See -tion in All languages combined, or Wiktionary
{
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ms",
"2": "-syen",
"3": "-sen",
"bor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ Malay: -syen, -sen",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ Malay: -syen, -sen"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "enm",
"3": "-cioun"
},
"expansion": "Middle English -cioun",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "fro",
"3": "-tion"
},
"expansion": "Old French -tion",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "la",
"3": "-tiō"
},
"expansion": "Latin -tiō",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "enm",
"3": "",
"4": "-cioun"
},
"expansion": "Middle English -cioun",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "frm",
"2": "-tion"
},
"expansion": "Middle French -tion",
"name": "cog"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Middle English -cioun, borrowing from Old French -tion, -cion, borrowed from the stem of Latin -tiō. The Middle English -cioun became -tion in Modern English under the influence of the Middle French -tion and original Latin spellings.",
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "suffix",
"cat2": "",
"cat3": "",
"head": "",
"id": ""
},
"expansion": "-tion",
"name": "head"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "-tion",
"name": "en-suffix"
}
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "suffix",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "English entries with incorrect language header",
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"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
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{
"kind": "other",
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"Terms with redundant script codes",
"Entry maintenance"
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"Entry maintenance"
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"Entry maintenance"
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{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Lai terms in nonstandard scripts",
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"Terms in nonstandard scripts",
"Entry maintenance"
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{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 5 entries",
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},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Afrikaans translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Armenian translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Azerbaijani translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Basque translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
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{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Belarusian translations",
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"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Bulgarian translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Catalan translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Crimean Tatar translations",
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"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Czech translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Danish translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Dutch translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Esperanto translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Estonian translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Faroese translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Finnish translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with French translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Gagauz translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Galician translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Georgian translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with German translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Haitian Creole translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Hebrew translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Hungarian translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Indonesian translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Italian translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Japanese translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Kazakh translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Khmer translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Kyrgyz translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Ladino translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Lai translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Latin translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Latvian translations",
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},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Lithuanian translations",
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},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Luxembourgish translations",
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},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Macedonian translations",
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},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Malay translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Norwegian translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Occitan translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Old English translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Polish translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Portuguese translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Romanian translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Romansch translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Russian translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Serbo-Croatian translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Slovak translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Slovene translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Spanish translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Swedish translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Tagalog translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Tajik translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Thai translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Turkish translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Turkmen translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Ukrainian translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Uzbek translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with West Frisian translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
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"parents": [],
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},
{
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"parents": [
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"Entry maintenance"
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}
],
"examples": [
{
"text": "ignore + -tion → ignortion",
"type": "example"
},
{
"text": "scrimp + -tion → scrimption",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Used to form nouns meaning \"the action of (a verb)\" or \"the result of (a verb)\". Words ending in this suffix are almost always derived from a similar Latin word; a few (e.g. gumption) are not derived from Latin and are unrelated to any verb. More often, -ation is used."
],
"id": "en--tion-en-suffix-UFz5H3u5",
"links": [
[
"gumption",
"gumption#English"
],
[
"-ation",
"-ation#English"
]
],
"qualifier": "non-productive",
"raw_glosses": [
"(non-productive) Used to form nouns meaning \"the action of (a verb)\" or \"the result of (a verb)\". Words ending in this suffix are almost always derived from a similar Latin word; a few (e.g. gumption) are not derived from Latin and are unrelated to any verb. More often, -ation is used."
