See asper on Wiktionary
{
"etymology_number": 1,
"etymology_templates": [
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"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "enm",
"3": "aspre"
},
"expansion": "Middle English aspre",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "fro",
"3": "aspre"
},
"expansion": "Old French aspre",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "fr",
"2": "âpre"
},
"expansion": "French âpre",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "la",
"3": "asper",
"4": "",
"5": "rough"
},
"expansion": "Latin asper (“rough”)",
"name": "der"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Middle English aspre, from Old French aspre (modern French âpre), from Latin asper (“rough”).",
"forms": [
{
"form": "more asper",
"tags": [
"comparative"
]
},
{
"form": "most asper",
"tags": [
"superlative"
]
},
{
"form": "aspre",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "asper (comparative more asper, superlative most asper)",
"name": "en-adj"
}
],
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"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "adj",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [],
"examples": [
{
"ref": "1627 (indicated as 1626), Francis [Bacon], “(please specify the page, or |century=I to X)”, in Sylua Syluarum: Or A Naturall Historie. In Ten Centuries. […], London: […] William Rawley […]; [p]rinted by J[ohn] H[aviland] for William Lee […], →OCLC:",
"text": "An asper sound.",
"type": "quote"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Rough or harsh; severe, stern, serious."
],
"id": "en-asper-en-adj-6ootZpi3",
"links": [
[
"Rough",
"rough"
],
[
"severe",
"severe"
],
[
"stern",
"stern"
],
[
"serious",
"serious"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(obsolete) Rough or harsh; severe, stern, serious."
],
"tags": [
"obsolete"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ˈæspə/",
"tags": [
"UK"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/ˈæspɚ/",
"tags": [
"US"
]
},
{
"audio": "En-us-asper.ogg",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/d6/En-us-asper.ogg/En-us-asper.ogg.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/En-us-asper.ogg"
}
],
"word": "asper"
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{
"etymology_number": 1,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "enm",
"3": "aspre"
},
"expansion": "Middle English aspre",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "fro",
"3": "aspre"
},
"expansion": "Old French aspre",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "fr",
"2": "âpre"
},
"expansion": "French âpre",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "la",
"3": "asper",
"4": "",
"5": "rough"
},
"expansion": "Latin asper (“rough”)",
"name": "der"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Middle English aspre, from Old French aspre (modern French âpre), from Latin asper (“rough”).",
"forms": [
{
"form": "aspre",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "-"
},
"expansion": "asper (uncountable)",
"name": "en-noun"
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],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "topical",
"langcode": "en",
"name": "Phonetics",
"orig": "en:Phonetics",
"parents": [
"Linguistics",
"Language",
"Social sciences",
"Communication",
"Sciences",
"Society",
"All topics",
"Fundamental"
],
"source": "w"
},
{
"_dis": "26 51 23",
"kind": "other",
"name": "English entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "22 42 19 6 0 3 7",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 3 entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "24 45 21 4 0 2 5",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"derived": [
{
"word": "spiritus asper"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Rough breathing; a mark (#) indicating that part of a word is aspirated, or pronounced with h before it."
],
"id": "en-asper-en-noun-uNQTVgQG",
"links": [
[
"phonetics",
"phonetics"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(phonetics, obsolete) Rough breathing; a mark (#) indicating that part of a word is aspirated, or pronounced with h before it."
