"-n" meaning in English

See -n in All languages combined, or Wiktionary

Suffix

Etymology: From Middle English -n, from Old English -n, rare alternative form of Old English -en (“-en”). More at -en. Etymology templates: {{inh|en|enm|-n}} Middle English -n, {{inh|en|ang|-n}} Old English -n, {{cog|ang|-en|t=-en}} Old English -en (“-en”) Head templates: {{head|en|suffix|cat2=|cat3=|cat4=|head=|id=}} -n, {{en-suffix}} -n
  1. Alternative form of -en. Tags: alt-of, alternative, morpheme Alternative form of: -en
    Sense id: en--n-en-suffix-VIbfh6Gc
The following are not (yet) sense-disambiguated
Etymology number: 1

Suffix

Etymology templates: {{etymon|en|:inh|enm:-n<id:pertaining to>|id=pertaining to|tree=1}} [Appendix:Glossary#inherited|Inherited]] from", "keyword" : "inherited" } ], "status" : "ok", "lang_name" : "English", "term" : "-n", "lang" : "en" }" data-id="pertaining to" data-lang="en" data-title="-n" id="English:_pertaining_to"> Head templates: {{head|en|suffix|cat2=adjective-forming suffixes|cat3=noun-forming suffixes|cat4=|head=|id=}} -n, {{en-suffix|cat2=adjective-forming suffixes|cat3=noun-forming suffixes}} -n
  1. Alternative form of -an, adjective or noun suffix meaning "of or pertaining to", used with words which already end in a. Tags: alt-of, alternative, morpheme Alternative form of: -an (extra: "of or pertaining to", used with words which already end in a), adjective or noun suffix meaning (extra: "of or pertaining to", used with words which already end in a)
    Sense id: en--n-en-suffix-en:an Categories (other): English entries with incorrect language header, English entries referencing missing etymons, English entries with etymon Disambiguation of English entries with incorrect language header: 0 96 4
The following are not (yet) sense-disambiguated
Etymology number: 2

Suffix

Etymology: From Middle English -n, -en, from Old English -n, -en and Old Norse -inn, both from Proto-Germanic *-anaz, *-inaz, past participle ending of strong verbs. Cognate with Dutch -en, German -en, Swedish -en, Icelandic -inn. Etymology templates: {{inh|en|enm|-n}} Middle English -n, {{inh|en|ang|-n}} Old English -n, {{der|en|non|-inn}} Old Norse -inn, {{inh|en|gem-pro|*-anaz}} Proto-Germanic *-anaz, {{cog|nl|-en}} Dutch -en, {{cog|de|-en}} German -en, {{cog|sv|-en}} Swedish -en, {{cog|is|-inn}} Icelandic -inn Head templates: {{head|en|suffix|cat2=|cat3=|cat4=|head=|id=}} -n, {{en-suffix}} -n
  1. Alternative form of -en (past participle ending). Tags: alt-of, alternative, morpheme Alternative form of: -en (extra: past participle ending)
    Sense id: en--n-en-suffix-en:past_participle
The following are not (yet) sense-disambiguated
Etymology number: 3
{
  "etymology_number": "1",
  "etymology_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "enm",
        "3": "-n"
      },
      "expansion": "Middle English -n",
      "name": "inh"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "ang",
        "3": "-n"
      },
      "expansion": "Old English -n",
      "name": "inh"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "ang",
        "2": "-en",
        "t": "-en"
      },
      "expansion": "Old English -en (“-en”)",
      "name": "cog"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_text": "From Middle English -n, from Old English -n, rare alternative form of Old English -en (“-en”). More at -en.",
  "head_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "suffix",
        "cat2": "",
        "cat3": "",
        "cat4": "",
        "head": "",
        "id": ""
      },
      "expansion": "-n",
      "name": "head"
    },
    {
      "args": {},
      "expansion": "-n",
      "name": "en-suffix"
    }
  ],
  "lang": "English",
  "lang_code": "en",
  "pos": "suffix",
  "senses": [
    {
      "alt_of": [
        {
          "word": "-en"
        }
      ],
      "examples": [
        {
          "text": "silver + -n → silvern",
          "type": "example"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "Alternative form of -en."
      ],
      "id": "en--n-en-suffix-VIbfh6Gc",
      "links": [
        [
          "-en",
          "-en#English"
        ]
      ],
      "tags": [
        "alt-of",
        "alternative",
        "morpheme"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "word": "-n"
}

