See -tion on Wiktionary
Download JSON data for -tion meaning in All languages combined (17.8kB)
{
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ms",
"2": "-syen",
"3": "-sen",
"bor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ Malay: -syen, -sen",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ Malay: -syen, -sen"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "enm",
"3": "-cioun"
},
"expansion": "Middle English -cioun",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "fro",
"3": "-tion"
},
"expansion": "Old French -tion",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "fro",
"2": "-cion"
},
"expansion": "-cion",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "la",
"3": "-tiō"
},
"expansion": "Latin -tiō",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "enm",
"3": "",
"4": "-cioun"
},
"expansion": "Middle English -cioun",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "",
"3": "-tion"
},
"expansion": "-tion",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "frm",
"2": "-tion"
},
"expansion": "Middle French -tion",
"name": "cog"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Middle English -cioun, borrowing from Old French -tion, -cion, borrowed from the stem of Latin -tiō. The Middle English -cioun became -tion in Modern English under the influence of the Middle French -tion and original Latin spellings.",
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "suffix",
"cat2": "",
"cat3": "",
"head": "",
"id": ""
},
"expansion": "-tion",
"name": "head"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "-tion",
"name": "en-suffix"
}
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "suffix",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "English entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "English entries with language name categories using raw markup",
"parents": [
"Entries with language name categories using raw markup",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "English terms with redundant sortkeys",
"parents": [
"Terms with redundant sortkeys",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Hebrew terms with redundant script codes",
"parents": [
"Terms with redundant script codes",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Japanese terms with redundant script codes",
"parents": [
"Terms with redundant script codes",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Khmer terms with redundant script codes",
"parents": [
"Terms with redundant script codes",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with raw sortkeys",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Yiddish terms with redundant script codes",
"parents": [
"Terms with redundant script codes",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"text": "ignore + -tion → ignortion",
"type": "example"
},
{
"text": "scrimp + -tion → scrimption",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Used to form nouns meaning \"the action of (a verb)\" or \"the result of (a verb)\". Words ending in this suffix are almost always derived from a similar Latin word; a few (e.g. gumption) are not derived from Latin and are unrelated to any verb. More often, -ation is used."
],
"id": "en--tion-en-suffix-UFz5H3u5",
"links": [
[
"gumption",
"gumption#English"
],
[
"-ation",
"-ation#English"
]
],
"qualifier": "non-productive",
"raw_glosses": [
"(non-productive) Used to form nouns meaning \"the action of (a verb)\" or \"the result of (a verb)\". Words ending in this suffix are almost always derived from a similar Latin word; a few (e.g. gumption) are not derived from Latin and are unrelated to any verb. More often, -ation is used."
],
"related": [
{
"word": "-ion"
},
{
"word": "-ation"
},
{
"word": "-isation"
},
{
"word": "-ization"
},
{
"word": "-al"
},
{
"word": "-ing"
},
{
"word": "-ure"
}
],
"synonyms": [
{
"english": "as in complexion",
"word": "-ion"
},
{
"word": "-sion"
},
{
"english": "as in definition",
"word": "-ition"
},
{
"word": "⠰⠝"
}
],
"tags": [
"morpheme"
],
"translations": [
{
"code": "hy",
"lang": "Armenian",
"roman": "-utʻyun",
"sense": "producing a noun meaning the action or effect of a verb",
"word": "-ություն"
},
{
"code": "az",
"lang": "Azerbaijani",
"sense": "producing a noun meaning the action or effect of a verb",
"word": "-siya"
},
{
"code": "az",
"lang": "Azerbaijani",
"sense": "producing a noun meaning the action or effect of a verb",
"tags": [
"South-Azerbaijani"
],
"word": "-ţiya"
},
{
"code": "az",
"lang": "Azerbaijani",