],
"tags": [
"obsolete",
"uncountable"
],
"topics": [
"human-sciences",
"linguistics",
"phonetics",
"phonology",
"sciences"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ˈæspə/",
"tags": [
"UK"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/ˈæspɚ/",
"tags": [
"US"
]
},
{
"audio": "En-us-asper.ogg",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/d6/En-us-asper.ogg/En-us-asper.ogg.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/En-us-asper.ogg"
}
],
"word": "asper"
}
{
"etymology_number": 2,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "enm",
"3": "asper"
},
"expansion": "Middle English asper",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "frm",
"3": "aspre"
},
"expansion": "Middle French aspre",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "it",
"3": "aspro"
},
"expansion": "Italian aspro",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "grc",
"3": "ἄσπρον"
},
"expansion": "Ancient Greek ἄσπρον (áspron)",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "la",
"3": "asper",
"4": "",
"5": "rough, newly minted"
},
"expansion": "Latin asper (“rough, newly minted”)",
"name": "der"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Middle English asper, from Middle French aspre or Italian aspro, both from Ancient Greek ἄσπρον (áspron), from neuter of ἄσπρος (áspros, “white”), from Latin asper (“rough, newly minted”).",
"forms": [
{
"form": "aspers",
"tags": [
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "aspron",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "asper (plural aspers)",
"name": "en-noun"
}
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [],
"examples": [
{
"ref": "1603, Michel de Montaigne, chapter 40, in John Florio, transl., The Essayes […], book I, London: […] Val[entine] Simmes for Edward Blount […], →OCLC:",
"text": "And for ten Aspers you shall daily finde some amongst them, that will give themselves a deepe gash with a Scimitarie, either in their armes or thighes.",
"type": "quote"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Any one of several small coins, circulated around the eastern Mediterranean area from the 12th to 17th centuries."
],
"id": "en-asper-en-noun-ww3zuJnE",
"links": [
[
"coin",
"coin"
],
[
"Mediterranean",
"Mediterranean"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(historical) Any one of several small coins, circulated around the eastern Mediterranean area from the 12th to 17th centuries."
],
"tags": [
"historical"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ˈæspə/",
"tags": [
"UK"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/ˈæspɚ/",
"tags": [
"US"
]
},
{
"audio": "En-us-asper.ogg",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/d6/En-us-asper.ogg/En-us-asper.ogg.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/En-us-asper.ogg"
}
],
"word": "asper"
}
{
"derived": [
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"word": "asperē"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"word": "asperitās"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"word": "asperiter"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"word": "asperitūdō"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"word": "asperō"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"word": "asperūgō"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"word": "perasper"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"word": "subasper"
}
],
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sq",
"2": "ashpër"
},
"expansion": "Albanian: ashpër",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Albanian: ashpër"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "rup",
"2": "ascuru"
},
"expansion": "Aromanian: ascuru",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Aromanian: ascuru"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ast",
"2": "aspru",
"3": "ásperu"
},
"expansion": "Asturian: aspru, ásperu",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Asturian: aspru, ásperu"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ca",
"2": "aspre"
},
"expansion": "Catalan: aspre",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Catalan: aspre"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "fr",
"2": "âpre"
},
"expansion": "French: âpre",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "French: âpre"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gl",
"2": "áspero"
},
"expansion": "Galician: áspero",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Galician: áspero"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "grc",
"2": "ἄσπρος",
"bor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ Ancient Greek: ἄσπρος (áspros)\nGreek: άσπρο (áspro), άσπρος (áspros)\n→ English: aspron\n→ Serbo-Croatian: ȁspra",
"name": "desctree"
}
],
"text": "→ Ancient Greek: ἄσπρος (áspros)\nGreek: άσπρο (áspro), άσπρος (áspros)\n→ English: aspron\n→ Serbo-Croatian: ȁspra"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "it",
"2": "aspro"
},
"expansion": "Italian: aspro",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Italian: aspro"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "oc",
"2": "aspre"
},
"expansion": "Occitan: aspre",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Occitan: aspre"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "pt",
"2": "áspero"
},
"expansion": "Portuguese: áspero",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Portuguese: áspero"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ro",
"2": "aspru"
},
"expansion": "Romanian: aspru",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Romanian: aspru"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sc",
"2": "aspru",