],
"related": [
{
"word": "-ion"
},
{
"word": "-ation"
},
{
"word": "-isation"
},
{
"word": "-ization"
},
{
"word": "-al"
},
{
"word": "-ing"
},
{
"word": "-ure"
}
],
"synonyms": [
{
"english": "as in complexion",
"word": "-ion"
},
{
"word": "-sion"
},
{
"english": "as in definition",
"word": "-ition"
},
{
"word": "⠰⠝"
}
],
"tags": [
"morpheme"
],
"translations": [
{
"code": "af",
"lang": "Afrikaans",
"sense": "producing a noun meaning the action or effect of a verb",
"word": "-sie"
},
{
"code": "hy",
"lang": "Armenian",
"roman": "-utʻyun",
"sense": "producing a noun meaning the action or effect of a verb",
"word": "-ություն"
},
{
"code": "hy",
"lang": "Armenian",
"roman": "-cʻia",
"sense": "producing a noun meaning the action or effect of a verb",
"word": "-ցիա"
},
{
"code": "az",
"lang": "Azerbaijani",
"sense": "producing a noun meaning the action or effect of a verb",
"word": "-siya"
},
{
"code": "az",
"lang": "Azerbaijani",
"sense": "producing a noun meaning the action or effect of a verb",
"tags": [
"South-Azerbaijani"
],
"word": "-ţiya"
},
{
"code": "az",
"lang": "Azerbaijani",
"sense": "producing a noun meaning the action or effect of a verb",
"word": "-mə"
},
{
"code": "az",
"lang": "Azerbaijani",
"sense": "producing a noun meaning the action or effect of a verb",
"word": "-ləşmə"
},
{
"code": "eu",
"lang": "Basque",
"sense": "producing a noun meaning the action or effect of a verb",
"word": "-zio"
},
{
"code": "be",
"lang": "Belarusian",
"roman": "-cyja",
"sense": "producing a noun meaning the action or effect of a verb",
"word": "-цыя"
},
{
"code": "bg",
"lang": "Bulgarian",
"roman": "-cija",
"sense": "producing a noun meaning the action or effect of a verb",
"word": "-ция"
},
{
"code": "ca",
"lang": "Catalan",
"note": "always forms a feminine noun",
"sense": "producing a noun meaning the action or effect of a verb",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "-ció"
},
{
"code": "crh",
"lang": "Crimean Tatar",
"sense": "producing a noun meaning the action or effect of a verb",
"word": "-tsiya"
},
{
"code": "cs",
"lang": "Czech",
"sense": "producing a noun meaning the action or effect of a verb",
"word": "-ce"
},
{
"code": "da",
"lang": "Danish",
"sense": "producing a noun meaning the action or effect of a verb",
"tags": [
"common-gender"
],
"word": "-tion"
},
{
"code": "nl",
"lang": "Dutch",
"sense": "producing a noun meaning the action or effect of a verb",
"tags": [
"Germanic"
],
"word": "-ing"
},
{
"code": "nl",
"lang": "Dutch",
"sense": "producing a noun meaning the action or effect of a verb",
"word": "-tie (Romanic)"
},
{
"code": "eo",
"lang": "Esperanto",
"sense": "producing a noun meaning the action or effect of a verb",
"word": "-ado"
},
{
"code": "et",
"lang": "Estonian",
"sense": "producing a noun meaning the action or effect of a verb",
"word": "-tsioon"
},
{
"code": "fo",
"lang": "Faroese",
"sense": "producing a noun meaning the action or effect of a verb",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "-sjón"
},
{
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "producing a noun meaning the action or effect of a verb",
"word": "-minen"
},
{
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "producing a noun meaning the action or effect of a verb",
"word": "-tio"
},
{
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "producing a noun meaning the action or effect of a verb",
"word": "-tion"
},
{
"code": "gag",
"lang": "Gagauz",
"sense": "producing a noun meaning the action or effect of a verb",
"word": "-ţiya"
},
{
"code": "gl",
"lang": "Galician",
"sense": "producing a noun meaning the action or effect of a verb",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "-ción"
},
{
"code": "gl",
"lang": "Galician",
"sense": "producing a noun meaning the action or effect of a verb",
"word": "-ção"
},
{
"code": "gl",
"english": "reintegrationist",
"lang": "Galician",
"sense": "producing a noun meaning the action or effect of a verb",
"word": "-çom"
},
{
"code": "ka",
"lang": "Georgian",
"roman": "-cia",
"sense": "producing a noun meaning the action or effect of a verb",
"word": "-ცია"
},
{
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "producing a noun meaning the action or effect of a verb",
"tags": [
"Germanic",
"feminine"
],
"word": "-ung"
},
{
"code": "de",
"english": "Latin; Romanic",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "producing a noun meaning the action or effect of a verb",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "-tion"