"sense": "producing a noun meaning the action or effect of a verb",
"word": "-mə"
},
{
"code": "az",
"lang": "Azerbaijani",
"sense": "producing a noun meaning the action or effect of a verb",
"word": "-ləşmə"
},
{
"code": "ca",
"lang": "Catalan",
"note": "always forms a feminine noun",
"sense": "producing a noun meaning the action or effect of a verb",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "-ció"
},
{
"code": "cs",
"lang": "Czech",
"sense": "producing a noun meaning the action or effect of a verb",
"word": "-ce"
},
{
"code": "da",
"lang": "Danish",
"sense": "producing a noun meaning the action or effect of a verb",
"tags": [
"common-gender"
],
"word": "-tion"
},
{
"code": "nl",
"lang": "Dutch",
"sense": "producing a noun meaning the action or effect of a verb",
"tags": [
"Germanic"
],
"word": "-ing"
},
{
"code": "nl",
"lang": "Dutch",
"sense": "producing a noun meaning the action or effect of a verb",
"word": "-tie (Romanic)"
},
{
"code": "eo",
"lang": "Esperanto",
"sense": "producing a noun meaning the action or effect of a verb",
"word": "-ado"
},
{
"code": "fo",
"lang": "Faroese",
"sense": "producing a noun meaning the action or effect of a verb",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "-sjón"
},
{
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "producing a noun meaning the action or effect of a verb",
"word": "-minen"
},
{
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "producing a noun meaning the action or effect of a verb",
"word": "-tio"
},
{
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "producing a noun meaning the action or effect of a verb",
"word": "-tion"
},
{
"code": "gag",
"lang": "Gagauz",
"sense": "producing a noun meaning the action or effect of a verb",
"word": "-ţiya"
},
{
"code": "gl",
"lang": "Galician",
"sense": "producing a noun meaning the action or effect of a verb",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "-ción"
},
{
"code": "gl",
"lang": "Galician",
"sense": "producing a noun meaning the action or effect of a verb",
"word": "-ção"
},
{
"code": "gl",
"english": "reintegrationist",
"lang": "Galician",
"sense": "producing a noun meaning the action or effect of a verb",
"word": "-çom"
},
{
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "producing a noun meaning the action or effect of a verb",
"tags": [
"Germanic",
"feminine"
],
"word": "-ung"
},
{
"code": "de",
"english": "Latin; Romanic",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "producing a noun meaning the action or effect of a verb",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "-tion"
},
{
"code": "he",
"lang": "Hebrew",
"roman": "tsya",
"sense": "producing a noun meaning the action or effect of a verb",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "-ציה"
},
{
"code": "hu",
"lang": "Hungarian",
"sense": "producing a noun meaning the action or effect of a verb",
"word": "-ció"
},
{
"code": "it",
"lang": "Italian",
"note": "unless previous letter was \"s\", when \"t\" remains as is, like in \"digestione\", \"questione\"",
"sense": "producing a noun meaning the action or effect of a verb",
"tags": [
"usually"
],
"word": "-zione"
},
{
"alt": "-か",
"code": "ja",
"lang": "Japanese",
"roman": "-ka",
"sense": "producing a noun meaning the action or effect of a verb",
"word": "-化"
},
{
"code": "kk",
"lang": "Kazakh",
"roman": "-siä",
"sense": "producing a noun meaning the action or effect of a verb",
"word": "-ция"
},
{
"code": "km",
"lang": "Khmer",
"roman": "kaa",
"sense": "producing a noun meaning the action or effect of a verb",
"word": "ការ"
},
{
"code": "ky",
"lang": "Kyrgyz",
"roman": "-tsiya",
"sense": "producing a noun meaning the action or effect of a verb",
"word": "-ция"
},
{
"code": "lad",
"lang": "Ladino",
"sense": "producing a noun meaning the action or effect of a verb",
"word": "-syon"
},
{
"code": "la",
"lang": "Latin",
"sense": "producing a noun meaning the action or effect of a verb",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "-tiō"
},
{
"code": "lt",
"lang": "Lithuanian",
"sense": "producing a noun meaning the action or effect of a verb",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "-cija"
},
{
"code": "ms",
"lang": "Malay",
"sense": "producing a noun meaning the action or effect of a verb",
"word": "-si"
},
{
"code": "ms",
"lang": "Malay",
"sense": "producing a noun meaning the action or effect of a verb",
"word": "-syen"
},
{
"code": "ms",
"lang": "Malay",
"sense": "producing a noun meaning the action or effect of a verb",
"word": "-sen"
},
{
"code": "ms",
"lang": "Malay",
