See spine in All languages combined, or Wiktionary
{
"derived": [
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "albaspine"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "despine"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "drop-spine"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "finspine"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "fourspine"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "holospine"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "microspine"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "multispine"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "protospine"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "send a shiver down someone's spine"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "send shivers down someone's spine"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "spinal"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "spinate"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "spination"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "spineback"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "spinebill"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "spine board"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "spinebuster"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "spine-chiller"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "spine-chilling"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "spined"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "spinefoot"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "spineless"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "spinelet"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "spinelike"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "spinely"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "spine pig"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "spine plot"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "spine rampthree-spine stickleback"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "spinescent"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "spinetail"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "spine-tailed swift"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "spine-tingler"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "spine-tingling"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "spiniform"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "spinitis"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "spinoid"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "spinose"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "spino-"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "spin-"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "spinous"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "spiny"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "threespine"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*spey-"
},
"expansion": "",
"name": "root"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "enm",
"3": "spyne"
},
"expansion": "Middle English spyne",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "fro",
"3": "espine"
},
"expansion": "Old French espine",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "fr",
"2": "épine"
},
"expansion": "French épine",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "la",
"3": "spīna",
"4": "",
"5": "a thorn; a prickle, spine; the backbone"
},
"expansion": "Latin spīna (“a thorn; a prickle, spine; the backbone”)",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "spina"
},
"expansion": "Doublet of spina",
"name": "dbt"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From late Middle English spyne, from Old French espine (French épine) or its source, Latin spīna (“a thorn; a prickle, spine; the backbone”). Doublet of spina.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "spines",
"tags": [
"plural"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "spine (plural spines)",
"name": "en-noun"
}
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "noun",
"related": [
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "erector spinae"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "spina bifida"
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{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "spinal canal"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "spinal column"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "spinal cord"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "spiniferous"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "spinigerous"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "spinigrade"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "spinoidal"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "spinule"
}
],
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
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"name": "Animal body parts",
"orig": "en:Animal body parts",
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},
{
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"Anatomy",
"All topics",
"Biology",
"Medicine",
"Fundamental",
"Sciences",
"Healthcare",
"Health"
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},
{
"_dis": "12 23 2 6 12 6 24 8 6 1",
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"name": "Entries with translation boxes",
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},
{
"_dis": "12 13 5 8 17 7 19 7 10 2",
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"name": "Terms with Ancient Greek translations",
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},
{
"_dis": "13 18 4 8 17 8 18 7 7 1",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Burmese translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "13 19 5 8 13 7 20 7 6 2",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Czech translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "12 24 2 6 14 5 24 7 5 1",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Danish translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "11 17 5 7 13 9 21 7 8 2",
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"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "12 16 4 9 15 8 20 7 8 1",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Hungarian translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "13 16 6 5 14 8 17 6 15 1",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Mandarin translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "14 20 8 7 11 6 20 7 7 1",
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"name": "Terms with Polish translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"ref": "1851, Herman Melville, chapter 80, in Moby-Dick:",
"text": "If you attentively regard almost any quadruped's spine, you will be struck with the resemblance of its vertebrae to a strung necklace of dwarfed skulls.",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"ref": "1918, W[illiam] B[abington] Maxwell, chapter XXXIV, in The Mirror and the Lamp, Indianapolis, Ind.: The Bobbs-Merrill Company, →OCLC, page 266:",
"text": "The preposterous altruism too! […] Resist not evil. It is an insane immolation of self—as bad intrinsically as fakirs stabbing themselves or anchorites warping their spines in caves scarcely large enough for a fair-sized dog.",
"type": "quote"
}
],
"glosses": [
"A series of bones situated at the back from the head to the pelvis of a human, or from the head to the tail of an animal, enclosing the spinal cord and providing support for the thorax and abdomen."
],
"id": "en-spine-en-noun-aBsbgrwJ",
"links": [
[
"anatomy",
"anatomy"
],
[
"zootomy",
"zootomy"
],
[
"bone",
"bone"
],
[
"back",
"back"
],
[
"head",
"head"
],
[
"pelvis",
"pelvis"
],
[
"tail",
"tail"
],
[
"enclosing",
"enclose"
],
[
"spinal cord",
"spinal cord"
],
[
"thorax",
"thorax"
],
[
"abdomen",
"abdomen"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(anatomy, zootomy) A series of bones situated at the back from the head to the pelvis of a human, or from the head to the tail of an animal, enclosing the spinal cord and providing support for the thorax and abdomen."
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "backbone"
},
{
"word": "spinal column"
},
{
"word": "vertebral column"
}
],
"topics": [
"anatomy",
"biology",
"medicine",
"natural-sciences",
"sciences",
"zoology",
"zootomy"
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
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"langcode": "en",
"name": "Animal body parts",
"orig": "en:Animal body parts",
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"Animals",
"Body",
"Anatomy",
"Lifeforms",
"All topics",
"Biology",
"Medicine",
"Life",
"Fundamental",
"Sciences",
"Healthcare",
"Nature",
"Health"
],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "topical",
"langcode": "en",
"name": "Skeleton",
"orig": "en:Skeleton",
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"Body parts",
"Body",
"Anatomy",
"All topics",
"Biology",
"Medicine",
"Fundamental",
"Sciences",
"Healthcare",
"Health"
],
"source": "w"
},
{
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},
{
"_dis": "12 13 5 8 17 7 19 7 10 2",
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"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "13 18 4 8 17 8 18 7 7 1",
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"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "13 19 5 8 13 7 20 7 6 2",
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"name": "Terms with Czech translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "12 24 2 6 14 5 24 7 5 1",
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"name": "Terms with Danish translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "11 17 5 7 13 9 21 7 8 2",
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"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "12 16 4 9 15 8 20 7 8 1",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Hungarian translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "13 16 6 5 14 8 17 6 15 1",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Mandarin translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "14 20 8 7 11 6 20 7 7 1",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Polish translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "20 31 3 9 15 3 10 3 3 3",
"kind": "topical",
"langcode": "en",
"name": "Personality",
"orig": "en:Personality",
"parents": [
"Mind",
"Human",
"All topics",
"Fundamental"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "20 29 12 1 14 12 6 1 2 1",
"kind": "topical",
"langcode": "en",
"name": "Plant anatomy",
"orig": "en:Plant anatomy",
"parents": [
"Anatomy",
"Botany",
"Biology",
"Medicine",
"Sciences",
"Healthcare",
"All topics",
"Health",
"Fundamental",
"Body"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"ref": "2001, Sydney I. Landau, Dictionaries: The Art and Craft of Lexicography, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, →ISBN, page 409:",
"text": "Trademark Owners will nevertheless try to dictate how their marks are to be represented, but dictionary publishers with spine can resist such pressure.",
"type": "quote"
}
],
"glosses": [
"A series of bones situated at the back from the head to the pelvis of a human, or from the head to the tail of an animal, enclosing the spinal cord and providing support for the thorax and abdomen.",
"Courage or assertiveness."
],
"id": "en-spine-en-noun-VSS7JuIz",
"links": [
[
"anatomy",
"anatomy"
],
[
"zootomy",
"zootomy"
],
[
"bone",
"bone"
],
[
"back",
"back"
],
[
"head",
"head"
],
[
"pelvis",
"pelvis"
],
[
"tail",
"tail"
],
[
"enclosing",
"enclose"
],
[
"spinal cord",
"spinal cord"
],
[
"thorax",
"thorax"
],
[
"abdomen",
"abdomen"
],
[
"Courage",
"courage"
],
[
"assertiveness",
"assertiveness"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(anatomy, zootomy) A series of bones situated at the back from the head to the pelvis of a human, or from the head to the tail of an animal, enclosing the spinal cord and providing support for the thorax and abdomen.",
"(figurative) Courage or assertiveness."
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "backbone"
},
{
"word": "spinal column"
},
{
"word": "vertebral column"
}
],
"tags": [
"figuratively"
],
"topics": [
"anatomy",
"biology",
"medicine",
"natural-sciences",
"sciences",
"zoology",
"zootomy"
],
"translations": [
{
"_dis1": "26 37 27 1 2 2 2 0 1 1",
"code": "af",
"lang": "Afrikaans",
"sense": "backbone",
"word": "ruggraat"
},
{
"_dis1": "26 37 27 1 2 2 2 0 1 1",
"code": "apw",
"lang": "Western Apache",
"sense": "backbone",
"word": "batsą́tsʼin"
},
{
"_dis1": "26 37 27 1 2 2 2 0 1 1",
