-Germanic",
"Old English terms with IPA pronunciation"
],
"etymology_number": 1,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ang",
"2": "gem-pro",
"3": "*-a-l-"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic *-a-l-",
"name": "inh"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Proto-Germanic *-a-l-.",
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ang",
"2": "suffix",
"cat2": "",
"head": "",
"head2": "",
"sort": ""
},
"expansion": "-el",
"name": "head"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "-el",
"name": "ang-suffix"
}
],
"lang": "Old English",
"lang_code": "ang",
"pos": "suffix",
"senses": [
{
"alt_of": [
{
"word": "-ol"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Alternative form of -ol"
],
"links": [
[
"-ol",
"-ol#Old English"
]
],
"tags": [
"alt-of",
"alternative",
"morpheme"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/el/"
}
],
"word": "-el"
}
{
"categories": [
"Old English entries with incorrect language header",
"Old English lemmas",
"Old English suffixes",
"Old English terms derived from Proto-Germanic",
"Old English terms inherited from Proto-Germanic",
"Old English terms with IPA pronunciation"
],
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "-el",
"id": "agentive",
"noalts": "1"
},
"expansion": "Middle English: -el\nEnglish: -le, -el\nScots: -le, -el",
"name": "desctree"
}
],
"text": "Middle English: -el\nEnglish: -le, -el\nScots: -le, -el"
}
],
"etymology_number": 2,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ang",
"2": "gem-pro",
"3": "*-ilaz"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic *-ilaz",
"name": "inh"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Proto-Germanic *-ilaz.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "ang-decl-noun",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "-el",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-elas",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-las",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-el",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-elas",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-las",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-eles",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-les",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-ela",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-la",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-ele",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-le",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-elum",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-lum",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"plural"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ang",
"2": "suffix",
"cat2": "",
"head": "",
"head2": "",
"sort": ""
},
"expansion": "-el",
"name": "head"
},
{
"args": {
"g": "m"
},
"expansion": "-el",
"name": "ang-suffix"
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "-el",
"2": "-elas,-las",
"3": "-el",
"4": "-elas,-las",
"5": "-eles,-les",
"6": "-ela,-la",
"7": "-ele,-le",
"8": "-elum,-lum"
},
"name": "ang-decl-noun"
}
],
"lang": "Old English",
"lang_code": "ang",
"pos": "suffix",
"senses": [
{
"examples": [
{
"text": "crēopan (“to creep”) + -el → crypel (“cripple”)",
"type": "example"
},
{
"text": "bēodan (“to command”) + -el → bydel (“herald, messenger”)",
"type": "example"
},
{
"text": "spittan (“to dig”) + -el → spitel (“shovel”)",
"type": "example"
},
{
"text": "hladan (“to lade”) + -el → hlædel (“ladle”)",
"type": "example"
},
{
"text": "þrēapian (“to reprove, reprehend”) + -el → þrīpel (“instrument of punishment, cross”)",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"agent and instrumental suffix creating nouns from verbs"
],
"qualifier": "causes i-mutation",
"raw_glosses": [
"(causes i-mutation) agent and instrumental suffix creating nouns from verbs"
],
"tags": [
"morpheme"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/el/"
}
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "-il"
}
],
"word": "-el"
}
{
"categories": [
"Old French entries with incorrect language header",
"Old French lemmas",
"Old French suffixes",
"Old French terms derived from Latin",
"Old French terms inherited from Latin",
"Old French terms with IPA pronunciation"
],
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "fr",
"2": "-el"
},
"expansion": "French: -el",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "French: -el"
}
],
"etymology_number": 1,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "fro",
"2": "la",
"3": "-ālis"
},
"expansion": "Latin -ālis",
"name": "inh"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Latin -ālis.",
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "fro",
"2": "suffix"
},
"expansion": "-el",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Old French",
"lang_code": "fro",
"pos": "suffix",
"senses": [
{
"glosses": [
"used to form an adjective"
],
"links": [
[
"adjective",
"adjective#English"
]
],
"tags": [
"morpheme"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ˈɛl/"
}
],
"word": "-el"
}
{
"categories": [
"Old French entries with incorrect language header",
"Old French lemmas",
"Old French suffixes",
"Old French terms derived from Latin",
"Old French terms inherited from Latin",
"Old French terms with IPA pronunciation"
],
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "fr",
"2": "-eau"
},
"expansion": "French: -eau",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "French: -eau"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "-el",
"bor": "1",
"id": "diminutive"
},
"expansion": "→ Middle English: -el, -ele, -ell, -elle, -eylle, -le, -yll, -ylle\nEnglish: -el, -le",
"name": "desctree"
}
],
"text": "→ Middle English: -el, -ele, -ell, -elle, -eylle, -le, -yll, -ylle\nEnglish: -el, -le"
}
],
"etymology_number": 2,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "fro",
"2": "la",
"3": "-ellus"
},
"expansion": "Latin -ellus",
"name": "inh"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Latin -ellus.",
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "fro",
"2": "suffix"
},
"expansion": "-el",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Old French",
"lang_code": "fro",
"pos": "suffix",
"senses": [
{
"glosses": [
"used to form a diminutive"
],
"links": [
[
"diminutive",
"diminutive#English"
]
],
"tags": [
"morpheme"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ˈɛl/"
}
],
"word": "-el"
}
{
"forms": [
