See rough on Wiktionary
Download JSON data for rough meaning in All languages combined (63.4kB)
{
"antonyms": [
{
"word": "smooth"
},
{
"source": "Thesaurus:rough",
"word": "even"
},
{
"source": "Thesaurus:rough",
"word": "polished"
},
{
"source": "Thesaurus:rough",
"word": "velvety"
}
],
"derived": [
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "cut up rough"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "dog rough"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "have a rough time of it"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "in the rough"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "live rough"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "nanorough"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "oak rough bulletgall wasp"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "rough-and-ready"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "rough and ready"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "rough and tumble"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "rough around the edges"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "rough book"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "rough-book"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "rough breathing"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "roughcast"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "rough collie"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "rough cut"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "rough diamond"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "rough-draw"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "rough draw"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "rough-dressed"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "rough-edged"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "rough edges"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "rough end of the pineapple"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "rough endoplasmic reticulum"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "rough fish"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "rough-footed"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "rough-grained"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "rough hawksbeard"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "rough-hew"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "rough-hewer"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "rough-hewn"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "rough horsetail"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "rough-house"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "rough house"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "roughhouse"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "rough justice"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "rough-legged"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "rough-legged buzzard"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "rough-legged hawk"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "rough lemon"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "roughly"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "rough music"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "roughness"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "rough number"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "rough patch"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "rough perfect"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "rough pump"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "rough ride"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "roughrider"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "rough rider"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "rough shark"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "roughshod"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "rough slant"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "rough sledding"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "rough sleeper"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "roughspun"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "rough stuff"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "rough trade"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "rough trot"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "rough up the bullpen"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "rough vacuum"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "take the rough with the smooth"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "the rough side of one's tongue"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "unrough"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "rough it"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "enm",
"3": "rough"
},
"expansion": "Middle English rough",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "roughe"
},
"expansion": "roughe",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "roȝe"
},
"expansion": "roȝe",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "row"
},
"expansion": "row",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "rou"
},
"expansion": "rou",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "ru"
},
"expansion": "ru",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "ruȝ"
},
"expansion": "ruȝ",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "ruh"
},
"expansion": "ruh",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "ang",
"3": "rūg"
},
"expansion": "Old English rūg",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ang",
"2": "rūh"
},
"expansion": "rūh",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "gem-pro",
"3": "*rūhaz"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic *rūhaz",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "sco",
"2": "ruch"
},
"expansion": "Scots ruch",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "sco",
"2": "rouch",
"t": "rough"
},
"expansion": "rouch (“rough”)",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "stq",
"2": "ruuch"
},
"expansion": "Saterland Frisian ruuch",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "stq",
"2": "rouch",
"t": "rough"
},
"expansion": "rouch (“rough”)",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "fy",
"2": "rûch",
"t": "rough"
},
"expansion": "West Frisian rûch (“rough”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "nds",
"2": "ruuch",
"t": "rough"
},
"expansion": "Low German ruuch (“rough”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "nl",
"2": "ruig",
"t": "rough"
},
"expansion": "Dutch ruig (“rough”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "de",
"2": "rau",
"3": "rau(h)",
"t": "rough"
},
"expansion": "German rau(h) (“rough”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "da",
"2": "ru",
"3": "ru",
"t": "uneven on the surface, \"rough\", \"rugged\""
},
"expansion": "Danish ru (“uneven on the surface, \"rough\", \"rugged\"”)",
"name": "cog"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Middle English rough, roughe, roȝe, row, rou, ru, ruȝ, ruh, from Old English rūg, rūh, from Proto-Germanic *rūhaz. Cognate with Scots ruch, rouch (“rough”), Saterland Frisian ruuch, rouch (“rough”), West Frisian rûch (“rough”), Low German ruuch (“rough”), Dutch ruig (“rough”), German rau(h) (“rough”), Danish ru (“uneven on the surface, \"rough\", \"rugged\"”).",
"forms": [
{
"form": "rougher",
"tags": [
"comparative"
]
},
{
"form": "roughest",
"tags": [
"superlative"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "er"
},
"expansion": "rough (comparative rougher, superlative roughest)",
"name": "en-adj"
}
],
"hypernyms": [
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"source": "Thesaurus:rough",
"word": "textured"
}
],
"hyponyms": [
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"source": "Thesaurus:rough",
"word": "bumpy"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"source": "Thesaurus:rough",
"word": "choppy"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"source": "Thesaurus:rough",
"word": "corrugated"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"source": "Thesaurus:rough",
"word": "cragged"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"source": "Thesaurus:rough",
"word": "craggy"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"source": "Thesaurus:rough",
"word": "creased"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"source": "Thesaurus:rough",
"word": "gnarled"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"source": "Thesaurus:rough",
"word": "gnarly"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"source": "Thesaurus:rough",
"word": "knaggy"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"source": "Thesaurus:rough",
"word": "knotted"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"source": "Thesaurus:rough",
"word": "knotty"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"source": "Thesaurus:rough",
"word": "knurly"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"source": "Thesaurus:rough",
"word": "notched"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"source": "Thesaurus:rough",
"word": "unbrushed"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"source": "Thesaurus:rough",
"word": "ungroomed"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"source": "Thesaurus:rough",
"word": "unshaven"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"source": "Thesaurus:rough",
"word": "unpolished"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"source": "Thesaurus:rough",
"word": "ridged"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"source": "Thesaurus:rough",
"word": "scabby"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"source": "Thesaurus:rough",
"word": "scaly"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"source": "Thesaurus:rough",
"word": "shaggy"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"source": "Thesaurus:rough",
"word": "wrinkled"
}
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "adj",
"related": [
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"source": "Thesaurus:rough",
"word": "rough-hewn"
}
],
"senses": [
{
"glosses": [
"Not smooth; uneven."
],
"id": "en-rough-en-adj-XeLLgbtE",
"links": [
[
"smooth",
"smooth"
],
[
"uneven",
"uneven"
]
],
"translations": [
{
"_dis1": "45 12 0 0 0 0 1 11 1 29 0 1 1",
"code": "ar",
"lang": "Arabic",
"roman": "ḵašin",
"sense": "not smooth",
"word": "خَشِن"
},
{
"_dis1": "45 12 0 0 0 0 1 11 1 29 0 1 1",
"code": "rup",
"lang": "Aromanian",
"sense": "not smooth",
"word": "ascuru"
},
{
"_dis1": "45 12 0 0 0 0 1 11 1 29 0 1 1",
"code": "as",
"lang": "Assamese",
"roman": "khohota",
"sense": "not smooth",
"word": "খহটা"
},
{
"_dis1": "45 12 0 0 0 0 1 11 1 29 0 1 1",
"code": "be",
"lang": "Belarusian",
"roman": "hrúby",
"sense": "not smooth",
"word": "гру́бы"
},
{
"_dis1": "45 12 0 0 0 0 1 11 1 29 0 1 1",
"code": "be",
"lang": "Belarusian",
"roman": "hrubý",
"sense": "not smooth",
"word": "грубы́"
},
{
"_dis1": "45 12 0 0 0 0 1 11 1 29 0 1 1",
"code": "bcl",
"lang": "Bikol Central",
"sense": "not smooth",
"word": "maragkot"
},
{
"_dis1": "45 12 0 0 0 0 1 11 1 29 0 1 1",
"code": "bg",
"lang": "Bulgarian",
"roman": "grapav",
"sense": "not smooth",
"word": "грапав"
},
{
"_dis1": "45 12 0 0 0 0 1 11 1 29 0 1 1",
"code": "bg",
"lang": "Bulgarian",
"roman": "neraven",
"sense": "not smooth",
"word": "неравен"
},
{
"_dis1": "45 12 0 0 0 0 1 11 1 29 0 1 1",
"code": "my",
"lang": "Burmese",
"roman": "kram:",
"sense": "not smooth",
"word": "ကြမ်း"
},
{
"_dis1": "45 12 0 0 0 0 1 11 1 29 0 1 1",
"code": "ca",
"lang": "Catalan",
"sense": "not smooth",
"word": "aspre"
},
{
"_dis1": "45 12 0 0 0 0 1 11 1 29 0 1 1",
"code": "chr",
"lang": "Cherokee",
"roman": "usonv",
"sense": "not smooth",
"word": "ᎤᏐᏅ"
},
{
"_dis1": "45 12 0 0 0 0 1 11 1 29 0 1 1",
"code": "cmn",
"lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
"roman": "cūcāo",
"sense": "not smooth",
"word": "粗糙"
},
{
"_dis1": "45 12 0 0 0 0 1 11 1 29 0 1 1",
"code": "cs",
"lang": "Czech",
"sense": "not smooth",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "hrubý"
},
{
"_dis1": "45 12 0 0 0 0 1 11 1 29 0 1 1",
"code": "nl",
"lang": "Dutch",
"sense": "not smooth",
"word": "ruw"
},
{
"_dis1": "45 12 0 0 0 0 1 11 1 29 0 1 1",
"code": "nl",
"lang": "Dutch",
"sense": "not smooth",
"word": "ruig"
},
{
"_dis1": "45 12 0 0 0 0 1 11 1 29 0 1 1",
"code": "et",
"lang": "Estonian",
"sense": "not smooth",
"word": "kare"
},
{
"_dis1": "45 12 0 0 0 0 1 11 1 29 0 1 1",
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "not smooth",
"word": "karhea"
},
{
"_dis1": "45 12 0 0 0 0 1 11 1 29 0 1 1",
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "not smooth",
"word": "rosoinen"
},
{
"_dis1": "45 12 0 0 0 0 1 11 1 29 0 1 1",
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "not smooth",
"word": "rude"
},
{
"_dis1": "45 12 0 0 0 0 1 11 1 29 0 1 1",
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "not smooth",
"word": "rugueux"
},
{
"_dis1": "45 12 0 0 0 0 1 11 1 29 0 1 1",
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "not smooth",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "brut"
},
{
"_dis1": "45 12 0 0 0 0 1 11 1 29 0 1 1",
"code": "gl",
"lang": "Galician",
"sense": "not smooth",
"word": "áspero"
},
{
"_dis1": "45 12 0 0 0 0 1 11 1 29 0 1 1",
"code": "gl",
"lang": "Galician",
"sense": "not smooth",
"word": "esgrevio"
},
{
"_dis1": "45 12 0 0 0 0 1 11 1 29 0 1 1",
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "not smooth",
"word": "rau"
},
{
"_dis1": "45 12 0 0 0 0 1 11 1 29 0 1 1",
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "not smooth",
"word": "grob"
},
{
"_dis1": "45 12 0 0 0 0 1 11 1 29 0 1 1",
"code": "grc",
"lang": "Ancient Greek",
"roman": "trakhús",
"sense": "not smooth",
"word": "τραχύς"
},
{
"_dis1": "45 12 0 0 0 0 1 11 1 29 0 1 1",
"code": "hu",
"lang": "Hungarian",
"sense": "not smooth",
"word": "durva"
},
{
"_dis1": "45 12 0 0 0 0 1 11 1 29 0 1 1",
"code": "hu",
"lang": "Hungarian",
"sense": "not smooth",
"word": "érdes"
},
{
"_dis1": "45 12 0 0 0 0 1 11 1 29 0 1 1",
"code": "hu",
"lang": "Hungarian",
"sense": "not smooth",
"word": "egyenetlen"
},
{
"_dis1": "45 12 0 0 0 0 1 11 1 29 0 1 1",
"code": "io",
"lang": "Ido",
"sense": "not smooth",
"word": "aspera"
},
{
"_dis1": "45 12 0 0 0 0 1 11 1 29 0 1 1",
"code": "id",
"lang": "Indonesian",
"sense": "not smooth",
"word": "kasar"
},
{
"_dis1": "45 12 0 0 0 0 1 11 1 29 0 1 1",
"code": "izh",
"lang": "Ingrian",
"sense": "not smooth",
"word": "karhia"
},
{
"_dis1": "45 12 0 0 0 0 1 11 1 29 0 1 1",
"code": "izh",
"lang": "Ingrian",
"sense": "not smooth",
"word": "karskia"
},
{
"_dis1": "45 12 0 0 0 0 1 11 1 29 0 1 1",
"code": "ga",
"lang": "Irish",
"sense": "not smooth",
"word": "garbh"
},
{
"_dis1": "45 12 0 0 0 0 1 11 1 29 0 1 1",
"code": "it",
"lang": "Italian",
"sense": "not smooth",
"word": "ruvido"
},
{
"_dis1": "45 12 0 0 0 0 1 11 1 29 0 1 1",
"code": "it",
"lang": "Italian",