"code": "ar",
"lang": "Arabic",
"roman": "ʕamūd faqriyy",
"sense": "backbone",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "عَمُود فَقْرِيّ"
},
{
"_dis1": "26 37 27 1 2 2 2 0 1 1",
"code": "arz",
"lang": "Arabic",
"roman": "ʕamūd faqarī",
"sense": "backbone",
"tags": [
"Egyptian-Arabic",
"masculine"
],
"word": "عمود فقري"
},
{
"_dis1": "26 37 27 1 2 2 2 0 1 1",
"code": "hy",
"lang": "Armenian",
"roman": "oġnašar",
"sense": "backbone",
"word": "ողնաշար"
},
{
"_dis1": "26 37 27 1 2 2 2 0 1 1",
"code": "rup",
"lang": "Aromanian",
"sense": "backbone",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "schinari"
},
{
"_dis1": "26 37 27 1 2 2 2 0 1 1",
"code": "rup",
"lang": "Aromanian",
"sense": "backbone",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "cãtinã"
},
{
"_dis1": "26 37 27 1 2 2 2 0 1 1",
"code": "as",
"lang": "Assamese",
"roman": "razohar",
"sense": "backbone",
"word": "ৰাজহাড়"
},
{
"_dis1": "26 37 27 1 2 2 2 0 1 1",
"code": "ast",
"lang": "Asturian",
"sense": "backbone",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "espinazu"
},
{
"_dis1": "26 37 27 1 2 2 2 0 1 1",
"code": "ast",
"lang": "Asturian",
"sense": "backbone",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "espina"
},
{
"_dis1": "26 37 27 1 2 2 2 0 1 1",
"code": "az",
"lang": "Azerbaijani",
"sense": "backbone",
"word": "onurğa"
},
{
"_dis1": "26 37 27 1 2 2 2 0 1 1",
"code": "ba",
"lang": "Bashkir",
"roman": "umırtqa",
"sense": "backbone",
"word": "умыртҡа"
},
{
"_dis1": "26 37 27 1 2 2 2 0 1 1",
"code": "be",
"lang": "Belarusian",
"roman": "xrybjétnik",
"sense": "backbone",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "хрыбе́тнік"
},
{
"_dis1": "26 37 27 1 2 2 2 0 1 1",
"code": "be",
"lang": "Belarusian",
"roman": "́xrybjétnica",
"sense": "backbone",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "́хрыбе́тніца"
},
{
"_dis1": "26 37 27 1 2 2 2 0 1 1",
"code": "be",
"lang": "Belarusian",
"roman": "pazvanóčnik",
"sense": "backbone",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "пазвано́чнік"
},
{
"_dis1": "26 37 27 1 2 2 2 0 1 1",
"code": "be",
"lang": "Belarusian",
"roman": "xrybjét",
"sense": "backbone",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "хрыбе́т"
},
{
"_dis1": "26 37 27 1 2 2 2 0 1 1",
"code": "bn",
"lang": "Bengali",
"roman": "merudonḍo",
"sense": "backbone",
"word": "মেরুদণ্ড"
},
{
"_dis1": "26 37 27 1 2 2 2 0 1 1",
"code": "shi",
"lang": "Berberspriaken",
"sense": "backbone",
"tags": [
"Tashelhit",
"masculine"
],
"word": "iẓḍi (n ukrum)"
},
{
"_dis1": "26 37 27 1 2 2 2 0 1 1",
"code": "bg",
"lang": "Bulgarian",
"roman": "grǎbnáčen stǎlb",
"sense": "backbone",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "гръбна́чен стълб"
},
{
"_dis1": "26 37 27 1 2 2 2 0 1 1",
"code": "bg",
"lang": "Bulgarian",
"roman": "grǎbnák",
"sense": "backbone",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "гръбна́к"
},
{
"_dis1": "26 37 27 1 2 2 2 0 1 1",
"code": "my",
"lang": "Burmese",
"roman": "kyau:rui:",
"sense": "backbone",
"word": "ကျောရိုး"
},
{
"_dis1": "26 37 27 1 2 2 2 0 1 1",
"code": "ca",
"lang": "Catalan",
"sense": "backbone",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "espinada"
},
{
"_dis1": "26 37 27 1 2 2 2 0 1 1",
"code": "ca",
"lang": "Catalan",
"sense": "backbone",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "raquis"
},
{
"_dis1": "26 37 27 1 2 2 2 0 1 1",
"code": "yue",
"lang": "Chinese Cantonese",
"roman": "zek³ zeoi¹",
"sense": "backbone",
"word": "脊椎"
},
{
"_dis1": "26 37 27 1 2 2 2 0 1 1",
"code": "yue",
"lang": "Chinese Cantonese",
"roman": "zek³ gwat¹",
"sense": "backbone",
"word": "脊骨"
},
{
"_dis1": "26 37 27 1 2 2 2 0 1 1",
"code": "cmn",
"lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
"sense": "backbone",
"word": "骨幹"
},
{
"_dis1": "26 37 27 1 2 2 2 0 1 1",
"code": "cmn",
"lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
"roman": "gǔgàn",
"sense": "backbone",
"word": "骨干"
},
{
"_dis1": "26 37 27 1 2 2 2 0 1 1",
"code": "cmn",
"lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
"roman": "jígǔ",
"sense": "backbone",
"word": "脊骨"
},
{
"_dis1": "26 37 27 1 2 2 2 0 1 1",
"code": "cmn",
"lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
"roman": "bèigǔ",
"sense": "backbone",
"word": "背骨"
},
{
"_dis1": "26 37 27 1 2 2 2 0 1 1",
"code": "cmn",
"lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
"roman": "jǐzhuī",
"sense": "backbone",
"word": "脊椎"
},
{
"_dis1": "26 37 27 1 2 2 2 0 1 1",
"code": "cs",
"lang": "Czech",
"sense": "backbone",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "páteř"
},
{
"_dis1": "26 37 27 1 2 2 2 0 1 1",
"code": "cs",
"lang": "Czech",
"sense": "backbone",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "hřbet"
},
{
"_dis1": "26 37 27 1 2 2 2 0 1 1",
"code": "da",
"lang": "Danish",
"sense": "backbone",
"tags": [
"common-gender"
],
"word": "rygsøjle"
},
{
"_dis1": "26 37 27 1 2 2 2 0 1 1",
"code": "da",
"lang": "Danish",
"sense": "backbone",
"tags": [
"common-gender"
],
"word": "rygrad"
},
{
"_dis1": "26 37 27 1 2 2 2 0 1 1",
"code": "nl",
"lang": "Dutch",
"sense": "backbone",
"word": "ruggengraat"
},
{
"_dis1": "26 37 27 1 2 2 2 0 1 1",
"code": "egy",
"lang": "Egyptian",
"roman": "psḏ",
"sense": "backbone",
"word": "p-s-D:F37"
},
{
"_dis1": "26 37 27 1 2 2 2 0 1 1",
"code": "eo",
"lang": "Esperanto",
"sense": "backbone",
"word": "spino"
},
{
"_dis1": "26 37 27 1 2 2 2 0 1 1",
"code": "eo",
"lang": "Esperanto",
"sense": "backbone",
"word": "vertebraro"
},
{
"_dis1": "26 37 27 1 2 2 2 0 1 1",
"code": "eo",
"lang": "Esperanto",
"sense": "backbone",
"word": "vertebra kolumno"
},
{
"_dis1": "26 37 27 1 2 2 2 0 1 1",
"code": "et",
"lang": "Estonian",
"sense": "backbone",
"word": "selgroog"
},
{
"_dis1": "26 37 27 1 2 2 2 0 1 1",
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "backbone",
"word": "selkäranka"
},
{
"_dis1": "26 37 27 1 2 2 2 0 1 1",
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "backbone",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "colonne vertébrale"
},
{
"_dis1": "26 37 27 1 2 2 2 0 1 1",
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"note": "of animals",
"sense": "backbone",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "échine"
},
{
"_dis1": "26 37 27 1 2 2 2 0 1 1",
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "backbone",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "épine dorsale"
},
{
"_dis1": "26 37 27 1 2 2 2 0 1 1",
"code": "gl",
"lang": "Galician",
"sense": "backbone",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "espiñazo"
},
{
"_dis1": "26 37 27 1 2 2 2 0 1 1",
"code": "gl",
"lang": "Galician",
"sense": "backbone",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "soá"
},
{
"_dis1": "26 37 27 1 2 2 2 0 1 1",
"code": "gl",
"lang": "Galician",
"sense": "backbone",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "soaxe"
},
{
"_dis1": "26 37 27 1 2 2 2 0 1 1",
"code": "gl",
"lang": "Galician",
"sense": "backbone",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "cerrizo"
},
{
"_dis1": "26 37 27 1 2 2 2 0 1 1",
"code": "gl",
"lang": "Galician",
"sense": "backbone",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "cernizo"
},
{
"_dis1": "26 37 27 1 2 2 2 0 1 1",
"code": "ka",
"lang": "Georgian",
"roman": "xerxemali",
"sense": "backbone",
"word": "ხერხემალი"
},
{
"_dis1": "26 37 27 1 2 2 2 0 1 1",
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "backbone",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "Rückgrat"
},
{
"_dis1": "26 37 27 1 2 2 2 0 1 1",
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "backbone",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "Wirbelsäule"
},
{
"_dis1": "26 37 27 1 2 2 2 0 1 1",
"code": "el",
"lang": "Greek",
"roman": "spondylikí stíli",
"sense": "backbone",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "σπονδυλική στήλη"
},
{
"_dis1": "26 37 27 1 2 2 2 0 1 1",
"code": "el",
"lang": "Greek",
"roman": "rachokokaliá",
"sense": "backbone",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "ραχοκοκαλιά"
},
{
"_dis1": "26 37 27 1 2 2 2 0 1 1",
"code": "grc",
"lang": "Ancient Greek",
"roman": "rhákhis",
"sense": "backbone",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "ῥάχις"
},
{
"_dis1": "26 37 27 1 2 2 2 0 1 1",
"code": "he",
"lang": "Hebrew",
"roman": "'amúd shidrá",
"sense": "backbone",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "עַמּוּד שִׁדְרָה"
},
{
"_dis1": "26 37 27 1 2 2 2 0 1 1",
"code": "hi",
"lang": "Hindi",
"roman": "merudaṇḍ",
"sense": "backbone",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "मेरुदण्ड"
},
{
"_dis1": "26 37 27 1 2 2 2 0 1 1",
"code": "hi",
"lang": "Hindi",
"roman": "rīṛh kī haḍḍī",
"sense": "backbone",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "रीढ़ की हड्डी"
},
{
"_dis1": "26 37 27 1 2 2 2 0 1 1",
"code": "hi",
"lang": "Hindi",
"roman": "rīṛh",
"sense": "backbone",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "रीढ़"
},
{
"_dis1": "26 37 27 1 2 2 2 0 1 1",
"code": "hu",
"lang": "Hungarian",
"sense": "backbone",
"word": "gerinc"
},
{
"_dis1": "26 37 27 1 2 2 2 0 1 1",
"code": "is",
"lang": "Icelandic",
"sense": "backbone",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "hryggur"
},
{
"_dis1": "26 37 27 1 2 2 2 0 1 1",
"code": "is",
"lang": "Icelandic",
"sense": "backbone",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "hryggjarsúla"
},
{
"_dis1": "26 37 27 1 2 2 2 0 1 1",
"code": "izh",
"lang": "Ingrian",
"sense": "backbone",
"word": "selkäpii"
},
{
"_dis1": "26 37 27 1 2 2 2 0 1 1",
"code": "ga",
"lang": "Irish",
"sense": "backbone",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "dromlach"
},
{
"_dis1": "26 37 27 1 2 2 2 0 1 1",
"code": "ga",
"lang": "Irish",
"sense": "backbone",
"word": "cnámh droma"
},
{
"_dis1": "26 37 27 1 2 2 2 0 1 1",
"code": "it",
"lang": "Italian",
"sense": "backbone",
"word": "colonna vertebrale"
},
{
"_dis1": "26 37 27 1 2 2 2 0 1 1",
"alt": "せぼね",
"code": "ja",
"lang": "Japanese",
"roman": "sebone",
"sense": "backbone",
"word": "背骨"
},
{
"_dis1": "26 37 27 1 2 2 2 0 1 1",
"alt": "せきつい",
"code": "ja",
"lang": "Japanese",
"roman": "sekitsui",
"sense": "backbone",
"word": "脊椎"
},
{
"_dis1": "26 37 27 1 2 2 2 0 1 1",
"alt": "せきちゅう",
"code": "ja",
"lang": "Japanese",
"roman": "sekichū",
"sense": "backbone",
"word": "脊柱"
},
{
"_dis1": "26 37 27 1 2 2 2 0 1 1",
"code": "kk",
"lang": "Kazakh",
"roman": "omyrtqa",
"sense": "backbone",
"word": "омыртқа"
},
{
"_dis1": "26 37 27 1 2 2 2 0 1 1",
"code": "km",
"lang": "Khmer",
"roman": "chʼəng khnɑɑng",
"sense": "backbone",
"word": "ឆ្អឹងខ្នង"
},
{
"_dis1": "26 37 27 1 2 2 2 0 1 1",
"alt": "脊椎",
"code": "ko",
"lang": "Korean",
"roman": "cheokchu",
"sense": "backbone",
"word": "척추"
},
{
"_dis1": "26 37 27 1 2 2 2 0 1 1",
"code": "kmr",
"lang": "Northern Kurdish",
"sense": "backbone",
"word": "birrbirre"
},
{
"_dis1": "26 37 27 1 2 2 2 0 1 1",
"code": "ky",
"lang": "Kyrgyz",
"roman": "omurtka",
"sense": "backbone",
"word": "омуртка"
},
{
"_dis1": "26 37 27 1 2 2 2 0 1 1",
"code": "lo",
"lang": "Lao",
"roman": "ka dūk san lang",
"sense": "backbone",
"word": "ກະດູກສັນຫຼັງ"
},
{
"_dis1": "26 37 27 1 2 2 2 0 1 1",
"code": "la",
"lang": "Latin",
"sense": "backbone",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "spīna"
},
{
"_dis1": "26 37 27 1 2 2 2 0 1 1",
"code": "la",
"lang": "Latin",
"sense": "backbone",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "columna vertebrālis"
},
{
"_dis1": "26 37 27 1 2 2 2 0 1 1",
"code": "lv",
"lang": "Latvian",
"sense": "backbone",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "mugurkauls"
},
{
"_dis1": "26 37 27 1 2 2 2 0 1 1",
"code": "lt",
"lang": "Lithuanian",
"sense": "backbone",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "stuburas"
},
{
"_dis1": "26 37 27 1 2 2 2 0 1 1",
"code": "mk",
"lang": "Macedonian",
"roman": "’ŕbet",
"sense": "backbone",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "’р́бет"
},
{
"_dis1": "26 37 27 1 2 2 2 0 1 1",
"code": "ms",
"lang": "Malay",
"sense": "backbone",
"word": "tulang belakang"
},
{
"_dis1": "26 37 27 1 2 2 2 0 1 1",
"code": "ml",
"lang": "Malayalam",
"roman": "naṭṭellŭ",
"sense": "backbone",
"word": "നട്ടെല്ല്"
},
{
"_dis1": "26 37 27 1 2 2 2 0 1 1",
"code": "mi",
"lang": "Maori",
"sense": "backbone",
"word": "tuātara"
},
{
"_dis1": "26 37 27 1 2 2 2 0 1 1",
"code": "mi",
"lang": "Maori",
"sense": "backbone",
"word": "iwituaroa"
},
{
"_dis1": "26 37 27 1 2 2 2 0 1 1",
"code": "mi",
"lang": "Maori",
"sense": "backbone",
"word": "tuakoko"
},
{
"_dis1": "26 37 27 1 2 2 2 0 1 1",
"code": "mi",
"lang": "Maori",
"sense": "backbone",
"word": "tuaiwi"
},
{
"_dis1": "26 37 27 1 2 2 2 0 1 1",
"code": "mi",
"lang": "Maori",
