See asper in All languages combined, or Wiktionary
{
"derived": [
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"word": "asperē"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"word": "asperitās"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"word": "asperiter"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"word": "asperitūdō"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"word": "asperō"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"word": "asperūgō"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"word": "perasper"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"word": "subasper"
}
],
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sq",
"2": "ashpër"
},
"expansion": "Albanian: ashpër",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Albanian: ashpër"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "rup",
"2": "ascuru"
},
"expansion": "Aromanian: ascuru",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Aromanian: ascuru"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ast",
"2": "aspru",
"3": "ásperu"
},
"expansion": "Asturian: aspru, ásperu",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Asturian: aspru, ásperu"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ca",
"2": "aspre"
},
"expansion": "Catalan: aspre",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Catalan: aspre"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "fr",
"2": "âpre"
},
"expansion": "French: âpre",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "French: âpre"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gl",
"2": "áspero"
},
"expansion": "Galician: áspero",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Galician: áspero"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "grc",
"2": "ἄσπρος",
"bor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ Ancient Greek: ἄσπρος (áspros)\nGreek: άσπρο (áspro), άσπρος (áspros)\n→ English: aspron\n→ Serbo-Croatian: ȁspra",
"name": "desctree"
}
],
"text": "→ Ancient Greek: ἄσπρος (áspros)\nGreek: άσπρο (áspro), άσπρος (áspros)\n→ English: aspron\n→ Serbo-Croatian: ȁspra"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "it",
"2": "aspro"
},
"expansion": "Italian: aspro",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Italian: aspro"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "oc",
"2": "aspre"
},
"expansion": "Occitan: aspre",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Occitan: aspre"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "pt",
"2": "áspero"
},
"expansion": "Portuguese: áspero",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Portuguese: áspero"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ro",
"2": "aspru"
},
"expansion": "Romanian: aspru",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Romanian: aspru"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sc",
"2": "aspru",
"3": "aspu"
},
"expansion": "Sardinian: aspru, aspu",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Sardinian: aspru, aspu"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "es",
"2": "áspero"
},
"expansion": "Spanish: áspero",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Spanish: áspero"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*h₂esp-",
"t": "to cut"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *h₂esp- (“to cut”)",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "grc",
"2": "ἀσπίς",
"t": "shield"
},
"expansion": "Ancient Greek ἀσπίς (aspís, “shield”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "hit",
"2": "",
"t": "to cut down",
"tr": "ḫasp-"
},
"expansion": "Hittite [script needed] (ḫasp-, “to cut down”)",
"name": "cog"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Probably from a Proto-Indo-European *h₂esp- (“to cut”), also present in Ancient Greek ἀσπίς (aspís, “shield”) and Hittite [script needed] (ḫasp-, “to cut down”).",
"forms": [
{
"form": "aspera",
"tags": [
"feminine"
]
},
{
"form": "asperum",
"tags": [
"neuter"
]
},
{
"form": "asperior",
"tags": [
"comparative"
]
},
{
"form": "asperrimus",
"tags": [
"superlative"
]
},
{
"form": "asperē",
"tags": [
"adverb"
]
},
{
"form": "in -er",
"tags": [
"masculine",
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "la-adecl",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "asper",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"masculine",
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "aspera",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"feminine",
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "asperum",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"neuter",
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "asperī",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"masculine",
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "asperae",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"feminine",
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "aspera",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"neuter",
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "asperī",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"masculine",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "asperae",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"feminine",
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "asperī",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"neuter",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "asperōrum",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"masculine",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "asperārum",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"feminine",
"genitive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "asperōrum",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"neuter",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "asperō",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"masculine",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "asperae",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"feminine",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "asperō",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"neuter",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "asperīs",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"feminine",
"masculine",
"neuter",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "asperum",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"masculine",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "asperam",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"feminine",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "asperum",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"neuter",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "asperōs",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"masculine",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "asperās",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"feminine",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "aspera",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"neuter",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "asperō",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"ablative",
"masculine",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "asperā",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"ablative",