"sense": "not smooth",
"word": "rugoso"
},
{
"_dis1": "45 12 0 0 0 0 1 11 1 29 0 1 1",
"code": "it",
"lang": "Italian",
"sense": "not smooth",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "scabro"
},
{
"_dis1": "45 12 0 0 0 0 1 11 1 29 0 1 1",
"alt": "でこぼこな",
"code": "ja",
"lang": "Japanese",
"roman": "dekoboko na",
"sense": "not smooth",
"word": "凸凹な"
},
{
"_dis1": "45 12 0 0 0 0 1 11 1 29 0 1 1",
"alt": "あらい",
"code": "ja",
"lang": "Japanese",
"roman": "arai",
"sense": "not smooth",
"word": "粗い"
},
{
"_dis1": "45 12 0 0 0 0 1 11 1 29 0 1 1",
"code": "ko",
"lang": "Korean",
"roman": "geochilda",
"sense": "not smooth",
"word": "거칠다"
},
{
"_dis1": "45 12 0 0 0 0 1 11 1 29 0 1 1",
"code": "ckb",
"lang": "Central Kurdish",
"roman": "zûr",
"sense": "not smooth",
"word": "زوور"
},
{
"_dis1": "45 12 0 0 0 0 1 11 1 29 0 1 1",
"code": "la",
"lang": "Latin",
"sense": "not smooth",
"word": "asper"
},
{
"_dis1": "45 12 0 0 0 0 1 11 1 29 0 1 1",
"code": "lv",
"lang": "Latvian",
"sense": "not smooth",
"word": "raupjš"
},
{
"_dis1": "45 12 0 0 0 0 1 11 1 29 0 1 1",
"code": "lv",
"lang": "Latvian",
"sense": "not smooth",
"word": "rupjš"
},
{
"_dis1": "45 12 0 0 0 0 1 11 1 29 0 1 1",
"code": "lv",
"lang": "Latvian",
"sense": "not smooth",
"word": "ass"
},
{
"_dis1": "45 12 0 0 0 0 1 11 1 29 0 1 1",
"code": "lv",
"lang": "Latvian",
"sense": "not smooth",
"word": "negluds"
},
{
"_dis1": "45 12 0 0 0 0 1 11 1 29 0 1 1",
"code": "lt",
"lang": "Lithuanian",
"sense": "not smooth",
"word": "šiurkštus"
},
{
"_dis1": "45 12 0 0 0 0 1 11 1 29 0 1 1",
"code": "mk",
"lang": "Macedonian",
"roman": "grub",
"sense": "not smooth",
"word": "груб"
},
{
"_dis1": "45 12 0 0 0 0 1 11 1 29 0 1 1",
"code": "mi",
"english": "refers to a land surface",
"lang": "Maori",
"sense": "not smooth",
"word": "tuarangaranga"
},
{
"_dis1": "45 12 0 0 0 0 1 11 1 29 0 1 1",
"code": "mi",
"lang": "Maori",
"note": "of texture",
"sense": "not smooth",
"word": "kaitara"
},
{
"_dis1": "45 12 0 0 0 0 1 11 1 29 0 1 1",
"code": "mi",
"english": "refers to land surface",
"lang": "Maori",
"sense": "not smooth",
"word": "whakanokenoke"
},
{
"_dis1": "45 12 0 0 0 0 1 11 1 29 0 1 1",
"code": "mi",
"lang": "Maori",
"sense": "not smooth",
"word": "mātoretore"
},
{
"_dis1": "45 12 0 0 0 0 1 11 1 29 0 1 1",
"code": "mi",
"lang": "Maori",
"note": "of water",
"sense": "not smooth",
"word": "tuarangaranga"
},
{
"_dis1": "45 12 0 0 0 0 1 11 1 29 0 1 1",
"code": "mi",
"lang": "Maori",
"sense": "not smooth",
"word": "mātoetoe"
},
{
"_dis1": "45 12 0 0 0 0 1 11 1 29 0 1 1",
"code": "mi",
"lang": "Maori",
"sense": "not smooth",
"word": "torehapehape"
},
{
"_dis1": "45 12 0 0 0 0 1 11 1 29 0 1 1",
"code": "nv",
"lang": "Navajo",
"sense": "not smooth",
"word": "dichʼíízh"
},
{
"_dis1": "45 12 0 0 0 0 1 11 1 29 0 1 1",
"code": "nrf",
"lang": "Norman",
"sense": "not smooth",
"tags": [
"feminine",
"masculine"
],
"word": "rude"
},
{
"_dis1": "45 12 0 0 0 0 1 11 1 29 0 1 1",
"code": "oc",
"lang": "Occitan",
"sense": "not smooth",
"word": "aspre"
},
{
"_dis1": "45 12 0 0 0 0 1 11 1 29 0 1 1",
"code": "fa",
"lang": "Persian",
"roman": "zebr",
"sense": "not smooth",
"word": "زبر"
},
{
"_dis1": "45 12 0 0 0 0 1 11 1 29 0 1 1",
"code": "fa",
"lang": "Persian",
"roman": "zomoxt",
"sense": "not smooth",
"word": "زمخت"
},
{
"_dis1": "45 12 0 0 0 0 1 11 1 29 0 1 1",
"code": "fa",
"lang": "Persian",
"roman": "xašen",
"sense": "not smooth",
"word": "خشن"
},
{
"_dis1": "45 12 0 0 0 0 1 11 1 29 0 1 1",
"code": "pdt",
"lang": "Plautdietsch",
"sense": "not smooth",
"word": "ruch"
},
{
"_dis1": "45 12 0 0 0 0 1 11 1 29 0 1 1",
"code": "pdt",
"lang": "Plautdietsch",
"sense": "not smooth",
"word": "schroff"
},
{
"_dis1": "45 12 0 0 0 0 1 11 1 29 0 1 1",
"code": "pl",
"lang": "Polish",
"sense": "not smooth",
"word": "szorstki"
},
{
"_dis1": "45 12 0 0 0 0 1 11 1 29 0 1 1",
"code": "pl",
"lang": "Polish",
"sense": "not smooth",
"word": "zgrubny"
},
{
"_dis1": "45 12 0 0 0 0 1 11 1 29 0 1 1",
"code": "pl",
"lang": "Polish",
"sense": "not smooth",
"word": "chropowaty"
},
{
"_dis1": "45 12 0 0 0 0 1 11 1 29 0 1 1",
"code": "pt",
"lang": "Portuguese",
"sense": "not smooth",
"word": "áspero"
},
{
"_dis1": "45 12 0 0 0 0 1 11 1 29 0 1 1",
"code": "qu",
"lang": "Quechua",
"sense": "not smooth",
"word": "taku"
},
{
"_dis1": "45 12 0 0 0 0 1 11 1 29 0 1 1",
"code": "qu",
"lang": "Quechua",
"sense": "not smooth",
"word": "qhachqa"
},
{
"_dis1": "45 12 0 0 0 0 1 11 1 29 0 1 1",
"code": "ro",
"lang": "Romanian",
"sense": "not smooth",
"word": "dur"
},
{
"_dis1": "45 12 0 0 0 0 1 11 1 29 0 1 1",
"code": "ro",
"lang": "Romanian",
"sense": "not smooth",
"word": "aspru"
},
{
"_dis1": "45 12 0 0 0 0 1 11 1 29 0 1 1",
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "grúbyj",
"sense": "not smooth",
"word": "гру́бый"
},
{
"_dis1": "45 12 0 0 0 0 1 11 1 29 0 1 1",
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "šeroxovátyj",
"sense": "not smooth",
"word": "шерохова́тый"
},
{
"_dis1": "45 12 0 0 0 0 1 11 1 29 0 1 1",
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "žóstkij",
"sense": "not smooth",
"word": "жёсткий"
},
{
"_dis1": "45 12 0 0 0 0 1 11 1 29 0 1 1",
"code": "sco",
"lang": "Scots",
"sense": "not smooth",
"word": "roch"
},
{
"_dis1": "45 12 0 0 0 0 1 11 1 29 0 1 1",
"code": "sh",
"lang": "Serbo-Croatian",
"sense": "not smooth",
"tags": [
"Cyrillic"
],
"word": "груб"
},
{
"_dis1": "45 12 0 0 0 0 1 11 1 29 0 1 1",
"code": "sh",
"lang": "Serbo-Croatian",
"sense": "not smooth",
"tags": [
"Roman"
],
"word": "grub"
},
{
"_dis1": "45 12 0 0 0 0 1 11 1 29 0 1 1",
"code": "sk",
"lang": "Slovak",
"sense": "not smooth",
"word": "hrubý"
},
{
"_dis1": "45 12 0 0 0 0 1 11 1 29 0 1 1",
"code": "sl",
"lang": "Slovene",
"sense": "not smooth",
"word": "grob"
},
{
"_dis1": "45 12 0 0 0 0 1 11 1 29 0 1 1",
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "not smooth",
"word": "áspero"
},
{
"_dis1": "45 12 0 0 0 0 1 11 1 29 0 1 1",
"code": "su",
"lang": "Sundanese",
"sense": "not smooth",
"word": "keusrak"
},
{
"_dis1": "45 12 0 0 0 0 1 11 1 29 0 1 1",
"code": "sv",
"lang": "Swedish",
"sense": "not smooth",
"word": "ojämn"
},
{
"_dis1": "45 12 0 0 0 0 1 11 1 29 0 1 1",
"code": "te",
"lang": "Telugu",
"roman": "garuku",
"sense": "not smooth",
"word": "గరుకు"
},
{
"_dis1": "45 12 0 0 0 0 1 11 1 29 0 1 1",
"code": "txb",
"lang": "Tocharian B",
"sense": "not smooth",
"word": "aśāwe"
},
{
"_dis1": "45 12 0 0 0 0 1 11 1 29 0 1 1",
"code": "txb",
"lang": "Tocharian B",
"sense": "not smooth",
"word": "śāwe"
},
{
"_dis1": "45 12 0 0 0 0 1 11 1 29 0 1 1",
"code": "uk",
"lang": "Ukrainian",
"roman": "hrúbyj",
"sense": "not smooth",
"word": "гру́бий"
},
{
"_dis1": "45 12 0 0 0 0 1 11 1 29 0 1 1",
"code": "uk",
"lang": "Ukrainian",
"roman": "šorstkýj",
"sense": "not smooth",
"word": "шорстки́й"
},
{
"_dis1": "45 12 0 0 0 0 1 11 1 29 0 1 1",
"code": "wa",
"lang": "Walloon",
"sense": "not smooth",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "graevleus"
},
{
"_dis1": "45 12 0 0 0 0 1 11 1 29 0 1 1",
"code": "wa",
"lang": "Walloon",
"sense": "not smooth",
"tags": [
"feminine",
"masculine"
],
"word": "rexhe"
},
{
"_dis1": "45 12 0 0 0 0 1 11 1 29 0 1 1",
"code": "fy",
"lang": "West Frisian",
"sense": "not smooth",
"word": "rûch"
},
{
"_dis1": "45 12 0 0 0 0 1 11 1 29 0 1 1",
"code": "zza",
"lang": "Zazaki",
"sense": "not smooth",
"word": "xısn"
}
]
},
{
"categories": [],
"examples": [
{
"text": "a rough estimate",
"type": "example"
},
{
"text": "a rough sketch of a building",
"type": "example"
},
{
"text": "a rough plan",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Approximate; hasty or careless; not finished."
],
"id": "en-rough-en-adj-ZE~4yDud",
"links": [
[
"Approximate",
"approximate"
]
],
"translations": [
{
"_dis1": "2 70 1 4 1 4 2 4 2 3 4 2 0",
"code": "bg",
"lang": "Bulgarian",
"roman": "priblizitelen",
"sense": "approximate",
"word": "приблизителен"
},
{
"_dis1": "2 70 1 4 1 4 2 4 2 3 4 2 0",
"code": "ca",
"lang": "Catalan",
"sense": "approximate",
"word": "aproximat"
},
{
"_dis1": "2 70 1 4 1 4 2 4 2 3 4 2 0",
"code": "ca",
"lang": "Catalan",
"sense": "approximate",
"word": "quasi"
},
{
"_dis1": "2 70 1 4 1 4 2 4 2 3 4 2 0",
"code": "cmn",
"lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
"roman": "cūlüè",
"sense": "approximate",
"word": "粗略"
},
{
"_dis1": "2 70 1 4 1 4 2 4 2 3 4 2 0",
"code": "cs",
"lang": "Czech",
"sense": "approximate",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "hrubý"
},
{
"_dis1": "2 70 1 4 1 4 2 4 2 3 4 2 0",
"code": "et",
"lang": "Estonian",
"sense": "approximate",
"word": "ligilähedane"
},
{
"_dis1": "2 70 1 4 1 4 2 4 2 3 4 2 0",
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "approximate",
"word": "karkea"
},
{
"_dis1": "2 70 1 4 1 4 2 4 2 3 4 2 0",
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "approximate",
"word": "alustava"
},
{
"_dis1": "2 70 1 4 1 4 2 4 2 3 4 2 0",
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "approximate",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "approximatif"
},
{
"_dis1": "2 70 1 4 1 4 2 4 2 3 4 2 0",
"code": "gl",
"lang": "Galician",
"sense": "approximate",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "esmo"
},
{
"_dis1": "2 70 1 4 1 4 2 4 2 3 4 2 0",
"code": "gl",
"lang": "Galician",
"sense": "approximate",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "acaroado"
},
{
"_dis1": "2 70 1 4 1 4 2 4 2 3 4 2 0",
"code": "gl",
"lang": "Galician",
"sense": "approximate",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "aproximado"
},
{
"_dis1": "2 70 1 4 1 4 2 4 2 3 4 2 0",
"code": "gl",
"lang": "Galician",
"sense": "approximate",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "aproximada"
},
{
"_dis1": "2 70 1 4 1 4 2 4 2 3 4 2 0",
"code": "ka",
"lang": "Georgian",
"roman": "daaxloebiti",
"sense": "approximate",
"word": "დაახლოებითი"
},
{
"_dis1": "2 70 1 4 1 4 2 4 2 3 4 2 0",
"code": "ka",
"lang": "Georgian",
"roman": "miaxloebiti",
"sense": "approximate",
"word": "მიახლოებითი"
},
{
"_dis1": "2 70 1 4 1 4 2 4 2 3 4 2 0",
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "approximate",
"word": "grob"
},
{
"_dis1": "2 70 1 4 1 4 2 4 2 3 4 2 0",
"code": "hu",
"lang": "Hungarian",
"sense": "approximate",
"word": "hozzávetőleges"
},
{
"_dis1": "2 70 1 4 1 4 2 4 2 3 4 2 0",
"code": "hu",
"lang": "Hungarian",
"sense": "approximate",
"word": "nyers"
},
{
"_dis1": "2 70 1 4 1 4 2 4 2 3 4 2 0",
"code": "it",
"lang": "Italian",
"sense": "approximate",
"word": "approssimato"
},
{
"_dis1": "2 70 1 4 1 4 2 4 2 3 4 2 0",
"code": "pt",
"lang": "Portuguese",
"sense": "approximate",
"word": "aproximado"
},
{
"_dis1": "2 70 1 4 1 4 2 4 2 3 4 2 0",
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "priblizítelʹnyj",
"sense": "approximate",
"word": "приблизи́тельный"
},
{
"_dis1": "2 70 1 4 1 4 2 4 2 3 4 2 0",
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "primérnyj",
"sense": "approximate",
"word": "приме́рный"
},
{
"_dis1": "2 70 1 4 1 4 2 4 2 3 4 2 0",
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "černovój",
"sense": "approximate",
"word": "черново́й"
},
{
"_dis1": "2 70 1 4 1 4 2 4 2 3 4 2 0",
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "approximate",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "aproximado"
},
{
"_dis1": "2 70 1 4 1 4 2 4 2 3 4 2 0",
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "approximate",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "aproximativo"
},
{
"_dis1": "2 70 1 4 1 4 2 4 2 3 4 2 0",
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "approximate",
"word": "casi"
},
{
"_dis1": "2 70 1 4 1 4 2 4 2 3 4 2 0",
"code": "te",
"lang": "Telugu",
"roman": "sumāru",
"sense": "approximate",
"word": "సుమారు"
}
]
},
{
"categories": [],
"examples": [
{
"text": "rough sea",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Turbulent."
],
"id": "en-rough-en-adj-hjVeoCLu",
"links": [
[
"Turbulent",
"turbulent"
]
],
"translations": [
{
"_dis1": "1 1 90 1 1 1 0 1 2 1 1 0 0",
"code": "bg",
"lang": "Bulgarian",
"roman": "buren",
"sense": "turbulent",
"word": "бурен"
},
{
"_dis1": "1 1 90 1 1 1 0 1 2 1 1 0 0",
"code": "bg",
"lang": "Bulgarian",
"roman": "razvǎlnuvan",
"sense": "turbulent",
"word": "развълнуван"
},
{
"_dis1": "1 1 90 1 1 1 0 1 2 1 1 0 0",
"code": "ca",
"lang": "Catalan",
"sense": "turbulent",
"word": "turbulent"
},
{
"_dis1": "1 1 90 1 1 1 0 1 2 1 1 0 0",
"code": "cs",
"lang": "Czech",
"sense": "turbulent",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "bouřlivý"
},
{
"_dis1": "1 1 90 1 1 1 0 1 2 1 1 0 0",
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "turbulent",
"word": "aallokkoinen"
},
{
"_dis1": "1 1 90 1 1 1 0 1 2 1 1 0 0",
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "turbulent",
"word": "kuoppainen"
},
{
"_dis1": "1 1 90 1 1 1 0 1 2 1 1 0 0",
"code": "gl",
"lang": "Galician",
"sense": "turbulent",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "barullento"
},
{
"_dis1": "1 1 90 1 1 1 0 1 2 1 1 0 0",
"code": "gl",
"lang": "Galician",
"sense": "turbulent",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "torboento"
},
{
"_dis1": "1 1 90 1 1 1 0 1 2 1 1 0 0",
"code": "hu",
"lang": "Hungarian",
"sense": "turbulent",
"word": "zord"
},
{
"_dis1": "1 1 90 1 1 1 0 1 2 1 1 0 0",
"code": "hu",
"lang": "Hungarian",
"sense": "turbulent",
"word": "kemény"
},
{
"_dis1": "1 1 90 1 1 1 0 1 2 1 1 0 0",
"code": "ga",
"lang": "Irish",
"sense": "turbulent",
"word": "garbh"
},
{
"_dis1": "1 1 90 1 1 1 0 1 2 1 1 0 0",
"code": "it",
"lang": "Italian",
"sense": "turbulent",
"word": "mosso"
},
{
"_dis1": "1 1 90 1 1 1 0 1 2 1 1 0 0",
"code": "mi",
"lang": "Maori",
"sense": "turbulent",
"word": "tuarangaranga"
},
{
"_dis1": "1 1 90 1 1 1 0 1 2 1 1 0 0",
"code": "mi",
"lang": "Maori",
"sense": "turbulent",
"word": "whenewhene"
},
{
"_dis1": "1 1 90 1 1 1 0 1 2 1 1 0 0",
"code": "mi",
"lang": "Maori",
"note": "of waves",
"sense": "turbulent",
"word": "kōrawarawa"
},
{
"_dis1": "1 1 90 1 1 1 0 1 2 1 1 0 0",
"code": "mi",
"lang": "Maori",
"note": "of waves",
"sense": "turbulent",
"word": "ngarungaru"
},
{
"_dis1": "1 1 90 1 1 1 0 1 2 1 1 0 0",
"code": "mi",
"lang": "Maori",
"note": "of the sea",
"sense": "turbulent",
"word": "pohepohe"
},
{
"_dis1": "1 1 90 1 1 1 0 1 2 1 1 0 0",
"code": "mi",
"lang": "Maori",
"note": "of the sea",
"sense": "turbulent",
"word": "tuke"
},
{
"_dis1": "1 1 90 1 1 1 0 1 2 1 1 0 0",
"code": "nb",
"lang": "Norwegian Bokmål",
"sense": "turbulent",
"word": "urolig"
},
{
"_dis1": "1 1 90 1 1 1 0 1 2 1 1 0 0",
"code": "pt",
"lang": "Portuguese",
"sense": "turbulent",
"word": "turbulento"
},
{
"_dis1": "1 1 90 1 1 1 0 1 2 1 1 0 0",
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "búrnyj",
"sense": "turbulent",
"word": "бу́рный"
},
{
"_dis1": "1 1 90 1 1 1 0 1 2 1 1 0 0",
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "turbulent",
"word": "turbulento"
}
]
},
{
"categories": [],
"examples": [
{
"text": "Being a teenager nowadays can be rough.",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Difficult; trying."