"sense": "producing a noun meaning the action or effect of a verb",
"word": "peng--an"
},
{
"code": "ms",
"lang": "Malay",
"sense": "producing a noun meaning the action or effect of a verb",
"word": "per--an"
},
{
"code": "no",
"lang": "Norwegian",
"sense": "producing a noun meaning the action or effect of a verb",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "-sjon"
},
{
"code": "oc",
"lang": "Occitan",
"sense": "producing a noun meaning the action or effect of a verb",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "-cion"
},
{
"code": "pl",
"lang": "Polish",
"sense": "producing a noun meaning the action or effect of a verb",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "-cja"
},
{
"code": "pt",
"lang": "Portuguese",
"note": "-ção (unless previous letter was \"s\", when \"t\" remains as is, like in \"digestão\", \"questão\")",
"sense": "producing a noun meaning the action or effect of a verb",
"tags": [
"usually"
]
},
{
"code": "ro",
"lang": "Romanian",
"sense": "producing a noun meaning the action or effect of a verb",
"word": "-ție"
},
{
"code": "ro",
"lang": "Romanian",
"note": "unless previous letter was \"s\", when \"t\" remains as is, like in \"digestie\", \"chestiune\"",
"sense": "producing a noun meaning the action or effect of a verb",
"tags": [
"usually"
],
"word": "-țiune"
},
{
"code": "ro",
"lang": "Romanian",
"sense": "producing a noun meaning the action or effect of a verb",
"word": "-ciune"
},
{
"code": "rm",
"lang": "Romansch",
"sense": "producing a noun meaning the action or effect of a verb",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "-ziun"
},
{
"code": "rm",
"lang": "Romansch",
"sense": "producing a noun meaning the action or effect of a verb",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "-schun"
},
{
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "-cija",
"sense": "producing a noun meaning the action or effect of a verb",
"word": "-ция"
},
{
"code": "sk",
"lang": "Slovak",
"sense": "producing a noun meaning the action or effect of a verb",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "-cia"
},
{
"code": "sl",
"lang": "Slovene",
"sense": "producing a noun meaning the action or effect of a verb",
"word": "-cija"
},
{
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"note": "-ción (unless previous letter was \"s\", when \"t\" remains as is, like in \"digestión\", \"cuestión\")",
"sense": "producing a noun meaning the action or effect of a verb",
"tags": [
"usually"
]
},
{
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"note": "for few specific cases",
"sense": "producing a noun meaning the action or effect of a verb",
"word": "-xión"
},
{
"code": "sv",
"lang": "Swedish",
"sense": "producing a noun meaning the action or effect of a verb",
"tags": [
"common-gender"
],
"word": "-tion"
},
{
"code": "sv",
"lang": "Swedish",
"sense": "producing a noun meaning the action or effect of a verb",
"tags": [
"common-gender"
],
"word": "-ing"
},
{
"code": "tl",
"lang": "Tagalog",
"note": "used for borrowed words, like in edukasiyon",
"sense": "producing a noun meaning the action or effect of a verb",
"tags": [
"usually"
],
"word": "-siyon"
},
{
"code": "th",
"lang": "Thai",
"roman": "gaan",
"sense": "producing a noun meaning the action or effect of a verb",
"word": "การ"
},
{
"code": "th",
"lang": "Thai",
"roman": "kwaam",
"sense": "producing a noun meaning the action or effect of a verb",
"word": "ความ"
},
{
"code": "tr",
"lang": "Turkish",
"sense": "producing a noun meaning the action or effect of a verb",
"word": "-syon"
},
{
"code": "uk",
"lang": "Ukrainian",
"roman": "-nnja",
"sense": "producing a noun meaning the action or effect of a verb",
"word": "-ння"
},
{
"code": "uk",
"lang": "Ukrainian",
"roman": "-cija",
"sense": "producing a noun meaning the action or effect of a verb",
"word": "-ція"
},
{
"code": "yi",
"lang": "Yiddish",
"roman": "-ung",
"sense": "producing a noun meaning the action or effect of a verb",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "־ונג"
}
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/-ʃən/"
},
{
"ipa": "/-tʃən/"
}
],
"word": "-tion"
}
{
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "da",
"2": "suffix"
},
"expansion": "-tion",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Danish",
"lang_code": "da",
"pos": "suffix",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Danish entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with raw sortkeys",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
}
],
"glosses": [
"-tion; making nouns."