"sense": "backbone",
"word": "iwituararo"
},
{
"_dis1": "26 37 27 1 2 2 2 0 1 1",
"code": "enm",
"lang": "Middle English",
"sense": "backbone",
"word": "chyne"
},
{
"_dis1": "26 37 27 1 2 2 2 0 1 1",
"code": "mn",
"lang": "Mongolian",
"roman": "nuruu",
"sense": "backbone",
"tags": [
"Cyrillic"
],
"word": "нуруу"
},
{
"_dis1": "26 37 27 1 2 2 2 0 1 1",
"code": "nv",
"lang": "Navajo",
"sense": "backbone",
"word": "íígháán"
},
{
"_dis1": "26 37 27 1 2 2 2 0 1 1",
"code": "ne",
"lang": "Nepali",
"roman": "merudaṇḍa",
"sense": "backbone",
"word": "मेरुदण्ड"
},
{
"_dis1": "26 37 27 1 2 2 2 0 1 1",
"code": "cst",
"lang": "Northern Ohlone",
"sense": "backbone",
"word": "núm̄es"
},
{
"_dis1": "26 37 27 1 2 2 2 0 1 1",
"code": "nb",
"lang": "Norwegian Bokmål",
"sense": "backbone",
"tags": [
"feminine",
"masculine"
],
"word": "ryggrad"
},
{
"_dis1": "26 37 27 1 2 2 2 0 1 1",
"code": "nb",
"lang": "Norwegian Bokmål",
"sense": "backbone",
"tags": [
"feminine",
"masculine"
],
"word": "ryggsøyle"
},
{
"_dis1": "26 37 27 1 2 2 2 0 1 1",
"code": "nb",
"lang": "Norwegian Bokmål",
"sense": "backbone",
"tags": [
"feminine",
"masculine"
],
"word": "virvelsøyle"
},
{
"_dis1": "26 37 27 1 2 2 2 0 1 1",
"code": "nn",
"lang": "Norwegian Nynorsk",
"sense": "backbone",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "ryggrad"
},
{
"_dis1": "26 37 27 1 2 2 2 0 1 1",
"code": "nn",
"lang": "Norwegian Nynorsk",
"sense": "backbone",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "ryggsøyle"
},
{
"_dis1": "26 37 27 1 2 2 2 0 1 1",
"code": "nn",
"lang": "Norwegian Nynorsk",
"sense": "backbone",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "virvelsøyle"
},
{
"_dis1": "26 37 27 1 2 2 2 0 1 1",
"code": "oc",
"lang": "Occitan",
"sense": "backbone",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "colomna vertebrala"
},
{
"_dis1": "26 37 27 1 2 2 2 0 1 1",
"code": "cu",
"lang": "Church Slavic",
"roman": "xrĭbĭtŭ",
"sense": "backbone",
"tags": [
"Cyrillic",
"masculine"
],
"word": "хрьбьтъ"
},
{
"_dis1": "26 37 27 1 2 2 2 0 1 1",
"code": "ang",
"lang": "Old English",
"sense": "backbone",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "hryċġbān"
},
{
"_dis1": "26 37 27 1 2 2 2 0 1 1",
"code": "ps",
"lang": "Pashto",
"roman": "šamzᶕy",
"sense": "backbone",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "شمزۍ"
},
{
"_dis1": "26 37 27 1 2 2 2 0 1 1",
"code": "ps",
"lang": "Pashto",
"roman": "šanjǝ́y",
"sense": "backbone",
"word": "شنځۍ"
},
{
"_dis1": "26 37 27 1 2 2 2 0 1 1",
"code": "fa-ira",
"lang": "Iranian Persian",
"roman": "sotun-e mohre-hâ",
"sense": "backbone",
"word": "سُتونِ مُهْرِهها"
},
{
"_dis1": "26 37 27 1 2 2 2 0 1 1",
"code": "pl",
"lang": "Polish",
"sense": "backbone",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "kręgosłup"
},
{
"_dis1": "26 37 27 1 2 2 2 0 1 1",
"code": "pt",
"lang": "Portuguese",
"sense": "backbone",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "espinhaço"
},
{
"_dis1": "26 37 27 1 2 2 2 0 1 1",
"code": "pt",
"lang": "Portuguese",
"sense": "backbone",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "espinha"
},
{
"_dis1": "26 37 27 1 2 2 2 0 1 1",
"code": "pt",
"lang": "Portuguese",
"sense": "backbone",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "coluna"
},
{
"_dis1": "26 37 27 1 2 2 2 0 1 1",
"code": "pt",
"lang": "Portuguese",
"sense": "backbone",
"word": "coluna vertebral"
},
{
"_dis1": "26 37 27 1 2 2 2 0 1 1",
"code": "ro",
"lang": "Romanian",
"sense": "backbone",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "coloană vertebrală"
},
{
"_dis1": "26 37 27 1 2 2 2 0 1 1",
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "pozvonóčnik",
"sense": "backbone",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "позвоно́чник"
},
{
"_dis1": "26 37 27 1 2 2 2 0 1 1",
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "xrebét",
"sense": "backbone",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "хребе́т"
},
{
"_dis1": "26 37 27 1 2 2 2 0 1 1",
"code": "gd",
"lang": "Scottish Gaelic",
"sense": "backbone",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "cnàimh an droma"
},
{
"_dis1": "26 37 27 1 2 2 2 0 1 1",
"code": "sh",
"lang": "Serbo-Croatian",
"sense": "backbone",
"tags": [
"Cyrillic",
"feminine"
],
"word": "кра́љежница"
},
{
"_dis1": "26 37 27 1 2 2 2 0 1 1",
"code": "sh",
"lang": "Serbo-Croatian",
"sense": "backbone",
"tags": [
"Cyrillic",
"feminine"
],
"word": "кра́љешница"
},
{
"_dis1": "26 37 27 1 2 2 2 0 1 1",
"code": "sh",
"lang": "Serbo-Croatian",
"sense": "backbone",
"tags": [
"Cyrillic",
"feminine"
],
"word": "ки̑чма"
},
{
"_dis1": "26 37 27 1 2 2 2 0 1 1",
"code": "sh",
"lang": "Serbo-Croatian",
"sense": "backbone",
"tags": [
"Cyrillic",
"feminine"
],
"word": "хрптѐњача"
},
{
"_dis1": "26 37 27 1 2 2 2 0 1 1",
"code": "sh",
"lang": "Serbo-Croatian",
"sense": "backbone",
"tags": [
"Cyrillic",
"feminine"
],
"word": "хрптеница"
},
{
"_dis1": "26 37 27 1 2 2 2 0 1 1",
"code": "sh",
"lang": "Serbo-Croatian",
"sense": "backbone",
"tags": [
"Cyrillic",
"masculine"
],
"word": "хр̏бат"
},
{
"_dis1": "26 37 27 1 2 2 2 0 1 1",
"code": "sh",
"lang": "Serbo-Croatian",
"sense": "backbone",
"tags": [
"Roman",
"feminine"
],
"word": "králježnica"
},
{
"_dis1": "26 37 27 1 2 2 2 0 1 1",
"code": "sh",
"lang": "Serbo-Croatian",
"sense": "backbone",
"tags": [
"Roman",
"feminine"
],
"word": "králješnica"
},
{
"_dis1": "26 37 27 1 2 2 2 0 1 1",
"code": "sh",
"lang": "Serbo-Croatian",
"sense": "backbone",
"tags": [
"Roman",
"feminine"
],
"word": "kȋčma"
},
{
"_dis1": "26 37 27 1 2 2 2 0 1 1",
"code": "sh",
"lang": "Serbo-Croatian",
"sense": "backbone",
"tags": [
"Roman",
"feminine"
],
"word": "hrptènjača"
},
{
"_dis1": "26 37 27 1 2 2 2 0 1 1",
"code": "sh",
"lang": "Serbo-Croatian",
"sense": "backbone",
"tags": [
"Roman",
"feminine"
],
"word": "hrptenica"
},
{
"_dis1": "26 37 27 1 2 2 2 0 1 1",
"code": "sh",
"lang": "Serbo-Croatian",
"sense": "backbone",
"tags": [
"Roman",
"masculine"
],
"word": "hȑbat"
},
{
"_dis1": "26 37 27 1 2 2 2 0 1 1",
"code": "si",
"lang": "Sinhalese",
"roman": "kaśēruwa",
"sense": "backbone",
"word": "කශේරුව"
},
{
"_dis1": "26 37 27 1 2 2 2 0 1 1",
"code": "sk",
"lang": "Slovak",
"sense": "backbone",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "chrbtica"
},
{
"_dis1": "26 37 27 1 2 2 2 0 1 1",
"code": "sl",
"lang": "Slovene",
"sense": "backbone",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "hrbtenica"
},
{
"_dis1": "26 37 27 1 2 2 2 0 1 1",
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "backbone",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "columna vertebral"
},
{
"_dis1": "26 37 27 1 2 2 2 0 1 1",
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "backbone",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "espinazo"
},
{
"_dis1": "26 37 27 1 2 2 2 0 1 1",
"code": "srn",
"lang": "Sranan Tongo",
"sense": "backbone",
"word": "bakabonyo"
},
{
"_dis1": "26 37 27 1 2 2 2 0 1 1",
"code": "sv",
"lang": "Swedish",
"sense": "backbone",
"tags": [
"common-gender"
],
"word": "ryggrad"
},
{
"_dis1": "26 37 27 1 2 2 2 0 1 1",
"code": "tl",
"lang": "Tagalog",
"sense": "backbone",
"word": "guluguran"
},
{
"_dis1": "26 37 27 1 2 2 2 0 1 1",
"code": "tl",
"lang": "Tagalog",
"sense": "backbone",
"word": "bangananan"
},
{
"_dis1": "26 37 27 1 2 2 2 0 1 1",
"code": "tg",
"lang": "Tajik",
"roman": "sutunmühra",
"sense": "backbone",
"word": "сутунмӯҳра"
},
{
"_dis1": "26 37 27 1 2 2 2 0 1 1",
"code": "tt",
"lang": "Tatar",
"roman": "umırtkalıq",
"sense": "backbone",
"word": "умырткалык"
},
{
"_dis1": "26 37 27 1 2 2 2 0 1 1",
"code": "tt",
"lang": "Tatar",
"roman": "umırtka",
"sense": "backbone",
"word": "умыртка"
},
{
"_dis1": "26 37 27 1 2 2 2 0 1 1",
"code": "th",
"lang": "Thai",
"roman": "grà-dùuk-sǎn-lǎng",
"sense": "backbone",
"word": "กระดูกสันหลัง"
},
{
"_dis1": "26 37 27 1 2 2 2 0 1 1",
"code": "tr",
"lang": "Turkish",
"sense": "backbone",
"word": "omurga"
},
{
"_dis1": "26 37 27 1 2 2 2 0 1 1",
"code": "tk",
"lang": "Turkmen",
"sense": "backbone",
"word": "oňurga"
},
{
"_dis1": "26 37 27 1 2 2 2 0 1 1",
"code": "uk",
"lang": "Ukrainian",
"roman": "xrebét",
"sense": "backbone",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "хребе́т"
},
{
"_dis1": "26 37 27 1 2 2 2 0 1 1",
"code": "ur",
"lang": "Urdu",
"roman": "rīṛh",
"sense": "backbone",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "رِیڑھ"
},
{
"_dis1": "26 37 27 1 2 2 2 0 1 1",
"code": "ur",
"lang": "Urdu",
"roman": "rīṛh kī haḍḍī",
"sense": "backbone",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "رِیڑھ کی ہَڈّی"
},
{
"_dis1": "26 37 27 1 2 2 2 0 1 1",
"code": "uz",
"lang": "Uzbek",
"sense": "backbone",
"word": "umurtqa pogʻonasi"
},
{
"_dis1": "26 37 27 1 2 2 2 0 1 1",
"code": "vi",
"lang": "Vietnamese",
"sense": "backbone",
"word": "xương sống"
},
{
"_dis1": "26 37 27 1 2 2 2 0 1 1",
"code": "vo",
"lang": "Volapük",
"sense": "backbone",
"word": "bäkabom"
},
{
"_dis1": "26 37 27 1 2 2 2 0 1 1",
"code": "yi",
"lang": "Yiddish",
"roman": "ruknbeyn",
"sense": "backbone",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "רוקנביין"
},
{
"_dis1": "26 37 27 1 2 2 2 0 1 1",
"code": "za",
"lang": "Zhuang",
"sense": "backbone",
"word": "ndoksaen"
},
{
"_dis1": "4 76 1 2 3 2 8 3 2 0",
"code": "bg",
"lang": "Bulgarian",
"roman": "kuráž",
"sense": "courage or assertiveness",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "кура́ж"
},
{
"_dis1": "4 76 1 2 3 2 8 3 2 0",
"code": "cs",
"lang": "Czech",
"sense": "courage or assertiveness",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "páteř"
},
{
"_dis1": "4 76 1 2 3 2 8 3 2 0",
"code": "da",
"lang": "Danish",
"sense": "courage or assertiveness",
"tags": [
"common-gender"
],
"word": "rygrad"
},
{
"_dis1": "4 76 1 2 3 2 8 3 2 0",
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "courage or assertiveness",
"word": "selkäranka"
},
{
"_dis1": "4 76 1 2 3 2 8 3 2 0",
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "courage or assertiveness",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "Rückgrat"
},
{
"_dis1": "4 76 1 2 3 2 8 3 2 0",
"alt": "きこつ",
"code": "ja",
"lang": "Japanese",
"roman": "kikotsu",
"sense": "courage or assertiveness",
"word": "気骨"
},
{
"_dis1": "4 76 1 2 3 2 8 3 2 0",
"code": "lv",
"lang": "Latvian",
"sense": "courage or assertiveness",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "mugurkauls"
},
{
"_dis1": "4 76 1 2 3 2 8 3 2 0",
"code": "mk",
"lang": "Macedonian",
"roman": "’rbet",
"sense": "courage or assertiveness",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "’рбет"
},
{
"_dis1": "4 76 1 2 3 2 8 3 2 0",
"code": "ml",
"lang": "Malayalam",
"roman": "naṭṭellŭ",
"sense": "courage or assertiveness",
"word": "നട്ടെല്ല്"
},
{
"_dis1": "4 76 1 2 3 2 8 3 2 0",
"code": "nb",
"lang": "Norwegian Bokmål",
"sense": "courage or assertiveness",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "ryggrad"
},
{
"_dis1": "4 76 1 2 3 2 8 3 2 0",
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "xrebét",
"sense": "courage or assertiveness",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "хребе́т"
},
{
"_dis1": "4 76 1 2 3 2 8 3 2 0",
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "stérženʹ",
"sense": "courage or assertiveness",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "сте́ржень"
},
{
"_dis1": "4 76 1 2 3 2 8 3 2 0",
"code": "sl",
"lang": "Slovene",
"sense": "courage or assertiveness",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "hrbtenica"
},
{
"_dis1": "4 76 1 2 3 2 8 3 2 0",
"code": "sv",
"lang": "Swedish",
"sense": "courage or assertiveness",
"tags": [
"common-gender"
],
"word": "ryggrad"
}
]
},
{
"categories": [],
"examples": [
{
"ref": "1838, Samuel Hare, chapter 4, in Practical Observations on the Causes and Treatment of Curvatures of the Spine: With Hygienic Directions for the Physical Culture of Youth, as a Means of Preventing the Disease; an Etching and Description of an Apparatus for the Correction of the Deformity, and Engravings Illustrative of the Cases, London: Simpkin, Marshall & Co. [et al.], →OCLC, Lateral Curvature, page 76:",
"text": "[Describing scoliosis.] The integuments over the abdomen are folded or wrinkled, the left breast is seldom fully developed, the ribs lose their natural shape, those of the left side becoming straighter, while, on the right side, they are so much curved, as to admit of their being easily grasped by the hand; they are closer together on the left side, and frequently rest upon the spine of the ilium, thus giving the right side a fuller and more rounded appearance than is natural.",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"ref": "1994, Howard S. An with J. Michael Simpson, “Anatomy of the Cervical Spine”, in Surgery of the Cervical Spine, London: Martin Dunitz, →ISBN, Muscles and Fascia, page 14:",