],
"id": "en-rough-en-adj-BWb~CWeO",
"links": [
[
"Difficult",
"difficult"
],
[
"trying",
"trying"
]
],
"translations": [
{
"_dis1": "1 2 1 77 1 2 1 7 2 1 4 1 0",
"code": "bg",
"lang": "Bulgarian",
"roman": "truden",
"sense": "difficult",
"word": "труден"
},
{
"_dis1": "1 2 1 77 1 2 1 7 2 1 4 1 0",
"code": "bg",
"lang": "Bulgarian",
"roman": "neprijaten",
"sense": "difficult",
"word": "неприятен"
},
{
"_dis1": "1 2 1 77 1 2 1 7 2 1 4 1 0",
"code": "ca",
"lang": "Catalan",
"sense": "difficult",
"word": "difícil"
},
{
"_dis1": "1 2 1 77 1 2 1 7 2 1 4 1 0",
"code": "cs",
"lang": "Czech",
"sense": "difficult",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "nepříjemný"
},
{
"_dis1": "1 2 1 77 1 2 1 7 2 1 4 1 0",
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "difficult",
"word": "kova"
},
{
"_dis1": "1 2 1 77 1 2 1 7 2 1 4 1 0",
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "difficult",
"tags": [
"feminine",
"masculine"
],
"word": "difficile"
},
{
"_dis1": "1 2 1 77 1 2 1 7 2 1 4 1 0",
"code": "gl",
"lang": "Galician",
"sense": "difficult",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "galludo"
},
{
"_dis1": "1 2 1 77 1 2 1 7 2 1 4 1 0",
"code": "gl",
"lang": "Galician",
"sense": "difficult",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "enfesto"
},
{
"_dis1": "1 2 1 77 1 2 1 7 2 1 4 1 0",
"code": "gl",
"lang": "Galician",
"sense": "difficult",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "carizolo"
},
{
"_dis1": "1 2 1 77 1 2 1 7 2 1 4 1 0",
"code": "gl",
"lang": "Galician",
"sense": "difficult",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "desdoado"
},
{
"_dis1": "1 2 1 77 1 2 1 7 2 1 4 1 0",
"code": "gl",
"lang": "Galician",
"sense": "difficult",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "caroso"
},
{
"_dis1": "1 2 1 77 1 2 1 7 2 1 4 1 0",
"code": "gl",
"lang": "Galician",
"sense": "difficult",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "arrevesado"
},
{
"_dis1": "1 2 1 77 1 2 1 7 2 1 4 1 0",
"code": "hu",
"lang": "Hungarian",
"sense": "difficult",
"word": "kemény"
},
{
"_dis1": "1 2 1 77 1 2 1 7 2 1 4 1 0",
"code": "hu",
"lang": "Hungarian",
"sense": "difficult",
"word": "nehéz"
},
{
"_dis1": "1 2 1 77 1 2 1 7 2 1 4 1 0",
"code": "it",
"lang": "Italian",
"sense": "difficult",
"word": "difficile"
},
{
"_dis1": "1 2 1 77 1 2 1 7 2 1 4 1 0",
"code": "la",
"lang": "Latin",
"sense": "difficult",
"word": "difficilis"
},
{
"_dis1": "1 2 1 77 1 2 1 7 2 1 4 1 0",
"code": "pt",
"lang": "Portuguese",
"sense": "difficult",
"word": "duro"
},
{
"_dis1": "1 2 1 77 1 2 1 7 2 1 4 1 0",
"code": "pt",
"lang": "Portuguese",
"sense": "difficult",
"word": "difícil"
},
{
"_dis1": "1 2 1 77 1 2 1 7 2 1 4 1 0",
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "suróvyj",
"sense": "difficult",
"word": "суро́вый"
},
{
"_dis1": "1 2 1 77 1 2 1 7 2 1 4 1 0",
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "trúdnyj",
"sense": "difficult",
"word": "тру́дный"
},
{
"_dis1": "1 2 1 77 1 2 1 7 2 1 4 1 0",
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "tjažólyj",
"sense": "difficult",
"word": "тяжёлый"
},
{
"_dis1": "1 2 1 77 1 2 1 7 2 1 4 1 0",
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "difficult",
"word": "difícil"
},
{
"_dis1": "1 2 1 77 1 2 1 7 2 1 4 1 0",
"code": "te",
"lang": "Telugu",
"roman": "kaṣṭamaina",
"sense": "difficult",
"word": "కష్టమైన"
}
]
},
{
"categories": [],
"examples": [
{
"text": "His manners are a bit rough, but he means well.",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Crude; unrefined."
],
"id": "en-rough-en-adj-upDwuwzG",
"links": [
[
"Crude",
"crude"
],
[
"unrefined",
"unrefined"
]
],
"translations": [
{
"_dis1": "1 1 0 1 89 0 0 1 2 2 2 0 1",
"code": "bg",
"lang": "Bulgarian",
"roman": "surov",
"sense": "crude, unrefined",
"word": "суров"
},
{
"_dis1": "1 1 0 1 89 0 0 1 2 2 2 0 1",
"code": "bg",
"lang": "Bulgarian",
"roman": "neobraboten",
"sense": "crude, unrefined",
"word": "необработен"
},
{
"_dis1": "1 1 0 1 89 0 0 1 2 2 2 0 1",
"code": "ca",
"lang": "Catalan",
"sense": "crude, unrefined",
"tags": [
"feminine",
"masculine"
],
"word": "rude"
},
{
"_dis1": "1 1 0 1 89 0 0 1 2 2 2 0 1",
"code": "ca",
"lang": "Catalan",
"sense": "crude, unrefined",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "tosc"
},
{
"_dis1": "1 1 0 1 89 0 0 1 2 2 2 0 1",
"code": "cmn",
"lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
"sense": "crude, unrefined",
"word": "粗魯"
},
{
"_dis1": "1 1 0 1 89 0 0 1 2 2 2 0 1",
"code": "cmn",
"lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
"roman": "cūlǔ",
"sense": "crude, unrefined",
"word": "粗鲁"
},
{
"_dis1": "1 1 0 1 89 0 0 1 2 2 2 0 1",
"code": "cmn",
"lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
"roman": "cūyě",
"sense": "crude, unrefined",
"word": "粗野"
},
{
"_dis1": "1 1 0 1 89 0 0 1 2 2 2 0 1",
"code": "cs",
"lang": "Czech",
"sense": "crude, unrefined",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "surový"
},
{
"_dis1": "1 1 0 1 89 0 0 1 2 2 2 0 1",
"code": "cs",
"lang": "Czech",
"sense": "crude, unrefined",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "neomalený"
},
{
"_dis1": "1 1 0 1 89 0 0 1 2 2 2 0 1",
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "crude, unrefined",
"word": "karkea"
},
{
"_dis1": "1 1 0 1 89 0 0 1 2 2 2 0 1",
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "crude, unrefined",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "brut"
},
{
"_dis1": "1 1 0 1 89 0 0 1 2 2 2 0 1",
"code": "gl",
"lang": "Galician",
"sense": "crude, unrefined",
"word": "áspero"
},
{
"_dis1": "1 1 0 1 89 0 0 1 2 2 2 0 1",
"code": "gl",
"lang": "Galician",
"sense": "crude, unrefined",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "rude"
},
{
"_dis1": "1 1 0 1 89 0 0 1 2 2 2 0 1",
"code": "gl",
"lang": "Galician",
"sense": "crude, unrefined",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "caxoto"
},
{
"_dis1": "1 1 0 1 89 0 0 1 2 2 2 0 1",
"code": "gl",
"lang": "Galician",
"sense": "crude, unrefined",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "tarosco"
},
{
"_dis1": "1 1 0 1 89 0 0 1 2 2 2 0 1",
"code": "gl",
"lang": "Galician",
"sense": "crude, unrefined",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "xoto"
},
{
"_dis1": "1 1 0 1 89 0 0 1 2 2 2 0 1",
"code": "gl",
"lang": "Galician",
"sense": "crude, unrefined",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "brután"
},
{
"_dis1": "1 1 0 1 89 0 0 1 2 2 2 0 1",
"code": "gl",
"lang": "Galician",
"sense": "crude, unrefined",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "burdallo"
},
{
"_dis1": "1 1 0 1 89 0 0 1 2 2 2 0 1",
"code": "gl",
"lang": "Galician",
"sense": "crude, unrefined",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "zamarrón"
},
{
"_dis1": "1 1 0 1 89 0 0 1 2 2 2 0 1",
"code": "gl",
"lang": "Galician",
"sense": "crude, unrefined",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "taleigán"
},
{
"_dis1": "1 1 0 1 89 0 0 1 2 2 2 0 1",
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "crude, unrefined",
"word": "roh"
},
{
"_dis1": "1 1 0 1 89 0 0 1 2 2 2 0 1",
"code": "hu",
"lang": "Hungarian",
"sense": "crude, unrefined",
"word": "durva"
},
{
"_dis1": "1 1 0 1 89 0 0 1 2 2 2 0 1",
"code": "hu",
"lang": "Hungarian",
"sense": "crude, unrefined",
"word": "faragatlan"
},
{
"_dis1": "1 1 0 1 89 0 0 1 2 2 2 0 1",
"code": "hu",
"lang": "Hungarian",
"sense": "crude, unrefined",
"word": "műveletlen"
},
{
"_dis1": "1 1 0 1 89 0 0 1 2 2 2 0 1",
"code": "hu",
"lang": "Hungarian",
"sense": "crude, unrefined",
"word": "nyers"
},
{
"_dis1": "1 1 0 1 89 0 0 1 2 2 2 0 1",
"code": "id",
"lang": "Indonesian",
"sense": "crude, unrefined",
"word": "kasar"
},
{
"_dis1": "1 1 0 1 89 0 0 1 2 2 2 0 1",
"code": "ga",
"lang": "Irish",
"sense": "crude, unrefined",
"word": "amhchaoin"
},
{
"_dis1": "1 1 0 1 89 0 0 1 2 2 2 0 1",
"code": "it",
"lang": "Italian",
"sense": "crude, unrefined",
"word": "rude"
},
{
"_dis1": "1 1 0 1 89 0 0 1 2 2 2 0 1",
"code": "ja",
"lang": "Japanese",
"roman": "soya",
"sense": "crude, unrefined",
"word": "粗野"
},
{
"_dis1": "1 1 0 1 89 0 0 1 2 2 2 0 1",
"code": "la",
"lang": "Latin",
"sense": "crude, unrefined",
"word": "rudis"
},
{
"_dis1": "1 1 0 1 89 0 0 1 2 2 2 0 1",
"code": "la",
"lang": "Latin",
"sense": "crude, unrefined",
"word": "impolītus"
},
{
"_dis1": "1 1 0 1 89 0 0 1 2 2 2 0 1",
"code": "lv",
"lang": "Latvian",
"sense": "crude, unrefined",
"word": "raupjš"
},
{
"_dis1": "1 1 0 1 89 0 0 1 2 2 2 0 1",
"code": "lv",
"lang": "Latvian",
"sense": "crude, unrefined",
"word": "rupjš"
},
{
"_dis1": "1 1 0 1 89 0 0 1 2 2 2 0 1",
"code": "mi",
"lang": "Maori",
"sense": "crude, unrefined",
"word": "kōkau"
},
{
"_dis1": "1 1 0 1 89 0 0 1 2 2 2 0 1",
"code": "mi",
"lang": "Maori",
"sense": "crude, unrefined",
"word": "pūhungahunga"
},
{
"_dis1": "1 1 0 1 89 0 0 1 2 2 2 0 1",
"code": "pt",
"lang": "Portuguese",
"sense": "crude, unrefined",
"word": "grosseiro"
},
{
"_dis1": "1 1 0 1 89 0 0 1 2 2 2 0 1",
"code": "pt",
"lang": "Portuguese",
"sense": "crude, unrefined",
"word": "tosco"
},
{
"_dis1": "1 1 0 1 89 0 0 1 2 2 2 0 1",
"code": "ro",
"lang": "Romanian",
"sense": "crude, unrefined",
"word": "brut"
},
{
"_dis1": "1 1 0 1 89 0 0 1 2 2 2 0 1",
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "grúbyj",
"sense": "crude, unrefined",
"word": "гру́бый"
},
{
"_dis1": "1 1 0 1 89 0 0 1 2 2 2 0 1",
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "crude, unrefined",
"word": "tosco"
},
{
"_dis1": "1 1 0 1 89 0 0 1 2 2 2 0 1",
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "crude, unrefined",
"word": "rudo"
}
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"Worn; shabby; weather-beaten."
],
"id": "en-rough-en-adj-AeWdY5cE",
"links": [
[
"Worn",
"worn"
],
[
"shabby",
"shabby"
],
[
"weather-beaten",
"weather-beaten"
]
]
},
{
"categories": [],
"examples": [
{
"text": "the rough bit of town",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Having socio-economic problems, hence possibly dangerous."
],
"id": "en-rough-en-adj-yipMJ2Di",
"links": [
[
"socio-economic",
"socio-economic"
],
[
"dangerous",
"dangerous"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(of a place) Having socio-economic problems, hence possibly dangerous."
],
"raw_tags": [
"of a place"
]
},
{
"categories": [],
"examples": [
{
"text": "This box has been through some rough handling.",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Violent; not careful or subtle."
],
"id": "en-rough-en-adj-1r4W5CKS",
"links": [
[
"Violent",
"violent"
],
[
"careful",
"careful"
],
[
"subtle",
"subtle"
]
],
"translations": [
{
"_dis1": "2 4 1 4 2 3 2 69 2 3 4 2 1",
"code": "bg",
"lang": "Bulgarian",
"roman": "grub",
"sense": "violent",
"word": "груб"
},
{
"_dis1": "2 4 1 4 2 3 2 69 2 3 4 2 1",
"code": "ca",
"lang": "Catalan",
"sense": "violent",
"word": "complicat"
},
{
"_dis1": "2 4 1 4 2 3 2 69 2 3 4 2 1",
"code": "ca",
"lang": "Catalan",
"sense": "violent",
"word": "dur"
},
{
"_dis1": "2 4 1 4 2 3 2 69 2 3 4 2 1",
"code": "cmn",
"lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
"roman": "cūbào",
"sense": "violent",
"word": "粗暴"
},
{
"_dis1": "2 4 1 4 2 3 2 69 2 3 4 2 1",
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "violent",
"word": "kova"
},
{
"_dis1": "2 4 1 4 2 3 2 69 2 3 4 2 1",
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "violent",
"word": "karkea"
},
{
"_dis1": "2 4 1 4 2 3 2 69 2 3 4 2 1",
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "violent",
"word": "väkivaltainen"
},
{
"_dis1": "2 4 1 4 2 3 2 69 2 3 4 2 1",
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "violent",
"word": "kovakourainen"
},
{
"_dis1": "2 4 1 4 2 3 2 69 2 3 4 2 1",
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "violent",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "brutal"
},
{
"_dis1": "2 4 1 4 2 3 2 69 2 3 4 2 1",
"code": "grc",
"lang": "Ancient Greek",
"roman": "apēnḗs",
"sense": "violent",
"word": "ἀπηνής"
},
{
"_dis1": "2 4 1 4 2 3 2 69 2 3 4 2 1",
"code": "ga",
"lang": "Irish",
"sense": "violent",
"word": "eascaoin"
},
{
"_dis1": "2 4 1 4 2 3 2 69 2 3 4 2 1",
"code": "lv",
"lang": "Latvian",
"sense": "violent",
"word": "raupjš"
},
{
"_dis1": "2 4 1 4 2 3 2 69 2 3 4 2 1",
"code": "lv",
"lang": "Latvian",
"sense": "violent",
"word": "rupjš"
},
{
"_dis1": "2 4 1 4 2 3 2 69 2 3 4 2 1",
"code": "ro",
"lang": "Romanian",
"sense": "violent",
"word": "brutal"
},
{
"_dis1": "2 4 1 4 2 3 2 69 2 3 4 2 1",
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "violent",
"word": "complicado"
},
{
"_dis1": "2 4 1 4 2 3 2 69 2 3 4 2 1",
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "violent",
"word": "duro"
}
]
},
{
"categories": [],
"examples": [
{
"text": "a rough tone",
"type": "example"
},
{
"text": "a rough voice",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Loud and hoarse; offensive to the ear; harsh; grating."
