See -ing in All languages combined, or Wiktionary
{
"etymology_links": [
[
"-inge",
"-inge#Middle_Dutch"
],
[
"-inga",
"-inga#Old_Dutch"
],
[
"-unga",
"-unga#Old_Dutch"
],
[
"-onga",
"-onga#Old_Dutch"
],
[
"*-ingu",
"Reconstruction:Proto-West Germanic/-ingu"
],
[
"*-ungu",
"Reconstruction:Proto-West Germanic/-ungu"
],
[
"*-ungō",
"Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/-ungō"
]
],
"etymology_number": "1",
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "",
"2": "i",
"3": "I"
},
"expansion": "I",
"name": "yesno"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "Inherited"
},
"expansion": "Inherited",
"name": "glossary"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "nl",
"2": "dum",
"3": "-inge",
"4": "",
"5": "",
"g": "",
"g2": "",
"g3": "",
"id": "",
"lit": "",
"nocat": "",
"pos": "",
"sc": "",
"sort": "",
"tr": "",
"ts": ""
},
"expansion": "Middle Dutch -inge",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "nl",
"2": "dum",
"3": "-inge"
},
"expansion": "Inherited from Middle Dutch -inge",
"name": "inh+"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "nl",
"2": "odt",
"3": "-inga"
},
"expansion": "Old Dutch -inga",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "nl",
"2": "gmw-pro",
"3": "*-ingu"
},
"expansion": "Proto-West Germanic *-ingu",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "nl",
"2": "gem-pro",
"3": "*-ungō"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic *-ungō",
"name": "inh"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Inherited from Middle Dutch -inge, from Old Dutch -inga, -unga, -onga, from Proto-West Germanic *-ingu, *-ungu, from Proto-Germanic *-ungō.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "-ingen",
"tags": [
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-inkje",
"tags": [
"diminutive",
"neuter"
]
},
{
"form": "-ingetje",
"tags": [
"diminutive",
"neuter"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "f",
"2": "-en",
"3": "-inkje,+"
},
"expansion": "-ing f (noun-forming suffix, plural -ingen, diminutive -inkje n or -ingetje n)",
"name": "nl-noun"
}
],
"lang": "Dutch",
"lang_code": "nl",
"pos": "suffix",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "47 53",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Dutch entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Dutch links with redundant alt parameters",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Dutch links with redundant wikilinks",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "74 26",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Dutch masculine and feminine suffixes by sense",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "61 39",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Dutch suffixes with multiple genders",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"text": "barricaderen (“to barricade”) + -ing → barricadering (“(act of) barricading; a barricade”)",
"type": "example"
},
{
"text": "aarzelen (“to hesitate”) + -ing → aarzeling (“hesitation”)",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"-ing, -ation; forms nouns from verbs, referring to the action of the verb or result of that action"
],
"id": "en--ing-nl-suffix-VLXfxZta",
"links": [
[
"-ing",
"-ing#English"
],
[
"-ation",
"-ation"
]
],
"tags": [
"feminine",
"morpheme"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ɪŋ/"
}
],
"word": "-ing"
}
{
"etymology_links": [
[
"-inc",
"-inc#Middle_Dutch"
],
[
"-ing",
"-ing#Old_Dutch"
],
[
"*-ing",
"Reconstruction:Proto-West Germanic/-ing"
],
[
"*-ingaz",
"Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/-ingaz"
]
],
"etymology_number": "2",
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "nl",
"2": "dum",
"3": "-inc"
},
"expansion": "Middle Dutch -inc",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "nl",
"2": "odt",
"3": "-ing"
},
"expansion": "Old Dutch -ing",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "nl",
"2": "gmw-pro",
"3": "*-ing"
},
"expansion": "Proto-West Germanic *-ing",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "nl",
"2": "gem-pro",
"3": "*-ingaz"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic *-ingaz",
"name": "inh"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Middle Dutch -inc, from Old Dutch -ing, from Proto-West Germanic *-ing, from Proto-Germanic *-ingaz.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "-ing",
"tags": [
"by-personal-gender",
"canonical",
"feminine",
"masculine"
]
},
