See -ling in All languages combined, or Wiktionary
{
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ang",
"2": "-ling"
},
"expansion": "Old English: -ling",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old English: -ling"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "-ling"
},
"expansion": "Middle English: -ling, -linge, -lingge, -lyng, -lynge\nEnglish: -ling\nScots: -ling, -lin",
"name": "desctree"
}
],
"text": "Middle English: -ling, -linge, -lingge, -lyng, -lynge\nEnglish: -ling\nScots: -ling, -lin"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ofs",
"2": "-ling"
},
"expansion": "Old Frisian: -ling",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old Frisian: -ling"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "stq",
"2": "-ling"
},
"expansion": "Saterland Frisian: -ling",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Saterland Frisian: -ling"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "fy",
"2": "-ling"
},
"expansion": "West Frisian: -ling",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "West Frisian: -ling"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "osx",
"2": "-ling"
},
"expansion": "Old Saxon: -ling",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old Saxon: -ling"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gml",
"2": "-linc",
"3": "-link"
},
"expansion": "Middle Low German: -linc, -link",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Middle Low German: -linc, -link"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "nds-de",
"2": "-ling"
},
"expansion": "German Low German: -ling",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "German Low German: -ling"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "odt",
"2": "-ling"
},
"expansion": "Old Dutch: -ling",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old Dutch: -ling"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "dum",
"2": "-ling"
},
"expansion": "Middle Dutch: -ling",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Middle Dutch: -ling"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "nl",
"2": "-ling"
},
"expansion": "Dutch: -ling",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Dutch: -ling"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "goh",
"2": "-ling"
},
"expansion": "Old High German: -ling",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old High German: -ling"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gmh",
"2": "-linc"
},
"expansion": "Middle High German: -linc",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Middle High German: -linc"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "de",
"2": "-ling"
},
"expansion": "German: -ling",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "German: -ling"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "la-vul",
"2": "*-lingus",
"bor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ Vulgar Latin: *-lingus",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ Vulgar Latin: *-lingus"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "fro",
"2": "-lein",
"3": "-lain",
"4": "-llan",
"5": "-layn",
"6": "-lenc",
"7": "-leyn"
},
"expansion": "Old French: -lein, -lain, -llan, -layn, -lenc, -leyn",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old French: -lein, -lain, -llan, -layn, -lenc, -leyn"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "frm",
"2": "-llan"
},
"expansion": "Middle French: -llan",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Middle French: -llan"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "fr",
"2": "-llan"
},
"expansion": "French: -llan",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "French: -llan"
},
{
"depth": 5,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "it",
"2": "-llano",
"bor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ Italian: -llano",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ Italian: -llano"
},
{
"depth": 5,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "es",
"2": "-lán",
"bor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ Spanish: -lán",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ Spanish: -lán"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "-lain",
"bor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ English: -lain",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ English: -lain"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "roa-oit",
"2": "-lingo"
},
"expansion": "Old Italian: -lingo",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old Italian: -lingo"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "it",
"2": "-lengo"
},
"expansion": "Italian: -lengo",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Italian: -lengo"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "pro",
"2": "-leng"
},
"expansion": "Old Occitan: -leng",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old Occitan: -leng"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ca",
"2": "-lenc"
},
"expansion": "Catalan: -lenc",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Catalan: -lenc"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "es",
"2": "-lengo"
},
"expansion": "Spanish: -lengo",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Spanish: -lengo"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gmw-pro",
"2": "gem-pro",
"3": "*-lingaz"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic *-lingaz",
"name": "inh"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Proto-Germanic *-lingaz.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "gmw-infl-noun-a",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "a-stem",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"class"
]
},
{
"form": "Masculine a-stem",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"class"
]
},
{
"form": "-ling",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-lingō",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-lingōs",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-ling",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-lingā",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-lingas",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-lingō",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-lingē",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-lingum",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-lingu",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-lingum",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"plural"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gmw-pro",
"2": "suffix",
"cat2": "noun-forming suffixes",
"g": "m"
},
"expansion": "*-ling m",
"name": "head"
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {
"g": "m"
},
"name": "gmw-infl-noun-a"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-West Germanic",
"lang_code": "gmw-pro",
"original_title": "Reconstruction:Proto-West Germanic/-ling",
"pos": "suffix",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 1 entry",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Proto-West Germanic entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Forms noun-derivatives with sense of 'belonging to, coming from, descending from', often with a diminutive force."