"3": "aspu"
},
"expansion": "Sardinian: aspru, aspu",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Sardinian: aspru, aspu"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "es",
"2": "áspero"
},
"expansion": "Spanish: áspero",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Spanish: áspero"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*h₂esp-",
"t": "to cut"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *h₂esp- (“to cut”)",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "grc",
"2": "ἀσπίς",
"t": "shield"
},
"expansion": "Ancient Greek ἀσπίς (aspís, “shield”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "hit",
"2": "",
"t": "to cut down",
"tr": "ḫasp-"
},
"expansion": "Hittite [script needed] (ḫasp-, “to cut down”)",
"name": "cog"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Probably from a Proto-Indo-European *h₂esp- (“to cut”), also present in Ancient Greek ἀσπίς (aspís, “shield”) and Hittite [script needed] (ḫasp-, “to cut down”).",
"forms": [
{
"form": "aspera",
"tags": [
"feminine"
]
},
{
"form": "asperum",
"tags": [
"neuter"
]
},
{
"form": "asperior",
"tags": [
"comparative"
]
},
{
"form": "asperrimus",
"tags": [
"superlative"
]
},
{
"form": "asperē",
"tags": [
"adverb"
]
},
{
"form": "in -er",
"tags": [
"masculine",
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "la-adecl",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "asper",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"masculine",
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "aspera",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"feminine",
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "asperum",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"neuter",
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "asperī",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"masculine",
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "asperae",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"feminine",
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "aspera",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"neuter",
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "asperī",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"masculine",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "asperae",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"feminine",
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "asperī",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"neuter",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "asperōrum",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"masculine",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "asperārum",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"feminine",
"genitive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "asperōrum",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"neuter",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "asperō",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"masculine",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "asperae",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"feminine",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "asperō",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"neuter",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "asperīs",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"feminine",
"masculine",
"neuter"
]
},
{
"form": "asperum",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"masculine",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "asperam",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"feminine",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "asperum",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"neuter",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "asperōs",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"masculine",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "asperās",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"feminine",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "aspera",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"neuter",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "asperō",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"ablative",
"masculine",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "asperā",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"ablative",
"feminine",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "asperō",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"ablative",
"neuter",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "asperīs",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"ablative",
"feminine",
"masculine",
"neuter"
]
},
{
"form": "asper",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"masculine",
"singular",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "aspera",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"feminine",
"singular",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "asperum",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"neuter",
"singular",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "asperī",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"masculine",
"singular",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "asperae",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"feminine",
"plural",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "aspera",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"neuter",
"plural",
"vocative"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "asper",
"adv": "asperē",
"comp": "asperior",
"sup": "asperrimus"
},
