See -ing in All languages combined, or Wiktionary
{
"etymology_number": 1,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "gerund noun"
},
"expansion": "",
"name": "etymid"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "Inherited"
},
"expansion": "Inherited",
"name": "glossary"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "enm",
"3": "-ing",
"4": "",
"5": "",
"g": "",
"g2": "",
"g3": "",
"id": "",
"lit": "",
"nocat": "",
"pos": "",
"sc": "",
"sort": "",
"tr": "",
"ts": ""
},
"expansion": "Middle English -ing",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "enm",
"3": "-ing"
},
"expansion": "Inherited from Middle English -ing",
"name": "inh+"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "ang",
"3": "-ing"
},
"expansion": "Old English -ing",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "gmw-pro",
"3": "*-ingu"
},
"expansion": "Proto-West Germanic *-ingu",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "gem-pro",
"3": "*-ingō"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic *-ingō",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "stq",
"2": "-enge",
"t": "-ing"
},
"expansion": "Saterland Frisian -enge (“-ing”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "fy",
"2": "-ing",
"t": "-ing"
},
"expansion": "West Frisian -ing (“-ing”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "nl",
"2": "-ing",
"t": "-ing"
},
"expansion": "Dutch -ing (“-ing”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "nds",
"2": "-ing"
},
"expansion": "Low German -ing",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "de",
"2": "-ung",
"t": "-ing"
},
"expansion": "German -ung (“-ing”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "da",
"2": "-ing",
"t": "-ing"
},
"expansion": "Danish -ing (“-ing”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "sv",
"2": "-ing",
"t": "-ing"
},
"expansion": "Swedish -ing (“-ing”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "is",
"2": "-ing",
"t": "-ing"
},
"expansion": "Icelandic -ing (“-ing”)",
"name": "cog"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Inherited from Middle English -ing, from Old English -ing, -ung (“-ing”, suffix forming nouns from verbs), from Proto-West Germanic *-ingu, *-ungu, from Proto-Germanic *-ingō, *-ungō. Cognate with Saterland Frisian -enge (“-ing”), West Frisian -ing (“-ing”), Dutch -ing (“-ing”), Low German -ing, -ink (“-ing”), German -ung (“-ing”), Danish -ing (“-ing”), Swedish -ing (“-ing”), Icelandic -ing (“-ing”).",
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "suffix",
"cat2": "noun-forming suffixes",
"cat3": "",
"head": "",
"id": ""
},
"expansion": "-ing",
"name": "head"
},
{
"args": {
"cat2": "noun-forming suffixes"
},
"expansion": "-ing",
"name": "en-suffix"
}
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "suffix",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "24 22 10 27 11 6",
"kind": "other",
"name": "English entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "27 27 14 32",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Entries with translation boxes",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "40 38 22",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Catalan translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "28 27 15 30",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Danish translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "27 27 16 31",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Dutch translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "28 27 14 31",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Esperanto translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "28 26 15 30",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Faroese translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "28 27 15 31",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Finnish translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "27 26 15 31",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with French translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "40 38 22",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Galician translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "40 38 22",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with German Low German translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "27 27 16 31",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with German translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "40 39 22",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Greek translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "28 27 15 31",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Icelandic translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "28 27 14 32",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Interlingua translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "27 27 14 32",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Italian translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "27 27 14 32",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Japanese translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "28 26 16 30",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Khmer translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "40 38 22",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Low German translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "40 38 22",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Malay translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "35 42 23",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Middle Low German translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "39 38 23",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Norwegian Bokmål translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "41 42 17",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Norwegian Nynorsk translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "28 27 15 31",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Norwegian translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "39 38 24",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Old Norse translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "27 26 16 31",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Polish translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "28 26 15 31",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Portuguese translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "40 38 22",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Romanian translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "27 27 14 32",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Russian translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "27 27 14 32",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Spanish translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "28 27 15 31",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Swedish translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "28 26 16 30",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Thai translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "28 27 15 31",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Turkish translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"derived": [
{
"_dis1": "48 28 24",
"word": "batting"
},
{
"_dis1": "48 28 24",
"word": "bunting"
},
{
"_dis1": "48 28 24",
"word": "carpeting"
},
{
"_dis1": "48 28 24",
"word": "lining"
},
{
"_dis1": "48 28 24",
"word": "packing"
},
{
"_dis1": "48 28 24",
"word": "piping"
},
{
"_dis1": "48 28 24",
"word": "roofing"
},
{
"_dis1": "48 28 24",
"word": "siding"
},
{
"_dis1": "48 28 24",
"word": "ticking"
},
{
"_dis1": "48 28 24",
"word": "tubing"
},
{
"_dis1": "48 28 24",
"word": "wadding"
},
{
"_dis1": "48 28 24",
"word": "wiring"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"text": "My hearing is not good.",
"type": "example"
},
{
"text": "I have had several meetings with him.",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Used to form nouns or noun-like words (or elements of noun phrases) from verbs, denoting the act of doing something, an action, or the embodiment of an action.",
"As true nouns."
],
"id": "en--ing-en-suffix-en:noun",
"links": [
[
"noun",
"noun#English"
]
],
"related": [
{
"_dis1": "45 36 19",
"sense": "collection",
"word": "work"
}
],
"senseid": [
"en:noun"
],
"tags": [
"morpheme"
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "24 22 10 27 11 6",
"kind": "other",
"name": "English entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "27 27 14 32",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Entries with translation boxes",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "40 38 22",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Catalan translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "28 27 15 30",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Danish translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "27 27 16 31",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Dutch translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "28 27 14 31",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Esperanto translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "28 26 15 30",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Faroese translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "28 27 15 31",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Finnish translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "27 26 15 31",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with French translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "40 38 22",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Galician translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "40 38 22",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with German Low German translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "27 27 16 31",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with German translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "40 39 22",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Greek translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "28 27 15 31",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Icelandic translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "28 27 14 32",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Interlingua translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "27 27 14 32",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Italian translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "27 27 14 32",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Japanese translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "28 26 16 30",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Khmer translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "40 38 22",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Low German translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "40 38 22",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Malay translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "35 42 23",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Middle Low German translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "39 38 23",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Norwegian Bokmål translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "41 42 17",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Norwegian Nynorsk translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "28 27 15 31",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Norwegian translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "39 38 24",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Old Norse translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "27 26 16 31",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Polish translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "28 26 15 31",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Portuguese translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "40 38 22",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Romanian translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "27 27 14 32",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Russian translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "27 27 14 32",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Spanish translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "28 27 15 31",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Swedish translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "28 26 16 30",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Thai translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "28 27 15 31",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Turkish translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"text": "Smoking is bad for your health.",
"type": "example"
},
{
"text": "She has a habit of sleeping late.",
"type": "example"
},
{
"text": "I like meeting people.",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Used to form nouns or noun-like words (or elements of noun phrases) from verbs, denoting the act of doing something, an action, or the embodiment of an action.",
"As gerunds."