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "pl-decl-noun-m-pr",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "-el",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-ele",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-elowie",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-ela",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-eli",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-elów",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-elowi",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-elom",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-ela",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-eli",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-elów",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-elem",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-elami",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-elu",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"locative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-elach",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"locative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-elu",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"singular",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "-ele",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"plural",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "-elowie",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"plural",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "pl-decl-noun-m-anml",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "-el",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-ele",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-ela",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-eli",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-elowi",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-elom",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-ela",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-ele",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-elem",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-elami",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-elu",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"locative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-elach",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"locative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-elu",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"singular",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "-ele",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"plural",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "pl-decl-noun-m-in",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "-el",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-ele",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-elu",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-eli",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-elowi",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-elom",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-el",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-ele",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-elem",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-elami",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-elu",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"locative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-elach",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"locative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-elu",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"singular",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "-ele",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"plural",
"vocative"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "pl",
"2": "suffix",
"g": "m"
},
"expansion": "-el m",
"name": "head"
}
],
"hyphenation": [
"el"
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "-e",
"2": "l",
"genp": "-eli / -elów",
"nomp": "-ele / -elowie"
},
"name": "pl-decl-noun-m-pr"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "-e",
"2": "l"
},
"name": "pl-decl-noun-m-anml"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "-e",
"2": "l"
},
"name": "pl-decl-noun-m-in"
}
],
"lang": "Polish",
"lang_code": "pl",
"pos": "suffix",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"Polish 1-syllable words",
"Polish entries with incorrect language header",
"Polish lemmas",
"Polish links with manual fragments",
"Polish links with redundant alt parameters",
"Polish links with redundant wikilinks",
"Polish masculine suffixes",
"Polish suffixes",
"Polish terms with IPA pronunciation",
"Polish terms with audio links",
"Rhymes:Polish/ɛl",
"Rhymes:Polish/ɛl/1 syllable"
],
"examples": [
{
"text": "śmierdzieć + -el → śmierdziel",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"forms masculine agent nouns"
],
"links": [
[
"masculine",
"masculine#English"
],
[
"agent noun",
"agent noun#English"
]
],
"tags": [
"masculine",
"morpheme"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ɛl/"
},
{
"rhymes": "-ɛl"
}
],
"word": "-el"
}
{
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ccs-gzn-pro",
"2": "-"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Georgian-Zan:",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Georgian-Zan:"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "oge",
"2": "-ელი",
"alt": "-ელ"
},
"expansion": "Old Georgian: -ელ (-el)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old Georgian: -ელ (-el)"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ka",
"2": "-ელი",
"alt": "-ელ"
},
"expansion": "Georgian: -ელ (-el)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Georgian: -ელ (-el)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [],
"text": "Zan:"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "lzz",
"2": "-ალ",
"3": "-ა",
"4": "-ე",
"5": "-უ"
},
"expansion": "Laz: -ალ (-al), -ა (-a), -ე (-e), -უ (-u)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Laz: -ალ (-al), -ა (-a), -ე (-e), -უ (-u)"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "xmf",
"2": "-ალ",
"3": "-ა",
"4": "-ე",
"5": "-უ"
},
"expansion": "Mingrelian: -ალ (-al), -ა (-a), -ე (-e), -უ (-u)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Mingrelian: -ალ (-al), -ა (-a), -ე (-e), -უ (-u)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sva",
"2": "-ელ",
"3": "-ე",
"alt3": "-∅"
},