"expansion": "asper (feminine aspera, neuter asperum, comparative asperior, superlative asperrimus, adverb asperē); first/second-declension adjective (nominative masculine singular in -er)",
"name": "la-adj"
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "asper"
},
"name": "la-adecl"
}
],
"lang": "Latin",
"lang_code": "la",
"pos": "adj",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "27 19 27 28",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Latin first and second declension adjectives with nominative masculine singular in -er",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"rough, uneven, coarse"
],
"id": "en-asper-la-adj-2dMmwvc6",
"links": [
[
"rough",
"rough"
],
[
"uneven",
"uneven"
],
[
"coarse",
"coarse"
]
],
"tags": [
"adjective",
"declension-1",
"declension-2"
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "27 19 27 28",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Latin first and second declension adjectives with nominative masculine singular in -er",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"unrefined, rude"
],
"id": "en-asper-la-adj-~~c~wQMg",
"links": [
[
"unrefined",
"unrefined"
],
[
"rude",
"rude"
]
],
"tags": [
"adjective",
"declension-1",
"declension-2"
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "27 19 27 28",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Latin first and second declension adjectives with nominative masculine singular in -er",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"sharp, newly minted"
],
"id": "en-asper-la-adj-oV5AdFW7",
"links": [
[
"sharp",
"sharp"
],
[
"newly",
"newly"
],
[
"minted",
"minted"
]
],
"tags": [
"adjective",
"declension-1",
"declension-2"
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "39 2 10 49",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Latin entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "27 19 27 28",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Latin first and second declension adjectives with nominative masculine singular in -er",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"english": "bitter hatred",
"text": "odia aspera",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"harsh, bitter, fierce"
],
"id": "en-asper-la-adj-0E7bFejP",
"links": [
[
"harsh",
"harsh"
],
[
"bitter",
"bitter"
],
[
"fierce",
"fierce"
]
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "ācer"
},
{
"word": "acerbus"
},
{
"word": "frāctus"
}
],
"tags": [
"adjective",
"declension-1",
"declension-2"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ˈas.per/",
"tags": [
"Classical-Latin"
]
},
{
"ipa": "[ˈäs̠pɛr]",
"tags": [
"Classical-Latin"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/ˈas.per/",
"note": "modern Italianate Ecclesiastical"
},
{
"ipa": "[ˈäsper]",
"note": "modern Italianate Ecclesiastical"
}
],
"word": "asper"
}
{
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "nb",
"2": "noun form",
"g": "m",
"g2": "f"
},
"expansion": "asper m or f",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Norwegian Bokmål",
"lang_code": "nb",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Norwegian Bokmål entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 3 entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
}
],
"form_of": [
{
"word": "asp"
}
],
"glosses": [
"indefinite plural of asp"
],
"id": "en-asper-nb-noun-3TR7kndL",
"links": [
[
"asp",
"asp#Norwegian_Bokmål"
]
],
"tags": [
"feminine",
"form-of",
"indefinite",
"masculine",
"plural"
]
}
],
"word": "asper"
}
{
"categories": [
"English adjectives",
"English countable nouns",
"English entries with incorrect language header",
"English lemmas",
"English nouns",
"English terms derived from Ancient Greek",
"English terms derived from Italian",
"English terms derived from Latin",
"English terms derived from Middle English",
"English terms derived from Middle French",
"English terms derived from Old French",
"English terms inherited from Middle English",
"English uncountable nouns",
"Pages with 3 entries",
"Pages with entries"
],
"etymology_number": 1,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "enm",
"3": "aspre"
},
"expansion": "Middle English aspre",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "fro",
"3": "aspre"
},
"expansion": "Old French aspre",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "fr",
"2": "âpre"
},
"expansion": "French âpre",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "la",
"3": "asper",
"4": "",
"5": "rough"
},
"expansion": "Latin asper (“rough”)",
"name": "der"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Middle English aspre, from Old French aspre (modern French âpre), from Latin asper (“rough”).",
"forms": [
{
"form": "more asper",
"tags": [
"comparative"
]
},
{
"form": "most asper",
"tags": [
"superlative"
]
},
{
"form": "aspre",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "asper (comparative more asper, superlative most asper)",
"name": "en-adj"
}
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "adj",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"English terms with obsolete senses",
"English terms with quotations"
],
"examples": [
{
"ref": "1627 (indicated as 1626), Francis [Bacon], “(please specify the page, or |century=I to X)”, in Sylua Syluarum: Or A Naturall Historie. In Ten Centuries. […], London: […] William Rawley […]; [p]rinted by J[ohn] H[aviland] for William Lee […], →OCLC:",
"text": "An asper sound.",
"type": "quote"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Rough or harsh; severe, stern, serious."
],
"links": [
[
"Rough",
"rough"
],
[
"severe",
"severe"
],
[
"stern",
"stern"
],
[
"serious",
"serious"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(obsolete) Rough or harsh; severe, stern, serious."