{
"form": "n",
"tags": [
"canonical"
]
},
{
"form": "-inck",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "-ink",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "mfbysense<qq:in surnames>,n<qq:in place names>"
},
"expansion": "-ing m or f by sense (in surnames) or n (in place names) (proper noun-forming suffix)",
"name": "nl-proper noun"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "nl",
"2": "no longer productive"
},
"expansion": "(no longer productive)",
"name": "tlb"
}
],
"lang": "Dutch",
"lang_code": "nl",
"pos": "suffix",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "47 53",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Dutch entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"text": "Brunsting (hamlet in Drenthe, Netherlands)"
},
{
"text": "Greffeling (hamlet in Gelderland, Netherlands)"
},
{
"text": "Vlaming (“Fleming, Flemish person”)"
}
],
"glosses": [
"-ing; forms nouns for a person originating from a place or family"
],
"id": "en--ing-nl-suffix-R5tWvGRZ",
"links": [
[
"-ing",
"-ing#English"
]
],
"tags": [
"idiomatic",
"morpheme"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ɪŋ/"
}
],
"word": "-ing"
}
{
"categories": [
"Dutch entries with incorrect language header",
"Dutch feminine suffixes",
"Dutch lemmas",
"Dutch links with redundant alt parameters",
"Dutch links with redundant wikilinks",
"Dutch masculine and feminine suffixes by sense",
"Dutch masculine suffixes",
"Dutch neuter suffixes",
"Dutch noun-forming suffixes",
"Dutch nouns with plural in -en",
"Dutch proper noun-forming suffixes",
"Dutch suffixes",
"Dutch suffixes with multiple genders",
"Dutch suffixes with red links in their headword lines",
"Dutch terms derived from Middle Dutch",
"Dutch terms derived from Old Dutch",
"Dutch terms derived from Proto-Germanic",
"Dutch terms derived from Proto-West Germanic",
"Dutch terms inherited from Middle Dutch",
"Dutch terms inherited from Old Dutch",
"Dutch terms inherited from Proto-Germanic",
"Dutch terms inherited from Proto-West Germanic",
"Pages using catfix",
"Pages with 25 entries",
"Pages with entries"
],
"etymology_links": [
[
"-inge",
"-inge#Middle_Dutch"
],
[
"-inga",
"-inga#Old_Dutch"
],
[
"-unga",
"-unga#Old_Dutch"
],
[
"-onga",
"-onga#Old_Dutch"
],
[
"*-ingu",
"Reconstruction:Proto-West Germanic/-ingu"
],
[
"*-ungu",
"Reconstruction:Proto-West Germanic/-ungu"
],
[
"*-ungō",
"Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/-ungō"
]
],
"etymology_number": "1",
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "",
"2": "i",
"3": "I"
},
"expansion": "I",
"name": "yesno"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "Inherited"
},
"expansion": "Inherited",
"name": "glossary"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "nl",
"2": "dum",
"3": "-inge",
"4": "",
"5": "",
"g": "",
"g2": "",
"g3": "",
"id": "",
"lit": "",
"nocat": "",
"pos": "",
"sc": "",
"sort": "",
"tr": "",
"ts": ""
},
"expansion": "Middle Dutch -inge",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "nl",
"2": "dum",
"3": "-inge"
},
"expansion": "Inherited from Middle Dutch -inge",
"name": "inh+"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "nl",
"2": "odt",
"3": "-inga"
},
"expansion": "Old Dutch -inga",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "nl",
"2": "gmw-pro",
"3": "*-ingu"
},
"expansion": "Proto-West Germanic *-ingu",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "nl",
"2": "gem-pro",
"3": "*-ungō"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic *-ungō",
"name": "inh"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Inherited from Middle Dutch -inge, from Old Dutch -inga, -unga, -onga, from Proto-West Germanic *-ingu, *-ungu, from Proto-Germanic *-ungō.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "-ingen",
"tags": [
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-inkje",
"tags": [
"diminutive",
"neuter"
]
},
{
"form": "-ingetje",
"tags": [
"diminutive",
"neuter"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "f",
"2": "-en",
"3": "-inkje,+"
},
"expansion": "-ing f (noun-forming suffix, plural -ingen, diminutive -inkje n or -ingetje n)",
"name": "nl-noun"
}
],
"lang": "Dutch",
"lang_code": "nl",
"pos": "suffix",
"senses": [
{
"examples": [
{
"text": "barricaderen (“to barricade”) + -ing → barricadering (“(act of) barricading; a barricade”)",
"type": "example"
},
{