],
"id": "en-rough-en-adj-GoV-YNuz"
},
{
"categories": [],
"examples": [
{
"text": "a rough diamond",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Not polished; uncut."
],
"id": "en-rough-en-adj-LNeM-iAT",
"links": [
[
"polished",
"polished"
],
[
"uncut",
"uncut"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(of a gem) Not polished; uncut."
],
"raw_tags": [
"of a gem"
]
},
{
"categories": [],
"examples": [
{
"text": "rough wine",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Harsh-tasting."
],
"id": "en-rough-en-adj-vKvwQDP1"
},
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "British English",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Somewhat ill; sick; in poor condition."
],
"id": "en-rough-en-adj-MRo2dXM1",
"links": [
[
"ill",
"ill"
],
[
"sick",
"sick"
],
[
"poor",
"poor"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(chiefly UK, colloquial, slang) Somewhat ill; sick; in poor condition."
],
"tags": [
"UK",
"colloquial",
"slang"
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "British English",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Unwell due to alcohol; hungover."
],
"id": "en-rough-en-adj-qGQcLRoK",
"links": [
[
"Unwell",
"unwell"
],
[
"hungover",
"hungover"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(chiefly UK, colloquial, slang) Unwell due to alcohol; hungover."
],
"tags": [
"UK",
"colloquial",
"slang"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ɹʌf/",
"tags": [
"General-American",
"Received-Pronunciation"
]
},
{
"rhymes": "-ʌf"
},
{
"homophone": "ruff"
},
{
"audio": "En-us-rough.ogg",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/56/En-us-rough.ogg/En-us-rough.ogg.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/56/En-us-rough.ogg",
"tags": [
"US"
],
"text": "Audio (US)"
},
{
"audio": "En-us-rough.oga",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/a5/En-us-rough.oga/En-us-rough.oga.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a5/En-us-rough.oga",
"tags": [
"US"
],
"text": "Audio (US)"
},
{
"audio": "En-au-rough.ogg",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/bd/En-au-rough.ogg/En-au-rough.ogg.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bd/En-au-rough.ogg",
"tags": [
"Australia"
],
"text": "Audio (AU)"
}
],
"synonyms": [
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"tags": [
"pronunciation-spelling"
],
"word": "ruff"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"source": "Thesaurus:rough",
"word": "abrasive"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"source": "Thesaurus:rough",
"word": "asperous"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"source": "Thesaurus:rough",
"word": "coarse"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"source": "Thesaurus:rough",
"word": "gimped"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"source": "Thesaurus:rough",
"word": "harsh"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"source": "Thesaurus:rough",
"word": "irregular"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"source": "Thesaurus:rough",
"word": "jagged"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"source": "Thesaurus:rough",
"word": "jaggy"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"source": "Thesaurus:rough",
"word": "rough"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"source": "Thesaurus:rough",
"word": "rugged"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"source": "Thesaurus:rough",
"word": "rugose"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"source": "Thesaurus:rough",
"tags": [
"obsolete"
],
"word": "salebrous"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"source": "Thesaurus:rough",
"word": "scabrous"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"source": "Thesaurus:rough",
"word": "scraggy"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"source": "Thesaurus:rough",
"word": "shagged"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"source": "Thesaurus:rough",
"word": "squarrose"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"source": "Thesaurus:rough",
"word": "uneven"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"source": "Thesaurus:rough",
"word": "unsmooth"
}
],
"wikipedia": [
"rough"
],
"word": "rough"
}
{
"derived": [
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "bit of rough"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "diamond in the rough"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "putt from the rough"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "rough-and-tumble"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "enm",
"3": "rough"
},
"expansion": "Middle English rough",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "roughe"
},
"expansion": "roughe",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "roȝe"
},
"expansion": "roȝe",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "row"
},
"expansion": "row",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "rou"
},
"expansion": "rou",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "ru"
},
"expansion": "ru",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "ruȝ"
},
"expansion": "ruȝ",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "ruh"
},
"expansion": "ruh",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "ang",
"3": "rūg"
},
"expansion": "Old English rūg",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ang",
"2": "rūh"
},
"expansion": "rūh",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "gem-pro",
"3": "*rūhaz"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic *rūhaz",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "sco",
"2": "ruch"
},
"expansion": "Scots ruch",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "sco",
"2": "rouch",
"t": "rough"
},
"expansion": "rouch (“rough”)",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "stq",
"2": "ruuch"
},
"expansion": "Saterland Frisian ruuch",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "stq",
"2": "rouch",
"t": "rough"
},
"expansion": "rouch (“rough”)",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "fy",
"2": "rûch",
"t": "rough"
},
"expansion": "West Frisian rûch (“rough”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "nds",
"2": "ruuch",
"t": "rough"
},
"expansion": "Low German ruuch (“rough”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "nl",
"2": "ruig",
"t": "rough"
},
"expansion": "Dutch ruig (“rough”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "de",
"2": "rau",
"3": "rau(h)",
"t": "rough"
},
"expansion": "German rau(h) (“rough”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "da",
"2": "ru",
"3": "ru",
"t": "uneven on the surface, \"rough\", \"rugged\""
},
"expansion": "Danish ru (“uneven on the surface, \"rough\", \"rugged\"”)",
"name": "cog"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Middle English rough, roughe, roȝe, row, rou, ru, ruȝ, ruh, from Old English rūg, rūh, from Proto-Germanic *rūhaz. Cognate with Scots ruch, rouch (“rough”), Saterland Frisian ruuch, rouch (“rough”), West Frisian rûch (“rough”), Low German ruuch (“rough”), Dutch ruig (“rough”), German rau(h) (“rough”), Danish ru (“uneven on the surface, \"rough\", \"rugged\"”).",
"forms": [
{
"form": "roughs",
"tags": [
"plural"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "rough (plural roughs)",
"name": "en-noun"
}
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "4 4 0 1 0 5 5 1 1 7 7 2 5 4 12 1 7 4 4 0 1 2 3 6 1 1 3 8",
"kind": "other",
"name": "English entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"The unmowed part of a golf course."
],
"id": "en-rough-en-noun-auPbZN12",
"links": [
[
"unmowed",
"unmowed"
],
[
"golf course",
"golf course"
]
],
"translations": [
{
"_dis1": "62 4 12 7 9 1 4",
"code": "cs",
"lang": "Czech",
"sense": "unmowed part of golf-course",
"word": "raf (vyšší tráva kolem fairwaye)"
},
{
"_dis1": "62 4 12 7 9 1 4",
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "unmowed part of golf-course",
"word": "karheikko"
},
{
"_dis1": "62 4 12 7 9 1 4",
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "unmowed part of golf-course",
"word": "raffi"
},
{
"_dis1": "62 4 12 7 9 1 4",
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "unmowed part of golf-course",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "Rough"
}
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "3 4 0 4 1 3 2 4 3 10 6 2 1 1 3 14 2 2 5 1 3 3 3 3 3 5 3 2",
"kind": "topical",
"langcode": "en",
"name": "Touch",
"orig": "en:Touch",
"parents": [
"Senses",
"Perception",
"Body",
"Human",
"All topics",
"Fundamental"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"ref": "1898, H.G. Wells, The War of the Worlds, London: William Heinemann, page 124",
"text": "In Wellington Street my brother met a couple of sturdy roughs, who had just rushed out of Fleet Street with still wet newspapers and staring placards. \"Dreadful catastrophe!\" they bawled one to the other down Wellington Street. \"Fighting at Weybridge!\"",
"type": "quotation"
}
],
"glosses": [
"A rude fellow; a coarse bully; a rowdy."
],
"id": "en-rough-en-noun-2Z73vWs~",
"links": [
[
"rude",
"rude"
],
[
"coarse",
"coarse"
],
[
"bully",
"bully"
],
[
"rowdy",
"rowdy"
]
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "topical",
"langcode": "en",
"name": "Cricket",
"orig": "en:Cricket",
"parents": [
"Ball games",
"Sports",
"Human activity",
"Human behaviour",
"Human",
"All topics",
"Fundamental"
],
"source": "w"
}
],
"glosses": [
"A scuffed and roughened area of the pitch, where the bowler's feet fall, used as a target by spin bowlers because of its unpredictable bounce."
],
"id": "en-rough-en-noun-xaGdrV1S",
"links": [
[
"cricket",
"cricket"
],
[
"scuffed",
"scuffed"
],
[
"roughened",
"roughened"
],
[
"pitch",
"pitch"
],
[
"bowler",
"bowler"
],
[
"target",
"target"
],
[
"spin bowler",
"spin bowler"
],
[
"unpredictable",
"unpredictable"
],
[
"bounce",
"bounce"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(cricket) A scuffed and roughened area of the pitch, where the bowler's feet fall, used as a target by spin bowlers because of its unpredictable bounce."
],
"topics": [
"ball-games",
"cricket",
"games",
"hobbies",
"lifestyle",
"sports"
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "3 3 0 1 5 3 3 1 2 5 6 2 7 4 8 2 4 11 4 0 1 2 2 5 2 1 5 6",
"kind": "other",
"name": "English entries with topic categories using raw markup",
"parents": [
"Entries with topic categories using raw markup",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"The raw material from which faceted or cabochon gems are created."
],
"id": "en-rough-en-noun-yEYti2Fg",
"links": [
[
"facet",
"facet"
],
[
"cabochon",
"cabochon"
],
[
"gem",
"gem"
]
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"A quick sketch, similar to a thumbnail but larger and more detailed, used for artistic brainstorming."
],
"id": "en-rough-en-noun-Z7AjTLiq",
"links": [
[
"sketch",
"sketch"
],
[
"thumbnail",
"thumbnail"
]
]
},
{
"categories": [],
"examples": [
{
"ref": "1633, Phineas Fletcher, Eclog 1. Amyntas",
"text": "In calms you fish; in roughs use songs and dances.",
"type": "quotation"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Boisterous weather."
],
"id": "en-rough-en-noun-rut4c~G4",
"raw_glosses": [
"(obsolete) Boisterous weather."
],
"tags": [
"obsolete"
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"A piece inserted in a horseshoe to keep the animal from slipping."
],
"id": "en-rough-en-noun-7EfRxzDW",
"links": [
[
"horseshoe",
"horseshoe"
]
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ɹʌf/",
"tags": [
"General-American",
"Received-Pronunciation"
]
},
{
"rhymes": "-ʌf"
},
{
"homophone": "ruff"
},
{
"audio": "En-us-rough.ogg",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/56/En-us-rough.ogg/En-us-rough.ogg.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/56/En-us-rough.ogg",
"tags": [
"US"
],
"text": "Audio (US)"
},
{
"audio": "En-us-rough.oga",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/a5/En-us-rough.oga/En-us-rough.oga.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a5/En-us-rough.oga",
"tags": [
"US"
],
"text": "Audio (US)"
},
{
"audio": "En-au-rough.ogg",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/bd/En-au-rough.ogg/En-au-rough.ogg.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bd/En-au-rough.ogg",
"tags": [
"Australia"
],
"text": "Audio (AU)"
}
],
"synonyms": [
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"tags": [
"pronunciation-spelling"
],
"word": "ruff"
}
],
"wikipedia": [
"rough"
],
"word": "rough"
}
{
"derived": [
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "rough it"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "rough in"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "rough out"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "rough up"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "enm",
"3": "rough"
},
"expansion": "Middle English rough",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "roughe"
},
"expansion": "roughe",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "roȝe"
},
"expansion": "roȝe",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "row"
},
"expansion": "row",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "rou"
},
"expansion": "rou",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "ru"
},
"expansion": "ru",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "ruȝ"
},
"expansion": "ruȝ",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "ruh"
},
"expansion": "ruh",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "ang",
"3": "rūg"
},
"expansion": "Old English rūg",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ang",
"2": "rūh"
},
"expansion": "rūh",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "gem-pro",
"3": "*rūhaz"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic *rūhaz",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "sco",
"2": "ruch"
},
"expansion": "Scots ruch",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "sco",
"2": "rouch",
"t": "rough"
},
"expansion": "rouch (“rough”)",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "stq",
"2": "ruuch"
},
"expansion": "Saterland Frisian ruuch",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "stq",
"2": "rouch",
"t": "rough"
},
"expansion": "rouch (“rough”)",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "fy",
"2": "rûch",
"t": "rough"
},
"expansion": "West Frisian rûch (“rough”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "nds",
"2": "ruuch",
"t": "rough"
},
"expansion": "Low German ruuch (“rough”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "nl",
"2": "ruig",
"t": "rough"
},
"expansion": "Dutch ruig (“rough”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "de",
"2": "rau",
"3": "rau(h)",
"t": "rough"
},
"expansion": "German rau(h) (“rough”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "da",
"2": "ru",
"3": "ru",
"t": "uneven on the surface, \"rough\", \"rugged\""
},
"expansion": "Danish ru (“uneven on the surface, \"rough\", \"rugged\"”)",
"name": "cog"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Middle English rough, roughe, roȝe, row, rou, ru, ruȝ, ruh, from Old English rūg, rūh, from Proto-Germanic *rūhaz. Cognate with Scots ruch, rouch (“rough”), Saterland Frisian ruuch, rouch (“rough”), West Frisian rûch (“rough”), Low German ruuch (“rough”), Dutch ruig (“rough”), German rau(h) (“rough”), Danish ru (“uneven on the surface, \"rough\", \"rugged\"”).",
"forms": [
{
"form": "roughs",
"tags": [
"present",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "roughing",
"tags": [
"participle",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "roughed",
"tags": [
"participle",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "roughed",
"tags": [
"past"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "rough (third-person singular simple present roughs, present participle roughing, simple past and past participle roughed)",
"name": "en-verb"
}
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "verb",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [],
"examples": [
{
"ref": "1907, Ronald M. Burrows, The Discoveries In Crete, page 90",
"text": "On the floor, one beside the other, stood two amphoræ of veined marble-like limestone; one a huge vase 2 feet high and more than 6 feet round, finished and perfect, with two splendid spiral bands; and the other a smaller vase, of the same type, but only just roughed out of the block.",
"type": "quotation"
},
{
"text": "Rough in the shape first, then polish the details.",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"To create in an approximate form."
],
"id": "en-rough-en-verb-N1nF9F8i",
"links": [
[
"create",
"create"
]
],
"translations": [
{
"_dis1": "72 2 2 4 10 6 5",
"code": "bg",
"lang": "Bulgarian",
"roman": "skiciram",
"sense": "to create in approximate form",
"word": "скицирам"
},
{
"_dis1": "72 2 2 4 10 6 5",
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "to create in approximate form",
"word": "luonnostella"
},
{
"_dis1": "72 2 2 4 10 6 5",
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "to create in approximate form",
"word": "hahmotella"
},
{
"_dis1": "72 2 2 4 10 6 5",
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "to create in approximate form",
"word": "ébaucher"
}
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "topical",
"langcode": "en",
"name": "Boxing",
"orig": "en:Boxing",
"parents": [
"Sports",
"Human activity",
"Human behaviour",
"Human",
"All topics",
"Fundamental"
],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "topical",
"langcode": "en",
"name": "Wrestling",
"orig": "en:Wrestling",
"parents": [
"Sports",
"Human activity",
"Human behaviour",
"Human",
"All topics",
"Fundamental"
],
"source": "w"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"ref": "1938, California. State Athletic Commission, Rules, Regulations and Law Regulating Boxing and Wrestling (page 42)",
"text": "[…] roughing is not a part of the sport, and will not be tolerated. Referees will not permit unfair practices that may cause injury to a contestant, and are held strictly responsible for enforcing these rules."