},
{
"code": "ht",
"lang": "Haitian Creole",
"sense": "producing a noun meaning the action or effect of a verb",
"word": "-syon"
},
{
"code": "he",
"lang": "Hebrew",
"roman": "tsya",
"sense": "producing a noun meaning the action or effect of a verb",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "-ציה"
},
{
"code": "hu",
"lang": "Hungarian",
"sense": "producing a noun meaning the action or effect of a verb",
"word": "-ció"
},
{
"code": "id",
"lang": "Indonesian",
"sense": "producing a noun meaning the action or effect of a verb",
"word": "-si"
},
{
"code": "it",
"lang": "Italian",
"note": "unless previous letter was \"s\", when \"t\" remains as is, like in \"digestione\", \"questione\"",
"sense": "producing a noun meaning the action or effect of a verb",
"tags": [
"usually"
],
"word": "-zione"
},
{
"alt": "-か",
"code": "ja",
"lang": "Japanese",
"roman": "-ka",
"sense": "producing a noun meaning the action or effect of a verb",
"word": "-化"
},
{
"code": "kk",
"lang": "Kazakh",
"roman": "-siä",
"sense": "producing a noun meaning the action or effect of a verb",
"word": "-ция"
},
{
"code": "km",
"lang": "Khmer",
"roman": "kaa",
"sense": "producing a noun meaning the action or effect of a verb",
"word": "ការ"
},
{
"code": "ky",
"lang": "Kyrgyz",
"roman": "-tsiya",
"sense": "producing a noun meaning the action or effect of a verb",
"word": "-ция"
},
{
"code": "lad",
"lang": "Ladino",
"sense": "producing a noun meaning the action or effect of a verb",
"word": "-syon"
},
{
"code": "cnh",
"lang": "Lai",
"sense": "producing a noun meaning the action or effect of a verb",
"word": "-nak, -cio"
},
{
"code": "la",
"lang": "Latin",
"sense": "producing a noun meaning the action or effect of a verb",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "-tiō"
},
{
"code": "lv",
"lang": "Latvian",
"sense": "producing a noun meaning the action or effect of a verb",
"word": "-cija"
},
{
"code": "lt",
"lang": "Lithuanian",
"sense": "producing a noun meaning the action or effect of a verb",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "-cija"
},
{
"code": "lb",
"lang": "Luxembourgish",
"sense": "producing a noun meaning the action or effect of a verb",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "-tioun"
},
{
"code": "mk",
"lang": "Macedonian",
"roman": "-cija",
"sense": "producing a noun meaning the action or effect of a verb",
"word": "-ција"
},
{
"code": "ms",
"lang": "Malay",
"sense": "producing a noun meaning the action or effect of a verb",
"word": "-si"
},
{
"code": "ms",
"lang": "Malay",
"sense": "producing a noun meaning the action or effect of a verb",
"word": "-syen"
},
{
"code": "ms",
"lang": "Malay",
"sense": "producing a noun meaning the action or effect of a verb",
"word": "-sen"
},
{
"code": "ms",
"lang": "Malay",
"sense": "producing a noun meaning the action or effect of a verb",
"word": "peng--an"
},
{
"code": "ms",
"lang": "Malay",
"sense": "producing a noun meaning the action or effect of a verb",
"word": "per--an"
},
{
"code": "no",
"lang": "Norwegian",
"sense": "producing a noun meaning the action or effect of a verb",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "-sjon"
},
{
"code": "oc",
"lang": "Occitan",
"sense": "producing a noun meaning the action or effect of a verb",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "-cion"
},
{
"code": "ang",
"lang": "Old English",
"sense": "producing a noun meaning the action or effect of a verb",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "-ing"
},
{
"code": "pl",
"lang": "Polish",
"sense": "producing a noun meaning the action or effect of a verb",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "-cja"
},
{
"code": "pt",
"lang": "Portuguese",
"note": "-ção (unless previous letter was \"s\", when \"t\" remains as is, like in \"digestão\", \"questão\")",
"sense": "producing a noun meaning the action or effect of a verb",
"tags": [
"usually"
]
},
{
"code": "ro",
"lang": "Romanian",
"sense": "producing a noun meaning the action or effect of a verb",
"word": "-ție"
},
{
"code": "ro",
"lang": "Romanian",
"note": "unless previous letter was \"s\", when \"t\" remains as is, like in \"digestie\", \"chestiune\"",
"sense": "producing a noun meaning the action or effect of a verb",
"tags": [
"usually"
],
"word": "-țiune"
},
{
"code": "ro",