],
"id": "en--ing-en-suffix-en:noun1",
"links": [
[
"noun",
"noun#English"
],
[
"gerund",
"gerund"
]
],
"senseid": [
"en:noun"
],
"tags": [
"morpheme"
],
"translations": [
{
"_dis1": "33 44 23",
"code": "ca",
"lang": "Catalan",
"sense": "to form gerunds",
"word": "-ant"
},
{
"_dis1": "33 44 23",
"code": "ca",
"lang": "Catalan",
"sense": "to form gerunds",
"word": "-ent"
},
{
"_dis1": "33 44 23",
"code": "ca",
"lang": "Catalan",
"sense": "to form gerunds",
"word": "-int"
},
{
"_dis1": "33 44 23",
"code": "da",
"lang": "Danish",
"sense": "to form gerunds",
"word": "-ing"
},
{
"_dis1": "33 44 23",
"code": "nl",
"lang": "Dutch",
"sense": "to form gerunds",
"word": "-ing"
},
{
"_dis1": "33 44 23",
"code": "eo",
"lang": "Esperanto",
"sense": "to form gerunds",
"word": "-ado"
},
{
"_dis1": "33 44 23",
"code": "fo",
"lang": "Faroese",
"sense": "to form gerunds",
"word": "-ing"
},
{
"_dis1": "33 44 23",
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "to form gerunds",
"word": "-minen"
},
{
"_dis1": "33 44 23",
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "to form gerunds",
"word": "-nti"
},
{
"_dis1": "33 44 23",
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "to form gerunds",
"word": "-age"
},
{
"_dis1": "33 44 23",
"code": "gl",
"lang": "Galician",
"sense": "to form gerunds",
"word": "-ando"
},
{
"_dis1": "33 44 23",
"code": "gl",
"lang": "Galician",
"sense": "to form gerunds",
"word": "-endo"
},
{
"_dis1": "33 44 23",
"code": "gl",
"lang": "Galician",
"sense": "to form gerunds",
"word": "-indo"
},
{
"_dis1": "33 44 23",
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"note": "Use zu + infinitive",
"sense": "to form gerunds"
},
{
"_dis1": "33 44 23",
"code": "el",
"lang": "Greek",
"note": "Use το (to) να (na) + second person singular present verb form",
"sense": "to form gerunds"
},
{
"_dis1": "33 44 23",
"code": "is",
"lang": "Icelandic",
"sense": "to form gerunds",
"word": "-ing"
},
{
"_dis1": "33 44 23",
"code": "ia",
"lang": "Interlingua",
"sense": "to form gerunds",
"word": "-ion"
},
{
"_dis1": "33 44 23",
"code": "ia",
"lang": "Interlingua",
"sense": "to form gerunds",
"word": "-mento"
},
{
"_dis1": "33 44 23",
"code": "ia",
"lang": "Interlingua",
"sense": "to form gerunds",
"word": "-ar"
},
{
"_dis1": "33 44 23",
"code": "ia",
"lang": "Interlingua",
"sense": "to form gerunds",
"word": "-er"
},
{
"_dis1": "33 44 23",
"code": "ia",
"lang": "Interlingua",
"sense": "to form gerunds",
"word": "-ir"
},
{
"_dis1": "33 44 23",
"code": "it",
"lang": "Italian",
"note": "first-conjugation gerund",
"sense": "to form gerunds",
"word": "-ando"
},
{
"_dis1": "33 44 23",
"code": "it",
"lang": "Italian",
"note": "second- and third-conjugation gerund",
"sense": "to form gerunds",
"word": "-endo"
},
{
"_dis1": "33 44 23",
"code": "ja",
"lang": "Japanese",
"roman": "-no",
"sense": "to form gerunds",
"word": "-の"
},
{
"_dis1": "33 44 23",
"code": "ja",
"lang": "Japanese",
"roman": "-koto",
"sense": "to form gerunds",
"word": "-こと"
},
{
"_dis1": "33 44 23",
"code": "km",
"lang": "Khmer",
"roman": "kaa",
"sense": "to form gerunds",
"tags": [
"prefix"
],
"word": "ការ"
},
{
"_dis1": "33 44 23",
"code": "ms",
"lang": "Malay",
"sense": "to form gerunds",
"word": "peng--an"
},
{
"_dis1": "33 44 23",
"code": "no",
"lang": "Norwegian",
"sense": "to form gerunds",
"word": "-ing"
},
{
"_dis1": "33 44 23",
"code": "non",
"lang": "Old Norse",
"sense": "to form gerunds",
"word": "-ing"
},
{
"_dis1": "33 44 23",
"code": "pl",
"lang": "Polish",
"sense": "to form gerunds",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "-anie"
},
{
"_dis1": "33 44 23",
"code": "pl",
"lang": "Polish",
"sense": "to form gerunds",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "-cie"
},
{
"_dis1": "33 44 23",
"code": "pt",
"lang": "Portuguese",
"sense": "to form gerunds",
"word": "-ando"
},
{
"_dis1": "33 44 23",
"code": "pt",
"lang": "Portuguese",
"sense": "to form gerunds",
"word": "-endo"
},
{
"_dis1": "33 44 23",
"code": "pt",
"lang": "Portuguese",
"sense": "to form gerunds",
"word": "-indo"
},
{
"_dis1": "33 44 23",
"code": "ro",
"lang": "Romanian",
"sense": "to form gerunds",
"word": "-ând"
},
{
"_dis1": "33 44 23",
"code": "ro",
"lang": "Romanian",
"sense": "to form gerunds",
"word": "-ind"
},
{
"_dis1": "33 44 23",
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "to form gerunds",
"word": "-ando"
},
{
"_dis1": "33 44 23",
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "to form gerunds",
"word": "-endo"
},
{
"_dis1": "33 44 23",
"code": "th",
"lang": "Thai",
"roman": "gaan-",
"sense": "to form gerunds",
"word": "การ-"
},
{
"_dis1": "33 44 23",
"code": "th",
"lang": "Thai",
"roman": "kwaam-",
"sense": "to form gerunds",
"word": "ความ-"
},
{
"_dis1": "33 44 23",
"code": "tr",
"lang": "Turkish",
"sense": "to form gerunds",
"word": "-yor"
},
{
"_dis1": "33 44 23",
"code": "tr",
"lang": "Turkish",
"sense": "to form gerunds",
"word": "-mekte"
},
{
"_dis1": "33 44 23",
"code": "tr",
"lang": "Turkish",
"sense": "to form gerunds",
"word": "-makta"
}
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "27 27 14 32",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Entries with translation boxes",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "40 38 22",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Catalan translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "28 27 15 30",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Danish translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "27 27 16 31",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Dutch translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "28 27 14 31",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Esperanto translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "28 26 15 30",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Faroese translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "28 27 15 31",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Finnish translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "27 26 15 31",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with French translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "40 38 22",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Galician translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "40 38 22",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with German Low German translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "27 27 16 31",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with German translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "40 39 22",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Greek translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "28 27 15 31",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Icelandic translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "28 27 14 32",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Interlingua translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "27 27 14 32",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Italian translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "27 27 14 32",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Japanese translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "28 26 16 30",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Khmer translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "40 38 22",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Low German translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "40 38 22",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Malay translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "35 42 23",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Middle Low German translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "39 38 23",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Norwegian Bokmål translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "41 42 17",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Norwegian Nynorsk translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "28 27 15 31",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Norwegian translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "39 38 24",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Old Norse translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "27 26 16 31",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Polish translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "28 26 15 31",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Portuguese translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "40 38 22",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Romanian translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "27 27 14 32",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Russian translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "27 27 14 32",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Spanish translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "28 27 15 31",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Swedish translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "28 26 16 30",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Thai translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "28 27 15 31",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Turkish translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"text": "Roofing is material that is used to roof.",
"type": "example"
},
{
"text": "Clothing is material with which one is clothed.",
"type": "example"
},
{
"text": "The piping is a system of pipes considered collectively.",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Used to form nouns denoting materials or systems of objects which are used or employed in an action, or considered collectively."