"expansion": "Svan: -ელ (-el), -ე (-e), -∅",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Svan: -ელ (-el), -ე (-e), -∅"
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ccs-pro",
"2": "suffix"
},
"expansion": "*-el",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-Kartvelian",
"lang_code": "ccs-pro",
"original_title": "Reconstruction:Proto-Kartvelian/-el",
"pos": "suffix",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"Proto-Kartvelian entries with incorrect language header",
"Proto-Kartvelian lemmas",
"Proto-Kartvelian suffixes"
],
"glosses": [
"suffix of noun derivation"
],
"tags": [
"morpheme",
"reconstruction"
]
}
],
"word": "-el"
}
{
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "rom",
"2": "suffix",
"cat2": "inflectional suffixes"
},
"expansion": "-el",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Romani",
"lang_code": "rom",
"pos": "suffix",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"Romani entries with incorrect language header",
"Romani inflectional suffixes",
"Romani lemmas",
"Romani suffixes"
],
"glosses": [
"Forms the third-person singular present indicative of consonantal oikoclitic verbs"
],
"tags": [
"morpheme"
]
}
],
"word": "-el"
}
{
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "Inherited"
},
"expansion": "Inherited",
"name": "glossary"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ro",
"2": "la",
"3": "-ellus",
"4": "",
"5": "",
"g": "",
"g2": "",
"g3": "",
"id": "",
"lit": "",
"nocat": "",
"pos": "",
"sc": "",
"sort": "",
"tr": "",
"ts": ""
},
"expansion": "Latin -ellus",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ro",
"2": "la",
"3": "-ellus"
},
"expansion": "Inherited from Latin -ellus",
"name": "inh+"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Inherited from Latin -ellus.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "-ei",
"tags": [
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-ea",
"tags": [
"feminine"
]
},
{
"form": "-ele",
"tags": [
"feminine",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "ro-noun-m",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "-el",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"indefinite",
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "un -el",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"indefinite",
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-elul",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"definite",
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-ei",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"indefinite",
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "niște -ei",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"indefinite",
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-eii",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"definite",
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-el",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"genitive",
"indefinite",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "unui -el",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"genitive",
"indefinite",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-elului",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"definite",
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-ei",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"genitive",
"indefinite",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "unor -ei",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"genitive",
"indefinite",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-eilor",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"definite",
"genitive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-elule",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"singular",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "-eilor",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"plural",
"vocative"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ro",
"2": "suffix",
"3": "plural",
"4": "-ei",
"5": "feminine",
"6": "-ea",
"7": "feminine plural",
"8": "-ele",
"cat2": "diminutive suffixes",
"g": "m"
},
"expansion": "-el m (plural -ei, feminine -ea, feminine plural -ele)",
"name": "head"
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {
"g": "m",
"gpd": "-eilor",
"gpi": "-ei",
"gsd": "-elului",
"gsi": "-el",
"n": "",
"npd": "-eii",
"npi": "-ei",
"nsd": "-elul",
"nsi": "-el",
"vp": "-eilor",
"vs": "-elule",
"vs2": ""
},
"name": "ro-decl-noun"
}
],
"lang": "Romanian",
"lang_code": "ro",
"pos": "suffix",
"related": [
{
"word": "-ea"
}
],
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"Romanian diminutive suffixes",
"Romanian entries with incorrect language header",
"Romanian lemmas",
"Romanian masculine suffixes",
"Romanian suffixes",
"Romanian terms derived from Latin",
"Romanian terms inherited from Latin",
"Romanian terms with IPA pronunciation"
],
"glosses": [
"used to form a masculine diminutive of a word (e.g. băiat (“boy”) + -el → băiețel (“little boy”)"
],
"links": [
[
"diminutive",
"diminutive"
],
[
"băiat",
"băiat#Romanian"
],
[
"băiețel",
"băiețel#Romanian"
]
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "-uș"
},
{
"word": "-aș"
},
{
"word": "-uț"
},
{
"word": "-șor"
}
],
"tags": [
"masculine",
"morpheme"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/el/"
}
],
"word": "-el"
}
{
"categories": [
"Turkish entries with incorrect language header",
"Turkish learned borrowings from French",
"Turkish lemmas",
"Turkish suffixes",
"Turkish terms borrowed from French",
"Turkish terms derived from French",
"Turkish terms derived from Ottoman Turkish",
"Turkish terms derived from Proto-Turkic",
"Turkish terms with IPA pronunciation"
],
"etymology_number": 1,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "|",
"name": "!"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "|",
"name": "!"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "|",
"name": "!"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "|",
"name": "!"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "|",
"name": "!"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "|",
"name": "!"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "tr",
"2": "-al"
},
"expansion": "-al",
"name": "l-self"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "|",
"name": "!"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "tr",
"2": "-el"
},
"expansion": "-el",
"name": "l-self"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "|",
"name": "!"