],
"id": "en--tion-da-suffix-TbSRa2AT",
"links": [
[
"-tion",
"-tion#English"
]
],
"tags": [
"morpheme"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "[-ˈɕoˀːn]"
}
],
"word": "-tion"
}
{
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "no",
"2": "-",
"bor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ Norwegian:",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "nb",
"2": "-sjon"
},
"expansion": "-sjon",
"name": "l"
}
],
"text": "→ Norwegian: -sjon"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ota",
"2": "ـسیون",
"bor": "1",
"tr": "-syon, -siyon"
},
"expansion": "→ Ottoman Turkish: ـسیون (-syon, -siyon)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ Ottoman Turkish: ـسیون (-syon, -siyon)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "tr",
"2": "-syon",
"3": "-siyon"
},
"expansion": "Turkish: -syon, -siyon",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Turkish: -syon, -siyon"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "fr",
"2": "la",
"3": "-tiōne"
},
"expansion": "Latin -tiōne",
"name": "bor"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "-tiōnem"
},
"expansion": "-tiōnem",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "-tiō"
},
"expansion": "-tiō",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "fr",
"2": "-on"
},
"expansion": "-on",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "fr",
"2": "-aison"
},
"expansion": "-aison",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "fr",
"2": "raison"
},
"expansion": "raison",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "fr",
"2": "saison"
},
"expansion": "saison",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "fr",
"2": "chanson"
},
"expansion": "chanson",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "fr",
"2": "venaison"
},
"expansion": "venaison",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "fr",
"2": "oraison"
},
"expansion": "oraison",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "fr",
"2": "garnison"
},
"expansion": "garnison",
"name": "m"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Borrowed as a learned form from Latin suffix Latin -tiōne or -tiōnem, ending of the singular ablative or accusative of those nouns ending with -tiō (part of the Latin third declension). The original inherited form of the suffix, -on/-son (or -aison from -ātionem), is today less common but can be found in words such as raison, saison, chanson, venaison, oraison, garnison, etc.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "-tions",
"tags": [
"plural"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "f",
"2": "~"
},
"expansion": "-tion f (countable and uncountable, plural -tions)",
"name": "fr-noun"
}
],
"lang": "French",
"lang_code": "fr",
"pos": "suffix",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "French entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with raw sortkeys",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Used to indicate action, condition, result or effect; -tion"
],
"id": "en--tion-fr-suffix-avTZAWtJ",
"links": [
[
"-tion",
"-tion#English"
]
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "-ation"
}
],
"tags": [
"countable",
"feminine",
"morpheme",
"uncountable"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/sjɔ̃/"
},
{
"ipa": "/tjɔ̃/"
},
{
"rhymes": "-ɔ̃"
}
],
"word": "-tion"
}
{
"forms": [
{
"form": "-tion",
"tags": [
"genitive"
]
},
{
"form": "-tionen",
"tags": [
"plural"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "de",
"2": "suffix",
"3": "genitive",
"4": "-tion",
"5": "plural",
"6": "-tionen",
"cat2": "noun-forming suffixes",
"g": "f"
},
"expansion": "-tion f (genitive -tion, plural -tionen)",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "German",
"lang_code": "de",
"pos": "suffix",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "German entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with raw sortkeys",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
}
],
"glosses": [
"-tion"
],
"id": "en--tion-de-suffix-4opdQYQw",
"links": [
[
"-tion",
"#English"
]
],
"related": [
{
"word": "-ion"
},
{
"word": "Aktion"
},
{
"word": "Kommunikation"
}
],
"synonyms": [
{
"english": "different (surface) analysis",
"word": "-ation"
}
],
"tags": [
"feminine",
"morpheme"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/-ˈtsi̯oːn/"
},
{
"ipa": "[-ˈt͡sjoːn]"
},
{
"ipa": "[-t͡siˈoːn]"
},
{
"other": "[i]"
},
{
"other": "/-ˈtsjoːn/"
},
{
"audio": "LL-Q188 (deu)-Frank C. Müller--tion.wav",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/bd/LL-Q188_%28deu%29-Frank_C._M%C3%BCller--tion.wav/LL-Q188_%28deu%29-Frank_C._M%C3%BCller--tion.wav.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/bd/LL-Q188_%28deu%29-Frank_C._M%C3%BCller--tion.wav/LL-Q188_%28deu%29-Frank_C._M%C3%BCller--tion.wav.ogg",
"text": "Audio"
}
],
"word": "-tion"
}
{
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sv",
"2": "suffix",
"g": "c"
},
"expansion": "-tion c",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Swedish",
"lang_code": "sv",
"pos": "suffix",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with raw sortkeys",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Swedish entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w"
}
],
"glosses": [
"-tion; making nouns. See also -else, -ing and -ning."
],
"id": "en--tion-sv-suffix-1R5BV13U",
"links": [
[
"-tion",
"-tion#English"
],
[
"-else",
"-else#Swedish"
],
[
"-ing",
"-ing#Swedish"
],
[
"-ning",
"-ning#Swedish"
]
],
"tags": [
"common-gender",
"morpheme"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/-ˈɧuːn/"
},
{
"homophone": "-sion"
}
],
"word": "-tion"
}
{
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "da",
"2": "suffix"
},
"expansion": "-tion",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Danish",
"lang_code": "da",
"pos": "suffix",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"Danish entries with incorrect language header",
"Danish lemmas",
"Danish suffixes",
"Danish terms with IPA pronunciation",
"Pages with raw sortkeys"
],
"glosses": [
"-tion; making nouns."