"feminine",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "asperō",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"ablative",
"neuter",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "asperīs",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"ablative",
"feminine",
"masculine",
"neuter",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "asper",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"masculine",
"singular",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "aspera",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"feminine",
"singular",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "asperum",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"neuter",
"singular",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "asperī",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"masculine",
"plural",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "asperae",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"feminine",
"plural",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "aspera",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"neuter",
"plural",
"vocative"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "asper",
"adv": "asperē",
"comp": "asperior",
"sup": "asperrimus"
},
"expansion": "asper (feminine aspera, neuter asperum, comparative asperior, superlative asperrimus, adverb asperē); first/second-declension adjective (nominative masculine singular in -er)",
"name": "la-adj"
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "asper"
},
"name": "la-adecl"
}
],
"lang": "Latin",
"lang_code": "la",
"pos": "adj",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "27 19 27 28",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Latin first and second declension adjectives with nominative masculine singular in -er",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"rough, uneven, coarse"
],
"id": "en-asper-la-adj-2dMmwvc6",
"links": [
[
"rough",
"rough"
],
[
"uneven",
"uneven"
],
[
"coarse",
"coarse"
]
],
"tags": [
"adjective",
"declension-1",
"declension-2"
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "27 19 27 28",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Latin first and second declension adjectives with nominative masculine singular in -er",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"unrefined, rude"
],
"id": "en-asper-la-adj-~~c~wQMg",
"links": [
[
"unrefined",
"unrefined"
],
[
"rude",
"rude"
]
],
"tags": [
"adjective",
"declension-1",
"declension-2"
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "27 19 27 28",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Latin first and second declension adjectives with nominative masculine singular in -er",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"sharp, newly minted"
],
"id": "en-asper-la-adj-oV5AdFW7",
"links": [
[
"sharp",
"sharp"
],
[
"newly",
"newly"
],
[
"minted",
"minted"
]
],
"tags": [
"adjective",
"declension-1",
"declension-2"
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "39 2 10 49",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Latin entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "27 19 27 28",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Latin first and second declension adjectives with nominative masculine singular in -er",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"english": "bitter hatred",
"text": "odia aspera",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"harsh, bitter, fierce"
],
"id": "en-asper-la-adj-0E7bFejP",
"links": [
[
"harsh",
"harsh"
],
[
"bitter",
"bitter"
],
[
"fierce",
"fierce"
]
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "ācer"
},
{
"word": "acerbus"
},
{
"word": "frāctus"
}
],
"tags": [
"adjective",
"declension-1",
"declension-2"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ˈas.per/",
"tags": [
"Classical-Latin"
]
},
{
"ipa": "[ˈäs̠pɛr]",
"tags": [
"Classical-Latin"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/ˈas.per/",
"note": "modern Italianate Ecclesiastical"
},
{
"ipa": "[ˈäsper]",
"note": "modern Italianate Ecclesiastical"
}
],
"word": "asper"
}
{
"categories": [
"Latin 2-syllable words",
"Latin adjectives",
"Latin entries with incorrect language header",
"Latin first and second declension adjectives",
"Latin first and second declension adjectives with nominative masculine singular in -er",
"Latin lemmas",
"Latin terms derived from Proto-Indo-European",
"Latin terms with IPA pronunciation",
"Pages with 3 entries",
"Pages with entries",
"Requests for native script for Hittite terms"
],
"derived": [
{
"word": "asperē"
},
{
"word": "asperitās"
},
{
"word": "asperiter"
},
{
"word": "asperitūdō"
},
{
"word": "asperō"
},
{
"word": "asperūgō"
},
{
"word": "perasper"
},
{
"word": "subasper"
}
],
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sq",
"2": "ashpër"
},
"expansion": "Albanian: ashpër",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Albanian: ashpër"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "rup",
"2": "ascuru"
},
"expansion": "Aromanian: ascuru",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Aromanian: ascuru"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ast",
"2": "aspru",
"3": "ásperu"
},
"expansion": "Asturian: aspru, ásperu",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Asturian: aspru, ásperu"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ca",
"2": "aspre"
},
"expansion": "Catalan: aspre",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Catalan: aspre"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "fr",
"2": "âpre"
},
"expansion": "French: âpre",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "French: âpre"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gl",
"2": "áspero"
},
"expansion": "Galician: áspero",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Galician: áspero"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "grc",
"2": "ἄσπρος",
"bor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ Ancient Greek: ἄσπρος (áspros)\nGreek: άσπρο (áspro), άσπρος (áspros)\n→ English: aspron\n→ Serbo-Croatian: ȁspra",
"name": "desctree"
}
],
"text": "→ Ancient Greek: ἄσπρος (áspros)\nGreek: άσπρο (áspro), άσπρος (áspros)\n→ English: aspron\n→ Serbo-Croatian: ȁspra"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "it",
"2": "aspro"
},
"expansion": "Italian: aspro",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Italian: aspro"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "oc",
"2": "aspre"
},
"expansion": "Occitan: aspre",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Occitan: aspre"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "pt",
"2": "áspero"
},
"expansion": "Portuguese: áspero",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Portuguese: áspero"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ro",
"2": "aspru"
},
"expansion": "Romanian: aspru",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Romanian: aspru"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sc",
"2": "aspru",
"3": "aspu"
},
"expansion": "Sardinian: aspru, aspu",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Sardinian: aspru, aspu"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "es",
"2": "áspero"
},
"expansion": "Spanish: áspero",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Spanish: áspero"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*h₂esp-",