],
"id": "en--ing-en-suffix-liOXWL9~",
"tags": [
"morpheme"
],
"translations": [
{
"_dis1": "16 16 67",
"code": "nl",
"lang": "Dutch",
"sense": "materials, systems of objects",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "-werk"
},
{
"_dis1": "16 16 67",
"code": "nl",
"lang": "Dutch",
"sense": "materials, systems of objects",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "-systeem"
},
{
"_dis1": "16 16 67",
"code": "fo",
"lang": "Faroese",
"sense": "materials, systems of objects",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "-ing"
},
{
"_dis1": "16 16 67",
"code": "it",
"lang": "Italian",
"sense": "materials, systems of objects",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "-tura"
},
{
"_dis1": "16 16 67",
"code": "ms",
"lang": "Malay",
"sense": "materials, systems of objects",
"word": "-an"
},
{
"_dis1": "16 16 67",
"code": "non",
"lang": "Old Norse",
"sense": "materials, systems of objects",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "-ing"
}
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ɪŋ/"
},
{
"ipa": "/ɪn/"
},
{
"ipa": "/ən/"
},
{
"audio": "LL-Q1860 (eng)-Vealhurl--ing.wav",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/12/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl--ing.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl--ing.wav.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/12/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl--ing.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl--ing.wav.ogg"
},
{
"audio": "En-us--ing.oga",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/0e/En-us--ing.oga/En-us--ing.oga.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0e/En-us--ing.oga"
},
{
"ipa": "/ɪŋɡ/",
"note": "southern North West England, northern West Midlands, Derbyshire, South Yorkshire, Kent"
},
{
"ipa": "/ɪŋk/",
"tags": [
"General-Australian",
"Kent",
"dialectal"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/ɪŋɡ/",
"tags": [
"General-Australian",
"Kent",
"dialectal"
]
},
{
"homophone": "ink"
},
{
"ipa": "/in/",
"tags": [
"Canada",
"US",
"sometimes"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/iŋ/",
"tags": [
"Canada",
"US",
"sometimes"
]
},
{
"homophone": "een"
}
],
"synonyms": [
{
"_dis1": "43 43 15",
"sense": "act of doing something, action",
"word": "-tion"
},
{
"_dis1": "43 43 15",
"sense": "act of doing something, action",
"word": "-ment"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"sense": "activity",
"word": "-ery"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"sense": "activity",
"word": "-ment"
},
{
"_dis1": "40 39 21",
"sense": "collection",
"word": "-age"
},
{
"_dis1": "40 39 21",
"sense": "collection",
"word": "-ery"
},
{
"_dis1": "19 11 10 7 24 29",
"word": "-in'"
},
{
"_dis1": "19 11 10 7 24 29",
"tags": [
"colloquial"
],
"word": "-in"
},
{
"_dis1": "19 11 10 7 24 29",
"tags": [
"nonstandard",
"rare"
],
"word": "-ïng"
}
],
"translations": [
{
"_dis1": "50 50 0",
"code": "zh",
"lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
"note": "(with no suffix, verbs can be used as nouns)",
"sense": "act of doing something"
},
{
"_dis1": "50 50 0",
"code": "da",
"lang": "Danish",
"sense": "act of doing something",
"tags": [
"common-gender"
],
"word": "-ing"
},
{
"_dis1": "50 50 0",
"code": "nl",
"lang": "Dutch",
"note": "nominalization of the infinitive",
"sense": "act of doing something",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "-ing"
},
{
"_dis1": "50 50 0",
"code": "fo",
"lang": "Faroese",
"sense": "act of doing something",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "-ing"
},
{
"_dis1": "50 50 0",
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "act of doing something",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "-age"
},
{
"_dis1": "50 50 0",
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "act of doing something",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "-tion"
},
{
"_dis1": "50 50 0",
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "act of doing something",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "-ment"
},
{
"_dis1": "50 50 0",
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "act of doing something",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "-ung"
},
{
"_dis1": "50 50 0",
"code": "it",
"lang": "Italian",
"sense": "act of doing something",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "-zione (-azione f, -uzione f)"
},
{
"_dis1": "50 50 0",
"code": "it",
"lang": "Italian",
"sense": "act of doing something",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "-mento"
},
{
"_dis1": "50 50 0",
"code": "it",
"lang": "Italian",
"sense": "act of doing something",
"tags": [
"feminine",
"informal"
],
"word": "-aggio"
},
{
"_dis1": "50 50 0",
"code": "nds",
"lang": "Low German",
"sense": "act of doing something",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "-d"
},
{
"_dis1": "50 50 0",
"code": "nds-de",
"lang": "Low German",
"sense": "act of doing something",
"tags": [
"German-Low-German",
"feminine"
],
"word": "-en"
},
{
"_dis1": "50 50 0",
"code": "nds-de",
"lang": "Low German",
"sense": "act of doing something",
"tags": [
"German-Low-German"
],
"word": "-inge"
},
{
"_dis1": "50 50 0",
"code": "nds-de",
"lang": "Low German",
"sense": "act of doing something",
"tags": [
"German-Low-German",
"feminine"
],
"word": "-ing"
},
{
"_dis1": "50 50 0",
"code": "nds-de",
"lang": "Low German",
"sense": "act of doing something",
"tags": [
"German-Low-German"
],
"word": "-unge"
},
{
"_dis1": "50 50 0",
"code": "nds-de",
"lang": "Low German",
"sense": "act of doing something",
"tags": [
"German-Low-German"
],
"word": "-ung"
},
{
"_dis1": "50 50 0",
"code": "gml",
"lang": "Middle Low German",
"sense": "act of doing something",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "-t"
},
{
"_dis1": "50 50 0",
"code": "gml",
"lang": "Middle Low German",
"sense": "act of doing something",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "-inge"
},
{
"_dis1": "50 50 0",
"code": "nb",
"lang": "Norwegian Bokmål",
"sense": "act of doing something",
"tags": [
"feminine",
"masculine"
],
"word": "-ing"
},
{
"_dis1": "50 50 0",
"code": "nn",
"lang": "Norwegian Nynorsk",
"sense": "act of doing something",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "-ing"
},
{
"_dis1": "50 50 0",
"code": "non",
"lang": "Old Norse",
"sense": "act of doing something",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "-ing"
},
{
"_dis1": "50 50 0",
"code": "pl",
"lang": "Polish",
"sense": "act of doing something",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "-nie"
},
{
"_dis1": "50 50 0",
"code": "pl",
"lang": "Polish",
"sense": "act of doing something",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "-cie"
},
{
"_dis1": "50 50 0",
"code": "ro",
"lang": "Romanian",
"sense": "act of doing something",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "-re"
},
{
"_dis1": "50 50 0",
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "-ánije",
"sense": "act of doing something",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "-а́ние"
},
{
"_dis1": "50 50 0",
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "-énije",
"sense": "act of doing something",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "-е́ние"
},
{
"_dis1": "50 50 0",
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "-óvka",
"sense": "act of doing something",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "-о́вка"
},
{
"_dis1": "50 50 0",
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "-lja",
"sense": "act of doing something",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "-ля"
},
{
"_dis1": "50 50 0",
"code": "sv",
"lang": "Swedish",
"sense": "act of doing something",
"tags": [
"common-gender"
],
"word": "-ing"
}
],
"word": "-ing"
}
{
"etymology_number": 2,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "participial"
},
"expansion": "",
"name": "etymid"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "enm",
"3": "-inge"
},
"expansion": "Middle English -inge",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "ang",
"3": "-ende",
"pos": "present participle ending"
},
"expansion": "Old English -ende (present participle ending)",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "gmw-pro",
"3": "*-andī"
},
"expansion": "Proto-West Germanic *-andī",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "gem-pro",
"3": "*-andz",
"pos": "present participle ending"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic *-andz (present participle ending)",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*-onts"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *-onts",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "fy",
"2": "-end"
},
"expansion": "West Frisian -end",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "nl",
"2": "-end"
},
"expansion": "Dutch -end",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "de",
"2": "-end"
},
"expansion": "German -end",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "sv",
"2": "-and"
},
"expansion": "Swedish -and",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "is",
"2": "-andi"
},
"expansion": "Icelandic -andi",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "got",
"2": "-𐌰𐌽𐌳𐍃"
},
"expansion": "Gothic -𐌰𐌽𐌳𐍃 (-ands)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "-ans"
},
"expansion": "Latin -ans",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "grc",
"2": "-ων"
},
"expansion": "Ancient Greek -ων (-ōn)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "sa",
"2": "-अन्त्"
},
"expansion": "Sanskrit -अन्त् (-ant)",
"name": "cog"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Middle English -inge, -ynge, alteration of earlier -inde, -ende, -and (see -and), from Old English -ende (present participle ending), from Proto-West Germanic *-andī, from Proto-Germanic *-andz (present participle ending), from Proto-Indo-European *-onts.\nCognate with West Frisian -end, Dutch -end, German -end, Swedish -and, Icelandic -andi, Gothic -𐌰𐌽𐌳𐍃 (-ands), -𐍉𐌽𐌳𐍃 (-ōnds), Latin -ans, -ant-, Ancient Greek -ων (-ōn), Sanskrit -अन्त् (-ant). More at -and.",
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "suffix",
"cat2": "inflectional suffixes",
"cat3": "",
"head": "",
"id": ""
},
"expansion": "-ing",
"name": "head"
},
{
"args": {
"cat2": "inflectional suffixes"
},
"expansion": "-ing",
"name": "en-suffix"
}
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "suffix",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "24 22 10 27 11 6",
"kind": "other",
"name": "English entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "27 27 14 32",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Entries with translation boxes",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "28 27 15 30",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Danish translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "27 27 16 31",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Dutch translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "28 27 14 31",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Esperanto translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "28 26 15 30",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Faroese translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "28 27 15 31",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Finnish translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "27 26 15 31",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with French translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "27 27 16 31",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with German translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "28 27 15 31",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Icelandic translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "28 27 14 32",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Interlingua translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "27 27 14 32",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Italian translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "27 27 14 32",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Japanese translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "28 26 16 30",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Khmer translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "28 27 15 31",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Norwegian translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "27 26 16 31",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Polish translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "28 26 15 31",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Portuguese translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "27 27 14 32",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Russian translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "27 27 14 32",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Spanish translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "28 27 15 31",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Swedish translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "28 26 16 30",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Thai translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "28 27 15 31",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Turkish translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Belizean Creole translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Cantonese translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Estonian translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Hungarian translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Latin translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Mandarin translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Neapolitan translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"text": "Rolling stones gather no moss.",
"type": "example"
},
{
"text": "You are making a mess.",
"type": "example"
},
{
"text": "a. 2001, Brian Hall, “Beej's Guide to Network Programming”, “Using Internet Sockets”\nIf you are connect()ing to a remote machine […] you can simply call connect(), it'll check to see if the socket is unworthy, and will bind() it to an unused local port if necessary."
}
],
"glosses": [
"Used to form present participles of verbs."