],
"links": [
[
"-tion",
"-tion#English"
]
],
"tags": [
"morpheme"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "[-ˈɕoˀːn]"
}
],
"word": "-tion"
}
{
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ms",
"2": "-syen",
"3": "-sen",
"bor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ Malay: -syen, -sen",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ Malay: -syen, -sen"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "enm",
"3": "-cioun"
},
"expansion": "Middle English -cioun",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "fro",
"3": "-tion"
},
"expansion": "Old French -tion",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "fro",
"2": "-cion"
},
"expansion": "-cion",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "la",
"3": "-tiō"
},
"expansion": "Latin -tiō",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "enm",
"3": "",
"4": "-cioun"
},
"expansion": "Middle English -cioun",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "",
"3": "-tion"
},
"expansion": "-tion",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "frm",
"2": "-tion"
},
"expansion": "Middle French -tion",
"name": "cog"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Middle English -cioun, borrowing from Old French -tion, -cion, borrowed from the stem of Latin -tiō. The Middle English -cioun became -tion in Modern English under the influence of the Middle French -tion and original Latin spellings.",
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "suffix",
"cat2": "",
"cat3": "",
"head": "",
"id": ""
},
"expansion": "-tion",
"name": "head"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "-tion",
"name": "en-suffix"
}
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "suffix",
"related": [
{
"word": "-ion"
},
{
"word": "-ation"
},
{
"word": "-isation"
},
{
"word": "-ization"
},
{
"word": "-al"
},
{
"word": "-ing"
},
{
"word": "-ure"
}
],
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"English entries with incorrect language header",
"English entries with language name categories using raw markup",
"English lemmas",
"English suffixes",
"English terms derived from Latin",
"English terms derived from Middle English",
"English terms derived from Old French",
"English terms inherited from Middle English",
"English terms with IPA pronunciation",
"English terms with redundant sortkeys",
"English unproductive suffixes",
"Hebrew terms with redundant script codes",
"Japanese terms with redundant script codes",
"Khmer terms with redundant script codes",
"Pages with raw sortkeys",
"Yiddish terms with redundant script codes"
],
"examples": [
{
"text": "ignore + -tion → ignortion",
"type": "example"
},
{
"text": "scrimp + -tion → scrimption",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Used to form nouns meaning \"the action of (a verb)\" or \"the result of (a verb)\". Words ending in this suffix are almost always derived from a similar Latin word; a few (e.g. gumption) are not derived from Latin and are unrelated to any verb. More often, -ation is used."
],
"links": [
[
"gumption",
"gumption#English"
],
[
"-ation",
"-ation#English"
]
],
"qualifier": "non-productive",
"raw_glosses": [
"(non-productive) Used to form nouns meaning \"the action of (a verb)\" or \"the result of (a verb)\". Words ending in this suffix are almost always derived from a similar Latin word; a few (e.g. gumption) are not derived from Latin and are unrelated to any verb. More often, -ation is used."
],
"tags": [
"morpheme"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/-ʃən/"
},
{
"ipa": "/-tʃən/"
}
],
"synonyms": [
{
"english": "as in complexion",
"word": "-ion"
},
{
"word": "-sion"
},
{
"english": "as in definition",
"word": "-ition"
},
{
"word": "⠰⠝"
}
],
"translations": [
{
"code": "hy",
"lang": "Armenian",
"roman": "-utʻyun",
"sense": "producing a noun meaning the action or effect of a verb",
"word": "-ություն"
},
{
"code": "az",
"lang": "Azerbaijani",
"sense": "producing a noun meaning the action or effect of a verb",
"word": "-siya"
},
{
"code": "az",
"lang": "Azerbaijani",
"sense": "producing a noun meaning the action or effect of a verb",
"tags": [
"South-Azerbaijani"
],
"word": "-ţiya"
},
{
"code": "az",
"lang": "Azerbaijani",
"sense": "producing a noun meaning the action or effect of a verb",
"word": "-mə"
},
{
"code": "az",
"lang": "Azerbaijani",
"sense": "producing a noun meaning the action or effect of a verb",
"word": "-ləşmə"
},
{
"code": "ca",
"lang": "Catalan",
"note": "always forms a feminine noun",
"sense": "producing a noun meaning the action or effect of a verb",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "-ció"
},
{
"code": "cs",
"lang": "Czech",
"sense": "producing a noun meaning the action or effect of a verb",
"word": "-ce"
},
{
"code": "da",
"lang": "Danish",
"sense": "producing a noun meaning the action or effect of a verb",
