See -er in All languages combined, or Wiktionary
{ "etymology_templates": [ { "args": { "1": "en", "2": "-er" }, "expansion": "English -er", "name": "cog" }, { "args": { "1": "la", "2": "-ōr" }, "expansion": "Latin -ōr", "name": "cog" }, { "args": { "1": "kmr", "2": "ine-pro", "3": "*-tḗr" }, "expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *-tḗr", "name": "inh" }, { "args": { "1": "fa", "2": "برادر" }, "expansion": "Persian برادر", "name": "cog" }, { "args": { "1": "kmr", "2": "bira" }, "expansion": "Northern Kurdish bira", "name": "cog" } ], "etymology_text": "Most probably not a cognate of English -er or Latin -ōr or -tōr, and instead a back-formation from -ker (a variant of -ger (“-ist”)) understood as \"k-\" (present stem of kirin) + \"-er\". Natively only exists with the most basic verbs such as kirin (-ker), birin (-ber), xistin (-xer or -xîner or -êxer), dan (-der), anîn/înan (-îner)... Later also conflated with -kar (“suffix indicating a job or duty”) and -dar (“suffix indicating a possessor”). Popularized in the 20th century under the influence of similar suffixes in European languages. Before that (and now natively) diminutives such as -ok, -oke, -ek, -ik was used to form agent nouns; which are also present participle suffixes.\nDespite being less likely, can still be from Proto-Indo-European *-tḗr, but the -r- is lost in Northwestern Iranic and that would have given *-it, *-id or lost entirely depending on the position, compare Persian برادر and Northern Kurdish bira.", "head_templates": [ { "args": { "1": "kmr", "2": "suffix", "cat2": "noun-forming suffixes", "g": "f" }, "expansion": "-er f", "name": "head" } ], "hyphenation": [ "-er" ], "lang": "Northern Kurdish", "lang_code": "kmr", "pos": "suffix", "senses": [ { "categories": [ { "kind": "other", "name": "Northern Kurdish entries with incorrect language header", "parents": [ "Entries with incorrect language header", "Entry maintenance" ], "source": "w" }, { "kind": "other", "name": "Pages using catfix", "parents": [], "source": "w" }, { "kind": "other", "name": "Pages with 34 entries", "parents": [], "source": "w" }, { "kind": "other", "name": "Pages with entries", "parents": [], "source": "w" }, { "kind": "other", "name": "Pages with raw sortkeys", "parents": [], "source": "w" } ], "examples": [ { "text": "bû (“to be”) + -er → bûyer (“event”)", "type": "example" }, { "text": "destpêkirin (“to start”) + -er → destpêker (“starter”)", "type": "example" } ], "glosses": [ "used to form nouns referring to doer or who works on something" ], "id": "en--er-kmr-suffix-vkHcOEXr", "tags": [ "feminine", "morpheme" ] } ], "sounds": [ { "ipa": "/ˈɛɾ/" }, { "rhymes": "-ɛɾ" } ], "word": "-er" }
{ "categories": [ "Pages with 34 entries", "Pages with entries", "Pages with raw sortkeys" ], "etymology_templates": [ { "args": { "1": "en", "2": "-er" }, "expansion": "English -er", "name": "cog" }, { "args": { "1": "la", "2": "-ōr" }, "expansion": "Latin -ōr", "name": "cog" }, { "args": { "1": "kmr", "2": "ine-pro", "3": "*-tḗr" }, "expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *-tḗr", "name": "inh" }, { "args": { "1": "fa", "2": "برادر" }, "expansion": "Persian برادر", "name": "cog" }, { "args": { "1": "kmr", "2": "bira" }, "expansion": "Northern Kurdish bira", "name": "cog" } ], "etymology_text": "Most probably not a cognate of English -er or Latin -ōr or -tōr, and instead a back-formation from -ker (a variant of -ger (“-ist”)) understood as \"k-\" (present stem of kirin) + \"-er\". Natively only exists with the most basic verbs such as kirin (-ker), birin (-ber), xistin (-xer or -xîner or -êxer), dan (-der), anîn/înan (-îner)... Later also conflated with -kar (“suffix indicating a job or duty”) and -dar (“suffix indicating a possessor”). Popularized in the 20th century under the influence of similar suffixes in European languages. Before that (and now natively) diminutives such as -ok, -oke, -ek, -ik was used to form agent nouns; which are also present participle suffixes.\nDespite being less likely, can still be from Proto-Indo-European *-tḗr, but the -r- is lost in Northwestern Iranic and that would have given *-it, *-id or lost entirely depending on the position, compare Persian برادر and Northern Kurdish bira.", "head_templates": [ { "args": { "1": "kmr", "2": "suffix", "cat2": "noun-forming suffixes", "g": "f" }, "expansion": "-er f", "name": "head" } ], "hyphenation": [ "-er" ], "lang": "Northern Kurdish", "lang_code": "kmr", "pos": "suffix", "senses": [ { "categories": [ "Northern Kurdish 1-syllable words", "Northern Kurdish entries with incorrect language header", "Northern Kurdish feminine suffixes", "Northern Kurdish lemmas", "Northern Kurdish noun-forming suffixes", "Northern Kurdish suffixes", "Northern Kurdish terms derived from Proto-Indo-European", "Northern Kurdish terms inherited from Proto-Indo-European", "Northern Kurdish terms with IPA pronunciation", "Pages using catfix", "Pages with 34 entries", "Pages with entries", "Pages with raw sortkeys", "Rhymes:Northern Kurdish/ɛɾ", "Rhymes:Northern Kurdish/ɛɾ/1 syllable" ], "examples": [ { "text": "bû (“to be”) + -er → bûyer (“event”)", "type": "example" }, { "text": "destpêkirin (“to start”) + -er → destpêker (“starter”)", "type": "example" } ], "glosses": [ "used to form nouns referring to doer or who works on something" ], "tags": [ "feminine", "morpheme" ] } ], "sounds": [ { "ipa": "/ˈɛɾ/" }, { "rhymes": "-ɛɾ" } ], "word": "-er" }
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This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable Northern Kurdish dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2025-04-02 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2025-03-21 using wiktextract (db8a5a5 and fb63907). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.