],
"id": "en--ing-en-suffix-en:present_participle",
"links": [
[
"present participle",
"present participle"
],
[
"verb",
"verb"
]
],
"senseid": [
"en:present participle"
],
"tags": [
"morpheme"
],
"translations": [
{
"code": "bzj",
"lang": "Belizean Creole",
"sense": "to form present participles",
"word": "di"
},
{
"code": "yue",
"lang": "Chinese Cantonese",
"sense": "to form present participles",
"word": "緊"
},
{
"code": "yue",
"lang": "Chinese Cantonese",
"roman": "gan²",
"sense": "to form present participles",
"word": "紧"
},
{
"code": "yue",
"lang": "Chinese Cantonese",
"roman": "zyu⁶",
"sense": "to form present participles",
"word": "住"
},
{
"code": "cmn",
"lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
"sense": "to form present participles",
"word": "著"
},
{
"code": "cmn",
"lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
"roman": "zhe",
"sense": "to form present participles",
"word": "着"
},
{
"code": "cmn",
"lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
"roman": "zhèngzài",
"sense": "to form present participles",
"word": "正在"
},
{
"code": "da",
"lang": "Danish",
"sense": "to form present participles",
"word": "-ende"
},
{
"code": "nl",
"lang": "Dutch",
"sense": "to form present participles",
"word": "-end"
},
{
"code": "eo",
"lang": "Esperanto",
"sense": "to form present participles",
"word": "-anta"
},
{
"code": "et",
"lang": "Estonian",
"sense": "to form present participles",
"word": "-v"
},
{
"code": "fo",
"lang": "Faroese",
"sense": "to form present participles",
"word": "-andi"
},
{
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "to form present participles",
"word": "-va"
},
{
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "to form present participles",
"word": "-vä"
},
{
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "to form present participles",
"word": "-ant"
},
{
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "to form present participles",
"word": "-end"
},
{
"code": "hu",
"lang": "Hungarian",
"sense": "to form present participles",
"word": "-ó"
},
{
"code": "hu",
"lang": "Hungarian",
"sense": "to form present participles",
"word": "-ő"
},
{
"code": "is",
"lang": "Icelandic",
"sense": "to form present participles",
"word": "-andi"
},
{
"code": "ia",
"lang": "Interlingua",
"sense": "to form present participles",
"word": "-ante"
},
{
"code": "ia",
"lang": "Interlingua",
"sense": "to form present participles",
"word": "-ente"
},
{
"code": "ia",
"lang": "Interlingua",
"sense": "to form present participles",
"word": "-iente"
},
{
"code": "it",
"lang": "Italian",
"note": "first-conjugation persent participle",
"sense": "to form present participles",
"word": "-ante"
},
{
"code": "it",
"lang": "Italian",
"note": "second- and third-conjugation present participle",
"sense": "to form present participles",
"word": "-ente"
},
{
"alt": "(-te iru)",
"code": "ja",
"lang": "Japanese",
"sense": "to form present participles",
"word": "ている"
},
{
"code": "km",
"lang": "Khmer",
"roman": "kɑmpuŋ",
"sense": "to form present participles",
"tags": [
"prefix"
],
"word": "កំពុង"
},
{
"code": "la",
"lang": "Latin",
"sense": "to form present participles",
"word": "-ens"
},
{
"code": "nap",
"lang": "Neapolitan",
"sense": "to form present participles",
"word": "-anno"
},
{
"code": "nap",
"lang": "Neapolitan",
"sense": "to form present participles",
"word": "-enno"
},
{
"code": "no",
"lang": "Norwegian",
"sense": "to form present participles",
"word": "-ende"
},
{
"code": "pl",
"lang": "Polish",
"sense": "to form present participles",
"word": "-ący"
},
{
"code": "pt",
"lang": "Portuguese",
"sense": "to form present participles",
"word": "-ando"
},
{
"code": "pt",
"lang": "Portuguese",
"sense": "to form present participles",
"word": "-endo"
},
{
"code": "pt",
"lang": "Portuguese",
"sense": "to form present participles",
"word": "-indo"
},
{
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "-ajuščij",
"sense": "to form present participles",
"word": "-ающий"
},
{
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "-jaščij",
"sense": "to form present participles",
"word": "-ящий"
},
{
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "-uščij",
"sense": "to form present participles",
"word": "-ущий"
},
{
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "-juščij",
"sense": "to form present participles",
"word": "-ющий"
},
{
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "-aščij",
"sense": "to form present participles",
"word": "-ащий"
},
{
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "-ejuščij",
"sense": "to form present participles",
"word": "-еющий"
},
{
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "-ujuščij",
"sense": "to form present participles",
"word": "-ующий"
},
{
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "-jájuščij",
"sense": "to form present participles",
"word": "-я́ющий"
},
{
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "-ščij",
"sense": "to form present participles",
"word": "-щий"
},
{
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"note": "verbs ending in -ar",
"sense": "to form present participles",
"word": "-ando"
},
{
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "to form present participles",
"word": "-iendo"
},
{
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"note": "-yendo (verbs ending in -er and -ir)",
"sense": "to form present participles"
},
{
"code": "sv",
"lang": "Swedish",
"note": "verbs ending in -a",
"sense": "to form present participles",
"word": "-ande"
},
{
"code": "sv",
"lang": "Swedish",
"note": "verbs ending in other letter than -a",
"sense": "to form present participles",
"word": "-ende"
},
{
"code": "th",
"lang": "Thai",
"roman": "gamlang-",
"sense": "to form present participles",
"word": "กำลัง-"
},
{
"code": "tr",
"lang": "Turkish",
"sense": "to form present participles",
"word": "-iyor"
},
{
"code": "tr",
"lang": "Turkish",
"sense": "to form present participles",
"word": "-yor"
},
{
"code": "tr",
"lang": "Turkish",
"sense": "to form present participles",
"word": "-uyor"
},
{
"code": "tr",
"lang": "Turkish",
"sense": "to form present participles",
"word": "-ıyor"
},
{
"code": "tr",
"lang": "Turkish",
"sense": "to form present participles",
"word": "-üyor"
},
{
"code": "tr",
"lang": "Turkish",
"sense": "to form present participles",
"word": "-en"
},
{
"code": "tr",
"lang": "Turkish",
"sense": "to form present participles",
"word": "-yen"
},
{
"code": "tr",
"lang": "Turkish",
"sense": "to form present participles",
"word": "-an"
},
{
"code": "tr",
"lang": "Turkish",
"sense": "to form present participles",
"word": "-yan"
}
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ɪŋ/"
},
{
"ipa": "/ɪn/"
},
{
"ipa": "/ən/"
},
{
"audio": "LL-Q1860 (eng)-Vealhurl--ing.wav",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/12/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl--ing.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl--ing.wav.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/12/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl--ing.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl--ing.wav.ogg"
},
{
"audio": "En-us--ing.oga",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/0e/En-us--ing.oga/En-us--ing.oga.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0e/En-us--ing.oga"
},
{
"ipa": "/ɪŋɡ/",
"note": "southern North West England, northern West Midlands, Derbyshire, South Yorkshire, Kent"
},
{
"ipa": "/ɪŋk/",
"tags": [
"General-Australian",
"Kent",
"dialectal"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/ɪŋɡ/",
"tags": [
"General-Australian",
"Kent",
"dialectal"
]
},
{
"homophone": "ink"
},
{
"ipa": "/in/",
"tags": [
"Canada",
"US",
"sometimes"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/iŋ/",
"tags": [
"Canada",
"US",
"sometimes"
]
},
{
"homophone": "een"
}
],
"synonyms": [
{
"_dis1": "19 11 10 7 24 29",
"word": "-in'"
},
{
"_dis1": "19 11 10 7 24 29",
"tags": [
"colloquial"
],
"word": "-in"
},
{
"_dis1": "19 11 10 7 24 29",
"tags": [
"nonstandard",
"rare"
],
"word": "-ïng"
}
],
"word": "-ing"
}
{
"derived": [
{
"_dis1": "45 55",
"word": "atheling"
},
{
"_dis1": "45 55",
"word": "gelding"
}
],
"etymology_number": 3,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "king"
},
"expansion": "",
"name": "etymid"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "enm",
"3": "-ing"
},
"expansion": "Middle English -ing",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "ang",
"3": "-ing"
},
"expansion": "Old English -ing",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "gmw-pro",
"3": "*-ing"
},
"expansion": "Proto-West Germanic *-ing",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "gem-pro",
"3": "*-ingaz"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic *-ingaz",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "non",
"2": "-ingr"
},
"expansion": "Old Norse -ingr",
"name": "cog"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Middle English -ing, from Old English -ing, from Proto-West Germanic *-ing, from Proto-Germanic *-ingaz. Akin to Old Norse -ingr.",
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "suffix",
"cat2": "",
"cat3": "",
"head": "",
"id": ""
},
"expansion": "-ing",
"name": "head"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "-ing",
"name": "en-suffix"
}
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "suffix",
"related": [
{
"_dis1": "45 55",
"word": "-ed"
}
],
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "24 22 10 27 11 6",
"kind": "other",
"name": "English entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"text": "Ealing, Dorking, Reading, Worthing",
"type": "example"
},
{
"text": "Browning, Channing, Ewing",
"type": "example"
},
{
"text": "Middle English *bunt + -ing → bunting",
"type": "example"
},
{
"text": "skill + -ing → shilling",
"type": "example"
},
{
"text": "fourth + -ing → farthing",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Forming derivative nouns (originally masculine), with the sense ‘son of, belonging to’, as in placenames, patronymics or diminutives; -ite."