"tags": [
"common-gender"
],
"word": "-tion"
},
{
"code": "nl",
"lang": "Dutch",
"sense": "producing a noun meaning the action or effect of a verb",
"tags": [
"Germanic"
],
"word": "-ing"
},
{
"code": "nl",
"lang": "Dutch",
"sense": "producing a noun meaning the action or effect of a verb",
"word": "-tie (Romanic)"
},
{
"code": "eo",
"lang": "Esperanto",
"sense": "producing a noun meaning the action or effect of a verb",
"word": "-ado"
},
{
"code": "fo",
"lang": "Faroese",
"sense": "producing a noun meaning the action or effect of a verb",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "-sjón"
},
{
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "producing a noun meaning the action or effect of a verb",
"word": "-minen"
},
{
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "producing a noun meaning the action or effect of a verb",
"word": "-tio"
},
{
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "producing a noun meaning the action or effect of a verb",
"word": "-tion"
},
{
"code": "gag",
"lang": "Gagauz",
"sense": "producing a noun meaning the action or effect of a verb",
"word": "-ţiya"
},
{
"code": "gl",
"lang": "Galician",
"sense": "producing a noun meaning the action or effect of a verb",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "-ción"
},
{
"code": "gl",
"lang": "Galician",
"sense": "producing a noun meaning the action or effect of a verb",
"word": "-ção"
},
{
"code": "gl",
"english": "reintegrationist",
"lang": "Galician",
"sense": "producing a noun meaning the action or effect of a verb",
"word": "-çom"
},
{
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "producing a noun meaning the action or effect of a verb",
"tags": [
"Germanic",
"feminine"
],
"word": "-ung"
},
{
"code": "de",
"english": "Latin; Romanic",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "producing a noun meaning the action or effect of a verb",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "-tion"
},
{
"code": "he",
"lang": "Hebrew",
"roman": "tsya",
"sense": "producing a noun meaning the action or effect of a verb",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "-ציה"
},
{
"code": "hu",
"lang": "Hungarian",
"sense": "producing a noun meaning the action or effect of a verb",
"word": "-ció"
},
{
"code": "it",
"lang": "Italian",
"note": "unless previous letter was \"s\", when \"t\" remains as is, like in \"digestione\", \"questione\"",
"sense": "producing a noun meaning the action or effect of a verb",
"tags": [
"usually"
],
"word": "-zione"
},
{
"alt": "-か",
"code": "ja",
"lang": "Japanese",
"roman": "-ka",
"sense": "producing a noun meaning the action or effect of a verb",
"word": "-化"
},
{
"code": "kk",
"lang": "Kazakh",
"roman": "-siä",
"sense": "producing a noun meaning the action or effect of a verb",
"word": "-ция"
},
{
"code": "km",
"lang": "Khmer",
"roman": "kaa",
"sense": "producing a noun meaning the action or effect of a verb",
"word": "ការ"
},
{
"code": "ky",
"lang": "Kyrgyz",
"roman": "-tsiya",
"sense": "producing a noun meaning the action or effect of a verb",
"word": "-ция"
},
{
"code": "lad",
"lang": "Ladino",
"sense": "producing a noun meaning the action or effect of a verb",
"word": "-syon"
},
{
"code": "la",
"lang": "Latin",
"sense": "producing a noun meaning the action or effect of a verb",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "-tiō"
},
{
"code": "lt",
"lang": "Lithuanian",
"sense": "producing a noun meaning the action or effect of a verb",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "-cija"
},
{
"code": "ms",
"lang": "Malay",
"sense": "producing a noun meaning the action or effect of a verb",
"word": "-si"
},
{
"code": "ms",
"lang": "Malay",
"sense": "producing a noun meaning the action or effect of a verb",
"word": "-syen"
},
{
"code": "ms",
"lang": "Malay",
"sense": "producing a noun meaning the action or effect of a verb",
"word": "-sen"
},
{
"code": "ms",
"lang": "Malay",
"sense": "producing a noun meaning the action or effect of a verb",
"word": "peng--an"
},
{
"code": "ms",
"lang": "Malay",
"sense": "producing a noun meaning the action or effect of a verb",
"word": "per--an"
},
{
"code": "no",
"lang": "Norwegian",
"sense": "producing a noun meaning the action or effect of a verb",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "-sjon"
},
{
"code": "oc",
"lang": "Occitan",
"sense": "producing a noun meaning the action or effect of a verb",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "-cion"
},
{
"code": "pl",
"lang": "Polish",
"sense": "producing a noun meaning the action or effect of a verb",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "-cja"
},
{
"code": "pt",
"lang": "Portuguese",
"note": "-ção (unless previous letter was \"s\", when \"t\" remains as is, like in \"digestão\", \"questão\")",
"sense": "producing a noun meaning the action or effect of a verb",
"tags": [