"lang": "Romanian",
"sense": "producing a noun meaning the action or effect of a verb",
"word": "-ciune"
},
{
"code": "rm",
"lang": "Romansch",
"sense": "producing a noun meaning the action or effect of a verb",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "-ziun"
},
{
"code": "rm",
"lang": "Romansch",
"sense": "producing a noun meaning the action or effect of a verb",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "-schun"
},
{
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "-cija",
"sense": "producing a noun meaning the action or effect of a verb",
"word": "-ция"
},
{
"code": "sh",
"lang": "Serbo-Croatian",
"sense": "producing a noun meaning the action or effect of a verb",
"tags": [
"Cyrillic"
],
"word": "-ција"
},
{
"code": "sh",
"lang": "Serbo-Croatian",
"sense": "producing a noun meaning the action or effect of a verb",
"tags": [
"Latin"
],
"word": "-cija"
},
{
"code": "sk",
"lang": "Slovak",
"sense": "producing a noun meaning the action or effect of a verb",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "-cia"
},
{
"code": "sl",
"lang": "Slovene",
"sense": "producing a noun meaning the action or effect of a verb",
"word": "-cija"
},
{
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"note": "-ción (unless previous letter was \"s\", when \"t\" remains as is, like in \"digestión\", \"cuestión\")",
"sense": "producing a noun meaning the action or effect of a verb",
"tags": [
"usually"
]
},
{
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"note": "for few specific cases",
"sense": "producing a noun meaning the action or effect of a verb",
"word": "-xión"
},
{
"code": "sv",
"lang": "Swedish",
"sense": "producing a noun meaning the action or effect of a verb",
"tags": [
"common-gender"
],
"word": "-tion"
},
{
"code": "sv",
"lang": "Swedish",
"sense": "producing a noun meaning the action or effect of a verb",
"tags": [
"common-gender"
],
"word": "-ing"
},
{
"code": "tl",
"lang": "Tagalog",
"note": "used for borrowed words, like in edukasiyon",
"sense": "producing a noun meaning the action or effect of a verb",
"tags": [
"usually"
],
"word": "-siyon"
},
{
"code": "tg",
"lang": "Tajik",
"roman": "-tsiya",
"sense": "producing a noun meaning the action or effect of a verb",
"word": "-тсия"
},
{
"code": "th",
"lang": "Thai",
"roman": "gaan",
"sense": "producing a noun meaning the action or effect of a verb",
"word": "การ"
},
{
"code": "th",
"lang": "Thai",
"roman": "kwaam",
"sense": "producing a noun meaning the action or effect of a verb",
"word": "ความ"
},
{
"code": "tr",
"lang": "Turkish",
"sense": "producing a noun meaning the action or effect of a verb",
"word": "-syon"
},
{
"code": "tk",
"lang": "Turkmen",
"sense": "producing a noun meaning the action or effect of a verb",
"word": "-siýa"
},
{
"code": "uk",
"lang": "Ukrainian",
"roman": "-nnja",
"sense": "producing a noun meaning the action or effect of a verb",
"word": "-ння"
},
{
"code": "uk",
"lang": "Ukrainian",
"roman": "-cija",
"sense": "producing a noun meaning the action or effect of a verb",
"word": "-ція"
},
{
"code": "uz",
"lang": "Uzbek",
"sense": "producing a noun meaning the action or effect of a verb",
"word": "-tsiya"
},
{
"code": "fy",
"lang": "West Frisian",
"sense": "producing a noun meaning the action or effect of a verb",
"word": "-sje"
},
{
"code": "yi",
"lang": "Yiddish",
"roman": "-ung",
"sense": "producing a noun meaning the action or effect of a verb",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "־ונג"
}
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/-ʃən/"
},
{
"ipa": "/-tʃən/",
"note": "after a preceding “s”"
}
],
"word": "-tion"
}
{
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ms",
"2": "-syen",
"3": "-sen",
"bor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ Malay: -syen, -sen",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ Malay: -syen, -sen"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "enm",
"3": "-cioun"
},
"expansion": "Middle English -cioun",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "fro",
"3": "-tion"
},
"expansion": "Old French -tion",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "la",
"3": "-tiō"
},
"expansion": "Latin -tiō",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "enm",
"3": "",
"4": "-cioun"
},
"expansion": "Middle English -cioun",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "frm",
"2": "-tion"
},