"t": "to cut"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *h₂esp- (“to cut”)",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "grc",
"2": "ἀσπίς",
"t": "shield"
},
"expansion": "Ancient Greek ἀσπίς (aspís, “shield”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "hit",
"2": "",
"t": "to cut down",
"tr": "ḫasp-"
},
"expansion": "Hittite [script needed] (ḫasp-, “to cut down”)",
"name": "cog"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Probably from a Proto-Indo-European *h₂esp- (“to cut”), also present in Ancient Greek ἀσπίς (aspís, “shield”) and Hittite [script needed] (ḫasp-, “to cut down”).",
"forms": [
{
"form": "aspera",
"tags": [
"feminine"
]
},
{
"form": "asperum",
"tags": [
"neuter"
]
},
{
"form": "asperior",
"tags": [
"comparative"
]
},
{
"form": "asperrimus",
"tags": [
"superlative"
]
},
{
"form": "asperē",
"tags": [
"adverb"
]
},
{
"form": "in -er",
"tags": [
"masculine",
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "la-adecl",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "asper",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"masculine",
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "aspera",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"feminine",
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "asperum",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"neuter",
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "asperī",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"masculine",
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "asperae",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"feminine",
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "aspera",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"neuter",
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "asperī",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"masculine",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "asperae",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"feminine",
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "asperī",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"neuter",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "asperōrum",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"masculine",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "asperārum",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"feminine",
"genitive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "asperōrum",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"neuter",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "asperō",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"masculine",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "asperae",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"feminine",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "asperō",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"neuter",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "asperīs",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"feminine",
"masculine",
"neuter",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "asperum",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"masculine",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "asperam",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"feminine",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "asperum",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"neuter",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "asperōs",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"masculine",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "asperās",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"feminine",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "aspera",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"neuter",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "asperō",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"ablative",
"masculine",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "asperā",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"ablative",
"feminine",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "asperō",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"ablative",
"neuter",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "asperīs",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"ablative",
"feminine",
"masculine",
"neuter",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "asper",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"masculine",
"singular",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "aspera",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"feminine",
"singular",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "asperum",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"neuter",
"singular",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "asperī",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"masculine",
"plural",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "asperae",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"feminine",
"plural",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "aspera",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"neuter",
"plural",
"vocative"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "asper",
"adv": "asperē",
"comp": "asperior",
"sup": "asperrimus"
},
"expansion": "asper (feminine aspera, neuter asperum, comparative asperior, superlative asperrimus, adverb asperē); first/second-declension adjective (nominative masculine singular in -er)",
"name": "la-adj"
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "asper"
},
"name": "la-adecl"
}
],
"lang": "Latin",
"lang_code": "la",
"pos": "adj",
"senses": [
{
"glosses": [
"rough, uneven, coarse"
],
"links": [
[
"rough",
"rough"
],
[
"uneven",
"uneven"
],
[
"coarse",
"coarse"
]
],
"tags": [
"adjective",
"declension-1",
"declension-2"
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"unrefined, rude"
],
"links": [
[
"unrefined",
"unrefined"
],
[
"rude",
"rude"
]
],
"tags": [
"adjective",
"declension-1",
"declension-2"
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"sharp, newly minted"
],
"links": [
[
"sharp",
"sharp"
],
[
"newly",
"newly"
],
[
"minted",
"minted"
]
],
"tags": [
"adjective",
"declension-1",
"declension-2"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"Latin terms with usage examples"
],
"examples": [
{
"english": "bitter hatred",
"text": "odia aspera",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"harsh, bitter, fierce"
],
"links": [
[
"harsh",
"harsh"
],
[
"bitter",
"bitter"
],
[
"fierce",
"fierce"
]
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "ācer"
},
{
"word": "acerbus"
},
{
"word": "frāctus"
}
],
"tags": [
"adjective",
"declension-1",
"declension-2"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ˈas.per/",
"tags": [
"Classical-Latin"
]
},
{
"ipa": "[ˈäs̠pɛr]",
"tags": [
"Classical-Latin"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/ˈas.per/",
"note": "modern Italianate Ecclesiastical"
},
{
"ipa": "[ˈäsper]",
"note": "modern Italianate Ecclesiastical"
}
],
"word": "asper"
}
Download raw JSONL data for asper meaning in Latin (8.3kB)
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable Latin dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2024-12-21 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2024-12-04 using wiktextract (d8cb2f3 and 4e554ae). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.