],
"id": "en--ing-en-suffix-e8ZeUibF",
"links": [
[
"derivative",
"derivative#English"
],
[
"sense",
"sense#English"
],
[
"son",
"son#English"
],
[
"belong",
"belong#English"
],
[
"placename",
"placename#English"
],
[
"patronymic",
"patronymic#English"
],
[
"diminutive",
"diminutive#English"
],
[
"-ite",
"-ite"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(no longer productive) Forming derivative nouns (originally masculine), with the sense ‘son of, belonging to’, as in placenames, patronymics or diminutives; -ite."
],
"tags": [
"idiomatic",
"morpheme"
]
},
{
"examples": [
{
"text": "sweet + -ing → sweeting",
"type": "example"
},
{
"text": "white + -ing → whiting",
"type": "example"
},
{
"text": "geld + -ing → gelding",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Forming nouns having a specified quality, characteristic, or nature; of the kind of"
],
"id": "en--ing-en-suffix-OFjrfTAx",
"tags": [
"morpheme"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ɪŋ/"
},
{
"ipa": "/ɪn/"
},
{
"ipa": "/ən/"
},
{
"audio": "LL-Q1860 (eng)-Vealhurl--ing.wav",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/12/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl--ing.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl--ing.wav.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/12/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl--ing.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl--ing.wav.ogg"
},
{
"audio": "En-us--ing.oga",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/0e/En-us--ing.oga/En-us--ing.oga.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0e/En-us--ing.oga"
},
{
"ipa": "/ɪŋɡ/",
"note": "southern North West England, northern West Midlands, Derbyshire, South Yorkshire, Kent"
},
{
"ipa": "/ɪŋk/",
"tags": [
"General-Australian",
"Kent",
"dialectal"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/ɪŋɡ/",
"tags": [
"General-Australian",
"Kent",
"dialectal"
]
},
{
"homophone": "ink"
},
{
"ipa": "/in/",
"tags": [
"Canada",
"US",
"sometimes"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/iŋ/",
"tags": [
"Canada",
"US",
"sometimes"
]
},
{
"homophone": "een"
}
],
"synonyms": [
{
"_dis1": "19 11 10 7 24 29",
"word": "-in'"
},
{
"_dis1": "19 11 10 7 24 29",
"tags": [
"colloquial"
],
"word": "-in"
},
{
"_dis1": "19 11 10 7 24 29",
"tags": [
"nonstandard",
"rare"
],
"word": "-ïng"
}
],
"word": "-ing"
}
{
"categories": [
"English entries with incorrect language header",
"English lemmas",
"English noun-forming suffixes",
"English suffixes",
"English terms derived from Middle English",
"English terms derived from Old English",
"English terms derived from Proto-Germanic",
"English terms derived from Proto-West Germanic",
"English terms inherited from Middle English",
"English terms inherited from Old English",
"English terms inherited from Proto-Germanic",
"English terms inherited from Proto-West Germanic",
"English terms with homophones",
"Entries with translation boxes",
"Pages with 25 entries",
"Pages with entries",
"Terms with Catalan translations",
"Terms with Danish translations",
"Terms with Dutch translations",
"Terms with Esperanto translations",
"Terms with Faroese translations",
"Terms with Finnish translations",
"Terms with French translations",
"Terms with Galician translations",
"Terms with German Low German translations",
"Terms with German translations",
"Terms with Greek translations",
"Terms with Icelandic translations",
"Terms with Interlingua translations",
"Terms with Italian translations",
"Terms with Japanese translations",
"Terms with Khmer translations",
"Terms with Low German translations",
"Terms with Malay translations",
"Terms with Middle Low German translations",
"Terms with Norwegian Bokmål translations",
"Terms with Norwegian Nynorsk translations",
"Terms with Norwegian translations",
"Terms with Old Norse translations",
"Terms with Polish translations",
"Terms with Portuguese translations",
"Terms with Romanian translations",
"Terms with Russian translations",
"Terms with Spanish translations",
"Terms with Swedish translations",
"Terms with Thai translations",
"Terms with Turkish translations"
],
"derived": [
{
"word": "batting"
},
{
"word": "bunting"
},
{
"word": "carpeting"
},
{
"word": "lining"
},
{
"word": "packing"
},
{
"word": "piping"
},
{
"word": "roofing"
},
{
"word": "siding"
},
{
"word": "ticking"
},
{
"word": "tubing"
},
{
"word": "wadding"
},
{
"word": "wiring"
}
],
"etymology_number": 1,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "gerund noun"
},
"expansion": "",
"name": "etymid"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "Inherited"
},
"expansion": "Inherited",
"name": "glossary"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "enm",
"3": "-ing",
"4": "",
"5": "",
"g": "",
"g2": "",
"g3": "",
"id": "",
"lit": "",
"nocat": "",
"pos": "",
"sc": "",
"sort": "",
"tr": "",
"ts": ""
},
"expansion": "Middle English -ing",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "enm",
"3": "-ing"
},
"expansion": "Inherited from Middle English -ing",
"name": "inh+"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "ang",
"3": "-ing"
},
"expansion": "Old English -ing",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "gmw-pro",
"3": "*-ingu"
},
"expansion": "Proto-West Germanic *-ingu",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "gem-pro",
"3": "*-ingō"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic *-ingō",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "stq",
"2": "-enge",
"t": "-ing"
},
"expansion": "Saterland Frisian -enge (“-ing”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "fy",
"2": "-ing",
"t": "-ing"
},
"expansion": "West Frisian -ing (“-ing”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "nl",
"2": "-ing",
"t": "-ing"
},
"expansion": "Dutch -ing (“-ing”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "nds",
"2": "-ing"
},
"expansion": "Low German -ing",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "de",
"2": "-ung",
"t": "-ing"
},
"expansion": "German -ung (“-ing”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "da",
"2": "-ing",
"t": "-ing"
},
"expansion": "Danish -ing (“-ing”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "sv",
"2": "-ing",
"t": "-ing"
},
"expansion": "Swedish -ing (“-ing”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "is",
"2": "-ing",
"t": "-ing"
},
"expansion": "Icelandic -ing (“-ing”)",
"name": "cog"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Inherited from Middle English -ing, from Old English -ing, -ung (“-ing”, suffix forming nouns from verbs), from Proto-West Germanic *-ingu, *-ungu, from Proto-Germanic *-ingō, *-ungō. Cognate with Saterland Frisian -enge (“-ing”), West Frisian -ing (“-ing”), Dutch -ing (“-ing”), Low German -ing, -ink (“-ing”), German -ung (“-ing”), Danish -ing (“-ing”), Swedish -ing (“-ing”), Icelandic -ing (“-ing”).",
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "suffix",
"cat2": "noun-forming suffixes",
"cat3": "",
"head": "",
"id": ""
},
"expansion": "-ing",
"name": "head"
},
{
"args": {
"cat2": "noun-forming suffixes"
},
"expansion": "-ing",
"name": "en-suffix"
}
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "suffix",
"related": [
{
"sense": "collection",
"word": "work"
}
],
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"English terms with usage examples"
],
"examples": [
{
"text": "My hearing is not good.",
"type": "example"
},
{
"text": "I have had several meetings with him.",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Used to form nouns or noun-like words (or elements of noun phrases) from verbs, denoting the act of doing something, an action, or the embodiment of an action.",
"As true nouns."
],
"links": [
[
"noun",
"noun#English"
]
],
"senseid": [
"en:noun"
],
"tags": [
"morpheme"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"English terms with usage examples"
],
"examples": [
{
"text": "Smoking is bad for your health.",
"type": "example"
},
{
"text": "She has a habit of sleeping late.",
"type": "example"
},
{
"text": "I like meeting people.",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Used to form nouns or noun-like words (or elements of noun phrases) from verbs, denoting the act of doing something, an action, or the embodiment of an action.",
"As gerunds."
],
"links": [
[
"noun",
"noun#English"
],
[
"gerund",
"gerund"
]
],
"senseid": [
"en:noun"
],
"tags": [
"morpheme"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"English terms with usage examples"
],
"examples": [
{
"text": "Roofing is material that is used to roof.",
"type": "example"
},
{
"text": "Clothing is material with which one is clothed.",
"type": "example"
},
{
"text": "The piping is a system of pipes considered collectively.",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Used to form nouns denoting materials or systems of objects which are used or employed in an action, or considered collectively."