}
],
"glosses": [
"To break the rules by being excessively violent."
],
"id": "en-rough-en-verb-5z2POEm1",
"links": [
[
"boxing",
"boxing#Noun"
],
[
"wrestling",
"wrestling#Noun"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(boxing, wrestling, intransitive) To break the rules by being excessively violent."
],
"tags": [
"intransitive"
],
"topics": [
"boxing",
"government",
"hobbies",
"lifestyle",
"martial-arts",
"military",
"politics",
"sports",
"war",
"wrestling"
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "topical",
"langcode": "en",
"name": "Ice hockey",
"orig": "en:Ice hockey",
"parents": [
"Hockey",
"Winter sports",
"Sports",
"Winter activities",
"Human activity",
"Winter",
"Human behaviour",
"Seasons",
"Human",
"Nature",
"Periodic occurrences",
"All topics",
"Time",
"Fundamental"
],
"source": "w"
}
],
"glosses": [
"To commit the offense of roughing, i.e. to punch another player."
],
"id": "en-rough-en-verb-JLFuRk3u",
"links": [
[
"ice hockey",
"ice hockey"
],
[
"roughing",
"roughing"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(ice hockey) To commit the offense of roughing, i.e. to punch another player."
],
"topics": [
"hobbies",
"ice-hockey",
"lifestyle",
"skating",
"sports"
],
"translations": [
{
"_dis1": "3 6 56 2 5 8 20",
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "ice hockey: to perform roughing",
"word": "olla väkivaltainen"
}
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"To render rough; to roughen."
],
"id": "en-rough-en-verb-NoiJ4R72",
"links": [
[
"roughen",
"roughen"
]
]
},
{
"categories": [],
"examples": [
{
"ref": "1802, Charles James, A New and Enlarged Military Dictionary",
"text": "To Rough Horses, a word in familiar use among the dragoons to signify the act of breaking in horses, so as to adapt them to military purposes.",
"type": "quotation"
}
],
"glosses": [
"To break in (a horse, etc.), especially for military purposes."
],
"id": "en-rough-en-verb-S6er2P1a",
"links": [
[
"break in",
"break in"
],
[
"military",
"military"
]
],
"translations": [
{
"_dis1": "3 6 1 1 85 2 1",
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "to break in",
"word": "kouluttaa"
}
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "English terms with collocations",
"parents": [
"Terms with collocations",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"text": "to rough it",
"type": "example"
},
{
"ref": "2013, Anne-Marie K. Kittiphanh, If Life Gave Me LEMONS, I Would Turn It into HONEY",
"text": "I was able to help Trudy set up camp and everything else, of course there are different ways to camp the usual comfortable way or roughed we of course roughed it and I did my best to keep warm.",
"type": "quotation"
}
],
"glosses": [
"To endure primitive conditions."
],
"id": "en-rough-en-verb-Lu1gJr86",
"links": [
[
"primitive",
"primitive"
]
]
},
{
"categories": [],
"glosses": [
"To roughen a horse's shoes to keep the animal from slipping."
],
"id": "en-rough-en-verb-7lu4w~u1",
"raw_glosses": [
"(transitive) To roughen a horse's shoes to keep the animal from slipping."
],
"tags": [
"transitive"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ɹʌf/",
"tags": [
"General-American",
"Received-Pronunciation"
]
},
{
"rhymes": "-ʌf"
},
{
"homophone": "ruff"
},
{
"audio": "En-us-rough.ogg",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/56/En-us-rough.ogg/En-us-rough.ogg.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/56/En-us-rough.ogg",
"tags": [
"US"
],
"text": "Audio (US)"
},
{
"audio": "En-us-rough.oga",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/a5/En-us-rough.oga/En-us-rough.oga.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a5/En-us-rough.oga",
"tags": [
"US"
],
"text": "Audio (US)"
},
{
"audio": "En-au-rough.ogg",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/bd/En-au-rough.ogg/En-au-rough.ogg.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bd/En-au-rough.ogg",
"tags": [
"Australia"
],
"text": "Audio (AU)"
}
],
"synonyms": [
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"tags": [
"pronunciation-spelling"
],
"word": "ruff"
}
],
"wikipedia": [
"rough"
],
"word": "rough"
}
{
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "enm",
"3": "rough"
},
"expansion": "Middle English rough",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "roughe"
},
"expansion": "roughe",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "roȝe"
},
"expansion": "roȝe",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "row"
},
"expansion": "row",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "rou"
},
"expansion": "rou",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "ru"
},
"expansion": "ru",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "ruȝ"
},
"expansion": "ruȝ",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "ruh"
},
"expansion": "ruh",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "ang",
"3": "rūg"
},
"expansion": "Old English rūg",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ang",
"2": "rūh"
},
"expansion": "rūh",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "gem-pro",
"3": "*rūhaz"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic *rūhaz",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "sco",
"2": "ruch"
},
"expansion": "Scots ruch",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "sco",
"2": "rouch",
"t": "rough"
},
"expansion": "rouch (“rough”)",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "stq",
"2": "ruuch"
},
"expansion": "Saterland Frisian ruuch",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "stq",
"2": "rouch",
"t": "rough"
},
"expansion": "rouch (“rough”)",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "fy",
"2": "rûch",
"t": "rough"
},
"expansion": "West Frisian rûch (“rough”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "nds",
"2": "ruuch",
"t": "rough"
},
"expansion": "Low German ruuch (“rough”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "nl",
"2": "ruig",
"t": "rough"
},
"expansion": "Dutch ruig (“rough”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "de",
"2": "rau",
"3": "rau(h)",
"t": "rough"
},
"expansion": "German rau(h) (“rough”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "da",
"2": "ru",
"3": "ru",
"t": "uneven on the surface, \"rough\", \"rugged\""
},
"expansion": "Danish ru (“uneven on the surface, \"rough\", \"rugged\"”)",
"name": "cog"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Middle English rough, roughe, roȝe, row, rou, ru, ruȝ, ruh, from Old English rūg, rūh, from Proto-Germanic *rūhaz. Cognate with Scots ruch, rouch (“rough”), Saterland Frisian ruuch, rouch (“rough”), West Frisian rûch (“rough”), Low German ruuch (“rough”), Dutch ruig (“rough”), German rau(h) (“rough”), Danish ru (“uneven on the surface, \"rough\", \"rugged\"”).",
"forms": [
{
"form": "more rough",
"tags": [
"comparative"
]
},
{
"form": "most rough",
"tags": [
"superlative"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "rough (comparative more rough, superlative most rough)",
"name": "en-adv"
}
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "adv",
"senses": [
{
"derived": [
{
"word": "sleep rough"
}
],
"glosses": [
"In a rough manner; rudely; roughly."
],
"id": "en-rough-en-adv-1dGqeRM6"
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ɹʌf/",
"tags": [
"General-American",
"Received-Pronunciation"
]
},
{
"rhymes": "-ʌf"
},
{
"homophone": "ruff"
},
{
"audio": "En-us-rough.ogg",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/56/En-us-rough.ogg/En-us-rough.ogg.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/56/En-us-rough.ogg",
"tags": [
"US"
],
"text": "Audio (US)"
},
{
"audio": "En-us-rough.oga",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/a5/En-us-rough.oga/En-us-rough.oga.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a5/En-us-rough.oga",
"tags": [
"US"
],
"text": "Audio (US)"
},
{
"audio": "En-au-rough.ogg",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/bd/En-au-rough.ogg/En-au-rough.ogg.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bd/En-au-rough.ogg",
"tags": [
"Australia"
],
"text": "Audio (AU)"
}
],
"synonyms": [
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"tags": [
"pronunciation-spelling"
],
"word": "ruff"
}
],
"wikipedia": [
"rough"
],
"word": "rough"
}
{
"antonyms": [
{
"word": "smooth"
},
{
"source": "Thesaurus:rough",
"word": "even"
},
{
"source": "Thesaurus:rough",
"word": "polished"
},
{
"source": "Thesaurus:rough",
"word": "velvety"
}
],
"categories": [
"English 1-syllable words",
"English adjectives",
"English adverbs",
"English countable nouns",
"English entries with incorrect language header",
"English entries with topic categories using raw markup",
"English lemmas",
"English nouns",
"English terms derived from Middle English",
"English terms derived from Old English",
"English terms derived from Proto-Germanic",
"English terms inherited from Middle English",
"English terms inherited from Old English",
"English terms inherited from Proto-Germanic",
"English terms with IPA pronunciation",
"English terms with audio links",
"English terms with homophones",
"English verbs",
"Requests for review of Ido translations",
"Requests for review of Irish translations",
"Requests for review of Telugu translations",
"Rhymes:English/ʌf",
"Rhymes:English/ʌf/1 syllable",
"en:Touch"
],
"derived": [
{
"word": "cut up rough"
},
{
"word": "dog rough"
},
{
"word": "have a rough time of it"
},
{
"word": "in the rough"
},
{
"word": "live rough"
},
{
"word": "nanorough"
},
{
"word": "oak rough bulletgall wasp"
},
{
"word": "rough-and-ready"
},
{
"word": "rough and ready"
},
{
"word": "rough and tumble"
},
{
"word": "rough around the edges"
},
{
"word": "rough book"
},
{
"word": "rough-book"
},
{
"word": "rough breathing"
},
{
"word": "roughcast"
},
{
"word": "rough collie"
},
{
"word": "rough cut"
},
{
"word": "rough diamond"
},
{
"word": "rough-draw"
},
{
"word": "rough draw"
},
{
"word": "rough-dressed"
},
{
"word": "rough-edged"
},
{
"word": "rough edges"
},
{
"word": "rough end of the pineapple"
},
{
"word": "rough endoplasmic reticulum"
},
{
"word": "rough fish"
},
{
"word": "rough-footed"
},
{
"word": "rough-grained"
},
{
"word": "rough hawksbeard"
},
{
"word": "rough-hew"
},
{
"word": "rough-hewer"
},
{
"word": "rough-hewn"
},
{
"word": "rough horsetail"
},
{
"word": "rough-house"
},
{
"word": "rough house"
},
{
"word": "roughhouse"
},
{
"word": "rough it"
},
{
"word": "rough justice"
},
{
"word": "rough-legged"
},
{
"word": "rough-legged buzzard"
},
{
"word": "rough-legged hawk"
},
{
"word": "rough lemon"
},
{
"word": "roughly"
},
{
"word": "rough music"
},
{
"word": "roughness"
},
{
"word": "rough number"
},
{
"word": "rough patch"
},
{
"word": "rough perfect"
},
{
"word": "rough pump"
},
{
"word": "rough ride"
},
{
"word": "roughrider"
},
{
"word": "rough rider"
},
{
"word": "rough shark"
},
{
"word": "roughshod"
},
{
"word": "rough slant"
},
{
"word": "rough sledding"
},
{
"word": "rough sleeper"
},
{
"word": "roughspun"
},
{
"word": "rough stuff"
},
{
"word": "rough trade"
},
{
"word": "rough trot"
},
{
"word": "rough up the bullpen"
},
{
"word": "rough vacuum"
},
{
"word": "take the rough with the smooth"
},
{
"word": "the rough side of one's tongue"
},
{
"word": "unrough"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "enm",
"3": "rough"
},
"expansion": "Middle English rough",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "roughe"
},
"expansion": "roughe",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "roȝe"
},
"expansion": "roȝe",
"name": "m"
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{
"args": {
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"2": "row"
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"expansion": "row",
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{
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"2": "rou"
},
"expansion": "rou",
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{
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"2": "ru"
},
"expansion": "ru",
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{
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{
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"2": "ruh"
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"expansion": "ruh",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
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"2": "ang",
"3": "rūg"
},
"expansion": "Old English rūg",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ang",
"2": "rūh"
},
"expansion": "rūh",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "gem-pro",
"3": "*rūhaz"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic *rūhaz",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "sco",
"2": "ruch"
},
"expansion": "Scots ruch",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
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"2": "rouch",
"t": "rough"
},
"expansion": "rouch (“rough”)",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "stq",
"2": "ruuch"
},
"expansion": "Saterland Frisian ruuch",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "stq",
"2": "rouch",
"t": "rough"
},
"expansion": "rouch (“rough”)",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "fy",
"2": "rûch",
"t": "rough"
},
"expansion": "West Frisian rûch (“rough”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "nds",
"2": "ruuch",
"t": "rough"
},
"expansion": "Low German ruuch (“rough”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "nl",
"2": "ruig",
"t": "rough"
},
"expansion": "Dutch ruig (“rough”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "de",
"2": "rau",
"3": "rau(h)",
"t": "rough"
},
"expansion": "German rau(h) (“rough”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "da",
"2": "ru",
"3": "ru",
"t": "uneven on the surface, \"rough\", \"rugged\""
},
"expansion": "Danish ru (“uneven on the surface, \"rough\", \"rugged\"”)",
"name": "cog"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Middle English rough, roughe, roȝe, row, rou, ru, ruȝ, ruh, from Old English rūg, rūh, from Proto-Germanic *rūhaz. Cognate with Scots ruch, rouch (“rough”), Saterland Frisian ruuch, rouch (“rough”), West Frisian rûch (“rough”), Low German ruuch (“rough”), Dutch ruig (“rough”), German rau(h) (“rough”), Danish ru (“uneven on the surface, \"rough\", \"rugged\"”).",
"forms": [
{
"form": "rougher",
"tags": [
"comparative"
]
},
{
"form": "roughest",
"tags": [
"superlative"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "er"
},
"expansion": "rough (comparative rougher, superlative roughest)",
"name": "en-adj"
}
],
"hypernyms": [
{
"source": "Thesaurus:rough",
"word": "textured"
}
],
"hyponyms": [
{
"source": "Thesaurus:rough",
"word": "bumpy"
},
{
"source": "Thesaurus:rough",
"word": "choppy"
},
{
"source": "Thesaurus:rough",
"word": "corrugated"
},
{
"source": "Thesaurus:rough",
"word": "cragged"
},
{
"source": "Thesaurus:rough",
"word": "craggy"
},
{
"source": "Thesaurus:rough",
"word": "creased"
},
{
"source": "Thesaurus:rough",
"word": "gnarled"
},
{
"source": "Thesaurus:rough",
"word": "gnarly"
},
{
"source": "Thesaurus:rough",
"word": "knaggy"
},
{
"source": "Thesaurus:rough",
"word": "knotted"
},
{
"source": "Thesaurus:rough",
"word": "knotty"
},
{
"source": "Thesaurus:rough",
"word": "knurly"
},
{
"source": "Thesaurus:rough",
"word": "notched"
},
{
"source": "Thesaurus:rough",
"word": "unbrushed"
},
{
"source": "Thesaurus:rough",
"word": "ungroomed"
},
{
"source": "Thesaurus:rough",
"word": "unshaven"
},
{
"source": "Thesaurus:rough",
"word": "unpolished"
},
{
"source": "Thesaurus:rough",
"word": "ridged"
},
{
"source": "Thesaurus:rough",
"word": "scabby"
},
{
"source": "Thesaurus:rough",
"word": "scaly"
},
{
"source": "Thesaurus:rough",
"word": "shaggy"
},
{
"source": "Thesaurus:rough",
"word": "wrinkled"
}
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "adj",
"related": [
{
"source": "Thesaurus:rough",
"word": "rough-hewn"
}
],
"senses": [
{
"glosses": [
"Not smooth; uneven."