"expansion": "Middle French -tion",
"name": "cog"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Middle English -cioun, borrowing from Old French -tion, -cion, borrowed from the stem of Latin -tiō. The Middle English -cioun became -tion in Modern English under the influence of the Middle French -tion and original Latin spellings.",
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "suffix",
"cat2": "",
"cat3": "",
"head": "",
"id": ""
},
"expansion": "-tion",
"name": "head"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "-tion",
"name": "en-suffix"
}
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "suffix",
"related": [
{
"word": "-ion"
},
{
"word": "-ation"
},
{
"word": "-isation"
},
{
"word": "-ization"
},
{
"word": "-al"
},
{
"word": "-ing"
},
{
"word": "-ure"
}
],
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"English entries with incorrect language header",
"English lemmas",
"English suffixes",
"English terms derived from Latin",
"English terms derived from Middle English",
"English terms derived from Old French",
"English terms inherited from Middle English",
"English unproductive suffixes",
"Entries with translation boxes",
"Hebrew terms with redundant script codes",
"Japanese terms with redundant script codes",
"Khmer terms with redundant script codes",
"Lai terms in nonstandard scripts",
"Pages with 5 entries",
"Pages with entries",
"Terms with Afrikaans translations",
"Terms with Armenian translations",
"Terms with Azerbaijani translations",
"Terms with Basque translations",
"Terms with Belarusian translations",
"Terms with Bulgarian translations",
"Terms with Catalan translations",
"Terms with Crimean Tatar translations",
"Terms with Czech translations",
"Terms with Danish translations",
"Terms with Dutch translations",
"Terms with Esperanto translations",
"Terms with Estonian translations",
"Terms with Faroese translations",
"Terms with Finnish translations",
"Terms with French translations",
"Terms with Gagauz translations",
"Terms with Galician translations",
"Terms with Georgian translations",
"Terms with German translations",
"Terms with Haitian Creole translations",
"Terms with Hebrew translations",
"Terms with Hungarian translations",
"Terms with Indonesian translations",
"Terms with Italian translations",
"Terms with Japanese translations",
"Terms with Kazakh translations",
"Terms with Khmer translations",
"Terms with Kyrgyz translations",
"Terms with Ladino translations",
"Terms with Lai translations",
"Terms with Latin translations",
"Terms with Latvian translations",
"Terms with Lithuanian translations",
"Terms with Luxembourgish translations",
"Terms with Macedonian translations",
"Terms with Malay translations",
"Terms with Norwegian translations",
"Terms with Occitan translations",
"Terms with Old English translations",
"Terms with Polish translations",
"Terms with Portuguese translations",
"Terms with Romanian translations",
"Terms with Romansch translations",
"Terms with Russian translations",
"Terms with Serbo-Croatian translations",
"Terms with Slovak translations",
"Terms with Slovene translations",
"Terms with Spanish translations",
"Terms with Swedish translations",
"Terms with Tagalog translations",
"Terms with Tajik translations",
"Terms with Thai translations",
"Terms with Turkish translations",
"Terms with Turkmen translations",
"Terms with Ukrainian translations",
"Terms with Uzbek translations",
"Terms with West Frisian translations",
"Terms with Yiddish translations",
"Yiddish terms with redundant script codes"
],
"examples": [
{
"text": "ignore + -tion → ignortion",
"type": "example"
},
{
"text": "scrimp + -tion → scrimption",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Used to form nouns meaning \"the action of (a verb)\" or \"the result of (a verb)\". Words ending in this suffix are almost always derived from a similar Latin word; a few (e.g. gumption) are not derived from Latin and are unrelated to any verb. More often, -ation is used."
],
"links": [
[
"gumption",
"gumption#English"
],
[
"-ation",
"-ation#English"
]
],
"qualifier": "non-productive",
"raw_glosses": [
"(non-productive) Used to form nouns meaning \"the action of (a verb)\" or \"the result of (a verb)\". Words ending in this suffix are almost always derived from a similar Latin word; a few (e.g. gumption) are not derived from Latin and are unrelated to any verb. More often, -ation is used."