{
  "etymology_number": "2",
  "etymology_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": ":inh",
        "3": "enm:-n<id:pertaining to>",
        "id": "pertaining to",
        "tree": "1"
      },
      "expansion": "[Appendix:Glossary#inherited|Inherited]] from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"English\", \"term\" : \"-n\", \"lang\" : \"en\" }\" data-id=\"pertaining to\" data-lang=\"en\" data-title=\"-n\" id=\"English:_pertaining_to\">",
      "name": "etymon"
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  "head_templates": [
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      "args": {
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        "2": "suffix",
        "cat2": "adjective-forming suffixes",
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        "cat4": "",
        "head": "",
        "id": ""
      },
      "expansion": "-n",
      "name": "head"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "cat2": "adjective-forming suffixes",
        "cat3": "noun-forming suffixes"
      },
      "expansion": "-n",
      "name": "en-suffix"
    }
  ],
  "lang": "English",
  "lang_code": "en",
  "pos": "suffix",
  "senses": [
    {
      "alt_of": [
        {
          "extra": "\"of or pertaining to\", used with words which already end in a",
          "word": "-an"
        },
        {
          "extra": "\"of or pertaining to\", used with words which already end in a",
          "word": "adjective or noun suffix meaning"
        }
      ],
      "categories": [
        {
          "_dis": "0 96 4",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "English entries with incorrect language header",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "English entries referencing missing etymons",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "English entries with etymon",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        }
      ],
      "examples": [
        {
          "text": "India + -n → Indian",
          "type": "example"
        },
        {
          "text": "Cuba + -n → Cuban",
          "type": "example"
        },
        {
          "text": "Java + -n → Javan",
          "type": "example"
        },
        {
          "text": "Burma + -n → Burman",
          "type": "example"
        },
        {
          "text": "Minnesota + -n → Minnesotan",
          "type": "example"
        },
        {
          "text": "Russia + -n → Russian",
          "type": "example"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "Alternative form of -an, adjective or noun suffix meaning \"of or pertaining to\", used with words which already end in a."
      ],
      "id": "en--n-en-suffix-en:an",
      "links": [
        [
          "-an",
          "-an#English"
        ]
      ],
      "senseid": [
        "en:an"
      ],
      "tags": [
        "alt-of",
        "alternative",
        "morpheme"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "word": "-n"
}