],
"links": [
[
"smooth",
"smooth"
],
[
"uneven",
"uneven"
]
]
},
{
"categories": [
"English terms with usage examples"
],
"examples": [
{
"text": "a rough estimate",
"type": "example"
},
{
"text": "a rough sketch of a building",
"type": "example"
},
{
"text": "a rough plan",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Approximate; hasty or careless; not finished."
],
"links": [
[
"Approximate",
"approximate"
]
]
},
{
"categories": [
"English terms with usage examples"
],
"examples": [
{
"text": "rough sea",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Turbulent."
],
"links": [
[
"Turbulent",
"turbulent"
]
]
},
{
"categories": [
"English terms with usage examples"
],
"examples": [
{
"text": "Being a teenager nowadays can be rough.",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Difficult; trying."
],
"links": [
[
"Difficult",
"difficult"
],
[
"trying",
"trying"
]
]
},
{
"categories": [
"English terms with usage examples"
],
"examples": [
{
"text": "His manners are a bit rough, but he means well.",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Crude; unrefined."
],
"links": [
[
"Crude",
"crude"
],
[
"unrefined",
"unrefined"
]
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"Worn; shabby; weather-beaten."
],
"links": [
[
"Worn",
"worn"
],
[
"shabby",
"shabby"
],
[
"weather-beaten",
"weather-beaten"
]
]
},
{
"categories": [
"English terms with usage examples"
],
"examples": [
{
"text": "the rough bit of town",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Having socio-economic problems, hence possibly dangerous."
],
"links": [
[
"socio-economic",
"socio-economic"
],
[
"dangerous",
"dangerous"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(of a place) Having socio-economic problems, hence possibly dangerous."
],
"raw_tags": [
"of a place"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"English terms with usage examples"
],
"examples": [
{
"text": "This box has been through some rough handling.",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Violent; not careful or subtle."
],
"links": [
[
"Violent",
"violent"
],
[
"careful",
"careful"
],
[
"subtle",
"subtle"
]
]
},
{
"categories": [
"English terms with usage examples"
],
"examples": [
{
"text": "a rough tone",
"type": "example"
},
{
"text": "a rough voice",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Loud and hoarse; offensive to the ear; harsh; grating."
]
},
{
"categories": [
"English terms with usage examples"
],
"examples": [
{
"text": "a rough diamond",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Not polished; uncut."
],
"links": [
[
"polished",
"polished"
],
[
"uncut",
"uncut"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(of a gem) Not polished; uncut."
],
"raw_tags": [
"of a gem"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"English terms with usage examples"
],
"examples": [
{
"text": "rough wine",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Harsh-tasting."
]
},
{
"categories": [
"British English",
"English colloquialisms",
"English slang"
],
"glosses": [
"Somewhat ill; sick; in poor condition."
],
"links": [
[
"ill",
"ill"
],
[
"sick",
"sick"
],
[
"poor",
"poor"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(chiefly UK, colloquial, slang) Somewhat ill; sick; in poor condition."
],
"tags": [
"UK",
"colloquial",
"slang"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"British English",
"English colloquialisms",
"English slang"
],
"glosses": [
"Unwell due to alcohol; hungover."
],
"links": [
[
"Unwell",
"unwell"
],
[
"hungover",
"hungover"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(chiefly UK, colloquial, slang) Unwell due to alcohol; hungover."
],
"tags": [
"UK",
"colloquial",
"slang"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ɹʌf/",
"tags": [
"General-American",
"Received-Pronunciation"
]
},
{
"rhymes": "-ʌf"
},
{
"homophone": "ruff"
},
{
"audio": "En-us-rough.ogg",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/56/En-us-rough.ogg/En-us-rough.ogg.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/56/En-us-rough.ogg",
"tags": [
"US"
],
"text": "Audio (US)"
},
{
"audio": "En-us-rough.oga",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/a5/En-us-rough.oga/En-us-rough.oga.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a5/En-us-rough.oga",
"tags": [
"US"
],
"text": "Audio (US)"
},
{
"audio": "En-au-rough.ogg",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/bd/En-au-rough.ogg/En-au-rough.ogg.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bd/En-au-rough.ogg",
"tags": [
"Australia"
],
"text": "Audio (AU)"
}
],
"synonyms": [
{
"tags": [
"pronunciation-spelling"
],
"word": "ruff"
},
{
"source": "Thesaurus:rough",
"word": "abrasive"
},
{
"source": "Thesaurus:rough",
"word": "asperous"
},
{
"source": "Thesaurus:rough",
"word": "coarse"
},
{
"source": "Thesaurus:rough",
"word": "gimped"
},
{
"source": "Thesaurus:rough",
"word": "harsh"
},
{
"source": "Thesaurus:rough",
"word": "irregular"
},
{
"source": "Thesaurus:rough",
"word": "jagged"
},
{
"source": "Thesaurus:rough",
"word": "jaggy"
},
{
"source": "Thesaurus:rough",
"word": "rough"
},
{
"source": "Thesaurus:rough",
"word": "rugged"
},
{
"source": "Thesaurus:rough",
"word": "rugose"
},
{
"source": "Thesaurus:rough",
"tags": [
"obsolete"
],
"word": "salebrous"
},
{
"source": "Thesaurus:rough",
"word": "scabrous"
},
{
"source": "Thesaurus:rough",
"word": "scraggy"
},
{
"source": "Thesaurus:rough",
"word": "shagged"
},
{
"source": "Thesaurus:rough",
"word": "squarrose"
},
{
"source": "Thesaurus:rough",
"word": "uneven"
},
{
"source": "Thesaurus:rough",
"word": "unsmooth"
}
],
"translations": [
{
"code": "ar",
"lang": "Arabic",
"roman": "ḵašin",
"sense": "not smooth",
"word": "خَشِن"
},
{
"code": "rup",
"lang": "Aromanian",
"sense": "not smooth",
"word": "ascuru"
},
{
"code": "as",
"lang": "Assamese",
"roman": "khohota",
"sense": "not smooth",
"word": "খহটা"
},
{
"code": "be",
"lang": "Belarusian",
"roman": "hrúby",
"sense": "not smooth",
"word": "гру́бы"
},
{
"code": "be",
"lang": "Belarusian",
"roman": "hrubý",
"sense": "not smooth",
"word": "грубы́"
},
{
"code": "bcl",
"lang": "Bikol Central",
"sense": "not smooth",
"word": "maragkot"
},
{
"code": "bg",
"lang": "Bulgarian",
"roman": "grapav",
"sense": "not smooth",
"word": "грапав"
},
{
"code": "bg",
"lang": "Bulgarian",
"roman": "neraven",
"sense": "not smooth",
"word": "неравен"
},
{
"code": "my",
"lang": "Burmese",
"roman": "kram:",
"sense": "not smooth",
"word": "ကြမ်း"
},
{
"code": "ca",
"lang": "Catalan",
"sense": "not smooth",
"word": "aspre"
},
{
"code": "chr",
"lang": "Cherokee",
"roman": "usonv",
"sense": "not smooth",
"word": "ᎤᏐᏅ"
},
{
"code": "cmn",
"lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
"roman": "cūcāo",
"sense": "not smooth",
"word": "粗糙"
},
{
"code": "cs",
"lang": "Czech",
"sense": "not smooth",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "hrubý"
},
{
"code": "nl",
"lang": "Dutch",
"sense": "not smooth",
"word": "ruw"
},
{
"code": "nl",
"lang": "Dutch",
"sense": "not smooth",
"word": "ruig"
},
{
"code": "et",
"lang": "Estonian",
"sense": "not smooth",
"word": "kare"
},
{
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "not smooth",
"word": "karhea"
},
{
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "not smooth",
"word": "rosoinen"
},
{
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "not smooth",
"word": "rude"
},
{
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "not smooth",
"word": "rugueux"
},
{
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "not smooth",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "brut"
},
{
"code": "gl",
"lang": "Galician",
"sense": "not smooth",
"word": "áspero"
},
{
"code": "gl",
"lang": "Galician",
"sense": "not smooth",
"word": "esgrevio"
},
{
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "not smooth",
"word": "rau"
},
{
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "not smooth",
"word": "grob"
},
{
"code": "grc",
"lang": "Ancient Greek",
"roman": "trakhús",
"sense": "not smooth",
"word": "τραχύς"
},
{
"code": "hu",
"lang": "Hungarian",
"sense": "not smooth",
"word": "durva"
},
{
"code": "hu",
"lang": "Hungarian",
"sense": "not smooth",
"word": "érdes"
},
{
"code": "hu",
"lang": "Hungarian",
"sense": "not smooth",
"word": "egyenetlen"
},
{
"code": "io",
"lang": "Ido",
"sense": "not smooth",
"word": "aspera"
},
{
"code": "id",
"lang": "Indonesian",
"sense": "not smooth",
"word": "kasar"
},
{
"code": "izh",
"lang": "Ingrian",
"sense": "not smooth",
"word": "karhia"
},
{
"code": "izh",
"lang": "Ingrian",
"sense": "not smooth",
"word": "karskia"
},
{
"code": "ga",
"lang": "Irish",
"sense": "not smooth",
"word": "garbh"
},
{
"code": "it",
"lang": "Italian",
"sense": "not smooth",
"word": "ruvido"
},
{
"code": "it",
"lang": "Italian",
"sense": "not smooth",
"word": "rugoso"
},
{
"code": "it",
"lang": "Italian",
"sense": "not smooth",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "scabro"
},
{
"alt": "でこぼこな",
"code": "ja",
"lang": "Japanese",
"roman": "dekoboko na",
"sense": "not smooth",
"word": "凸凹な"
},
{
"alt": "あらい",
"code": "ja",
"lang": "Japanese",
"roman": "arai",
"sense": "not smooth",
"word": "粗い"
},
{
"code": "ko",
"lang": "Korean",
"roman": "geochilda",
"sense": "not smooth",
"word": "거칠다"
},
{
"code": "ckb",
"lang": "Central Kurdish",
"roman": "zûr",
"sense": "not smooth",
"word": "زوور"
},
{
"code": "la",
"lang": "Latin",
"sense": "not smooth",
"word": "asper"
},
{
"code": "lv",
"lang": "Latvian",
"sense": "not smooth",
"word": "raupjš"
},
{
"code": "lv",
"lang": "Latvian",
"sense": "not smooth",
"word": "rupjš"
},
{
"code": "lv",
"lang": "Latvian",
"sense": "not smooth",
"word": "ass"
},
{
"code": "lv",
"lang": "Latvian",
"sense": "not smooth",
"word": "negluds"
},
{
"code": "lt",
"lang": "Lithuanian",
"sense": "not smooth",
"word": "šiurkštus"
},
{
"code": "mk",
"lang": "Macedonian",
"roman": "grub",
"sense": "not smooth",
"word": "груб"
},
{
"code": "mi",
"english": "refers to a land surface",
"lang": "Maori",
"sense": "not smooth",
"word": "tuarangaranga"
},
{
"code": "mi",
"lang": "Maori",
"note": "of texture",
"sense": "not smooth",
"word": "kaitara"
},
{
"code": "mi",
"english": "refers to land surface",
"lang": "Maori",
"sense": "not smooth",
"word": "whakanokenoke"
},
{
"code": "mi",
"lang": "Maori",
"sense": "not smooth",
"word": "mātoretore"
},
{
"code": "mi",
"lang": "Maori",
"note": "of water",
"sense": "not smooth",
"word": "tuarangaranga"
},
{
"code": "mi",
"lang": "Maori",
"sense": "not smooth",
"word": "mātoetoe"
},
{
"code": "mi",
"lang": "Maori",
"sense": "not smooth",
"word": "torehapehape"
},
{
"code": "nv",
"lang": "Navajo",
"sense": "not smooth",
"word": "dichʼíízh"
},
{
"code": "nrf",
"lang": "Norman",
"sense": "not smooth",
"tags": [
"feminine",
"masculine"
],
"word": "rude"
},
{
"code": "oc",
"lang": "Occitan",
"sense": "not smooth",
"word": "aspre"
},
{
"code": "fa",
"lang": "Persian",
"roman": "zebr",
"sense": "not smooth",
"word": "زبر"
},
{
"code": "fa",
"lang": "Persian",
"roman": "zomoxt",
"sense": "not smooth",
"word": "زمخت"
},
{
"code": "fa",
"lang": "Persian",
"roman": "xašen",
"sense": "not smooth",
"word": "خشن"
},
{
"code": "pdt",
"lang": "Plautdietsch",
"sense": "not smooth",
"word": "ruch"
},
{
"code": "pdt",
"lang": "Plautdietsch",
"sense": "not smooth",
"word": "schroff"
},
{
"code": "pl",
"lang": "Polish",
"sense": "not smooth",
"word": "szorstki"
},
{
"code": "pl",
"lang": "Polish",
"sense": "not smooth",
"word": "zgrubny"
},
{
"code": "pl",
"lang": "Polish",
"sense": "not smooth",
"word": "chropowaty"
},
{
"code": "pt",
"lang": "Portuguese",
"sense": "not smooth",
"word": "áspero"
},
{
"code": "qu",
"lang": "Quechua",
"sense": "not smooth",
"word": "taku"
},
{
"code": "qu",
"lang": "Quechua",
"sense": "not smooth",
"word": "qhachqa"
},
{
"code": "ro",
"lang": "Romanian",
"sense": "not smooth",
"word": "dur"
},
{
"code": "ro",
"lang": "Romanian",
"sense": "not smooth",
"word": "aspru"
},
{
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "grúbyj",
"sense": "not smooth",
"word": "гру́бый"
},
{
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "šeroxovátyj",
"sense": "not smooth",
"word": "шерохова́тый"
},
{
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "žóstkij",
"sense": "not smooth",
"word": "жёсткий"
},
{
"code": "sco",
"lang": "Scots",
"sense": "not smooth",
"word": "roch"
},
{
"code": "sh",
"lang": "Serbo-Croatian",
"sense": "not smooth",
"tags": [
"Cyrillic"
],
"word": "груб"
},
{
"code": "sh",
"lang": "Serbo-Croatian",
"sense": "not smooth",
"tags": [
"Roman"
],
"word": "grub"
},
{
"code": "sk",
"lang": "Slovak",
"sense": "not smooth",
"word": "hrubý"
},
{
"code": "sl",
"lang": "Slovene",
"sense": "not smooth",
"word": "grob"
},
{
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "not smooth",
"word": "áspero"
},
{
"code": "su",
"lang": "Sundanese",
"sense": "not smooth",
"word": "keusrak"
},
{
"code": "sv",
"lang": "Swedish",
"sense": "not smooth",
"word": "ojämn"
},
{
"code": "te",
"lang": "Telugu",
"roman": "garuku",
"sense": "not smooth",
"word": "గరుకు"
},
{
"code": "txb",
"lang": "Tocharian B",
"sense": "not smooth",
"word": "aśāwe"
},
{
"code": "txb",
"lang": "Tocharian B",
"sense": "not smooth",
"word": "śāwe"
},
{
"code": "uk",
"lang": "Ukrainian",
"roman": "hrúbyj",
"sense": "not smooth",
"word": "гру́бий"
},
{
"code": "uk",
"lang": "Ukrainian",
"roman": "šorstkýj",
"sense": "not smooth",
"word": "шорстки́й"
},
{
"code": "wa",
"lang": "Walloon",
"sense": "not smooth",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "graevleus"
},
{
"code": "wa",
"lang": "Walloon",
"sense": "not smooth",
"tags": [
"feminine",
"masculine"
],
"word": "rexhe"
},
{
"code": "fy",
"lang": "West Frisian",
"sense": "not smooth",
"word": "rûch"
},
{
"code": "zza",
"lang": "Zazaki",
"sense": "not smooth",
"word": "xısn"
},
{
"code": "bg",
"lang": "Bulgarian",
"roman": "priblizitelen",
"sense": "approximate",
"word": "приблизителен"
},
{
"code": "ca",
"lang": "Catalan",
"sense": "approximate",
"word": "aproximat"
},
{
"code": "ca",
"lang": "Catalan",
"sense": "approximate",
"word": "quasi"
},
{
"code": "cmn",
"lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
"roman": "cūlüè",
"sense": "approximate",
"word": "粗略"
},
{
"code": "cs",
"lang": "Czech",
"sense": "approximate",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "hrubý"
},
{
"code": "et",
"lang": "Estonian",
"sense": "approximate",
"word": "ligilähedane"
},
{
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "approximate",
"word": "karkea"
},
{
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "approximate",
"word": "alustava"
},
{
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "approximate",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "approximatif"
},
{
"code": "gl",
"lang": "Galician",
"sense": "approximate",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "esmo"
},
{
"code": "gl",
"lang": "Galician",
"sense": "approximate",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "acaroado"
},
{
"code": "gl",
"lang": "Galician",
"sense": "approximate",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "aproximado"
},
{
"code": "gl",
"lang": "Galician",
"sense": "approximate",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "aproximada"
},
{
"code": "ka",
"lang": "Georgian",
"roman": "daaxloebiti",
"sense": "approximate",
"word": "დაახლოებითი"
},
{
"code": "ka",
"lang": "Georgian",
"roman": "miaxloebiti",
"sense": "approximate",
"word": "მიახლოებითი"
},
{
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "approximate",
"word": "grob"
},
{
"code": "hu",
"lang": "Hungarian",
"sense": "approximate",
"word": "hozzávetőleges"
},
{
"code": "hu",