],
"id": "en--ling-gmw-pro-suffix-oLTwje2l",
"links": [
[
"belong",
"belong#English"
]
],
"tags": [
"masculine",
"morpheme",
"reconstruction"
]
}
],
"word": "-ling"
}
{
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ang",
"2": "-ling"
},
"expansion": "Old English: -ling",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old English: -ling"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "-ling"
},
"expansion": "Middle English: -ling, -linge, -lingge, -lyng, -lynge\nEnglish: -ling\nScots: -ling, -lin",
"name": "desctree"
}
],
"text": "Middle English: -ling, -linge, -lingge, -lyng, -lynge\nEnglish: -ling\nScots: -ling, -lin"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ofs",
"2": "-ling"
},
"expansion": "Old Frisian: -ling",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old Frisian: -ling"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "stq",
"2": "-ling"
},
"expansion": "Saterland Frisian: -ling",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Saterland Frisian: -ling"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "fy",
"2": "-ling"
},
"expansion": "West Frisian: -ling",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "West Frisian: -ling"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "osx",
"2": "-ling"
},
"expansion": "Old Saxon: -ling",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old Saxon: -ling"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gml",
"2": "-linc",
"3": "-link"
},
"expansion": "Middle Low German: -linc, -link",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Middle Low German: -linc, -link"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "nds-de",
"2": "-ling"
},
"expansion": "German Low German: -ling",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "German Low German: -ling"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "odt",
"2": "-ling"
},
"expansion": "Old Dutch: -ling",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old Dutch: -ling"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "dum",
"2": "-ling"
},
"expansion": "Middle Dutch: -ling",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Middle Dutch: -ling"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "nl",
"2": "-ling"
},
"expansion": "Dutch: -ling",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Dutch: -ling"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "goh",
"2": "-ling"
},
"expansion": "Old High German: -ling",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old High German: -ling"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gmh",
"2": "-linc"
},
"expansion": "Middle High German: -linc",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Middle High German: -linc"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "de",
"2": "-ling"
},
"expansion": "German: -ling",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "German: -ling"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "la-vul",
"2": "*-lingus",
"bor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ Vulgar Latin: *-lingus",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ Vulgar Latin: *-lingus"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "fro",
"2": "-lein",
"3": "-lain",
"4": "-llan",
"5": "-layn",
"6": "-lenc",
"7": "-leyn"
},
"expansion": "Old French: -lein, -lain, -llan, -layn, -lenc, -leyn",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old French: -lein, -lain, -llan, -layn, -lenc, -leyn"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "frm",
"2": "-llan"
},
"expansion": "Middle French: -llan",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Middle French: -llan"
},
{
"depth": 4,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "fr",
"2": "-llan"
},
"expansion": "French: -llan",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "French: -llan"
},
{
"depth": 5,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "it",
"2": "-llano",
"bor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ Italian: -llano",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ Italian: -llano"
},
{
"depth": 5,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "es",
"2": "-lán",
"bor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ Spanish: -lán",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ Spanish: -lán"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "-lain",
"bor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ English: -lain",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ English: -lain"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "roa-oit",
"2": "-lingo"
},
"expansion": "Old Italian: -lingo",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old Italian: -lingo"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "it",
"2": "-lengo"
},
"expansion": "Italian: -lengo",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Italian: -lengo"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "pro",
"2": "-leng"
},
"expansion": "Old Occitan: -leng",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Old Occitan: -leng"
},
{
"depth": 3,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ca",
"2": "-lenc"
},
"expansion": "Catalan: -lenc",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Catalan: -lenc"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "es",
"2": "-lengo"
},
"expansion": "Spanish: -lengo",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Spanish: -lengo"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gmw-pro",
"2": "gem-pro",
"3": "*-lingaz"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic *-lingaz",
"name": "inh"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Proto-Germanic *-lingaz.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "gmw-infl-noun-a",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "a-stem",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"class"
]
},
{
"form": "Masculine a-stem",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"class"
]
},
{
"form": "-ling",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-lingō",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-lingōs",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-ling",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-lingā",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-lingas",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-lingō",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-lingē",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-lingum",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-lingu",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-lingum",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"plural"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gmw-pro",
"2": "suffix",
"cat2": "noun-forming suffixes",
"g": "m"
},
"expansion": "*-ling m",
"name": "head"
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {
"g": "m"
},
"name": "gmw-infl-noun-a"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-West Germanic",
"lang_code": "gmw-pro",
"original_title": "Reconstruction:Proto-West Germanic/-ling",
"pos": "suffix",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"Pages with 1 entry",
"Pages with entries",
"Proto-West Germanic entries with incorrect language header",
"Proto-West Germanic lemmas",
"Proto-West Germanic masculine a-stem nouns",
"Proto-West Germanic masculine suffixes",
"Proto-West Germanic noun-forming suffixes",
"Proto-West Germanic suffixes",
"Proto-West Germanic terms derived from Proto-Germanic",
"Proto-West Germanic terms inherited from Proto-Germanic"
],
"glosses": [
"Forms noun-derivatives with sense of 'belonging to, coming from, descending from', often with a diminutive force."
],
"links": [
[
"belong",
"belong#English"
]
],
"tags": [
"masculine",
"morpheme",
"reconstruction"
]
}
],
"word": "-ling"
}
Download raw JSONL data for -ling meaning in Proto-West Germanic (6.5kB)
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable Proto-West Germanic dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2024-12-01 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2024-11-21 using wiktextract (95d2be1 and 64224ec). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.