],
"tags": [
"obsolete"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ˈæspə/",
"tags": [
"UK"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/ˈæspɚ/",
"tags": [
"US"
]
},
{
"audio": "En-us-asper.ogg",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/d6/En-us-asper.ogg/En-us-asper.ogg.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/En-us-asper.ogg"
}
],
"word": "asper"
}
{
"categories": [
"English adjectives",
"English countable nouns",
"English entries with incorrect language header",
"English lemmas",
"English nouns",
"English terms derived from Ancient Greek",
"English terms derived from Italian",
"English terms derived from Latin",
"English terms derived from Middle English",
"English terms derived from Middle French",
"English terms derived from Old French",
"English terms inherited from Middle English",
"English uncountable nouns",
"Pages with 3 entries",
"Pages with entries"
],
"derived": [
{
"word": "spiritus asper"
}
],
"etymology_number": 1,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "enm",
"3": "aspre"
},
"expansion": "Middle English aspre",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "fro",
"3": "aspre"
},
"expansion": "Old French aspre",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "fr",
"2": "âpre"
},
"expansion": "French âpre",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "la",
"3": "asper",
"4": "",
"5": "rough"
},
"expansion": "Latin asper (“rough”)",
"name": "der"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Middle English aspre, from Old French aspre (modern French âpre), from Latin asper (“rough”).",
"forms": [
{
"form": "aspre",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "-"
},
"expansion": "asper (uncountable)",
"name": "en-noun"
}
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"English terms with obsolete senses",
"en:Phonetics"
],
"glosses": [
"Rough breathing; a mark (#) indicating that part of a word is aspirated, or pronounced with h before it."
],
"links": [
[
"phonetics",
"phonetics"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(phonetics, obsolete) Rough breathing; a mark (#) indicating that part of a word is aspirated, or pronounced with h before it."
],
"tags": [
"obsolete",
"uncountable"
],
"topics": [
"human-sciences",
"linguistics",
"phonetics",
"phonology",
"sciences"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ˈæspə/",
"tags": [
"UK"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/ˈæspɚ/",
"tags": [
"US"
]
},
{
"audio": "En-us-asper.ogg",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/d6/En-us-asper.ogg/En-us-asper.ogg.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/En-us-asper.ogg"
}
],
"word": "asper"
}
{
"categories": [
"English countable nouns",
"English entries with incorrect language header",
"English lemmas",
"English nouns",
"English terms derived from Ancient Greek",
"English terms derived from Italian",
"English terms derived from Latin",
"English terms derived from Middle English",
"English terms derived from Middle French",
"English terms inherited from Middle English",
"Pages with 3 entries",
"Pages with entries"
],
"etymology_number": 2,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "enm",
"3": "asper"
},
"expansion": "Middle English asper",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "frm",
"3": "aspre"
},
"expansion": "Middle French aspre",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "it",
"3": "aspro"
},
"expansion": "Italian aspro",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "grc",
"3": "ἄσπρον"
},
"expansion": "Ancient Greek ἄσπρον (áspron)",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "la",
"3": "asper",
"4": "",
"5": "rough, newly minted"
},
"expansion": "Latin asper (“rough, newly minted”)",
"name": "der"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Middle English asper, from Middle French aspre or Italian aspro, both from Ancient Greek ἄσπρον (áspron), from neuter of ἄσπρος (áspros, “white”), from Latin asper (“rough, newly minted”).",
"forms": [
{
"form": "aspers",
"tags": [
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "aspron",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "asper (plural aspers)",
"name": "en-noun"
}
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"English terms with historical senses",
"English terms with quotations"
],
"examples": [
{
"ref": "1603, Michel de Montaigne, chapter 40, in John Florio, transl., The Essayes […], book I, London: […] Val[entine] Simmes for Edward Blount […], →OCLC:",
"text": "And for ten Aspers you shall daily finde some amongst them, that will give themselves a deepe gash with a Scimitarie, either in their armes or thighes.",
"type": "quote"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Any one of several small coins, circulated around the eastern Mediterranean area from the 12th to 17th centuries."
],
"links": [
[
"coin",
"coin"
],
[
"Mediterranean",
"Mediterranean"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(historical) Any one of several small coins, circulated around the eastern Mediterranean area from the 12th to 17th centuries."