],
"tags": [
"morpheme"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/-ʃən/"
},
{
"ipa": "/-tʃən/",
"note": "after a preceding “s”"
}
],
"synonyms": [
{
"english": "as in complexion",
"word": "-ion"
},
{
"word": "-sion"
},
{
"english": "as in definition",
"word": "-ition"
},
{
"word": "⠰⠝"
}
],
"translations": [
{
"code": "af",
"lang": "Afrikaans",
"sense": "producing a noun meaning the action or effect of a verb",
"word": "-sie"
},
{
"code": "hy",
"lang": "Armenian",
"roman": "-utʻyun",
"sense": "producing a noun meaning the action or effect of a verb",
"word": "-ություն"
},
{
"code": "hy",
"lang": "Armenian",
"roman": "-cʻia",
"sense": "producing a noun meaning the action or effect of a verb",
"word": "-ցիա"
},
{
"code": "az",
"lang": "Azerbaijani",
"sense": "producing a noun meaning the action or effect of a verb",
"word": "-siya"
},
{
"code": "az",
"lang": "Azerbaijani",
"sense": "producing a noun meaning the action or effect of a verb",
"tags": [
"South-Azerbaijani"
],
"word": "-ţiya"
},
{
"code": "az",
"lang": "Azerbaijani",
"sense": "producing a noun meaning the action or effect of a verb",
"word": "-mə"
},
{
"code": "az",
"lang": "Azerbaijani",
"sense": "producing a noun meaning the action or effect of a verb",
"word": "-ləşmə"
},
{
"code": "eu",
"lang": "Basque",
"sense": "producing a noun meaning the action or effect of a verb",
"word": "-zio"
},
{
"code": "be",
"lang": "Belarusian",
"roman": "-cyja",
"sense": "producing a noun meaning the action or effect of a verb",
"word": "-цыя"
},
{
"code": "bg",
"lang": "Bulgarian",
"roman": "-cija",
"sense": "producing a noun meaning the action or effect of a verb",
"word": "-ция"
},
{
"code": "ca",
"lang": "Catalan",
"note": "always forms a feminine noun",
"sense": "producing a noun meaning the action or effect of a verb",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "-ció"
},
{
"code": "crh",
"lang": "Crimean Tatar",
"sense": "producing a noun meaning the action or effect of a verb",
"word": "-tsiya"
},
{
"code": "cs",
"lang": "Czech",
"sense": "producing a noun meaning the action or effect of a verb",
"word": "-ce"
},
{
"code": "da",
"lang": "Danish",
"sense": "producing a noun meaning the action or effect of a verb",
"tags": [
"common-gender"
],
"word": "-tion"
},
{
"code": "nl",
"lang": "Dutch",
"sense": "producing a noun meaning the action or effect of a verb",
"tags": [
"Germanic"
],
"word": "-ing"
},
{
"code": "nl",
"lang": "Dutch",
"sense": "producing a noun meaning the action or effect of a verb",
"word": "-tie (Romanic)"
},
{
"code": "eo",
"lang": "Esperanto",
"sense": "producing a noun meaning the action or effect of a verb",
"word": "-ado"
},
{
"code": "et",
"lang": "Estonian",
"sense": "producing a noun meaning the action or effect of a verb",
"word": "-tsioon"
},
{
"code": "fo",
"lang": "Faroese",
"sense": "producing a noun meaning the action or effect of a verb",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "-sjón"
},
{
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "producing a noun meaning the action or effect of a verb",
"word": "-minen"
},
{
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "producing a noun meaning the action or effect of a verb",
"word": "-tio"
},
{
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "producing a noun meaning the action or effect of a verb",
"word": "-tion"
},
{
"code": "gag",
"lang": "Gagauz",
"sense": "producing a noun meaning the action or effect of a verb",
"word": "-ţiya"
},
{
"code": "gl",
"lang": "Galician",
"sense": "producing a noun meaning the action or effect of a verb",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "-ción"
},
{
"code": "gl",
"lang": "Galician",
"sense": "producing a noun meaning the action or effect of a verb",
"word": "-ção"
},
{
"code": "gl",
"english": "reintegrationist",
"lang": "Galician",
"sense": "producing a noun meaning the action or effect of a verb",
"word": "-çom"
},
{
"code": "ka",
"lang": "Georgian",
"roman": "-cia",
"sense": "producing a noun meaning the action or effect of a verb",
"word": "-ცია"
},
{
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "producing a noun meaning the action or effect of a verb",
"tags": [
"Germanic",
"feminine"
],
"word": "-ung"
},
{
"code": "de",