"text": "The posterior muscles of the neck are divided into superficial, intermediate, and deep groups. The most superficial muscle is the trapezius, which originates from the external occipital protuberance and the medial nuchal line of C7 to T12 spinous processes and inserts onto the spine of the scapula, acromion, and the lateral aspect of the clavicle.",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"ref": "2007, Peter Hyatt, “Ian Moore Architects”, in Masters of Light: Designing the Luminous House, Mulgrave, Vic.: The Images Publishing Group, →ISBN, Air Apartments, page 242:",
"text": "The eastern tower and the smaller western satellite are linked by the lift core, which passes through the centre of the monorail turning circle and provides the structural spine of the building; the two towers are cantilevered from this spine.",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"ref": "2007, Sergei Matveev, “2 Complexity Theory of 3-Manifolds”, in Algorithmic Topology and Classification of 3-Manifolds, 2nd edition, Berlin: Springer Science+Business Media, →ISBN, 2.3.2 Simplification Moves, page 75:",
"text": "The polyhedron P∪D is a special spine of the twice punctured M, that is, of M with two balls B₁, B₂ cut out of it. To get a spine of M, we make a hole in c′ or c″ depending on which of them is a common face of these balls.",
"type": "quote"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Something resembling a backbone, such as a ridge, or a long, central structure from which other structures radiate."
],
"id": "en-spine-en-noun-AjZHLxz9",
"links": [
[
"backbone",
"backbone"
],
[
"ridge",
"ridge"
],
[
"central",
"central"
],
[
"radiate",
"radiate"
]
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "9 9 3 22 13 5 22 7 9 1",
"kind": "topical",
"langcode": "en",
"name": "Books",
"orig": "en:Books",
"parents": [
"Literature",
"Mass media",
"Culture",
"Entertainment",
"Writing",
"Media",
"Society",
"Human behaviour",
"Language",
"Communication",
"All topics",
"Human",
"Fundamental"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"ref": "1994–2014, “Rare Book Basics: Book Terms Illustrated”, in Powell's City of Books, archived from the original on 2014-07-05:",
"text": "The spine is the book's backbone. Because the spine is generally all you can see when a book is on the shelf, the spine displays the title and author of the book and is often ornately decorated.",
"type": "quote"
}
],
"glosses": [
"The narrow, bound edge of a book that encloses the inner edges of the pages, facing outwards when the book is on a shelf and typically bearing the title and the author's and publisher's name."
],
"id": "en-spine-en-noun-en:bound_edge_of_book",
"links": [
[
"narrow",
"narrow"
],
[
"bound",
"bound"
],
[
"edge",
"edge"
],
[
"book",
"book"
],
[
"enclose",
"enclose"
],
[
"page",
"page"
],
[
"shelf",
"shelf"
],
[
"bear",
"bear"
],
[
"title",
"title"
],
[
"author",
"author"
],
[
"publisher",
"publisher"
]
],
"senseid": [
"en:bound edge of book"
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "back"
}
],
"translations": [
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 100 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"code": "bg",
"lang": "Bulgarian",
"roman": "grǎb",
"sense": "bound edge of a book",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "гръб"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 100 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"code": "ca",
"lang": "Catalan",
"sense": "bound edge of a book",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "llom"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 100 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"code": "cs",
"lang": "Czech",
"sense": "bound edge of a book",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "hřbet"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 100 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"code": "da",
"lang": "Danish",
"sense": "bound edge of a book",
"tags": [
"common-gender"
],
"word": "ryg"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 100 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"code": "nl",
"lang": "Dutch",
"sense": "bound edge of a book",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "rug"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 100 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "bound edge of a book",
"word": "selkä"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 100 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "bound edge of a book",
"word": "selkämys"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 100 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "bound edge of a book",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "dos"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 100 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "bound edge of a book",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "Rücken"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 100 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "bound edge of a book",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "Buchrücken"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 100 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"code": "el",
"lang": "Greek",
"roman": "ráchi",
"sense": "bound edge of a book",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "ράχη"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 100 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"code": "is",
"lang": "Icelandic",
"sense": "bound edge of a book",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "kjölur"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 100 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"code": "it",
"lang": "Italian",
"sense": "bound edge of a book",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "costa"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 100 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"code": "it",
"lang": "Italian",
"sense": "bound edge of a book",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "dorso"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 100 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"alt": "ほんのせ, hon no se",
"code": "ja",
"lang": "Japanese",
"sense": "bound edge of a book",
"word": "本の背"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 100 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"alt": "せびょうし",
"code": "ja",
"lang": "Japanese",
"roman": "sebyōshi",
"sense": "bound edge of a book",
"word": "背表紙"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 100 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"code": "lv",
"lang": "Latvian",
"sense": "bound edge of a book",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "mugura"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 100 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"code": "mk",
"lang": "Macedonian",
"roman": "’rbet",
"sense": "bound edge of a book",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "’рбет"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 100 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"code": "nb",
"lang": "Norwegian Bokmål",
"sense": "bound edge of a book",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "rygg"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 100 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"code": "pl",
"lang": "Polish",
"sense": "bound edge of a book",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "grzbiet"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 100 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"code": "pt",
"lang": "Portuguese",
"sense": "bound edge of a book",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "dorso"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 100 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "korešók",
"sense": "bound edge of a book",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "корешо́к"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 100 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"code": "sl",
"lang": "Slovene",
"sense": "bound edge of a book",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "hrbet"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 100 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "bound edge of a book",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "lomo"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 100 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"code": "sv",
"lang": "Swedish",
"sense": "bound edge of a book",
"tags": [
"common-gender"
],
"word": "rygg"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 100 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"code": "sv",
"lang": "Swedish",
"sense": "bound edge of a book",
"tags": [
"common-gender"
],
"word": "bokrygg"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 100 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"code": "th",
"lang": "Thai",
"roman": "sǎn",
"sense": "bound edge of a book",
"word": "สัน"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 100 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"code": "th",
"lang": "Thai",
"roman": "sǎn-nǎng-sʉ̌ʉ",
"sense": "bound edge of a book",
"word": "สันหนังสือ"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 100 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"code": "uk",
"lang": "Ukrainian",
"roman": "korinécʹ",
"sense": "bound edge of a book",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "коріне́ць"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 100 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"code": "uk",
"lang": "Ukrainian",
"roman": "spýnka",
"sense": "bound edge of a book",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "спи́нка"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 100 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"code": "vi",
"lang": "Vietnamese",
"sense": "bound edge of a book",
"word": "gáy sách"
}
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "lifeform",
"langcode": "en",
"name": "Animal body parts",
"orig": "en:Animal body parts",
"parents": [
"Body parts",
"Animals",
"Body",
"Anatomy",
"Lifeforms",
"All topics",
"Biology",
"Medicine",
"Life",
"Fundamental",
"Sciences",
"Healthcare",
"Nature",
"Health"
],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "topical",
"langcode": "en",
"name": "Botany",
"orig": "en:Botany",
"parents": [
"Biology",
"Sciences",
"All topics",
"Fundamental"
],
"source": "w"
},
{
"_dis": "12 23 2 6 12 6 24 8 6 1",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Entries with translation boxes",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "12 13 5 8 17 7 19 7 10 2",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Ancient Greek translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "13 18 4 8 17 8 18 7 7 1",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Burmese translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "13 19 5 8 13 7 20 7 6 2",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Czech translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "12 24 2 6 14 5 24 7 5 1",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Danish translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "11 17 5 7 13 9 21 7 8 2",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Greek translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "12 16 4 9 15 8 20 7 8 1",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Hungarian translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "13 16 6 5 14 8 17 6 15 1",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Mandarin translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "14 20 8 7 11 6 20 7 7 1",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Polish translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "9 9 3 22 13 5 22 7 9 1",
"kind": "topical",
"langcode": "en",
"name": "Books",
"orig": "en:Books",
"parents": [
"Literature",
"Mass media",
"Culture",
"Entertainment",
"Writing",
"Media",
"Society",
"Human behaviour",
"Language",
"Communication",
"All topics",
"Human",
"Fundamental"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"ref": "1871, Charles Darwin, “chapter 12”, in Descent of Man, page 331:",
"text": "The male, as Dr. Gunther informs me, has a cluster of stiff, straight spines, like those of a comb, on the sides of the tail.",
"type": "quote"
}
],
"glosses": [
"A pointed, fairly rigid protuberance or needlelike structure on an animal, shell, or plant."