"lang": "Hungarian",
"sense": "approximate",
"word": "nyers"
},
{
"code": "it",
"lang": "Italian",
"sense": "approximate",
"word": "approssimato"
},
{
"code": "pt",
"lang": "Portuguese",
"sense": "approximate",
"word": "aproximado"
},
{
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "priblizítelʹnyj",
"sense": "approximate",
"word": "приблизи́тельный"
},
{
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "primérnyj",
"sense": "approximate",
"word": "приме́рный"
},
{
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "černovój",
"sense": "approximate",
"word": "черново́й"
},
{
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "approximate",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "aproximado"
},
{
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "approximate",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "aproximativo"
},
{
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "approximate",
"word": "casi"
},
{
"code": "te",
"lang": "Telugu",
"roman": "sumāru",
"sense": "approximate",
"word": "సుమారు"
},
{
"code": "bg",
"lang": "Bulgarian",
"roman": "buren",
"sense": "turbulent",
"word": "бурен"
},
{
"code": "bg",
"lang": "Bulgarian",
"roman": "razvǎlnuvan",
"sense": "turbulent",
"word": "развълнуван"
},
{
"code": "ca",
"lang": "Catalan",
"sense": "turbulent",
"word": "turbulent"
},
{
"code": "cs",
"lang": "Czech",
"sense": "turbulent",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "bouřlivý"
},
{
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "turbulent",
"word": "aallokkoinen"
},
{
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "turbulent",
"word": "kuoppainen"
},
{
"code": "gl",
"lang": "Galician",
"sense": "turbulent",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "barullento"
},
{
"code": "gl",
"lang": "Galician",
"sense": "turbulent",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "torboento"
},
{
"code": "hu",
"lang": "Hungarian",
"sense": "turbulent",
"word": "zord"
},
{
"code": "hu",
"lang": "Hungarian",
"sense": "turbulent",
"word": "kemény"
},
{
"code": "ga",
"lang": "Irish",
"sense": "turbulent",
"word": "garbh"
},
{
"code": "it",
"lang": "Italian",
"sense": "turbulent",
"word": "mosso"
},
{
"code": "mi",
"lang": "Maori",
"sense": "turbulent",
"word": "tuarangaranga"
},
{
"code": "mi",
"lang": "Maori",
"sense": "turbulent",
"word": "whenewhene"
},
{
"code": "mi",
"lang": "Maori",
"note": "of waves",
"sense": "turbulent",
"word": "kōrawarawa"
},
{
"code": "mi",
"lang": "Maori",
"note": "of waves",
"sense": "turbulent",
"word": "ngarungaru"
},
{
"code": "mi",
"lang": "Maori",
"note": "of the sea",
"sense": "turbulent",
"word": "pohepohe"
},
{
"code": "mi",
"lang": "Maori",
"note": "of the sea",
"sense": "turbulent",
"word": "tuke"
},
{
"code": "nb",
"lang": "Norwegian Bokmål",
"sense": "turbulent",
"word": "urolig"
},
{
"code": "pt",
"lang": "Portuguese",
"sense": "turbulent",
"word": "turbulento"
},
{
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "búrnyj",
"sense": "turbulent",
"word": "бу́рный"
},
{
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "turbulent",
"word": "turbulento"
},
{
"code": "bg",
"lang": "Bulgarian",
"roman": "truden",
"sense": "difficult",
"word": "труден"
},
{
"code": "bg",
"lang": "Bulgarian",
"roman": "neprijaten",
"sense": "difficult",
"word": "неприятен"
},
{
"code": "ca",
"lang": "Catalan",
"sense": "difficult",
"word": "difícil"
},
{
"code": "cs",
"lang": "Czech",
"sense": "difficult",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "nepříjemný"
},
{
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "difficult",
"word": "kova"
},
{
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "difficult",
"tags": [
"feminine",
"masculine"
],
"word": "difficile"
},
{
"code": "gl",
"lang": "Galician",
"sense": "difficult",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "galludo"
},
{
"code": "gl",
"lang": "Galician",
"sense": "difficult",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "enfesto"
},
{
"code": "gl",
"lang": "Galician",
"sense": "difficult",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "carizolo"
},
{
"code": "gl",
"lang": "Galician",
"sense": "difficult",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "desdoado"
},
{
"code": "gl",
"lang": "Galician",
"sense": "difficult",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "caroso"
},
{
"code": "gl",
"lang": "Galician",
"sense": "difficult",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "arrevesado"
},
{
"code": "hu",
"lang": "Hungarian",
"sense": "difficult",
"word": "kemény"
},
{
"code": "hu",
"lang": "Hungarian",
"sense": "difficult",
"word": "nehéz"
},
{
"code": "it",
"lang": "Italian",
"sense": "difficult",
"word": "difficile"
},
{
"code": "la",
"lang": "Latin",
"sense": "difficult",
"word": "difficilis"
},
{
"code": "pt",
"lang": "Portuguese",
"sense": "difficult",
"word": "duro"
},
{
"code": "pt",
"lang": "Portuguese",
"sense": "difficult",
"word": "difícil"
},
{
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "suróvyj",
"sense": "difficult",
"word": "суро́вый"
},
{
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "trúdnyj",
"sense": "difficult",
"word": "тру́дный"
},
{
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "tjažólyj",
"sense": "difficult",
"word": "тяжёлый"
},
{
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "difficult",
"word": "difícil"
},
{
"code": "te",
"lang": "Telugu",
"roman": "kaṣṭamaina",
"sense": "difficult",
"word": "కష్టమైన"
},
{
"code": "bg",
"lang": "Bulgarian",
"roman": "surov",
"sense": "crude, unrefined",
"word": "суров"
},
{
"code": "bg",
"lang": "Bulgarian",
"roman": "neobraboten",
"sense": "crude, unrefined",
"word": "необработен"
},
{
"code": "ca",
"lang": "Catalan",
"sense": "crude, unrefined",
"tags": [
"feminine",
"masculine"
],
"word": "rude"
},
{
"code": "ca",
"lang": "Catalan",
"sense": "crude, unrefined",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "tosc"
},
{
"code": "cmn",
"lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
"sense": "crude, unrefined",
"word": "粗魯"
},
{
"code": "cmn",
"lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
"roman": "cūlǔ",
"sense": "crude, unrefined",
"word": "粗鲁"
},
{
"code": "cmn",
"lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
"roman": "cūyě",
"sense": "crude, unrefined",
"word": "粗野"
},
{
"code": "cs",
"lang": "Czech",
"sense": "crude, unrefined",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "surový"
},
{
"code": "cs",
"lang": "Czech",
"sense": "crude, unrefined",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "neomalený"
},
{
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "crude, unrefined",
"word": "karkea"
},
{
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "crude, unrefined",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "brut"
},
{
"code": "gl",
"lang": "Galician",
"sense": "crude, unrefined",
"word": "áspero"
},
{
"code": "gl",
"lang": "Galician",
"sense": "crude, unrefined",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "rude"
},
{
"code": "gl",
"lang": "Galician",
"sense": "crude, unrefined",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "caxoto"
},
{
"code": "gl",
"lang": "Galician",
"sense": "crude, unrefined",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "tarosco"
},
{
"code": "gl",
"lang": "Galician",
"sense": "crude, unrefined",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "xoto"
},
{
"code": "gl",
"lang": "Galician",
"sense": "crude, unrefined",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "brután"
},
{
"code": "gl",
"lang": "Galician",
"sense": "crude, unrefined",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "burdallo"
},
{
"code": "gl",
"lang": "Galician",
"sense": "crude, unrefined",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "zamarrón"
},
{
"code": "gl",
"lang": "Galician",
"sense": "crude, unrefined",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "taleigán"
},
{
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "crude, unrefined",
"word": "roh"
},
{
"code": "hu",
"lang": "Hungarian",
"sense": "crude, unrefined",
"word": "durva"
},
{
"code": "hu",
"lang": "Hungarian",
"sense": "crude, unrefined",
"word": "faragatlan"
},
{
"code": "hu",
"lang": "Hungarian",
"sense": "crude, unrefined",
"word": "műveletlen"
},
{
"code": "hu",
"lang": "Hungarian",
"sense": "crude, unrefined",
"word": "nyers"
},
{
"code": "id",
"lang": "Indonesian",
"sense": "crude, unrefined",
"word": "kasar"
},
{
"code": "ga",
"lang": "Irish",
"sense": "crude, unrefined",
"word": "amhchaoin"
},
{
"code": "it",
"lang": "Italian",
"sense": "crude, unrefined",
"word": "rude"
},
{
"code": "ja",
"lang": "Japanese",
"roman": "soya",
"sense": "crude, unrefined",
"word": "粗野"
},
{
"code": "la",
"lang": "Latin",
"sense": "crude, unrefined",
"word": "rudis"
},
{
"code": "la",
"lang": "Latin",
"sense": "crude, unrefined",
"word": "impolītus"
},
{
"code": "lv",
"lang": "Latvian",
"sense": "crude, unrefined",
"word": "raupjš"
},
{
"code": "lv",
"lang": "Latvian",
"sense": "crude, unrefined",
"word": "rupjš"
},
{
"code": "mi",
"lang": "Maori",
"sense": "crude, unrefined",
"word": "kōkau"
},
{
"code": "mi",
"lang": "Maori",
"sense": "crude, unrefined",
"word": "pūhungahunga"
},
{
"code": "pt",
"lang": "Portuguese",
"sense": "crude, unrefined",
"word": "grosseiro"
},
{
"code": "pt",
"lang": "Portuguese",
"sense": "crude, unrefined",
"word": "tosco"
},
{
"code": "ro",
"lang": "Romanian",
"sense": "crude, unrefined",
"word": "brut"
},
{
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "grúbyj",
"sense": "crude, unrefined",
"word": "гру́бый"
},
{
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "crude, unrefined",
"word": "tosco"
},
{
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "crude, unrefined",
"word": "rudo"
},
{
"code": "bg",
"lang": "Bulgarian",
"roman": "grub",
"sense": "violent",
"word": "груб"
},
{
"code": "ca",
"lang": "Catalan",
"sense": "violent",
"word": "complicat"
},
{
"code": "ca",
"lang": "Catalan",
"sense": "violent",
"word": "dur"
},
{
"code": "cmn",
"lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
"roman": "cūbào",
"sense": "violent",
"word": "粗暴"
},
{
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "violent",
"word": "kova"
},
{
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "violent",
"word": "karkea"
},
{
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "violent",
"word": "väkivaltainen"
},
{
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "violent",
"word": "kovakourainen"
},
{
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "violent",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "brutal"
},
{
"code": "grc",
"lang": "Ancient Greek",
"roman": "apēnḗs",
"sense": "violent",
"word": "ἀπηνής"
},
{
"code": "ga",
"lang": "Irish",
"sense": "violent",
"word": "eascaoin"
},
{
"code": "lv",
"lang": "Latvian",
"sense": "violent",
"word": "raupjš"
},
{
"code": "lv",
"lang": "Latvian",
"sense": "violent",
"word": "rupjš"
},
{
"code": "ro",
"lang": "Romanian",
"sense": "violent",
"word": "brutal"
},
{
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "violent",
"word": "complicado"
},
{
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "violent",
"word": "duro"
}
],
"wikipedia": [
"rough"
],
"word": "rough"
}
{
"categories": [
"English 1-syllable words",
"English adjectives",
"English adverbs",
"English countable nouns",
"English entries with incorrect language header",
"English entries with topic categories using raw markup",
"English lemmas",
"English nouns",
"English terms derived from Middle English",
"English terms derived from Old English",
"English terms derived from Proto-Germanic",
"English terms inherited from Middle English",
"English terms inherited from Old English",
"English terms inherited from Proto-Germanic",
"English terms with IPA pronunciation",
"English terms with audio links",
"English terms with homophones",
"English verbs",
"Requests for review of Ido translations",
"Requests for review of Irish translations",
"Requests for review of Telugu translations",
"Rhymes:English/ʌf",
"Rhymes:English/ʌf/1 syllable",
"en:Touch"
],
"derived": [
{
"word": "bit of rough"
},
{
"word": "diamond in the rough"
},
{
"word": "putt from the rough"
},
{
"word": "rough-and-tumble"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "enm",
"3": "rough"
},
"expansion": "Middle English rough",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "roughe"
},
"expansion": "roughe",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "roȝe"
},
"expansion": "roȝe",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "row"
},
"expansion": "row",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "rou"
},
"expansion": "rou",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "ru"
},
"expansion": "ru",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "ruȝ"
},
"expansion": "ruȝ",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "ruh"
},
"expansion": "ruh",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "ang",
"3": "rūg"
},
"expansion": "Old English rūg",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ang",
"2": "rūh"
},
"expansion": "rūh",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "gem-pro",
"3": "*rūhaz"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic *rūhaz",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "sco",
"2": "ruch"
},
"expansion": "Scots ruch",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "sco",
"2": "rouch",
"t": "rough"
},
"expansion": "rouch (“rough”)",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "stq",
"2": "ruuch"
},
"expansion": "Saterland Frisian ruuch",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "stq",
"2": "rouch",
"t": "rough"
},
"expansion": "rouch (“rough”)",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "fy",
"2": "rûch",
"t": "rough"
},
"expansion": "West Frisian rûch (“rough”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "nds",
"2": "ruuch",
"t": "rough"
},
"expansion": "Low German ruuch (“rough”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "nl",
"2": "ruig",
"t": "rough"
},
"expansion": "Dutch ruig (“rough”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "de",
"2": "rau",
"3": "rau(h)",
"t": "rough"
},
"expansion": "German rau(h) (“rough”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "da",
"2": "ru",
"3": "ru",
"t": "uneven on the surface, \"rough\", \"rugged\""
},
"expansion": "Danish ru (“uneven on the surface, \"rough\", \"rugged\"”)",
"name": "cog"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Middle English rough, roughe, roȝe, row, rou, ru, ruȝ, ruh, from Old English rūg, rūh, from Proto-Germanic *rūhaz. Cognate with Scots ruch, rouch (“rough”), Saterland Frisian ruuch, rouch (“rough”), West Frisian rûch (“rough”), Low German ruuch (“rough”), Dutch ruig (“rough”), German rau(h) (“rough”), Danish ru (“uneven on the surface, \"rough\", \"rugged\"”).",
"forms": [
{
"form": "roughs",
"tags": [
"plural"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "rough (plural roughs)",
"name": "en-noun"
}
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"glosses": [
"The unmowed part of a golf course."
],
"links": [
[
"unmowed",
"unmowed"
],
[
"golf course",
"golf course"
]
]
},
{
"categories": [
"English terms with quotations"
],
"examples": [
{
"ref": "1898, H.G. Wells, The War of the Worlds, London: William Heinemann, page 124",
"text": "In Wellington Street my brother met a couple of sturdy roughs, who had just rushed out of Fleet Street with still wet newspapers and staring placards. \"Dreadful catastrophe!\" they bawled one to the other down Wellington Street. \"Fighting at Weybridge!\"",
"type": "quotation"
}
],
"glosses": [
"A rude fellow; a coarse bully; a rowdy."