"usually"
]
},
{
"code": "ro",
"lang": "Romanian",
"sense": "producing a noun meaning the action or effect of a verb",
"word": "-ție"
},
{
"code": "ro",
"lang": "Romanian",
"note": "unless previous letter was \"s\", when \"t\" remains as is, like in \"digestie\", \"chestiune\"",
"sense": "producing a noun meaning the action or effect of a verb",
"tags": [
"usually"
],
"word": "-țiune"
},
{
"code": "ro",
"lang": "Romanian",
"sense": "producing a noun meaning the action or effect of a verb",
"word": "-ciune"
},
{
"code": "rm",
"lang": "Romansch",
"sense": "producing a noun meaning the action or effect of a verb",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "-ziun"
},
{
"code": "rm",
"lang": "Romansch",
"sense": "producing a noun meaning the action or effect of a verb",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "-schun"
},
{
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "-cija",
"sense": "producing a noun meaning the action or effect of a verb",
"word": "-ция"
},
{
"code": "sk",
"lang": "Slovak",
"sense": "producing a noun meaning the action or effect of a verb",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "-cia"
},
{
"code": "sl",
"lang": "Slovene",
"sense": "producing a noun meaning the action or effect of a verb",
"word": "-cija"
},
{
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"note": "-ción (unless previous letter was \"s\", when \"t\" remains as is, like in \"digestión\", \"cuestión\")",
"sense": "producing a noun meaning the action or effect of a verb",
"tags": [
"usually"
]
},
{
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"note": "for few specific cases",
"sense": "producing a noun meaning the action or effect of a verb",
"word": "-xión"
},
{
"code": "sv",
"lang": "Swedish",
"sense": "producing a noun meaning the action or effect of a verb",
"tags": [
"common-gender"
],
"word": "-tion"
},
{
"code": "sv",
"lang": "Swedish",
"sense": "producing a noun meaning the action or effect of a verb",
"tags": [
"common-gender"
],
"word": "-ing"
},
{
"code": "tl",
"lang": "Tagalog",
"note": "used for borrowed words, like in edukasiyon",
"sense": "producing a noun meaning the action or effect of a verb",
"tags": [
"usually"
],
"word": "-siyon"
},
{
"code": "th",
"lang": "Thai",
"roman": "gaan",
"sense": "producing a noun meaning the action or effect of a verb",
"word": "การ"
},
{
"code": "th",
"lang": "Thai",
"roman": "kwaam",
"sense": "producing a noun meaning the action or effect of a verb",
"word": "ความ"
},
{
"code": "tr",
"lang": "Turkish",
"sense": "producing a noun meaning the action or effect of a verb",
"word": "-syon"
},
{
"code": "uk",
"lang": "Ukrainian",
"roman": "-nnja",
"sense": "producing a noun meaning the action or effect of a verb",
"word": "-ння"
},
{
"code": "uk",
"lang": "Ukrainian",
"roman": "-cija",
"sense": "producing a noun meaning the action or effect of a verb",
"word": "-ція"
},
{
"code": "yi",
"lang": "Yiddish",
"roman": "-ung",
"sense": "producing a noun meaning the action or effect of a verb",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "־ונג"
}
],
"word": "-tion"
}
{
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "no",
"2": "-",
"bor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ Norwegian:",
"name": "desc"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "nb",
"2": "-sjon"
},
"expansion": "-sjon",
"name": "l"
}
],
"text": "→ Norwegian: -sjon"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ota",
"2": "ـسیون",
"bor": "1",
"tr": "-syon, -siyon"
},
"expansion": "→ Ottoman Turkish: ـسیون (-syon, -siyon)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "→ Ottoman Turkish: ـسیون (-syon, -siyon)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "tr",
"2": "-syon",
"3": "-siyon"
},
"expansion": "Turkish: -syon, -siyon",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Turkish: -syon, -siyon"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "fr",
"2": "la",
"3": "-tiōne"
},
"expansion": "Latin -tiōne",
"name": "bor"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "-tiōnem"
},
"expansion": "-tiōnem",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "-tiō"
},
"expansion": "-tiō",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "fr",
"2": "-on"
},
"expansion": "-on",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "fr",
"2": "-aison"
},
"expansion": "-aison",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "fr",
"2": "raison"
},
"expansion": "raison",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "fr",
"2": "saison"
},
"expansion": "saison",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "fr",
"2": "chanson"
},
"expansion": "chanson",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "fr",
"2": "venaison"
},
"expansion": "venaison",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "fr",
"2": "oraison"
},