],
"tags": [
"morpheme"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ɪŋ/"
},
{
"ipa": "/ɪn/"
},
{
"ipa": "/ən/"
},
{
"audio": "LL-Q1860 (eng)-Vealhurl--ing.wav",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/12/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl--ing.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl--ing.wav.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/12/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl--ing.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl--ing.wav.ogg"
},
{
"audio": "En-us--ing.oga",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/0e/En-us--ing.oga/En-us--ing.oga.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0e/En-us--ing.oga"
},
{
"ipa": "/ɪŋɡ/",
"note": "southern North West England, northern West Midlands, Derbyshire, South Yorkshire, Kent"
},
{
"ipa": "/ɪŋk/",
"tags": [
"General-Australian",
"Kent",
"dialectal"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/ɪŋɡ/",
"tags": [
"General-Australian",
"Kent",
"dialectal"
]
},
{
"homophone": "ink"
},
{
"ipa": "/in/",
"tags": [
"Canada",
"US",
"sometimes"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/iŋ/",
"tags": [
"Canada",
"US",
"sometimes"
]
},
{
"homophone": "een"
}
],
"synonyms": [
{
"sense": "act of doing something, action",
"word": "-tion"
},
{
"sense": "act of doing something, action",
"word": "-ment"
},
{
"sense": "activity",
"word": "-ery"
},
{
"sense": "activity",
"word": "-ment"
},
{
"sense": "collection",
"word": "-age"
},
{
"sense": "collection",
"word": "-ery"
},
{
"word": "-in'"
},
{
"tags": [
"colloquial"
],
"word": "-in"
},
{
"tags": [
"nonstandard",
"rare"
],
"word": "-ïng"
}
],
"translations": [
{
"code": "ca",
"lang": "Catalan",
"sense": "to form gerunds",
"word": "-ant"
},
{
"code": "ca",
"lang": "Catalan",
"sense": "to form gerunds",
"word": "-ent"
},
{
"code": "ca",
"lang": "Catalan",
"sense": "to form gerunds",
"word": "-int"
},
{
"code": "da",
"lang": "Danish",
"sense": "to form gerunds",
"word": "-ing"
},
{
"code": "nl",
"lang": "Dutch",
"sense": "to form gerunds",
"word": "-ing"
},
{
"code": "eo",
"lang": "Esperanto",
"sense": "to form gerunds",
"word": "-ado"
},
{
"code": "fo",
"lang": "Faroese",
"sense": "to form gerunds",
"word": "-ing"
},
{
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "to form gerunds",
"word": "-minen"
},
{
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "to form gerunds",
"word": "-nti"
},
{
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "to form gerunds",
"word": "-age"
},
{
"code": "gl",
"lang": "Galician",
"sense": "to form gerunds",
"word": "-ando"
},
{
"code": "gl",
"lang": "Galician",
"sense": "to form gerunds",
"word": "-endo"
},
{
"code": "gl",
"lang": "Galician",
"sense": "to form gerunds",
"word": "-indo"
},
{
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"note": "Use zu + infinitive",
"sense": "to form gerunds"
},
{
"code": "el",
"lang": "Greek",
"note": "Use το (to) να (na) + second person singular present verb form",
"sense": "to form gerunds"
},
{
"code": "is",
"lang": "Icelandic",
"sense": "to form gerunds",
"word": "-ing"
},
{
"code": "ia",
"lang": "Interlingua",
"sense": "to form gerunds",
"word": "-ion"
},
{
"code": "ia",
"lang": "Interlingua",
"sense": "to form gerunds",
"word": "-mento"
},
{
"code": "ia",
"lang": "Interlingua",
"sense": "to form gerunds",
"word": "-ar"
},
{
"code": "ia",
"lang": "Interlingua",
"sense": "to form gerunds",
"word": "-er"
},
{
"code": "ia",
"lang": "Interlingua",
"sense": "to form gerunds",
"word": "-ir"
},
{
"code": "it",
"lang": "Italian",
"note": "first-conjugation gerund",
"sense": "to form gerunds",
"word": "-ando"
},
{
"code": "it",
"lang": "Italian",
"note": "second- and third-conjugation gerund",
"sense": "to form gerunds",
"word": "-endo"
},
{
"code": "ja",
"lang": "Japanese",
"roman": "-no",
"sense": "to form gerunds",
"word": "-の"
},
{
"code": "ja",
"lang": "Japanese",
"roman": "-koto",
"sense": "to form gerunds",
"word": "-こと"
},
{
"code": "km",
"lang": "Khmer",
"roman": "kaa",
"sense": "to form gerunds",
"tags": [
"prefix"
],
"word": "ការ"
},
{
"code": "ms",
"lang": "Malay",
"sense": "to form gerunds",
"word": "peng--an"
},
{
"code": "no",
"lang": "Norwegian",
"sense": "to form gerunds",
"word": "-ing"
},
{
"code": "non",
"lang": "Old Norse",
"sense": "to form gerunds",
"word": "-ing"
},
{
"code": "pl",
"lang": "Polish",
"sense": "to form gerunds",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "-anie"
},
{
"code": "pl",
"lang": "Polish",
"sense": "to form gerunds",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "-cie"
},
{
"code": "pt",
"lang": "Portuguese",
"sense": "to form gerunds",
"word": "-ando"
},
{
"code": "pt",
"lang": "Portuguese",
"sense": "to form gerunds",
"word": "-endo"
},
{
"code": "pt",
"lang": "Portuguese",
"sense": "to form gerunds",
"word": "-indo"
},
{
"code": "ro",
"lang": "Romanian",
"sense": "to form gerunds",
"word": "-ând"
},
{
"code": "ro",
"lang": "Romanian",
"sense": "to form gerunds",
"word": "-ind"
},
{
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "to form gerunds",
"word": "-ando"
},
{
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "to form gerunds",
"word": "-endo"
},
{
"code": "th",
"lang": "Thai",
"roman": "gaan-",
"sense": "to form gerunds",
"word": "การ-"
},
{
"code": "th",
"lang": "Thai",
"roman": "kwaam-",
"sense": "to form gerunds",
"word": "ความ-"
},
{
"code": "tr",
"lang": "Turkish",
"sense": "to form gerunds",
"word": "-yor"
},
{
"code": "tr",
"lang": "Turkish",
"sense": "to form gerunds",
"word": "-mekte"
},
{
"code": "tr",
"lang": "Turkish",
"sense": "to form gerunds",
"word": "-makta"
},
{
"code": "zh",
"lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
"note": "(with no suffix, verbs can be used as nouns)",
"sense": "act of doing something"
},
{
"code": "da",
"lang": "Danish",
"sense": "act of doing something",
"tags": [
"common-gender"
],
"word": "-ing"
},
{
"code": "nl",
"lang": "Dutch",
"note": "nominalization of the infinitive",
"sense": "act of doing something",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "-ing"
},
{
"code": "fo",
"lang": "Faroese",
"sense": "act of doing something",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "-ing"
},
{
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "act of doing something",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "-age"
},
{
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "act of doing something",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "-tion"
},
{
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "act of doing something",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "-ment"
},
{
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "act of doing something",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "-ung"
},
{
"code": "it",
"lang": "Italian",
"sense": "act of doing something",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "-zione (-azione f, -uzione f)"
},
{
"code": "it",
"lang": "Italian",
"sense": "act of doing something",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "-mento"
},
{
"code": "it",
"lang": "Italian",
"sense": "act of doing something",
"tags": [
"feminine",
"informal"
],
"word": "-aggio"
},
{
"code": "nds",
"lang": "Low German",
"sense": "act of doing something",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "-d"
},
{
"code": "nds-de",
"lang": "Low German",
"sense": "act of doing something",
"tags": [
"German-Low-German",
"feminine"
],
"word": "-en"
},
{
"code": "nds-de",
"lang": "Low German",
"sense": "act of doing something",
"tags": [
"German-Low-German"
],
"word": "-inge"
},
{
"code": "nds-de",
"lang": "Low German",
"sense": "act of doing something",
"tags": [
"German-Low-German",
"feminine"
],
"word": "-ing"
},
{
"code": "nds-de",
"lang": "Low German",
"sense": "act of doing something",
"tags": [
"German-Low-German"
],
"word": "-unge"
},
{
"code": "nds-de",
"lang": "Low German",
"sense": "act of doing something",
"tags": [
"German-Low-German"
],
"word": "-ung"
},
{
"code": "gml",
"lang": "Middle Low German",
"sense": "act of doing something",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "-t"
},
{
"code": "gml",
"lang": "Middle Low German",
"sense": "act of doing something",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "-inge"
},
{
"code": "nb",
"lang": "Norwegian Bokmål",
"sense": "act of doing something",
"tags": [
"feminine",
"masculine"
],
"word": "-ing"
},
{
"code": "nn",
"lang": "Norwegian Nynorsk",
"sense": "act of doing something",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "-ing"
},
{
"code": "non",
"lang": "Old Norse",
"sense": "act of doing something",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "-ing"
},
{
"code": "pl",
"lang": "Polish",
"sense": "act of doing something",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "-nie"
},
{
"code": "pl",
"lang": "Polish",
"sense": "act of doing something",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "-cie"
},
{
"code": "ro",
"lang": "Romanian",
"sense": "act of doing something",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "-re"
},
{
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "-ánije",
"sense": "act of doing something",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "-а́ние"
},
{
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "-énije",
"sense": "act of doing something",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "-е́ние"
},
{
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "-óvka",
"sense": "act of doing something",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "-о́вка"
},
{
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "-lja",