],
"links": [
[
"rude",
"rude"
],
[
"coarse",
"coarse"
],
[
"bully",
"bully"
],
[
"rowdy",
"rowdy"
]
]
},
{
"categories": [
"en:Cricket"
],
"glosses": [
"A scuffed and roughened area of the pitch, where the bowler's feet fall, used as a target by spin bowlers because of its unpredictable bounce."
],
"links": [
[
"cricket",
"cricket"
],
[
"scuffed",
"scuffed"
],
[
"roughened",
"roughened"
],
[
"pitch",
"pitch"
],
[
"bowler",
"bowler"
],
[
"target",
"target"
],
[
"spin bowler",
"spin bowler"
],
[
"unpredictable",
"unpredictable"
],
[
"bounce",
"bounce"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(cricket) A scuffed and roughened area of the pitch, where the bowler's feet fall, used as a target by spin bowlers because of its unpredictable bounce."
],
"topics": [
"ball-games",
"cricket",
"games",
"hobbies",
"lifestyle",
"sports"
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"The raw material from which faceted or cabochon gems are created."
],
"links": [
[
"facet",
"facet"
],
[
"cabochon",
"cabochon"
],
[
"gem",
"gem"
]
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"A quick sketch, similar to a thumbnail but larger and more detailed, used for artistic brainstorming."
],
"links": [
[
"sketch",
"sketch"
],
[
"thumbnail",
"thumbnail"
]
]
},
{
"categories": [
"English terms with obsolete senses",
"English terms with quotations"
],
"examples": [
{
"ref": "1633, Phineas Fletcher, Eclog 1. Amyntas",
"text": "In calms you fish; in roughs use songs and dances.",
"type": "quotation"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Boisterous weather."
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(obsolete) Boisterous weather."
],
"tags": [
"obsolete"
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"A piece inserted in a horseshoe to keep the animal from slipping."
],
"links": [
[
"horseshoe",
"horseshoe"
]
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ɹʌf/",
"tags": [
"General-American",
"Received-Pronunciation"
]
},
{
"rhymes": "-ʌf"
},
{
"homophone": "ruff"
},
{
"audio": "En-us-rough.ogg",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/56/En-us-rough.ogg/En-us-rough.ogg.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/56/En-us-rough.ogg",
"tags": [
"US"
],
"text": "Audio (US)"
},
{
"audio": "En-us-rough.oga",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/a5/En-us-rough.oga/En-us-rough.oga.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a5/En-us-rough.oga",
"tags": [
"US"
],
"text": "Audio (US)"
},
{
"audio": "En-au-rough.ogg",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/bd/En-au-rough.ogg/En-au-rough.ogg.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bd/En-au-rough.ogg",
"tags": [
"Australia"
],
"text": "Audio (AU)"
}
],
"synonyms": [
{
"tags": [
"pronunciation-spelling"
],
"word": "ruff"
}
],
"translations": [
{
"code": "cs",
"lang": "Czech",
"sense": "unmowed part of golf-course",
"word": "raf (vyšší tráva kolem fairwaye)"
},
{
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "unmowed part of golf-course",
"word": "karheikko"
},
{
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "unmowed part of golf-course",
"word": "raffi"
},
{
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "unmowed part of golf-course",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "Rough"
}
],
"wikipedia": [
"rough"
],
"word": "rough"
}
{
"categories": [
"English 1-syllable words",
"English adjectives",
"English adverbs",
"English countable nouns",
"English entries with incorrect language header",
"English entries with topic categories using raw markup",
"English lemmas",
"English nouns",
"English terms derived from Middle English",
"English terms derived from Old English",
"English terms derived from Proto-Germanic",
"English terms inherited from Middle English",
"English terms inherited from Old English",
"English terms inherited from Proto-Germanic",
"English terms with IPA pronunciation",
"English terms with audio links",
"English terms with homophones",
"English verbs",
"Requests for review of Ido translations",
"Requests for review of Irish translations",
"Requests for review of Telugu translations",
"Rhymes:English/ʌf",
"Rhymes:English/ʌf/1 syllable",
"en:Touch"
],
"derived": [
{
"word": "rough in"
},
{
"word": "rough it"
},
{
"word": "rough out"
},
{
"word": "rough up"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "enm",
"3": "rough"
},
"expansion": "Middle English rough",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "roughe"
},
"expansion": "roughe",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "roȝe"
},
"expansion": "roȝe",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "row"
},
"expansion": "row",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "rou"
},
"expansion": "rou",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "ru"
},
"expansion": "ru",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "ruȝ"
},
"expansion": "ruȝ",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "ruh"
},
"expansion": "ruh",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "ang",
"3": "rūg"
},
"expansion": "Old English rūg",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ang",
"2": "rūh"
},
"expansion": "rūh",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "gem-pro",
"3": "*rūhaz"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic *rūhaz",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "sco",
"2": "ruch"
},
"expansion": "Scots ruch",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "sco",
"2": "rouch",
"t": "rough"
},
"expansion": "rouch (“rough”)",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "stq",
"2": "ruuch"
},
"expansion": "Saterland Frisian ruuch",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "stq",
"2": "rouch",
"t": "rough"
},
"expansion": "rouch (“rough”)",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "fy",
"2": "rûch",
"t": "rough"
},
"expansion": "West Frisian rûch (“rough”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "nds",
"2": "ruuch",
"t": "rough"
},
"expansion": "Low German ruuch (“rough”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "nl",
"2": "ruig",
"t": "rough"
},
"expansion": "Dutch ruig (“rough”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "de",
"2": "rau",
"3": "rau(h)",
"t": "rough"
},
"expansion": "German rau(h) (“rough”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "da",
"2": "ru",
"3": "ru",
"t": "uneven on the surface, \"rough\", \"rugged\""
},
"expansion": "Danish ru (“uneven on the surface, \"rough\", \"rugged\"”)",
"name": "cog"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Middle English rough, roughe, roȝe, row, rou, ru, ruȝ, ruh, from Old English rūg, rūh, from Proto-Germanic *rūhaz. Cognate with Scots ruch, rouch (“rough”), Saterland Frisian ruuch, rouch (“rough”), West Frisian rûch (“rough”), Low German ruuch (“rough”), Dutch ruig (“rough”), German rau(h) (“rough”), Danish ru (“uneven on the surface, \"rough\", \"rugged\"”).",
"forms": [
{
"form": "roughs",
"tags": [
"present",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "roughing",
"tags": [
"participle",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "roughed",
"tags": [
"participle",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "roughed",
"tags": [
"past"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "rough (third-person singular simple present roughs, present participle roughing, simple past and past participle roughed)",
"name": "en-verb"
}
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "verb",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"English terms with quotations",
"English terms with usage examples"
],
"examples": [
{
"ref": "1907, Ronald M. Burrows, The Discoveries In Crete, page 90",
"text": "On the floor, one beside the other, stood two amphoræ of veined marble-like limestone; one a huge vase 2 feet high and more than 6 feet round, finished and perfect, with two splendid spiral bands; and the other a smaller vase, of the same type, but only just roughed out of the block.",
"type": "quotation"
},
{
"text": "Rough in the shape first, then polish the details.",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"To create in an approximate form."
],
"links": [
[
"create",
"create"
]
]
},
{
"categories": [
"English intransitive verbs",
"en:Boxing",
"en:Wrestling"
],
"examples": [
{
"ref": "1938, California. State Athletic Commission, Rules, Regulations and Law Regulating Boxing and Wrestling (page 42)",
"text": "[…] roughing is not a part of the sport, and will not be tolerated. Referees will not permit unfair practices that may cause injury to a contestant, and are held strictly responsible for enforcing these rules."
}
],
"glosses": [
"To break the rules by being excessively violent."
],
"links": [
[
"boxing",
"boxing#Noun"
],
[
"wrestling",
"wrestling#Noun"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(boxing, wrestling, intransitive) To break the rules by being excessively violent."
],
"tags": [
"intransitive"
],
"topics": [
"boxing",
"government",
"hobbies",
"lifestyle",
"martial-arts",
"military",
"politics",
"sports",
"war",
"wrestling"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"en:Ice hockey"
],
"glosses": [
"To commit the offense of roughing, i.e. to punch another player."
],
"links": [
[
"ice hockey",
"ice hockey"
],
[
"roughing",
"roughing"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(ice hockey) To commit the offense of roughing, i.e. to punch another player."
],
"topics": [
"hobbies",
"ice-hockey",
"lifestyle",
"skating",
"sports"
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"To render rough; to roughen."
],
"links": [
[
"roughen",
"roughen"
]
]
},
{
"categories": [
"English terms with quotations"
],
"examples": [
{
"ref": "1802, Charles James, A New and Enlarged Military Dictionary",
"text": "To Rough Horses, a word in familiar use among the dragoons to signify the act of breaking in horses, so as to adapt them to military purposes.",
"type": "quotation"
}
],
"glosses": [
"To break in (a horse, etc.), especially for military purposes."
],
"links": [
[
"break in",
"break in"
],
[
"military",
"military"
]
]
},
{
"categories": [
"English terms with collocations",
"English terms with quotations"
],
"examples": [
{
"text": "to rough it",
"type": "example"
},
{
"ref": "2013, Anne-Marie K. Kittiphanh, If Life Gave Me LEMONS, I Would Turn It into HONEY",
"text": "I was able to help Trudy set up camp and everything else, of course there are different ways to camp the usual comfortable way or roughed we of course roughed it and I did my best to keep warm.",
"type": "quotation"
}
],
"glosses": [
"To endure primitive conditions."
],
"links": [
[
"primitive",
"primitive"
]
]
},
{
"categories": [
"English transitive verbs"
],
"glosses": [
"To roughen a horse's shoes to keep the animal from slipping."
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(transitive) To roughen a horse's shoes to keep the animal from slipping."
],
"tags": [
"transitive"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ɹʌf/",
"tags": [
"General-American",
"Received-Pronunciation"
]
},
{
"rhymes": "-ʌf"
},
{
"homophone": "ruff"
},
{
"audio": "En-us-rough.ogg",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/56/En-us-rough.ogg/En-us-rough.ogg.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/56/En-us-rough.ogg",
"tags": [
"US"
],
"text": "Audio (US)"
},
{
"audio": "En-us-rough.oga",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/a5/En-us-rough.oga/En-us-rough.oga.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a5/En-us-rough.oga",
"tags": [
"US"
],
"text": "Audio (US)"
},
{
"audio": "En-au-rough.ogg",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/bd/En-au-rough.ogg/En-au-rough.ogg.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bd/En-au-rough.ogg",
"tags": [
"Australia"
],
"text": "Audio (AU)"
}
],
"synonyms": [
{
"tags": [
"pronunciation-spelling"
],
"word": "ruff"
}
],
"translations": [
{
"code": "bg",
"lang": "Bulgarian",
"roman": "skiciram",
"sense": "to create in approximate form",
"word": "скицирам"
},
{
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "to create in approximate form",
"word": "luonnostella"
},
{
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "to create in approximate form",
"word": "hahmotella"
},
{
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "to create in approximate form",
"word": "ébaucher"
},
{
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "ice hockey: to perform roughing",
"word": "olla väkivaltainen"
},
{
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "to break in",
"word": "kouluttaa"
}
],
"wikipedia": [
"rough"
],
"word": "rough"
}
{
"categories": [
"English 1-syllable words",
"English adjectives",
"English adverbs",
"English countable nouns",
"English entries with incorrect language header",
"English entries with topic categories using raw markup",
"English lemmas",
"English nouns",
"English terms derived from Middle English",
"English terms derived from Old English",
"English terms derived from Proto-Germanic",
"English terms inherited from Middle English",
"English terms inherited from Old English",
"English terms inherited from Proto-Germanic",
"English terms with IPA pronunciation",
"English terms with audio links",
"English terms with homophones",
"English verbs",
"Requests for review of Ido translations",
"Requests for review of Irish translations",
"Requests for review of Telugu translations",
"Rhymes:English/ʌf",
"Rhymes:English/ʌf/1 syllable",
"en:Touch"
],
"derived": [
{
"word": "sleep rough"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "enm",
"3": "rough"
},
"expansion": "Middle English rough",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "roughe"
},
"expansion": "roughe",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "roȝe"
},
"expansion": "roȝe",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "row"
},
"expansion": "row",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "rou"
},
"expansion": "rou",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "ru"
},
"expansion": "ru",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "ruȝ"
},
"expansion": "ruȝ",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "ruh"
},
"expansion": "ruh",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "ang",
"3": "rūg"
},
"expansion": "Old English rūg",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ang",
"2": "rūh"
},
"expansion": "rūh",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "gem-pro",
"3": "*rūhaz"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic *rūhaz",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "sco",
"2": "ruch"
},
"expansion": "Scots ruch",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "sco",
"2": "rouch",
"t": "rough"
},
"expansion": "rouch (“rough”)",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "stq",
"2": "ruuch"
},
"expansion": "Saterland Frisian ruuch",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "stq",
"2": "rouch",
"t": "rough"
},
"expansion": "rouch (“rough”)",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "fy",
"2": "rûch",
"t": "rough"
},
"expansion": "West Frisian rûch (“rough”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "nds",
"2": "ruuch",
"t": "rough"
},
"expansion": "Low German ruuch (“rough”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "nl",
"2": "ruig",
"t": "rough"
},
"expansion": "Dutch ruig (“rough”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "de",
"2": "rau",
"3": "rau(h)",
"t": "rough"
},
"expansion": "German rau(h) (“rough”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "da",
"2": "ru",
"3": "ru",
"t": "uneven on the surface, \"rough\", \"rugged\""
},
"expansion": "Danish ru (“uneven on the surface, \"rough\", \"rugged\"”)",
"name": "cog"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Middle English rough, roughe, roȝe, row, rou, ru, ruȝ, ruh, from Old English rūg, rūh, from Proto-Germanic *rūhaz. Cognate with Scots ruch, rouch (“rough”), Saterland Frisian ruuch, rouch (“rough”), West Frisian rûch (“rough”), Low German ruuch (“rough”), Dutch ruig (“rough”), German rau(h) (“rough”), Danish ru (“uneven on the surface, \"rough\", \"rugged\"”).",
"forms": [
{
"form": "more rough",
"tags": [
"comparative"
]
},
{
"form": "most rough",
"tags": [
"superlative"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "rough (comparative more rough, superlative most rough)",
"name": "en-adv"
}
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "adv",
"senses": [
{
"glosses": [
"In a rough manner; rudely; roughly."
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ɹʌf/",
"tags": [
"General-American",
"Received-Pronunciation"
]
},
{
"rhymes": "-ʌf"
},
{
"homophone": "ruff"
},
{
"audio": "En-us-rough.ogg",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/56/En-us-rough.ogg/En-us-rough.ogg.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/56/En-us-rough.ogg",
"tags": [
"US"
],
"text": "Audio (US)"
},
{
"audio": "En-us-rough.oga",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/a5/En-us-rough.oga/En-us-rough.oga.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a5/En-us-rough.oga",
"tags": [
"US"
],
"text": "Audio (US)"
},
{
"audio": "En-au-rough.ogg",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/bd/En-au-rough.ogg/En-au-rough.ogg.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bd/En-au-rough.ogg",
"tags": [
"Australia"
],
"text": "Audio (AU)"
}
],
"synonyms": [
{
"tags": [
"pronunciation-spelling"
],
"word": "ruff"
}
],
"wikipedia": [
"rough"
],
"word": "rough"
}
{
"called_from": "translations/324",
"msg": "possible sense number in translation item: Telugu: __IGNORE__, __IGNORE__, __IGNORE__ (2), __IGNORE__ (3), __IGNORE__ (5), __IGNORE__ (6)",
"path": [
"rough"
],
"section": "English",
"subsection": "adjective",
"title": "rough",
"trace": ""
}
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable All languages combined dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2024-05-03 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2024-05-02 using wiktextract (f4fd8c9 and c9440ce). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.