},
{
"args": {
"a": "al",
"e": "el"
},
"expansion": "",
"name": "tr-suffix-forms"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "tr",
"2": "fr",
"3": "-el"
},
"expansion": "Learned borrowing from French -el",
"name": "learned borrowing"
},
{
"args": {
"page": "102"
},
"expansion": "Lewis, Geoffrey (1999) The Turkish Language Reform: A Catastrophic Success, Oxford, New York: Oxford University Press, page 102",
"name": "r:tr:Lewis:1999"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Learned borrowing from French -el.",
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "tr",
"2": "suffix",
"3": "",
"4": "-{{{var}}}",
"head": ""
},
"expansion": "-el",
"name": "head"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "-el",
"name": "tr-suffix"
}
],
"lang": "Turkish",
"lang_code": "tr",
"pos": "suffix",
"senses": [
{
"examples": [
{
"text": "özel (“private, special”) from öz (“self”)"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Derives adjectives from nouns and verbs."
],
"tags": [
"morpheme"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ɛl/"
}
],
"word": "-el"
}
{
"categories": [
"Turkish entries with incorrect language header",
"Turkish lemmas",
"Turkish suffixes",
"Turkish terms derived from Ottoman Turkish",
"Turkish terms derived from Proto-Turkic",
"Turkish terms with IPA pronunciation"
],
"etymology_number": 2,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "|",
"name": "!"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "|",
"name": "!"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "|",
"name": "!"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "|",
"name": "!"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "|",
"name": "!"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "|",
"name": "!"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "tr",
"2": "-al"
},
"expansion": "-al",
"name": "l-self"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "|",
"name": "!"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "tr",
"2": "-el"
},
"expansion": "-el",
"name": "l-self"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "|",
"name": "!"
},
{
"args": {
"a": "al",
"e": "el"
},
"expansion": "",
"name": "tr-suffix-forms"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "tr",
"2": "ota",
"3": "ـال",
"tr": "-al, -el"
},
"expansion": "Ottoman Turkish ـال (-al, -el)",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ota",
"2": "ـل",
"tr": "-l"
},
"expansion": "ـل (-l)",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "tr",
"2": "trk-pro",
"3": "*-a",
"4": "*-(g)a",
"pos": "verb-forming suffix"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Turkic *-(g)a (verb-forming suffix)",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "trk-pro",
"2": "*-l",
"3": "*-il",
"pos": "passive suffix"
},
"expansion": "*-il (passive suffix)",
"name": "m"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Ottoman Turkish ـال (-al, -el) or ـل (-l), a combination of Proto-Turkic *-(g)a (verb-forming suffix) and *-il (passive suffix).",
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "tr",
"2": "suffix",
"3": "",
"4": "-{{{var}}}",
"head": ""
},
"expansion": "-el",
"name": "head"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "-el",
"name": "tr-suffix"
}
],
"lang": "Turkish",
"lang_code": "tr",
"pos": "suffix",
"senses": [
{
"examples": [
{
"text": "ince (“thin”) + -l → (int.) incelmek (“to thin”)",
"type": "example"
},
{
"text": "dar (“narrow”) + -al → (int.) daralmak (“to narrow”)",
"type": "example"
},
{
"text": "çok (“many, much”) + -al → (int.) çoğalmak (“to multiply”)",
"type": "example"
},
{
"text": "düz (“straight”) + -el → (int.) düzelmek (“to straighten”)",
"type": "example"
},
{
"text": "kısa (“short”) + -al → (int.) kısalmak (“to shorten”)",
"type": "example"
},
{
"text": "yön (“direction”) + -el → (int.) yönelmek (“to face, to turn towards”)",
"type": "example"
},
{
"text": "diri (“alive, not dead”) + -l → (int.) dirilmek (“to come alive, to come back to life”)",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Derives intransitive verbs from adjectives."
],
"senseid": [
"tr:verb-forming suffix"
],
"tags": [
"morpheme"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ɛl/"
}
],
"word": "-el"
}
{
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "vo",
"2": "suffix"
},
"expansion": "-el",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Volapük",
"lang_code": "vo",
"pos": "suffix",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"Volapük entries with incorrect language header",
"Volapük lemmas",
"Volapük suffixes"
],
"glosses": [
"Used to indicate a maker of a certain thing."
],
"tags": [
"morpheme"
]
}
],
"word": "-el"
}
{
"called_from": "form_descriptions/1698",
"msg": "unrecognized head form: noun-forming suffix",
"path": [
"-el"
],
"section": "Czech",
"subsection": "suffix",
"title": "-el",
"trace": ""
}
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable All languages combined dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2024-05-05 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2024-05-02 using wiktextract (f4fd8c9 and c9440ce). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.