],
"id": "en-spine-en-noun-en:sharp",
"links": [
[
"zootomy",
"zootomy"
],
[
"botany",
"botany"
],
[
"pointed",
"pointed"
],
[
"rigid",
"rigid"
],
[
"protuberance",
"protuberance"
],
[
"needlelike",
"needlelike"
],
[
"animal",
"animal"
],
[
"shell",
"shell"
],
[
"plant",
"plant"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(zootomy, botany) A pointed, fairly rigid protuberance or needlelike structure on an animal, shell, or plant."
],
"senseid": [
"en:sharp"
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "needle"
},
{
"word": "prickle"
},
{
"english": "on animals, flexible",
"word": "quill"
},
{
"word": "spicule"
},
{
"english": "rigid",
"word": "spike"
},
{
"english": "on plants",
"word": "thorn"
},
{
"tags": [
"obsolete"
],
"word": "virgula"
}
],
"topics": [
"biology",
"botany",
"natural-sciences",
"zoology",
"zootomy"
],
"translations": [
{
"_dis1": "5 5 6 4 66 5 4 2 4 1",
"code": "ast",
"lang": "Asturian",
"sense": "rigid, pointed surface protuberance or needle-like structure",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "espina"
},
{
"_dis1": "5 5 6 4 66 5 4 2 4 1",
"code": "ba",
"lang": "Bashkir",
"roman": "enə",
"sense": "rigid, pointed surface protuberance or needle-like structure",
"word": "энә"
},
{
"_dis1": "5 5 6 4 66 5 4 2 4 1",
"code": "bg",
"lang": "Bulgarian",
"roman": "bodil",
"sense": "rigid, pointed surface protuberance or needle-like structure",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "бодил"
},
{
"_dis1": "5 5 6 4 66 5 4 2 4 1",
"code": "bg",
"lang": "Bulgarian",
"roman": "šip",
"sense": "rigid, pointed surface protuberance or needle-like structure",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "шип"
},
{
"_dis1": "5 5 6 4 66 5 4 2 4 1",
"code": "ca",
"lang": "Catalan",
"sense": "rigid, pointed surface protuberance or needle-like structure",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
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{
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{
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},
{
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"sense": "rigid, pointed surface protuberance or needle-like structure",
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],
"word": "pig (of a hedgehog)"
},
{
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],
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{
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{
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"word": "oga"
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{
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"code": "fi",
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"sense": "rigid, pointed surface protuberance or needle-like structure",
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},
{
"_dis1": "5 5 6 4 66 5 4 2 4 1",
"code": "fi",
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"sense": "rigid, pointed surface protuberance or needle-like structure",
"word": "oas"
},
{
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"code": "fr",
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"sense": "rigid, pointed surface protuberance or needle-like structure",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "épine"
},
{
"_dis1": "5 5 6 4 66 5 4 2 4 1",
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "rigid, pointed surface protuberance or needle-like structure",
"tags": [
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],
"word": "piquant"
},
{
"_dis1": "5 5 6 4 66 5 4 2 4 1",
"code": "gl",
"lang": "Galician",
"sense": "rigid, pointed surface protuberance or needle-like structure",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "espiña"
},
{
"_dis1": "5 5 6 4 66 5 4 2 4 1",
"code": "de",
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"sense": "rigid, pointed surface protuberance or needle-like structure",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "Stachel"
},
{
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"lang": "German",
"sense": "rigid, pointed surface protuberance or needle-like structure",
"tags": [
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],
"word": "Dorn"
},
{
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"sense": "rigid, pointed surface protuberance or needle-like structure",
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"word": "αγκάθι"
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{
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{
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"sense": "rigid, pointed surface protuberance or needle-like structure",
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],
"word": "קוֹץ"
},
{
"_dis1": "5 5 6 4 66 5 4 2 4 1",
"code": "he",
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"sense": "rigid, pointed surface protuberance or needle-like structure",
"word": "עוקץ"
},
{
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"roman": "óketz",
"sense": "rigid, pointed surface protuberance or needle-like structure",
"tags": [
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],
"word": "עֹקֶץ"
},
{
"_dis1": "5 5 6 4 66 5 4 2 4 1",
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"lang": "Hungarian",
"sense": "rigid, pointed surface protuberance or needle-like structure",
"word": "tüske"
},
{
"_dis1": "5 5 6 4 66 5 4 2 4 1",
"code": "is",
"lang": "Icelandic",
"sense": "rigid, pointed surface protuberance or needle-like structure",
"tags": [
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],
"word": "hryggur"
},
{
"_dis1": "5 5 6 4 66 5 4 2 4 1",
"code": "ga",
"lang": "Irish",
"sense": "rigid, pointed surface protuberance or needle-like structure",
"tags": [
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],
"word": "dealg"
},
{
"_dis1": "5 5 6 4 66 5 4 2 4 1",
"code": "ga",
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"sense": "rigid, pointed surface protuberance or needle-like structure",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "spíon"
},
{
"_dis1": "5 5 6 4 66 5 4 2 4 1",
"code": "it",
"lang": "Italian",
"sense": "rigid, pointed surface protuberance or needle-like structure",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "spina dorsale"
},
{
"_dis1": "5 5 6 4 66 5 4 2 4 1",
"code": "la",
"lang": "Latin",
"sense": "rigid, pointed surface protuberance or needle-like structure",
"tags": [
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],
"word": "spīna"
},
{
"_dis1": "5 5 6 4 66 5 4 2 4 1",
"code": "la",
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"sense": "rigid, pointed surface protuberance or needle-like structure",
"tags": [
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],
"word": "aculeus"
},
{
"_dis1": "5 5 6 4 66 5 4 2 4 1",
"code": "mi",
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"sense": "rigid, pointed surface protuberance or needle-like structure",
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},
{
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"sense": "rigid, pointed surface protuberance or needle-like structure",
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{
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"word": "wehiwehi"
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{
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"word": "wewehi"
},
{
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"sense": "rigid, pointed surface protuberance or needle-like structure",
"word": "دیكن"
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{
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"sense": "rigid, pointed surface protuberance or needle-like structure",
"tags": [
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],
"word": "kolec"
},
{
"_dis1": "5 5 6 4 66 5 4 2 4 1",
"code": "pt",
"lang": "Portuguese",
"sense": "rigid, pointed surface protuberance or needle-like structure",
"word": "espinho"
},
{
"_dis1": "5 5 6 4 66 5 4 2 4 1",
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "šip",
"sense": "rigid, pointed surface protuberance or needle-like structure",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "шип"
},
{
"_dis1": "5 5 6 4 66 5 4 2 4 1",
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "iglá",
"sense": "rigid, pointed surface protuberance or needle-like structure",
"tags": [
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],
"word": "игла́"
},
{
"_dis1": "5 5 6 4 66 5 4 2 4 1",
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "koljúčka",
"sense": "rigid, pointed surface protuberance or needle-like structure",
"tags": [
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],
"word": "колю́чка"
},
{
"_dis1": "5 5 6 4 66 5 4 2 4 1",
"code": "sl",
"lang": "Slovene",
"sense": "rigid, pointed surface protuberance or needle-like structure",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "bodica"
},
{
"_dis1": "5 5 6 4 66 5 4 2 4 1",
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "rigid, pointed surface protuberance or needle-like structure",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "espina"
},
{
"_dis1": "5 5 6 4 66 5 4 2 4 1",
"code": "sv",
"lang": "Swedish",
"sense": "rigid, pointed surface protuberance or needle-like structure",
"tags": [
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],
"word": "tagg"
},
{
"_dis1": "5 5 6 4 66 5 4 2 4 1",
"code": "tl",
"lang": "Tagalog",
"sense": "rigid, pointed surface protuberance or needle-like structure",
"word": "tinik"
},
{
"_dis1": "5 5 6 4 66 5 4 2 4 1",
"code": "tr",
"lang": "Turkish",
"sense": "rigid, pointed surface protuberance or needle-like structure",
"word": "diken"
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"kind": "topical",
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{
"ref": "2008, Dale Purves, George J. Augustine, David Fitzpatrick, William C. Hall, Anthony-Samuel LaMantia, James O. McNamara, Leonard E. White, Neuroscience, 4th edition, Sinauer Associates:",
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[
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[
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[
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[
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{
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{
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"A tall mass of viscous lava extruded from a volcano."
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[
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[
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[
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[
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{
"glosses": [
"The stiffness of an arrow."
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"Terms with Khmer translations",
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"Terms with Northern Kurdish translations",
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"Terms with Norwegian Bokmål translations",
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"Terms with Yiddish translations",
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{
"word": "albaspine"
},
{
"word": "despine"
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{
"word": "drop-spine"
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{
"word": "finspine"
},
{
"word": "fourspine"
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{
"word": "holospine"
},
{
"word": "microspine"
},
{
"word": "multispine"
},
{
"word": "protospine"
},
{
"word": "send a shiver down someone's spine"
},
{
"word": "send shivers down someone's spine"
},
{
"word": "spinal"
},
{
"word": "spinate"
},
{
"word": "spination"
},
{
"word": "spineback"
},
{
"word": "spinebill"
},
{
"word": "spine board"
},
{
"word": "spinebuster"
},
{
"word": "spine-chiller"
},
{
"word": "spine-chilling"
},
{
"word": "spined"
},
{
"word": "spinefoot"
},
{
"word": "spineless"
},
{
"word": "spinelet"
},
{
"word": "spinelike"
},
{
"word": "spinely"
},
{
"word": "spine pig"
},
{
"word": "spine plot"
},
{
"word": "spine rampthree-spine stickleback"
},
{
"word": "spinescent"
},
{
"word": "spinetail"
},
{
"word": "spine-tailed swift"
},
{
"word": "spine-tingler"
},
{
"word": "spine-tingling"
},
{
"word": "spiniform"
},
{
"word": "spinitis"
},
{
"word": "spinoid"
},
{
"word": "spinose"
},
{
"word": "spino-"
},
{
"word": "spin-"
},
{
"word": "spinous"
},
{
"word": "spiny"
},
{
"word": "threespine"
}
],
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{
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"word": "erector spinae"
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{
"word": "spina bifida"
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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"ref": "1851, Herman Melville, chapter 80, in Moby-Dick:",
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"type": "quote"
},
{
"ref": "1918, W[illiam] B[abington] Maxwell, chapter XXXIV, in The Mirror and the Lamp, Indianapolis, Ind.: The Bobbs-Merrill Company, →OCLC, page 266:",
"text": "The preposterous altruism too! […] Resist not evil. It is an insane immolation of self—as bad intrinsically as fakirs stabbing themselves or anchorites warping their spines in caves scarcely large enough for a fair-sized dog.",
"type": "quote"
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"ref": "2001, Sydney I. Landau, Dictionaries: The Art and Craft of Lexicography, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, →ISBN, page 409:",
"text": "Trademark Owners will nevertheless try to dictate how their marks are to be represented, but dictionary publishers with spine can resist such pressure.",
"type": "quote"
}
],
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],
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{
"ref": "1838, Samuel Hare, chapter 4, in Practical Observations on the Causes and Treatment of Curvatures of the Spine: With Hygienic Directions for the Physical Culture of Youth, as a Means of Preventing the Disease; an Etching and Description of an Apparatus for the Correction of the Deformity, and Engravings Illustrative of the Cases, London: Simpkin, Marshall & Co. [et al.], →OCLC, Lateral Curvature, page 76:",
"text": "[Describing scoliosis.] The integuments over the abdomen are folded or wrinkled, the left breast is seldom fully developed, the ribs lose their natural shape, those of the left side becoming straighter, while, on the right side, they are so much curved, as to admit of their being easily grasped by the hand; they are closer together on the left side, and frequently rest upon the spine of the ilium, thus giving the right side a fuller and more rounded appearance than is natural.",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"ref": "1994, Howard S. An with J. Michael Simpson, “Anatomy of the Cervical Spine”, in Surgery of the Cervical Spine, London: Martin Dunitz, →ISBN, Muscles and Fascia, page 14:",
"text": "The posterior muscles of the neck are divided into superficial, intermediate, and deep groups. The most superficial muscle is the trapezius, which originates from the external occipital protuberance and the medial nuchal line of C7 to T12 spinous processes and inserts onto the spine of the scapula, acromion, and the lateral aspect of the clavicle.",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"ref": "2007, Peter Hyatt, “Ian Moore Architects”, in Masters of Light: Designing the Luminous House, Mulgrave, Vic.: The Images Publishing Group, →ISBN, Air Apartments, page 242:",
"text": "The eastern tower and the smaller western satellite are linked by the lift core, which passes through the centre of the monorail turning circle and provides the structural spine of the building; the two towers are cantilevered from this spine.",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"ref": "2007, Sergei Matveev, “2 Complexity Theory of 3-Manifolds”, in Algorithmic Topology and Classification of 3-Manifolds, 2nd edition, Berlin: Springer Science+Business Media, →ISBN, 2.3.2 Simplification Moves, page 75:",
"text": "The polyhedron P∪D is a special spine of the twice punctured M, that is, of M with two balls B₁, B₂ cut out of it. To get a spine of M, we make a hole in c′ or c″ depending on which of them is a common face of these balls.",
"type": "quote"
}
],
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"Something resembling a backbone, such as a ridge, or a long, central structure from which other structures radiate."