"text": "aarzelen (“to hesitate”) + -ing → aarzeling (“hesitation”)",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"-ing, -ation; forms nouns from verbs, referring to the action of the verb or result of that action"
],
"links": [
[
"-ing",
"-ing#English"
],
[
"-ation",
"-ation"
]
],
"tags": [
"feminine",
"morpheme"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ɪŋ/"
}
],
"word": "-ing"
}
{
"categories": [
"Dutch entries with incorrect language header",
"Dutch feminine suffixes",
"Dutch lemmas",
"Dutch masculine and feminine suffixes by sense",
"Dutch masculine suffixes",
"Dutch neuter suffixes",
"Dutch proper noun-forming suffixes",
"Dutch suffixes",
"Dutch suffixes with multiple genders",
"Dutch terms derived from Middle Dutch",
"Dutch terms derived from Old Dutch",
"Dutch terms derived from Proto-Germanic",
"Dutch terms derived from Proto-West Germanic",
"Dutch terms inherited from Middle Dutch",
"Dutch terms inherited from Old Dutch",
"Dutch terms inherited from Proto-Germanic",
"Dutch terms inherited from Proto-West Germanic",
"Pages with 25 entries",
"Pages with entries"
],
"etymology_links": [
[
"-inc",
"-inc#Middle_Dutch"
],
[
"-ing",
"-ing#Old_Dutch"
],
[
"*-ing",
"Reconstruction:Proto-West Germanic/-ing"
],
[
"*-ingaz",
"Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/-ingaz"
]
],
"etymology_number": "2",
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "nl",
"2": "dum",
"3": "-inc"
},
"expansion": "Middle Dutch -inc",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "nl",
"2": "odt",
"3": "-ing"
},
"expansion": "Old Dutch -ing",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "nl",
"2": "gmw-pro",
"3": "*-ing"
},
"expansion": "Proto-West Germanic *-ing",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "nl",
"2": "gem-pro",
"3": "*-ingaz"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic *-ingaz",
"name": "inh"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Middle Dutch -inc, from Old Dutch -ing, from Proto-West Germanic *-ing, from Proto-Germanic *-ingaz.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "-ing",
"tags": [
"by-personal-gender",
"canonical",
"feminine",
"masculine"
]
},
{
"form": "n",
"tags": [
"canonical"
]
},
{
"form": "-inck",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "-ink",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "mfbysense<qq:in surnames>,n<qq:in place names>"
},
"expansion": "-ing m or f by sense (in surnames) or n (in place names) (proper noun-forming suffix)",
"name": "nl-proper noun"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "nl",
"2": "no longer productive"
},
"expansion": "(no longer productive)",
"name": "tlb"
}
],
"lang": "Dutch",
"lang_code": "nl",
"pos": "suffix",
"senses": [
{
"examples": [
{
"text": "Brunsting (hamlet in Drenthe, Netherlands)"
},
{
"text": "Greffeling (hamlet in Gelderland, Netherlands)"
},
{
"text": "Vlaming (“Fleming, Flemish person”)"
}
],
"glosses": [
"-ing; forms nouns for a person originating from a place or family"
],
"links": [
[
"-ing",
"-ing#English"
]
],
"tags": [
"idiomatic",
"morpheme"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ɪŋ/"
}
],
"word": "-ing"
}
Download raw JSONL data for -ing meaning in Dutch (5.5kB)
{
"called_from": "form_descriptions/1698",
"msg": "unrecognized head form: noun-forming suffix",
"path": [
"-ing"
],
"section": "Dutch",
"subsection": "suffix",
"title": "-ing",
"trace": ""
}
{
"called_from": "form_descriptions/1147",
"msg": "suspicious related form tags ['canonical']: 'n' in '-ing m or f by sense (in surnames) or n (in place names) (proper noun-forming suffix)'",
"path": [
"-ing"
],
"section": "Dutch",
"subsection": "suffix",
"title": "-ing",
"trace": ""
}
{
"called_from": "form_descriptions/1698",
"msg": "unrecognized head form: in surnames",
"path": [
"-ing"
],
"section": "Dutch",
"subsection": "suffix",
"title": "-ing",
"trace": ""
}
{
"called_from": "form_descriptions/1698",
"msg": "unrecognized head form: in place names",
"path": [
"-ing"
],
"section": "Dutch",
"subsection": "suffix",
"title": "-ing",
"trace": ""
}
{
"called_from": "form_descriptions/1698",
"msg": "unrecognized head form: proper noun-forming suffix",
"path": [
"-ing"
],
"section": "Dutch",
"subsection": "suffix",
"title": "-ing",
"trace": ""
}
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable Dutch dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2026-10-30 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2026-10-01 using wiktextract (19f9a30 and 6f96ddf). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.