"english": "Latin; Romanic",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "producing a noun meaning the action or effect of a verb",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "-tion"
},
{
"code": "ht",
"lang": "Haitian Creole",
"sense": "producing a noun meaning the action or effect of a verb",
"word": "-syon"
},
{
"code": "he",
"lang": "Hebrew",
"roman": "tsya",
"sense": "producing a noun meaning the action or effect of a verb",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "-ציה"
},
{
"code": "hu",
"lang": "Hungarian",
"sense": "producing a noun meaning the action or effect of a verb",
"word": "-ció"
},
{
"code": "id",
"lang": "Indonesian",
"sense": "producing a noun meaning the action or effect of a verb",
"word": "-si"
},
{
"code": "it",
"lang": "Italian",
"note": "unless previous letter was \"s\", when \"t\" remains as is, like in \"digestione\", \"questione\"",
"sense": "producing a noun meaning the action or effect of a verb",
"tags": [
"usually"
],
"word": "-zione"
},
{
"alt": "-か",
"code": "ja",
"lang": "Japanese",
"roman": "-ka",
"sense": "producing a noun meaning the action or effect of a verb",
"word": "-化"
},
{
"code": "kk",
"lang": "Kazakh",
"roman": "-siä",
"sense": "producing a noun meaning the action or effect of a verb",
"word": "-ция"
},
{
"code": "km",
"lang": "Khmer",
"roman": "kaa",
"sense": "producing a noun meaning the action or effect of a verb",
"word": "ការ"
},
{
"code": "ky",
"lang": "Kyrgyz",
"roman": "-tsiya",
"sense": "producing a noun meaning the action or effect of a verb",
"word": "-ция"
},
{
"code": "lad",
"lang": "Ladino",
"sense": "producing a noun meaning the action or effect of a verb",
"word": "-syon"
},
{
"code": "cnh",
"lang": "Lai",
"sense": "producing a noun meaning the action or effect of a verb",
"word": "-nak, -cio"
},
{
"code": "la",
"lang": "Latin",
"sense": "producing a noun meaning the action or effect of a verb",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "-tiō"
},
{
"code": "lv",
"lang": "Latvian",
"sense": "producing a noun meaning the action or effect of a verb",
"word": "-cija"
},
{
"code": "lt",
"lang": "Lithuanian",
"sense": "producing a noun meaning the action or effect of a verb",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "-cija"
},
{
"code": "lb",
"lang": "Luxembourgish",
"sense": "producing a noun meaning the action or effect of a verb",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "-tioun"
},
{
"code": "mk",
"lang": "Macedonian",
"roman": "-cija",
"sense": "producing a noun meaning the action or effect of a verb",
"word": "-ција"
},
{
"code": "ms",
"lang": "Malay",
"sense": "producing a noun meaning the action or effect of a verb",
"word": "-si"
},
{
"code": "ms",
"lang": "Malay",
"sense": "producing a noun meaning the action or effect of a verb",
"word": "-syen"
},
{
"code": "ms",
"lang": "Malay",
"sense": "producing a noun meaning the action or effect of a verb",
"word": "-sen"
},
{
"code": "ms",
"lang": "Malay",
"sense": "producing a noun meaning the action or effect of a verb",
"word": "peng--an"
},
{
"code": "ms",
"lang": "Malay",
"sense": "producing a noun meaning the action or effect of a verb",
"word": "per--an"
},
{
"code": "no",
"lang": "Norwegian",
"sense": "producing a noun meaning the action or effect of a verb",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "-sjon"
},
{
"code": "oc",
"lang": "Occitan",
"sense": "producing a noun meaning the action or effect of a verb",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "-cion"
},
{
"code": "ang",
"lang": "Old English",
"sense": "producing a noun meaning the action or effect of a verb",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "-ing"
},
{
"code": "pl",
"lang": "Polish",
"sense": "producing a noun meaning the action or effect of a verb",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "-cja"
},
{
"code": "pt",
"lang": "Portuguese",
"note": "-ção (unless previous letter was \"s\", when \"t\" remains as is, like in \"digestão\", \"questão\")",
"sense": "producing a noun meaning the action or effect of a verb",
"tags": [
"usually"
]
},
{
"code": "ro",
"lang": "Romanian",
"sense": "producing a noun meaning the action or effect of a verb",
"word": "-ție"
},
{
"code": "ro",
"lang": "Romanian",
"note": "unless previous letter was \"s\", when \"t\" remains as is, like in \"digestie\", \"chestiune\"",
"sense": "producing a noun meaning the action or effect of a verb",