"sense": "act of doing something",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "-ля"
},
{
"code": "sv",
"lang": "Swedish",
"sense": "act of doing something",
"tags": [
"common-gender"
],
"word": "-ing"
},
{
"code": "nl",
"lang": "Dutch",
"sense": "materials, systems of objects",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "-werk"
},
{
"code": "nl",
"lang": "Dutch",
"sense": "materials, systems of objects",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "-systeem"
},
{
"code": "fo",
"lang": "Faroese",
"sense": "materials, systems of objects",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "-ing"
},
{
"code": "it",
"lang": "Italian",
"sense": "materials, systems of objects",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "-tura"
},
{
"code": "ms",
"lang": "Malay",
"sense": "materials, systems of objects",
"word": "-an"
},
{
"code": "non",
"lang": "Old Norse",
"sense": "materials, systems of objects",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "-ing"
}
],
"word": "-ing"
}
{
"categories": [
"English entries with incorrect language header",
"English inflectional suffixes",
"English lemmas",
"English suffixes",
"English terms derived from Middle English",
"English terms derived from Old English",
"English terms derived from Proto-Germanic",
"English terms derived from Proto-Indo-European",
"English terms derived from Proto-West Germanic",
"English terms inherited from Middle English",
"English terms inherited from Old English",
"English terms inherited from Proto-Germanic",
"English terms inherited from Proto-West Germanic",
"English terms with homophones",
"Entries with translation boxes",
"Pages with 25 entries",
"Pages with entries",
"Terms with Belizean Creole translations",
"Terms with Cantonese translations",
"Terms with Danish translations",
"Terms with Dutch translations",
"Terms with Esperanto translations",
"Terms with Estonian translations",
"Terms with Faroese translations",
"Terms with Finnish translations",
"Terms with French translations",
"Terms with German translations",
"Terms with Hungarian translations",
"Terms with Icelandic translations",
"Terms with Interlingua translations",
"Terms with Italian translations",
"Terms with Japanese translations",
"Terms with Khmer translations",
"Terms with Latin translations",
"Terms with Mandarin translations",
"Terms with Neapolitan translations",
"Terms with Norwegian translations",
"Terms with Polish translations",
"Terms with Portuguese translations",
"Terms with Russian translations",
"Terms with Spanish translations",
"Terms with Swedish translations",
"Terms with Thai translations",
"Terms with Turkish translations"
],
"etymology_number": 2,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "participial"
},
"expansion": "",
"name": "etymid"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "enm",
"3": "-inge"
},
"expansion": "Middle English -inge",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "ang",
"3": "-ende",
"pos": "present participle ending"
},
"expansion": "Old English -ende (present participle ending)",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "gmw-pro",
"3": "*-andī"
},
"expansion": "Proto-West Germanic *-andī",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "gem-pro",
"3": "*-andz",
"pos": "present participle ending"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic *-andz (present participle ending)",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*-onts"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *-onts",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "fy",
"2": "-end"
},
"expansion": "West Frisian -end",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "nl",
"2": "-end"
},
"expansion": "Dutch -end",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "de",
"2": "-end"
},
"expansion": "German -end",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "sv",
"2": "-and"
},
"expansion": "Swedish -and",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "is",
"2": "-andi"
},
"expansion": "Icelandic -andi",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "got",
"2": "-𐌰𐌽𐌳𐍃"
},
"expansion": "Gothic -𐌰𐌽𐌳𐍃 (-ands)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "-ans"
},
"expansion": "Latin -ans",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "grc",
"2": "-ων"
},
"expansion": "Ancient Greek -ων (-ōn)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "sa",
"2": "-अन्त्"
},
"expansion": "Sanskrit -अन्त् (-ant)",
"name": "cog"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Middle English -inge, -ynge, alteration of earlier -inde, -ende, -and (see -and), from Old English -ende (present participle ending), from Proto-West Germanic *-andī, from Proto-Germanic *-andz (present participle ending), from Proto-Indo-European *-onts.\nCognate with West Frisian -end, Dutch -end, German -end, Swedish -and, Icelandic -andi, Gothic -𐌰𐌽𐌳𐍃 (-ands), -𐍉𐌽𐌳𐍃 (-ōnds), Latin -ans, -ant-, Ancient Greek -ων (-ōn), Sanskrit -अन्त् (-ant). More at -and.",
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "suffix",
"cat2": "inflectional suffixes",
"cat3": "",
"head": "",
"id": ""
},
"expansion": "-ing",
"name": "head"
},
{
"args": {
"cat2": "inflectional suffixes"
},
"expansion": "-ing",
"name": "en-suffix"
}
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "suffix",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"English terms with usage examples"
],
"examples": [
{
"text": "Rolling stones gather no moss.",
"type": "example"
},
{
"text": "You are making a mess.",
"type": "example"
},
{
"text": "a. 2001, Brian Hall, “Beej's Guide to Network Programming”, “Using Internet Sockets”\nIf you are connect()ing to a remote machine […] you can simply call connect(), it'll check to see if the socket is unworthy, and will bind() it to an unused local port if necessary."
}
],
"glosses": [
"Used to form present participles of verbs."
],
"links": [
[
"present participle",
"present participle"
],
[
"verb",
"verb"
]
],
"senseid": [
"en:present participle"
],
"tags": [
"morpheme"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ɪŋ/"
},
{
"ipa": "/ɪn/"
},
{
"ipa": "/ən/"
},
{
"audio": "LL-Q1860 (eng)-Vealhurl--ing.wav",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/12/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl--ing.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl--ing.wav.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/12/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl--ing.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl--ing.wav.ogg"
},
{
"audio": "En-us--ing.oga",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/0e/En-us--ing.oga/En-us--ing.oga.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0e/En-us--ing.oga"
},
{
"ipa": "/ɪŋɡ/",
"note": "southern North West England, northern West Midlands, Derbyshire, South Yorkshire, Kent"
},
{
"ipa": "/ɪŋk/",
"tags": [
"General-Australian",
"Kent",
"dialectal"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/ɪŋɡ/",
"tags": [
"General-Australian",
"Kent",
"dialectal"
]
},
{
"homophone": "ink"
},
{
"ipa": "/in/",
"tags": [
"Canada",
"US",
"sometimes"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/iŋ/",
"tags": [
"Canada",
"US",
"sometimes"
]
},
{
"homophone": "een"
}
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "-in'"
},
{
"tags": [
"colloquial"
],
"word": "-in"
},
{
"tags": [
"nonstandard",
"rare"
],
"word": "-ïng"
}
],
"translations": [
{
"code": "bzj",
"lang": "Belizean Creole",
"sense": "to form present participles",
"word": "di"
},
{
"code": "yue",
"lang": "Chinese Cantonese",
"sense": "to form present participles",
"word": "緊"
},
{
"code": "yue",
"lang": "Chinese Cantonese",
"roman": "gan²",
"sense": "to form present participles",
"word": "紧"
},
{
"code": "yue",
"lang": "Chinese Cantonese",
"roman": "zyu⁶",
"sense": "to form present participles",
"word": "住"
},
{
"code": "cmn",
"lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
"sense": "to form present participles",
"word": "著"
},
{
"code": "cmn",
"lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
"roman": "zhe",
"sense": "to form present participles",
"word": "着"
},
{
"code": "cmn",
"lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
"roman": "zhèngzài",
"sense": "to form present participles",
"word": "正在"
},
{
"code": "da",
"lang": "Danish",
"sense": "to form present participles",
"word": "-ende"
},
{
"code": "nl",
"lang": "Dutch",
"sense": "to form present participles",
"word": "-end"
},
{
"code": "eo",
"lang": "Esperanto",
"sense": "to form present participles",
"word": "-anta"
},
{
"code": "et",
"lang": "Estonian",
"sense": "to form present participles",
"word": "-v"
},
{
"code": "fo",
"lang": "Faroese",
"sense": "to form present participles",
"word": "-andi"
},
{
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "to form present participles",
"word": "-va"
},
{
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "to form present participles",
"word": "-vä"
},
{
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "to form present participles",
"word": "-ant"
},
{
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "to form present participles",
"word": "-end"
},
{
"code": "hu",
"lang": "Hungarian",
"sense": "to form present participles",
"word": "-ó"
},
{
"code": "hu",
"lang": "Hungarian",
"sense": "to form present participles",
"word": "-ő"
},
{
"code": "is",
"lang": "Icelandic",
"sense": "to form present participles",
"word": "-andi"
},
{
"code": "ia",
"lang": "Interlingua",
"sense": "to form present participles",
"word": "-ante"
},
{
"code": "ia",
"lang": "Interlingua",
"sense": "to form present participles",