"expansion": "oraison",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "fr",
"2": "garnison"
},
"expansion": "garnison",
"name": "m"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Borrowed as a learned form from Latin suffix Latin -tiōne or -tiōnem, ending of the singular ablative or accusative of those nouns ending with -tiō (part of the Latin third declension). The original inherited form of the suffix, -on/-son (or -aison from -ātionem), is today less common but can be found in words such as raison, saison, chanson, venaison, oraison, garnison, etc.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "-tions",
"tags": [
"plural"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "f",
"2": "~"
},
"expansion": "-tion f (countable and uncountable, plural -tions)",
"name": "fr-noun"
}
],
"lang": "French",
"lang_code": "fr",
"pos": "suffix",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"French 1-syllable words",
"French countable nouns",
"French entries with incorrect language header",
"French feminine suffixes",
"French lemmas",
"French noun-forming suffixes",
"French nouns with red links in their headword lines",
"French suffixes",
"French terms borrowed from Latin",
"French terms derived from Latin",
"French terms with IPA pronunciation",
"French uncountable nouns",
"Pages with raw sortkeys",
"Rhymes:French/ɔ̃",
"Rhymes:French/ɔ̃/1 syllable"
],
"glosses": [
"Used to indicate action, condition, result or effect; -tion"
],
"links": [
[
"-tion",
"-tion#English"
]
],
"tags": [
"countable",
"feminine",
"morpheme",
"uncountable"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/sjɔ̃/"
},
{
"ipa": "/tjɔ̃/"
},
{
"rhymes": "-ɔ̃"
}
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "-ation"
}
],
"word": "-tion"
}
{
"forms": [
{
"form": "-tion",
"tags": [
"genitive"
]
},
{
"form": "-tionen",
"tags": [
"plural"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "de",
"2": "suffix",
"3": "genitive",
"4": "-tion",
"5": "plural",
"6": "-tionen",
"cat2": "noun-forming suffixes",
"g": "f"
},
"expansion": "-tion f (genitive -tion, plural -tionen)",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "German",
"lang_code": "de",
"pos": "suffix",
"related": [
{
"word": "-ion"
},
{
"word": "Aktion"
},
{
"word": "Kommunikation"
}
],
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"German entries with incorrect language header",
"German feminine suffixes",
"German lemmas",
"German noun-forming suffixes",
"German suffixes",
"German terms with IPA pronunciation",
"German terms with audio links",
"Pages with raw sortkeys"
],
"glosses": [
"-tion"
],
"links": [
[
"-tion",
"#English"
]
],
"tags": [
"feminine",
"morpheme"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/-ˈtsi̯oːn/"
},
{
"ipa": "[-ˈt͡sjoːn]"
},
{
"ipa": "[-t͡siˈoːn]"
},
{
"other": "[i]"
},
{
"other": "/-ˈtsjoːn/"
},
{
"audio": "LL-Q188 (deu)-Frank C. Müller--tion.wav",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/bd/LL-Q188_%28deu%29-Frank_C._M%C3%BCller--tion.wav/LL-Q188_%28deu%29-Frank_C._M%C3%BCller--tion.wav.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/bd/LL-Q188_%28deu%29-Frank_C._M%C3%BCller--tion.wav/LL-Q188_%28deu%29-Frank_C._M%C3%BCller--tion.wav.ogg",
"text": "Audio"
}
],
"synonyms": [
{
"english": "different (surface) analysis",
"word": "-ation"
}
],
"word": "-tion"
}
{
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sv",
"2": "suffix",
"g": "c"
},
"expansion": "-tion c",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Swedish",
"lang_code": "sv",
"pos": "suffix",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"Pages with raw sortkeys",
"Swedish common-gender suffixes",
"Swedish entries with incorrect language header",
"Swedish lemmas",
"Swedish suffixes",
"Swedish terms with IPA pronunciation",
"Swedish terms with homophones"
],
"glosses": [
"-tion; making nouns. See also -else, -ing and -ning."
],
"links": [
[
"-tion",
"-tion#English"
],
[
"-else",
"-else#Swedish"
],
[
"-ing",
"-ing#Swedish"
],
[
"-ning",
"-ning#Swedish"
]
],
"tags": [
"common-gender",
"morpheme"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/-ˈɧuːn/"
},
{
"homophone": "-sion"
}
],
"word": "-tion"
}
{
"called_from": "translations/609-20230504",
"msg": "Translation too long compared to word, so it is skipped",
"path": [
"-tion"
],
"section": "English",
"subsection": "suffix",
"title": "-tion",
"trace": ""
}
{
"called_from": "translations/609-20230504",
"msg": "Translation too long compared to word, so it is skipped",
"path": [
"-tion"
],
"section": "English",
"subsection": "suffix",
"title": "-tion",
"trace": ""
}
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable All languages combined dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2024-05-03 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2024-05-02 using wiktextract (f4fd8c9 and c9440ce). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.