],
"links": [
[
"backbone",
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[
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"ridge"
],
[
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"central"
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[
"radiate",
"radiate"
]
]
},
{
"categories": [
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],
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{
"ref": "1994–2014, “Rare Book Basics: Book Terms Illustrated”, in Powell's City of Books, archived from the original on 2014-07-05:",
"text": "The spine is the book's backbone. Because the spine is generally all you can see when a book is on the shelf, the spine displays the title and author of the book and is often ornately decorated.",
"type": "quote"
}
],
"glosses": [
"The narrow, bound edge of a book that encloses the inner edges of the pages, facing outwards when the book is on a shelf and typically bearing the title and the author's and publisher's name."
],
"links": [
[
"narrow",
"narrow"
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[
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[
"edge",
"edge"
],
[
"book",
"book"
],
[
"enclose",
"enclose"
],
[
"page",
"page"
],
[
"shelf",
"shelf"
],
[
"bear",
"bear"
],
[
"title",
"title"
],
[
"author",
"author"
],
[
"publisher",
"publisher"
]
],
"senseid": [
"en:bound edge of book"
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "back"
}
]
},
{
"categories": [
"English terms with quotations",
"en:Animal body parts",
"en:Botany"
],
"examples": [
{
"ref": "1871, Charles Darwin, “chapter 12”, in Descent of Man, page 331:",
"text": "The male, as Dr. Gunther informs me, has a cluster of stiff, straight spines, like those of a comb, on the sides of the tail.",
"type": "quote"
}
],
"glosses": [
"A pointed, fairly rigid protuberance or needlelike structure on an animal, shell, or plant."
],
"links": [
[
"zootomy",
"zootomy"
],
[
"botany",
"botany"
],
[
"pointed",
"pointed"
],
[
"rigid",
"rigid"
],
[
"protuberance",
"protuberance"
],
[
"needlelike",
"needlelike"
],
[
"animal",
"animal"
],
[
"shell",
"shell"
],
[
"plant",
"plant"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(zootomy, botany) A pointed, fairly rigid protuberance or needlelike structure on an animal, shell, or plant."
],
"senseid": [
"en:sharp"
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "needle"
},
{
"word": "prickle"
},
{
"english": "on animals, flexible",
"word": "quill"
},
{
"word": "spicule"
},
{
"english": "rigid",
"word": "spike"
},
{
"english": "on plants",
"word": "thorn"
},
{
"tags": [
"obsolete"
],
"word": "virgula"
}
],
"topics": [
"biology",
"botany",
"natural-sciences",
"zoology",
"zootomy"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"en:Botany"
],
"glosses": [
"The heartwood of trees."
],
"links": [
[
"botany",
"botany"
],
[
"heartwood",
"heartwood"
],
[
"tree",
"tree"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(botany) The heartwood of trees."
],
"topics": [
"biology",
"botany",
"natural-sciences"
]
},
{
"alt_of": [
{
"word": "dendritic spine"
}
],
"categories": [
"English ellipses",
"English terms with quotations",
"en:Neuroscience"
],
"examples": [
{
"ref": "2008, Dale Purves, George J. Augustine, David Fitzpatrick, William C. Hall, Anthony-Samuel LaMantia, James O. McNamara, Leonard E. White, Neuroscience, 4th edition, Sinauer Associates:",
"text": "Spines are distinguished by the presence of globular tips called spine heads; when spines are present, the synapses innervating dendrites are made from these heads.",
"type": "quote"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Ellipsis of dendritic spine.."
],
"links": [
[
"neuroscience",
"neuroscience"
],
[
"dendritic spine",
"dendritic spine#English"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(neuroscience) Ellipsis of dendritic spine.."
],
"tags": [
"abbreviation",
"alt-of",
"ellipsis"
],
"topics": [
"medicine",
"neuroscience",
"sciences"
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"A linear payscale operated by some large organizations that allows flexibility for local and specific conditions."
],
"links": [
[
"linear",
"linear"
],
[
"payscale",
"payscale"
],
[
"operate",
"operate"
],
[
"organization",
"organization"
],
[
"flexibility",
"flexibility"
],
[
"local",
"local"
],
[
"specific",
"specific"
]
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "pay spine"
}
]
},
{
"categories": [
"en:Geology"
],
"glosses": [
"A tall mass of viscous lava extruded from a volcano."
],
"links": [
[
"geology",
"geology"
],
[
"mass",
"mass"
],
[
"viscous",
"viscous"
],
[
"lava",
"lava"
],
[
"extrude",
"extrude"
],
[
"volcano",
"volcano"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(geology) A tall mass of viscous lava extruded from a volcano."
],
"topics": [
"geography",
"geology",
"natural-sciences"
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"The stiffness of an arrow."
],
"links": [
[
"stiffness",
"stiffness"
]
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/spaɪn/"
},
{
"audio": "LL-Q1860 (eng)-Vealhurl-spine.wav",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/6/6a/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-spine.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-spine.wav.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/6/6a/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-spine.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-spine.wav.ogg"
},
{
"rhymes": "-aɪn"
}
],
"translations": [
{
"code": "af",
"lang": "Afrikaans",
"sense": "backbone",
"word": "ruggraat"
},
{
"code": "apw",
"lang": "Western Apache",
"sense": "backbone",
"word": "batsą́tsʼin"
},
{
"code": "ar",
"lang": "Arabic",
"roman": "ʕamūd faqriyy",
"sense": "backbone",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "عَمُود فَقْرِيّ"
},
{
"code": "arz",
"lang": "Arabic",
"roman": "ʕamūd faqarī",
"sense": "backbone",
"tags": [
"Egyptian-Arabic",
"masculine"
],
"word": "عمود فقري"
},
{
"code": "hy",
"lang": "Armenian",
"roman": "oġnašar",
"sense": "backbone",
"word": "ողնաշար"
},
{
"code": "rup",
"lang": "Aromanian",
"sense": "backbone",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "schinari"
},
{
"code": "rup",
"lang": "Aromanian",
"sense": "backbone",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "cãtinã"
},
{
"code": "as",
"lang": "Assamese",
"roman": "razohar",
"sense": "backbone",
"word": "ৰাজহাড়"
},
{
"code": "ast",
"lang": "Asturian",
"sense": "backbone",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "espinazu"
},
{
"code": "ast",
"lang": "Asturian",
"sense": "backbone",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "espina"
},
{
"code": "az",
"lang": "Azerbaijani",
"sense": "backbone",
"word": "onurğa"
},
{
"code": "ba",
"lang": "Bashkir",
"roman": "umırtqa",
"sense": "backbone",
"word": "умыртҡа"
},
{
"code": "be",
"lang": "Belarusian",
"roman": "xrybjétnik",
"sense": "backbone",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "хрыбе́тнік"
},
{
"code": "be",
"lang": "Belarusian",
"roman": "́xrybjétnica",
"sense": "backbone",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "́хрыбе́тніца"
},
{
"code": "be",
"lang": "Belarusian",
"roman": "pazvanóčnik",
"sense": "backbone",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "пазвано́чнік"
},
{
"code": "be",
"lang": "Belarusian",
"roman": "xrybjét",
"sense": "backbone",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "хрыбе́т"
},
{
"code": "bn",
"lang": "Bengali",
"roman": "merudonḍo",
"sense": "backbone",
"word": "মেরুদণ্ড"
},
{
"code": "shi",
"lang": "Berberspriaken",
"sense": "backbone",
"tags": [
"Tashelhit",
"masculine"
],
"word": "iẓḍi (n ukrum)"
},
{
"code": "bg",
"lang": "Bulgarian",
"roman": "grǎbnáčen stǎlb",
"sense": "backbone",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "гръбна́чен стълб"
},
{
"code": "bg",
"lang": "Bulgarian",
"roman": "grǎbnák",
"sense": "backbone",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "гръбна́к"
},
{
"code": "my",
"lang": "Burmese",
"roman": "kyau:rui:",
"sense": "backbone",
"word": "ကျောရိုး"
},
{
"code": "ca",
"lang": "Catalan",
"sense": "backbone",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "espinada"
},
{
"code": "ca",
"lang": "Catalan",
"sense": "backbone",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "raquis"
},
{
"code": "yue",
"lang": "Chinese Cantonese",
"roman": "zek³ zeoi¹",
"sense": "backbone",
"word": "脊椎"
},
{
"code": "yue",
"lang": "Chinese Cantonese",
"roman": "zek³ gwat¹",
"sense": "backbone",
"word": "脊骨"
},
{
"code": "cmn",
"lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
"sense": "backbone",
"word": "骨幹"
},
{
"code": "cmn",
"lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
"roman": "gǔgàn",
"sense": "backbone",
"word": "骨干"
},
{
"code": "cmn",
"lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
"roman": "jígǔ",
"sense": "backbone",
"word": "脊骨"
},
{
"code": "cmn",
"lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
"roman": "bèigǔ",
"sense": "backbone",
"word": "背骨"
},
{
"code": "cmn",
"lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
"roman": "jǐzhuī",
"sense": "backbone",
"word": "脊椎"
},
{
"code": "cs",
"lang": "Czech",
"sense": "backbone",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "páteř"
},
{
"code": "cs",
"lang": "Czech",
"sense": "backbone",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "hřbet"
},
{
"code": "da",
"lang": "Danish",
"sense": "backbone",
"tags": [
"common-gender"
],
"word": "rygsøjle"
},
{
"code": "da",
"lang": "Danish",
"sense": "backbone",
"tags": [
"common-gender"
],
"word": "rygrad"
},
{
"code": "nl",
"lang": "Dutch",
"sense": "backbone",
"word": "ruggengraat"
},
{
"code": "egy",
"lang": "Egyptian",
"roman": "psḏ",
"sense": "backbone",
"word": "p-s-D:F37"
},
{
"code": "eo",
"lang": "Esperanto",
"sense": "backbone",
"word": "spino"
},
{
"code": "eo",
"lang": "Esperanto",
"sense": "backbone",
"word": "vertebraro"
},
{
"code": "eo",
"lang": "Esperanto",
"sense": "backbone",
"word": "vertebra kolumno"
},
{
"code": "et",
"lang": "Estonian",
"sense": "backbone",
"word": "selgroog"
},
{
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "backbone",
"word": "selkäranka"
},
{
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "backbone",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "colonne vertébrale"
},
{
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"note": "of animals",
"sense": "backbone",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "échine"
},
{
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "backbone",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "épine dorsale"
},
{
"code": "gl",
"lang": "Galician",
"sense": "backbone",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "espiñazo"
},
{
"code": "gl",
"lang": "Galician",
"sense": "backbone",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "soá"
},
{
"code": "gl",
"lang": "Galician",
"sense": "backbone",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "soaxe"
},
{
"code": "gl",
"lang": "Galician",
"sense": "backbone",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "cerrizo"
},
{
"code": "gl",
"lang": "Galician",
"sense": "backbone",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "cernizo"
},
{
"code": "ka",
"lang": "Georgian",
"roman": "xerxemali",
"sense": "backbone",
"word": "ხერხემალი"
},
{
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "backbone",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "Rückgrat"
},
{
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "backbone",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "Wirbelsäule"
},
{
"code": "el",
"lang": "Greek",
"roman": "spondylikí stíli",
"sense": "backbone",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "σπονδυλική στήλη"
},
{
"code": "el",
"lang": "Greek",
"roman": "rachokokaliá",
"sense": "backbone",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "ραχοκοκαλιά"
},
{
"code": "grc",
"lang": "Ancient Greek",
"roman": "rhákhis",
"sense": "backbone",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "ῥάχις"
},
{
"code": "he",
"lang": "Hebrew",
"roman": "'amúd shidrá",