"word": "-ente"
},
{
"code": "ia",
"lang": "Interlingua",
"sense": "to form present participles",
"word": "-iente"
},
{
"code": "it",
"lang": "Italian",
"note": "first-conjugation persent participle",
"sense": "to form present participles",
"word": "-ante"
},
{
"code": "it",
"lang": "Italian",
"note": "second- and third-conjugation present participle",
"sense": "to form present participles",
"word": "-ente"
},
{
"alt": "(-te iru)",
"code": "ja",
"lang": "Japanese",
"sense": "to form present participles",
"word": "ている"
},
{
"code": "km",
"lang": "Khmer",
"roman": "kɑmpuŋ",
"sense": "to form present participles",
"tags": [
"prefix"
],
"word": "កំពុង"
},
{
"code": "la",
"lang": "Latin",
"sense": "to form present participles",
"word": "-ens"
},
{
"code": "nap",
"lang": "Neapolitan",
"sense": "to form present participles",
"word": "-anno"
},
{
"code": "nap",
"lang": "Neapolitan",
"sense": "to form present participles",
"word": "-enno"
},
{
"code": "no",
"lang": "Norwegian",
"sense": "to form present participles",
"word": "-ende"
},
{
"code": "pl",
"lang": "Polish",
"sense": "to form present participles",
"word": "-ący"
},
{
"code": "pt",
"lang": "Portuguese",
"sense": "to form present participles",
"word": "-ando"
},
{
"code": "pt",
"lang": "Portuguese",
"sense": "to form present participles",
"word": "-endo"
},
{
"code": "pt",
"lang": "Portuguese",
"sense": "to form present participles",
"word": "-indo"
},
{
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "-ajuščij",
"sense": "to form present participles",
"word": "-ающий"
},
{
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "-jaščij",
"sense": "to form present participles",
"word": "-ящий"
},
{
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "-uščij",
"sense": "to form present participles",
"word": "-ущий"
},
{
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "-juščij",
"sense": "to form present participles",
"word": "-ющий"
},
{
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "-aščij",
"sense": "to form present participles",
"word": "-ащий"
},
{
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "-ejuščij",
"sense": "to form present participles",
"word": "-еющий"
},
{
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "-ujuščij",
"sense": "to form present participles",
"word": "-ующий"
},
{
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "-jájuščij",
"sense": "to form present participles",
"word": "-я́ющий"
},
{
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "-ščij",
"sense": "to form present participles",
"word": "-щий"
},
{
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"note": "verbs ending in -ar",
"sense": "to form present participles",
"word": "-ando"
},
{
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "to form present participles",
"word": "-iendo"
},
{
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"note": "-yendo (verbs ending in -er and -ir)",
"sense": "to form present participles"
},
{
"code": "sv",
"lang": "Swedish",
"note": "verbs ending in -a",
"sense": "to form present participles",
"word": "-ande"
},
{
"code": "sv",
"lang": "Swedish",
"note": "verbs ending in other letter than -a",
"sense": "to form present participles",
"word": "-ende"
},
{
"code": "th",
"lang": "Thai",
"roman": "gamlang-",
"sense": "to form present participles",
"word": "กำลัง-"
},
{
"code": "tr",
"lang": "Turkish",
"sense": "to form present participles",
"word": "-iyor"
},
{
"code": "tr",
"lang": "Turkish",
"sense": "to form present participles",
"word": "-yor"
},
{
"code": "tr",
"lang": "Turkish",
"sense": "to form present participles",
"word": "-uyor"
},
{
"code": "tr",
"lang": "Turkish",
"sense": "to form present participles",
"word": "-ıyor"
},
{
"code": "tr",
"lang": "Turkish",
"sense": "to form present participles",
"word": "-üyor"
},
{
"code": "tr",
"lang": "Turkish",
"sense": "to form present participles",
"word": "-en"
},
{
"code": "tr",
"lang": "Turkish",
"sense": "to form present participles",
"word": "-yen"
},
{
"code": "tr",
"lang": "Turkish",
"sense": "to form present participles",
"word": "-an"
},
{
"code": "tr",
"lang": "Turkish",
"sense": "to form present participles",
"word": "-yan"
}
],
"word": "-ing"
}
{
"categories": [
"English entries with incorrect language header",
"English lemmas",
"English suffixes",
"English terms derived from Middle English",
"English terms derived from Old English",
"English terms derived from Proto-Germanic",
"English terms derived from Proto-West Germanic",
"English terms inherited from Middle English",
"English terms inherited from Old English",
"English terms inherited from Proto-Germanic",
"English terms inherited from Proto-West Germanic",
"English terms with homophones",
"Pages with 25 entries",
"Pages with entries"
],
"derived": [
{
"word": "atheling"
},
{
"word": "gelding"
}
],
"etymology_number": 3,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "king"
},
"expansion": "",
"name": "etymid"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "enm",
"3": "-ing"
},
"expansion": "Middle English -ing",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "ang",
"3": "-ing"
},
"expansion": "Old English -ing",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "gmw-pro",
"3": "*-ing"
},
"expansion": "Proto-West Germanic *-ing",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "gem-pro",
"3": "*-ingaz"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic *-ingaz",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "non",
"2": "-ingr"
},
"expansion": "Old Norse -ingr",
"name": "cog"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Middle English -ing, from Old English -ing, from Proto-West Germanic *-ing, from Proto-Germanic *-ingaz. Akin to Old Norse -ingr.",
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "suffix",
"cat2": "",
"cat3": "",
"head": "",
"id": ""
},
"expansion": "-ing",
"name": "head"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "-ing",
"name": "en-suffix"
}
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "suffix",
"related": [
{
"word": "-ed"
}
],
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"English terms with usage examples"
],
"examples": [
{
"text": "Ealing, Dorking, Reading, Worthing",
"type": "example"
},
{
"text": "Browning, Channing, Ewing",
"type": "example"
},
{
"text": "Middle English *bunt + -ing → bunting",
"type": "example"
},
{
"text": "skill + -ing → shilling",
"type": "example"
},
{
"text": "fourth + -ing → farthing",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Forming derivative nouns (originally masculine), with the sense ‘son of, belonging to’, as in placenames, patronymics or diminutives; -ite."
],
"links": [
[
"derivative",
"derivative#English"
],
[
"sense",
"sense#English"
],
[
"son",
"son#English"
],
[
"belong",
"belong#English"
],
[
"placename",
"placename#English"
],
[
"patronymic",
"patronymic#English"
],
[
"diminutive",
"diminutive#English"
],
[
"-ite",
"-ite"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(no longer productive) Forming derivative nouns (originally masculine), with the sense ‘son of, belonging to’, as in placenames, patronymics or diminutives; -ite."
],
"tags": [
"idiomatic",
"morpheme"
]
},
{
"examples": [
{
"text": "sweet + -ing → sweeting",
"type": "example"
},
{
"text": "white + -ing → whiting",
"type": "example"
},
{
"text": "geld + -ing → gelding",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Forming nouns having a specified quality, characteristic, or nature; of the kind of"
],
"tags": [
"morpheme"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ɪŋ/"
},
{
"ipa": "/ɪn/"
},
{
"ipa": "/ən/"
},
{
"audio": "LL-Q1860 (eng)-Vealhurl--ing.wav",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/12/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl--ing.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl--ing.wav.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/12/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl--ing.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl--ing.wav.ogg"
},
{
"audio": "En-us--ing.oga",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/0e/En-us--ing.oga/En-us--ing.oga.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0e/En-us--ing.oga"
},
{
"ipa": "/ɪŋɡ/",
"note": "southern North West England, northern West Midlands, Derbyshire, South Yorkshire, Kent"
},
{
"ipa": "/ɪŋk/",
"tags": [
"General-Australian",
"Kent",
"dialectal"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/ɪŋɡ/",
"tags": [
"General-Australian",
"Kent",
"dialectal"
]
},
{
"homophone": "ink"
},
{
"ipa": "/in/",
"tags": [
"Canada",
"US",
"sometimes"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/iŋ/",
"tags": [
"Canada",
"US",
"sometimes"
]
},
{
"homophone": "een"
}
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "-in'"
},
{
"tags": [
"colloquial"
],
"word": "-in"
},
{
"tags": [
"nonstandard",
"rare"
],
"word": "-ïng"
}
],
"word": "-ing"
}
Download raw JSONL data for -ing meaning in English (31.2kB)
{
"called_from": "translations/609-20230504",
"msg": "Translation too long compared to word, so it is skipped",
"path": [
"-ing"
],
"section": "English",
"subsection": "suffix",
"title": "-ing",
"trace": ""
}
{
"called_from": "page/2517",
"msg": "UNIMPLEMENTED parse_translation_template: transguide {}",
"path": [
"-ing",
"transguide"
],
"section": "English",
"subsection": "suffix",
"title": "-ing",
"trace": ""
}
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable English dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2024-11-06 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2024-10-02 using wiktextract (fbeafe8 and 7f03c9b). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.