{
  "etymology_number": "3",
  "etymology_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "enm",
        "3": "-n"
      },
      "expansion": "Middle English -n",
      "name": "inh"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "ang",
        "3": "-n"
      },
      "expansion": "Old English -n",
      "name": "inh"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "non",
        "3": "-inn"
      },
      "expansion": "Old Norse -inn",
      "name": "der"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "gem-pro",
        "3": "*-anaz"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-Germanic *-anaz",
      "name": "inh"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "nl",
        "2": "-en"
      },
      "expansion": "Dutch -en",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "de",
        "2": "-en"
      },
      "expansion": "German -en",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "sv",
        "2": "-en"
      },
      "expansion": "Swedish -en",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "is",
        "2": "-inn"
      },
      "expansion": "Icelandic -inn",
      "name": "cog"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_text": "From Middle English -n, -en, from Old English -n, -en and Old Norse -inn, both from Proto-Germanic *-anaz, *-inaz, past participle ending of strong verbs. Cognate with Dutch -en, German -en, Swedish -en, Icelandic -inn.",
  "head_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "suffix",
        "cat2": "",
        "cat3": "",
        "cat4": "",
        "head": "",
        "id": ""
      },
      "expansion": "-n",
      "name": "head"
    },
    {
      "args": {},
      "expansion": "-n",
      "name": "en-suffix"
    }
  ],
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  "lang_code": "en",
  "pos": "suffix",
  "senses": [
    {
      "alt_of": [
        {
          "extra": "past participle ending",
          "word": "-en"
        }
      ],
      "examples": [
        {
          "text": "grow + -n → grown",
          "type": "example"
        },
        {
          "text": "show + -n → shown",
          "type": "example"
        },
        {
          "text": "slow + -n → slown",
          "type": "example"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "Alternative form of -en (past participle ending)."
      ],
      "id": "en--n-en-suffix-en:past_participle",
      "links": [
        [
          "-en",
          "-en#English"
        ]
      ],
      "senseid": [
        "en:past participle"
      ],
      "tags": [
        "alt-of",
        "alternative",
        "morpheme"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "word": "-n"
}
{
  "categories": [
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    "English lemmas",
    "English suffixes",
    "English terms derived from Middle English",
    "English terms derived from Old English",
    "English terms derived from Old Norse",
    "English terms derived from Proto-Germanic",
    "English terms inherited from Middle English",
    "English terms inherited from Old English",
    "English terms inherited from Proto-Germanic",
    "Pages using catfix",
    "Pages with 29 entries",
    "Pages with entries",
    "Pages with language headings in the wrong order"
  ],
  "etymology_number": "1",
  "etymology_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
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        "2": "enm",
        "3": "-n"
      },
      "expansion": "Middle English -n",
      "name": "inh"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "ang",
        "3": "-n"
      },
      "expansion": "Old English -n",
      "name": "inh"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "ang",
        "2": "-en",
        "t": "-en"
      },
      "expansion": "Old English -en (“-en”)",
      "name": "cog"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_text": "From Middle English -n, from Old English -n, rare alternative form of Old English -en (“-en”). More at -en.",
  "head_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "suffix",
        "cat2": "",
        "cat3": "",
        "cat4": "",
        "head": "",
        "id": ""
      },
      "expansion": "-n",
      "name": "head"
    },
    {
      "args": {},
      "expansion": "-n",
      "name": "en-suffix"
    }
  ],
  "lang": "English",
  "lang_code": "en",
  "pos": "suffix",
  "senses": [
    {
      "alt_of": [
        {
          "word": "-en"
        }
      ],
      "examples": [
        {
          "text": "silver + -n → silvern",
          "type": "example"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "Alternative form of -en."
      ],
      "links": [
        [
          "-en",
          "-en#English"
        ]
      ],
      "tags": [
        "alt-of",
        "alternative",
        "morpheme"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "word": "-n"
}