"sense": "backbone",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "עַמּוּד שִׁדְרָה"
},
{
"code": "hi",
"lang": "Hindi",
"roman": "merudaṇḍ",
"sense": "backbone",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "मेरुदण्ड"
},
{
"code": "hi",
"lang": "Hindi",
"roman": "rīṛh kī haḍḍī",
"sense": "backbone",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "रीढ़ की हड्डी"
},
{
"code": "hi",
"lang": "Hindi",
"roman": "rīṛh",
"sense": "backbone",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "रीढ़"
},
{
"code": "hu",
"lang": "Hungarian",
"sense": "backbone",
"word": "gerinc"
},
{
"code": "is",
"lang": "Icelandic",
"sense": "backbone",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "hryggur"
},
{
"code": "is",
"lang": "Icelandic",
"sense": "backbone",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "hryggjarsúla"
},
{
"code": "izh",
"lang": "Ingrian",
"sense": "backbone",
"word": "selkäpii"
},
{
"code": "ga",
"lang": "Irish",
"sense": "backbone",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "dromlach"
},
{
"code": "ga",
"lang": "Irish",
"sense": "backbone",
"word": "cnámh droma"
},
{
"code": "it",
"lang": "Italian",
"sense": "backbone",
"word": "colonna vertebrale"
},
{
"alt": "せぼね",
"code": "ja",
"lang": "Japanese",
"roman": "sebone",
"sense": "backbone",
"word": "背骨"
},
{
"alt": "せきつい",
"code": "ja",
"lang": "Japanese",
"roman": "sekitsui",
"sense": "backbone",
"word": "脊椎"
},
{
"alt": "せきちゅう",
"code": "ja",
"lang": "Japanese",
"roman": "sekichū",
"sense": "backbone",
"word": "脊柱"
},
{
"code": "kk",
"lang": "Kazakh",
"roman": "omyrtqa",
"sense": "backbone",
"word": "омыртқа"
},
{
"code": "km",
"lang": "Khmer",
"roman": "chʼəng khnɑɑng",
"sense": "backbone",
"word": "ឆ្អឹងខ្នង"
},
{
"alt": "脊椎",
"code": "ko",
"lang": "Korean",
"roman": "cheokchu",
"sense": "backbone",
"word": "척추"
},
{
"code": "kmr",
"lang": "Northern Kurdish",
"sense": "backbone",
"word": "birrbirre"
},
{
"code": "ky",
"lang": "Kyrgyz",
"roman": "omurtka",
"sense": "backbone",
"word": "омуртка"
},
{
"code": "lo",
"lang": "Lao",
"roman": "ka dūk san lang",
"sense": "backbone",
"word": "ກະດູກສັນຫຼັງ"
},
{
"code": "la",
"lang": "Latin",
"sense": "backbone",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "spīna"
},
{
"code": "la",
"lang": "Latin",
"sense": "backbone",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "columna vertebrālis"
},
{
"code": "lv",
"lang": "Latvian",
"sense": "backbone",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "mugurkauls"
},
{
"code": "lt",
"lang": "Lithuanian",
"sense": "backbone",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "stuburas"
},
{
"code": "mk",
"lang": "Macedonian",
"roman": "’ŕbet",
"sense": "backbone",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "’р́бет"
},
{
"code": "ms",
"lang": "Malay",
"sense": "backbone",
"word": "tulang belakang"
},
{
"code": "ml",
"lang": "Malayalam",
"roman": "naṭṭellŭ",
"sense": "backbone",
"word": "നട്ടെല്ല്"
},
{
"code": "mi",
"lang": "Maori",
"sense": "backbone",
"word": "tuātara"
},
{
"code": "mi",
"lang": "Maori",
"sense": "backbone",
"word": "iwituaroa"
},
{
"code": "mi",
"lang": "Maori",
"sense": "backbone",
"word": "tuakoko"
},
{
"code": "mi",
"lang": "Maori",
"sense": "backbone",
"word": "tuaiwi"
},
{
"code": "mi",
"lang": "Maori",
"sense": "backbone",
"word": "iwituararo"
},
{
"code": "enm",
"lang": "Middle English",
"sense": "backbone",
"word": "chyne"
},
{
"code": "mn",
"lang": "Mongolian",
"roman": "nuruu",
"sense": "backbone",
"tags": [
"Cyrillic"
],
"word": "нуруу"
},
{
"code": "nv",
"lang": "Navajo",
"sense": "backbone",
"word": "íígháán"
},
{
"code": "ne",
"lang": "Nepali",
"roman": "merudaṇḍa",
"sense": "backbone",
"word": "मेरुदण्ड"
},
{
"code": "cst",
"lang": "Northern Ohlone",
"sense": "backbone",
"word": "núm̄es"
},
{
"code": "nb",
"lang": "Norwegian Bokmål",
"sense": "backbone",
"tags": [
"feminine",
"masculine"
],
"word": "ryggrad"
},
{
"code": "nb",
"lang": "Norwegian Bokmål",
"sense": "backbone",
"tags": [
"feminine",
"masculine"
],
"word": "ryggsøyle"
},
{
"code": "nb",
"lang": "Norwegian Bokmål",
"sense": "backbone",
"tags": [
"feminine",
"masculine"
],
"word": "virvelsøyle"
},
{
"code": "nn",
"lang": "Norwegian Nynorsk",
"sense": "backbone",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "ryggrad"
},
{
"code": "nn",
"lang": "Norwegian Nynorsk",
"sense": "backbone",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "ryggsøyle"
},
{
"code": "nn",
"lang": "Norwegian Nynorsk",
"sense": "backbone",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "virvelsøyle"
},
{
"code": "oc",
"lang": "Occitan",
"sense": "backbone",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "colomna vertebrala"
},
{
"code": "cu",
"lang": "Church Slavic",
"roman": "xrĭbĭtŭ",
"sense": "backbone",
"tags": [
"Cyrillic",
"masculine"
],
"word": "хрьбьтъ"
},
{
"code": "ang",
"lang": "Old English",
"sense": "backbone",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "hryċġbān"
},
{
"code": "ps",
"lang": "Pashto",
"roman": "šamzᶕy",
"sense": "backbone",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "شمزۍ"
},
{
"code": "ps",
"lang": "Pashto",
"roman": "šanjǝ́y",
"sense": "backbone",
"word": "شنځۍ"
},
{
"code": "fa-ira",
"lang": "Iranian Persian",
"roman": "sotun-e mohre-hâ",
"sense": "backbone",
"word": "سُتونِ مُهْرِهها"
},
{
"code": "pl",
"lang": "Polish",
"sense": "backbone",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "kręgosłup"
},
{
"code": "pt",
"lang": "Portuguese",
"sense": "backbone",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "espinhaço"
},
{
"code": "pt",
"lang": "Portuguese",
"sense": "backbone",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "espinha"
},
{
"code": "pt",
"lang": "Portuguese",
"sense": "backbone",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "coluna"
},
{
"code": "pt",
"lang": "Portuguese",
"sense": "backbone",
"word": "coluna vertebral"
},
{
"code": "ro",
"lang": "Romanian",
"sense": "backbone",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "coloană vertebrală"
},
{
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "pozvonóčnik",
"sense": "backbone",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "позвоно́чник"
},
{
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "xrebét",
"sense": "backbone",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "хребе́т"
},
{
"code": "gd",
"lang": "Scottish Gaelic",
"sense": "backbone",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "cnàimh an droma"
},
{
"code": "sh",
"lang": "Serbo-Croatian",
"sense": "backbone",
"tags": [
"Cyrillic",
"feminine"
],
"word": "кра́љежница"
},
{
"code": "sh",
"lang": "Serbo-Croatian",
"sense": "backbone",
"tags": [
"Cyrillic",
"feminine"
],
"word": "кра́љешница"
},
{
"code": "sh",
"lang": "Serbo-Croatian",
"sense": "backbone",
"tags": [
"Cyrillic",
"feminine"
],
"word": "ки̑чма"
},
{
"code": "sh",
"lang": "Serbo-Croatian",
"sense": "backbone",
"tags": [
"Cyrillic",
"feminine"
],
"word": "хрптѐњача"
},
{
"code": "sh",
"lang": "Serbo-Croatian",
"sense": "backbone",
"tags": [
"Cyrillic",
"feminine"
],
"word": "хрптеница"
},
{
"code": "sh",
"lang": "Serbo-Croatian",
"sense": "backbone",
"tags": [
"Cyrillic",
"masculine"
],
"word": "хр̏бат"
},
{
"code": "sh",
"lang": "Serbo-Croatian",
"sense": "backbone",
"tags": [
"Roman",
"feminine"
],
"word": "králježnica"
},
{
"code": "sh",
"lang": "Serbo-Croatian",
"sense": "backbone",
"tags": [
"Roman",
"feminine"
],
"word": "králješnica"
},
{
"code": "sh",
"lang": "Serbo-Croatian",
"sense": "backbone",
"tags": [
"Roman",
"feminine"
],
"word": "kȋčma"
},
{
"code": "sh",
"lang": "Serbo-Croatian",
"sense": "backbone",
"tags": [
"Roman",
"feminine"
],
"word": "hrptènjača"
},
{
"code": "sh",
"lang": "Serbo-Croatian",
"sense": "backbone",
"tags": [
"Roman",
"feminine"
],
"word": "hrptenica"
},
{
"code": "sh",
"lang": "Serbo-Croatian",
"sense": "backbone",
"tags": [
"Roman",
"masculine"
],
"word": "hȑbat"
},
{
"code": "si",
"lang": "Sinhalese",
"roman": "kaśēruwa",
"sense": "backbone",
"word": "කශේරුව"
},
{
"code": "sk",
"lang": "Slovak",
"sense": "backbone",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "chrbtica"
},
{
"code": "sl",
"lang": "Slovene",
"sense": "backbone",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "hrbtenica"
},
{
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "backbone",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "columna vertebral"
},
{
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "backbone",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "espinazo"
},
{
"code": "srn",
"lang": "Sranan Tongo",
"sense": "backbone",
"word": "bakabonyo"
},
{
"code": "sv",
"lang": "Swedish",
"sense": "backbone",
"tags": [
"common-gender"
],
"word": "ryggrad"
},
{
"code": "tl",
"lang": "Tagalog",
"sense": "backbone",
"word": "guluguran"
},
{
"code": "tl",
"lang": "Tagalog",
"sense": "backbone",
"word": "bangananan"
},
{
"code": "tg",
"lang": "Tajik",
"roman": "sutunmühra",
"sense": "backbone",
"word": "сутунмӯҳра"
},
{
"code": "tt",
"lang": "Tatar",
"roman": "umırtkalıq",
"sense": "backbone",
"word": "умырткалык"
},
{
"code": "tt",
"lang": "Tatar",
"roman": "umırtka",
"sense": "backbone",
"word": "умыртка"
},
{
"code": "th",
"lang": "Thai",
"roman": "grà-dùuk-sǎn-lǎng",
"sense": "backbone",
"word": "กระดูกสันหลัง"
},
{
"code": "tr",
"lang": "Turkish",
"sense": "backbone",
"word": "omurga"
},
{
"code": "tk",
"lang": "Turkmen",
"sense": "backbone",
"word": "oňurga"
},
{
"code": "uk",
"lang": "Ukrainian",
"roman": "xrebét",
"sense": "backbone",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "хребе́т"
},
{
"code": "ur",
"lang": "Urdu",
"roman": "rīṛh",
"sense": "backbone",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "رِیڑھ"
},
{
"code": "ur",
"lang": "Urdu",
"roman": "rīṛh kī haḍḍī",
"sense": "backbone",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "رِیڑھ کی ہَڈّی"
},
{
"code": "uz",
"lang": "Uzbek",
"sense": "backbone",
"word": "umurtqa pogʻonasi"
},
{
"code": "vi",
"lang": "Vietnamese",
"sense": "backbone",
"word": "xương sống"
},
{
"code": "vo",
"lang": "Volapük",
"sense": "backbone",
"word": "bäkabom"
},
{
"code": "yi",
"lang": "Yiddish",
"roman": "ruknbeyn",
"sense": "backbone",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "רוקנביין"
},
{
"code": "za",
"lang": "Zhuang",
"sense": "backbone",
"word": "ndoksaen"
},
{
"code": "bg",
"lang": "Bulgarian",
"roman": "kuráž",
"sense": "courage or assertiveness",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "кура́ж"
},
{
"code": "cs",
"lang": "Czech",
"sense": "courage or assertiveness",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "páteř"
},
{
"code": "da",
"lang": "Danish",
"sense": "courage or assertiveness",
"tags": [
"common-gender"
],
"word": "rygrad"
},
{
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "courage or assertiveness",
"word": "selkäranka"
},
{
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "courage or assertiveness",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "Rückgrat"
},
{
"alt": "きこつ",
"code": "ja",
"lang": "Japanese",
"roman": "kikotsu",
"sense": "courage or assertiveness",
"word": "気骨"
},
{
"code": "lv",
"lang": "Latvian",
"sense": "courage or assertiveness",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "mugurkauls"
},
{
"code": "mk",
"lang": "Macedonian",
"roman": "’rbet",
"sense": "courage or assertiveness",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "’рбет"
},
{
"code": "ml",
"lang": "Malayalam",
"roman": "naṭṭellŭ",
"sense": "courage or assertiveness",
"word": "നട്ടെല്ല്"
},
{
"code": "nb",
"lang": "Norwegian Bokmål",
"sense": "courage or assertiveness",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "ryggrad"
},
{
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "xrebét",
"sense": "courage or assertiveness",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "хребе́т"
},
{
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "stérženʹ",
"sense": "courage or assertiveness",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "сте́ржень"
},
{
"code": "sl",
"lang": "Slovene",
"sense": "courage or assertiveness",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "hrbtenica"