"tags": [
"usually"
],
"word": "-țiune"
},
{
"code": "ro",
"lang": "Romanian",
"sense": "producing a noun meaning the action or effect of a verb",
"word": "-ciune"
},
{
"code": "rm",
"lang": "Romansch",
"sense": "producing a noun meaning the action or effect of a verb",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "-ziun"
},
{
"code": "rm",
"lang": "Romansch",
"sense": "producing a noun meaning the action or effect of a verb",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "-schun"
},
{
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "-cija",
"sense": "producing a noun meaning the action or effect of a verb",
"word": "-ция"
},
{
"code": "sh",
"lang": "Serbo-Croatian",
"sense": "producing a noun meaning the action or effect of a verb",
"tags": [
"Cyrillic"
],
"word": "-ција"
},
{
"code": "sh",
"lang": "Serbo-Croatian",
"sense": "producing a noun meaning the action or effect of a verb",
"tags": [
"Latin"
],
"word": "-cija"
},
{
"code": "sk",
"lang": "Slovak",
"sense": "producing a noun meaning the action or effect of a verb",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "-cia"
},
{
"code": "sl",
"lang": "Slovene",
"sense": "producing a noun meaning the action or effect of a verb",
"word": "-cija"
},
{
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"note": "-ción (unless previous letter was \"s\", when \"t\" remains as is, like in \"digestión\", \"cuestión\")",
"sense": "producing a noun meaning the action or effect of a verb",
"tags": [
"usually"
]
},
{
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"note": "for few specific cases",
"sense": "producing a noun meaning the action or effect of a verb",
"word": "-xión"
},
{
"code": "sv",
"lang": "Swedish",
"sense": "producing a noun meaning the action or effect of a verb",
"tags": [
"common-gender"
],
"word": "-tion"
},
{
"code": "sv",
"lang": "Swedish",
"sense": "producing a noun meaning the action or effect of a verb",
"tags": [
"common-gender"
],
"word": "-ing"
},
{
"code": "tl",
"lang": "Tagalog",
"note": "used for borrowed words, like in edukasiyon",
"sense": "producing a noun meaning the action or effect of a verb",
"tags": [
"usually"
],
"word": "-siyon"
},
{
"code": "tg",
"lang": "Tajik",
"roman": "-tsiya",
"sense": "producing a noun meaning the action or effect of a verb",
"word": "-тсия"
},
{
"code": "th",
"lang": "Thai",
"roman": "gaan",
"sense": "producing a noun meaning the action or effect of a verb",
"word": "การ"
},
{
"code": "th",
"lang": "Thai",
"roman": "kwaam",
"sense": "producing a noun meaning the action or effect of a verb",
"word": "ความ"
},
{
"code": "tr",
"lang": "Turkish",
"sense": "producing a noun meaning the action or effect of a verb",
"word": "-syon"
},
{
"code": "tk",
"lang": "Turkmen",
"sense": "producing a noun meaning the action or effect of a verb",
"word": "-siýa"
},
{
"code": "uk",
"lang": "Ukrainian",
"roman": "-nnja",
"sense": "producing a noun meaning the action or effect of a verb",
"word": "-ння"
},
{
"code": "uk",
"lang": "Ukrainian",
"roman": "-cija",
"sense": "producing a noun meaning the action or effect of a verb",
"word": "-ція"
},
{
"code": "uz",
"lang": "Uzbek",
"sense": "producing a noun meaning the action or effect of a verb",
"word": "-tsiya"
},
{
"code": "fy",
"lang": "West Frisian",
"sense": "producing a noun meaning the action or effect of a verb",
"word": "-sje"
},
{
"code": "yi",
"lang": "Yiddish",
"roman": "-ung",
"sense": "producing a noun meaning the action or effect of a verb",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "־ונג"
}
],
"word": "-tion"
}
Download raw JSONL data for -tion meaning in English (16.2kB)
{
"called_from": "translations/609-20230504",
"msg": "Translation too long compared to word, so it is skipped",
"path": [
"-tion"
],
"section": "English",
"subsection": "suffix",
"title": "-tion",
"trace": ""
}
{
"called_from": "translations/609-20230504",
"msg": "Translation too long compared to word, so it is skipped",
"path": [
"-tion"
],
"section": "English",
"subsection": "suffix",
"title": "-tion",
"trace": ""
}
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable English dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2024-12-15 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2024-12-04 using wiktextract (8a39820 and 4401a4c). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.