{
  "categories": [
    "English adjective-forming suffixes",
    "English entries referencing missing etymons",
    "English entries with etymon",
    "English entries with incorrect language header",
    "English lemmas",
    "English noun-forming suffixes",
    "English suffixes",
    "English terms derived from Middle English",
    "English terms derived from Old English",
    "English terms derived from Old Norse",
    "English terms derived from Proto-Germanic",
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    "English terms inherited from Old English",
    "English terms inherited from Proto-Germanic",
    "Pages using catfix",
    "Pages with 29 entries",
    "Pages with entries",
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    "Pages with language headings in the wrong order"
  ],
  "etymology_number": "2",
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      "args": {
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        "id": "pertaining to",
        "tree": "1"
      },
      "expansion": "[Appendix:Glossary#inherited|Inherited]] from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"English\", \"term\" : \"-n\", \"lang\" : \"en\" }\" data-id=\"pertaining to\" data-lang=\"en\" data-title=\"-n\" id=\"English:_pertaining_to\">",
      "name": "etymon"
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      "args": {
        "1": "en",
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        "cat4": "",
        "head": "",
        "id": ""
      },
      "expansion": "-n",
      "name": "head"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "cat2": "adjective-forming suffixes",
        "cat3": "noun-forming suffixes"
      },
      "expansion": "-n",
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    }
  ],
  "lang": "English",
  "lang_code": "en",
  "pos": "suffix",
  "senses": [
    {
      "alt_of": [
        {
          "extra": "\"of or pertaining to\", used with words which already end in a",
          "word": "-an"
        },
        {
          "extra": "\"of or pertaining to\", used with words which already end in a",
          "word": "adjective or noun suffix meaning"
        }
      ],
      "examples": [
        {
          "text": "India + -n → Indian",
          "type": "example"
        },
        {
          "text": "Cuba + -n → Cuban",
          "type": "example"
        },
        {
          "text": "Java + -n → Javan",
          "type": "example"
        },
        {
          "text": "Burma + -n → Burman",
          "type": "example"
        },
        {
          "text": "Minnesota + -n → Minnesotan",
          "type": "example"
        },
        {
          "text": "Russia + -n → Russian",
          "type": "example"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "Alternative form of -an, adjective or noun suffix meaning \"of or pertaining to\", used with words which already end in a."
      ],
      "links": [
        [
          "-an",
          "-an#English"
        ]
      ],
      "senseid": [
        "en:an"
      ],
      "tags": [
        "alt-of",
        "alternative",
        "morpheme"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "word": "-n"
}

{
  "categories": [
    "English entries with incorrect language header",
    "English lemmas",
    "English suffixes",
    "English terms derived from Middle English",
    "English terms derived from Old English",
    "English terms derived from Old Norse",
    "English terms derived from Proto-Germanic",
    "English terms inherited from Middle English",
    "English terms inherited from Old English",
    "English terms inherited from Proto-Germanic",
    "Pages using catfix",
    "Pages with 29 entries",
    "Pages with entries",
    "Pages with language headings in the wrong order"
  ],
  "etymology_number": "3",
  "etymology_templates": [
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    {
      "args": {
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        "2": "ang",
        "3": "-n"
      },
      "expansion": "Old English -n",
      "name": "inh"
    },
    {
      "args": {
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        "2": "non",
        "3": "-inn"
      },
      "expansion": "Old Norse -inn",
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    },
    {
      "args": {
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        "2": "-en"
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      "expansion": "Dutch -en",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "de",
        "2": "-en"
      },
      "expansion": "German -en",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "sv",
        "2": "-en"
      },
      "expansion": "Swedish -en",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "is",
        "2": "-inn"
      },
      "expansion": "Icelandic -inn",
      "name": "cog"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_text": "From Middle English -n, -en, from Old English -n, -en and Old Norse -inn, both from Proto-Germanic *-anaz, *-inaz, past participle ending of strong verbs. Cognate with Dutch -en, German -en, Swedish -en, Icelandic -inn.",
  "head_templates": [
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        "cat2": "",
        "cat3": "",
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      },
      "expansion": "-n",
      "name": "head"
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    {
      "args": {},
      "expansion": "-n",
      "name": "en-suffix"
    }
  ],
  "lang": "English",
  "lang_code": "en",
  "pos": "suffix",
  "senses": [
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          "extra": "past participle ending",
          "word": "-en"
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      ],
      "examples": [
        {
          "text": "grow + -n → grown",
          "type": "example"
        },
        {
          "text": "show + -n → shown",
          "type": "example"
        },
        {
          "text": "slow + -n → slown",
          "type": "example"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "Alternative form of -en (past participle ending)."
      ],
      "links": [
        [
          "-en",
          "-en#English"
        ]
      ],
      "senseid": [
        "en:past participle"
      ],
      "tags": [
        "alt-of",
        "alternative",
        "morpheme"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "word": "-n"
}

Download raw JSONL data for -n meaning in English (6.0kB)


This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable English dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2026-08-28 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2026-08-05 using wiktextract (872fc7b and 4deed51). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.

If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.