},
{
"code": "sv",
"lang": "Swedish",
"sense": "courage or assertiveness",
"tags": [
"common-gender"
],
"word": "ryggrad"
},
{
"code": "bg",
"lang": "Bulgarian",
"roman": "grǎb",
"sense": "bound edge of a book",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "гръб"
},
{
"code": "ca",
"lang": "Catalan",
"sense": "bound edge of a book",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "llom"
},
{
"code": "cs",
"lang": "Czech",
"sense": "bound edge of a book",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "hřbet"
},
{
"code": "da",
"lang": "Danish",
"sense": "bound edge of a book",
"tags": [
"common-gender"
],
"word": "ryg"
},
{
"code": "nl",
"lang": "Dutch",
"sense": "bound edge of a book",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "rug"
},
{
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "bound edge of a book",
"word": "selkä"
},
{
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "bound edge of a book",
"word": "selkämys"
},
{
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "bound edge of a book",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "dos"
},
{
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "bound edge of a book",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "Rücken"
},
{
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "bound edge of a book",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "Buchrücken"
},
{
"code": "el",
"lang": "Greek",
"roman": "ráchi",
"sense": "bound edge of a book",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "ράχη"
},
{
"code": "is",
"lang": "Icelandic",
"sense": "bound edge of a book",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "kjölur"
},
{
"code": "it",
"lang": "Italian",
"sense": "bound edge of a book",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "costa"
},
{
"code": "it",
"lang": "Italian",
"sense": "bound edge of a book",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "dorso"
},
{
"alt": "ほんのせ, hon no se",
"code": "ja",
"lang": "Japanese",
"sense": "bound edge of a book",
"word": "本の背"
},
{
"alt": "せびょうし",
"code": "ja",
"lang": "Japanese",
"roman": "sebyōshi",
"sense": "bound edge of a book",
"word": "背表紙"
},
{
"code": "lv",
"lang": "Latvian",
"sense": "bound edge of a book",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "mugura"
},
{
"code": "mk",
"lang": "Macedonian",
"roman": "’rbet",
"sense": "bound edge of a book",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "’рбет"
},
{
"code": "nb",
"lang": "Norwegian Bokmål",
"sense": "bound edge of a book",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "rygg"
},
{
"code": "pl",
"lang": "Polish",
"sense": "bound edge of a book",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "grzbiet"
},
{
"code": "pt",
"lang": "Portuguese",
"sense": "bound edge of a book",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "dorso"
},
{
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "korešók",
"sense": "bound edge of a book",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "корешо́к"
},
{
"code": "sl",
"lang": "Slovene",
"sense": "bound edge of a book",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "hrbet"
},
{
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "bound edge of a book",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "lomo"
},
{
"code": "sv",
"lang": "Swedish",
"sense": "bound edge of a book",
"tags": [
"common-gender"
],
"word": "rygg"
},
{
"code": "sv",
"lang": "Swedish",
"sense": "bound edge of a book",
"tags": [
"common-gender"
],
"word": "bokrygg"
},
{
"code": "th",
"lang": "Thai",
"roman": "sǎn",
"sense": "bound edge of a book",
"word": "สัน"
},
{
"code": "th",
"lang": "Thai",
"roman": "sǎn-nǎng-sʉ̌ʉ",
"sense": "bound edge of a book",
"word": "สันหนังสือ"
},
{
"code": "uk",
"lang": "Ukrainian",
"roman": "korinécʹ",
"sense": "bound edge of a book",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "коріне́ць"
},
{
"code": "uk",
"lang": "Ukrainian",
"roman": "spýnka",
"sense": "bound edge of a book",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "спи́нка"
},
{
"code": "vi",
"lang": "Vietnamese",
"sense": "bound edge of a book",
"word": "gáy sách"
},
{
"code": "ast",
"lang": "Asturian",
"sense": "rigid, pointed surface protuberance or needle-like structure",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "espina"
},
{
"code": "ba",
"lang": "Bashkir",
"roman": "enə",
"sense": "rigid, pointed surface protuberance or needle-like structure",
"word": "энә"
},
{
"code": "bg",
"lang": "Bulgarian",
"roman": "bodil",
"sense": "rigid, pointed surface protuberance or needle-like structure",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "бодил"
},
{
"code": "bg",
"lang": "Bulgarian",
"roman": "šip",
"sense": "rigid, pointed surface protuberance or needle-like structure",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "шип"
},
{
"code": "ca",
"lang": "Catalan",
"sense": "rigid, pointed surface protuberance or needle-like structure",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "espina"
},
{
"code": "cs",
"lang": "Czech",
"sense": "rigid, pointed surface protuberance or needle-like structure",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "osten"
},
{
"code": "cs",
"lang": "Czech",
"sense": "rigid, pointed surface protuberance or needle-like structure",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "trn"
},
{
"code": "cs",
"lang": "Czech",
"sense": "rigid, pointed surface protuberance or needle-like structure",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "bodlina (of a hedgehog)"
},
{
"code": "da",
"lang": "Danish",
"sense": "rigid, pointed surface protuberance or needle-like structure",
"tags": [
"common-gender"
],
"word": "pig (of a hedgehog)"
},
{
"code": "nl",
"lang": "Dutch",
"sense": "rigid, pointed surface protuberance or needle-like structure",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "stekel"
},
{
"code": "nl",
"lang": "Dutch",
"sense": "rigid, pointed surface protuberance or needle-like structure",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "doorn"
},
{
"code": "et",
"lang": "Estonian",
"sense": "rigid, pointed surface protuberance or needle-like structure",
"word": "oga"
},
{
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "rigid, pointed surface protuberance or needle-like structure",
"word": "piikki"
},
{
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "rigid, pointed surface protuberance or needle-like structure",
"word": "oas"
},
{
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "rigid, pointed surface protuberance or needle-like structure",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "épine"
},
{
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "rigid, pointed surface protuberance or needle-like structure",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "piquant"
},
{
"code": "gl",
"lang": "Galician",
"sense": "rigid, pointed surface protuberance or needle-like structure",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "espiña"
},
{
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "rigid, pointed surface protuberance or needle-like structure",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "Stachel"
},
{
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "rigid, pointed surface protuberance or needle-like structure",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "Dorn"
},
{
"code": "el",
"lang": "Greek",
"roman": "agkáthi",
"sense": "rigid, pointed surface protuberance or needle-like structure",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "αγκάθι"
},
{
"code": "haw",
"lang": "Hawaiian",
"sense": "rigid, pointed surface protuberance or needle-like structure",
"word": "heu (in cacti)"
},
{
"code": "he",
"lang": "Hebrew",
"roman": "kotz",
"sense": "rigid, pointed surface protuberance or needle-like structure",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "קוֹץ"
},
{
"code": "he",
"lang": "Hebrew",
"sense": "rigid, pointed surface protuberance or needle-like structure",
"word": "עוקץ"
},
{
"code": "he",
"lang": "Hebrew",
"roman": "óketz",
"sense": "rigid, pointed surface protuberance or needle-like structure",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "עֹקֶץ"
},
{
"code": "hu",
"lang": "Hungarian",
"sense": "rigid, pointed surface protuberance or needle-like structure",
"word": "tüske"
},
{
"code": "is",
"lang": "Icelandic",
"sense": "rigid, pointed surface protuberance or needle-like structure",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "hryggur"
},
{
"code": "ga",
"lang": "Irish",
"sense": "rigid, pointed surface protuberance or needle-like structure",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "dealg"
},
{
"code": "ga",
"lang": "Irish",
"sense": "rigid, pointed surface protuberance or needle-like structure",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "spíon"
},
{
"code": "it",
"lang": "Italian",
"sense": "rigid, pointed surface protuberance or needle-like structure",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "spina dorsale"
},
{
"code": "la",
"lang": "Latin",
"sense": "rigid, pointed surface protuberance or needle-like structure",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "spīna"
},
{
"code": "la",
"lang": "Latin",
"sense": "rigid, pointed surface protuberance or needle-like structure",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "aculeus"
},
{
"code": "mi",
"english": "on back of fish or reptile",
"lang": "Maori",
"sense": "rigid, pointed surface protuberance or needle-like structure",
"word": "tuātara"
},
{
"code": "mi",
"lang": "Maori",
"sense": "rigid, pointed surface protuberance or needle-like structure",
"word": "tuaitara"
},
{
"code": "mi",
"lang": "Maori",
"sense": "rigid, pointed surface protuberance or needle-like structure",
"word": "wehiwehi"
},
{
"code": "mi",
"lang": "Maori",
"sense": "rigid, pointed surface protuberance or needle-like structure",
"word": "wewehi"
},
{
"code": "ota",
"lang": "Ottoman Turkish",
"roman": "diken",
"sense": "rigid, pointed surface protuberance or needle-like structure",
"word": "دیكن"
},
{
"code": "pl",
"lang": "Polish",
"sense": "rigid, pointed surface protuberance or needle-like structure",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "kolec"
},
{
"code": "pt",
"lang": "Portuguese",
"sense": "rigid, pointed surface protuberance or needle-like structure",
"word": "espinho"
},
{
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "šip",
"sense": "rigid, pointed surface protuberance or needle-like structure",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "шип"
},
{
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "iglá",
"sense": "rigid, pointed surface protuberance or needle-like structure",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "игла́"
},
{
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "koljúčka",
"sense": "rigid, pointed surface protuberance or needle-like structure",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "колю́чка"
},
{
"code": "sl",
"lang": "Slovene",
"sense": "rigid, pointed surface protuberance or needle-like structure",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "bodica"
},
{
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "rigid, pointed surface protuberance or needle-like structure",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "espina"
},
{
"code": "sv",
"lang": "Swedish",
"sense": "rigid, pointed surface protuberance or needle-like structure",
"tags": [
"common-gender"
],
"word": "tagg"
},
{
"code": "tl",
"lang": "Tagalog",
"sense": "rigid, pointed surface protuberance or needle-like structure",
"word": "tinik"
},
{
"code": "tr",
"lang": "Turkish",
"sense": "rigid, pointed surface protuberance or needle-like structure",
"word": "diken"
}
],
"wikipedia": [
"Gray's Anatomy",
"spine"
],
"word": "spine"
}
Download raw JSONL data for spine meaning in English (44.1kB)
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable English dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2024-12-15 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2024-12-04 using wiktextract (8a39820 and 4401a4c). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.