],
"tags": [
"historical"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ˈæspə/",
"tags": [
"UK"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/ˈæspɚ/",
"tags": [
"US"
]
},
{
"audio": "En-us-asper.ogg",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/d6/En-us-asper.ogg/En-us-asper.ogg.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/En-us-asper.ogg"
}
],
"word": "asper"
}
{
"categories": [
"Latin 2-syllable words",
"Latin adjectives",
"Latin entries with incorrect language header",
"Latin first and second declension adjectives",
"Latin first and second declension adjectives with nominative masculine singular in -er",
"Latin lemmas",
"Latin terms derived from Proto-Indo-European",
"Latin terms with IPA pronunciation",
"Pages with 3 entries",
"Pages with entries",
"Requests for native script for Hittite terms"
],
"derived": [
{
"word": "asperē"
},
{
"word": "asperitās"
},
{
"word": "asperiter"
},
{
"word": "asperitūdō"
},
{
"word": "asperō"
},
{
"word": "asperūgō"
},
{
"word": "perasper"
},
{
"word": "subasper"
}
],
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sq",
"2": "ashpër"
},
"expansion": "Albanian: ashpër",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Albanian: ashpër"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "rup",
"2": "ascuru"
},
"expansion": "Aromanian: ascuru",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Aromanian: ascuru"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ast",
"2": "aspru",
"3": "ásperu"
},
"expansion": "Asturian: aspru, ásperu",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Asturian: aspru, ásperu"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ca",
"2": "aspre"
},
"expansion": "Catalan: aspre",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Catalan: aspre"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "fr",
"2": "âpre"
},
"expansion": "French: âpre",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "French: âpre"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gl",
"2": "áspero"
},
"expansion": "Galician: áspero",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Galician: áspero"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "grc",
"2": "ἄσπρος",
"bor": "1"
},
"expansion": "→ Ancient Greek: ἄσπρος (áspros)\nGreek: άσπρο (áspro), άσπρος (áspros)\n→ English: aspron\n→ Serbo-Croatian: ȁspra",
"name": "desctree"
}
],
"text": "→ Ancient Greek: ἄσπρος (áspros)\nGreek: άσπρο (áspro), άσπρος (áspros)\n→ English: aspron\n→ Serbo-Croatian: ȁspra"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "it",
"2": "aspro"
},
"expansion": "Italian: aspro",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Italian: aspro"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "oc",
"2": "aspre"
},
"expansion": "Occitan: aspre",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Occitan: aspre"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "pt",
"2": "áspero"
},
"expansion": "Portuguese: áspero",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Portuguese: áspero"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ro",
"2": "aspru"
},
"expansion": "Romanian: aspru",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Romanian: aspru"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sc",
"2": "aspru",
"3": "aspu"
},
"expansion": "Sardinian: aspru, aspu",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Sardinian: aspru, aspu"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "es",
"2": "áspero"
},
"expansion": "Spanish: áspero",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Spanish: áspero"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*h₂esp-",
"t": "to cut"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *h₂esp- (“to cut”)",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "grc",
"2": "ἀσπίς",
"t": "shield"
},
"expansion": "Ancient Greek ἀσπίς (aspís, “shield”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "hit",
"2": "",
"t": "to cut down",
"tr": "ḫasp-"
},
"expansion": "Hittite [script needed] (ḫasp-, “to cut down”)",
"name": "cog"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Probably from a Proto-Indo-European *h₂esp- (“to cut”), also present in Ancient Greek ἀσπίς (aspís, “shield”) and Hittite [script needed] (ḫasp-, “to cut down”).",
"forms": [
{
"form": "aspera",
"tags": [
"feminine"
]
},
{
"form": "asperum",
"tags": [
"neuter"
]
},
{
"form": "asperior",
"tags": [
"comparative"
]
},
{
"form": "asperrimus",
"tags": [
"superlative"
]
},
{
"form": "asperē",
"tags": [
"adverb"
]
},
{
"form": "in -er",
"tags": [
"masculine",
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "la-adecl",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "asper",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"masculine",
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "aspera",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"feminine",
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "asperum",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"neuter",
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "asperī",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"masculine",
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "asperae",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"feminine",
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "aspera",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"neuter",
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "asperī",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"masculine",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "asperae",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"feminine",
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "asperī",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"neuter",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "asperōrum",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"masculine",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "asperārum",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"feminine",
"genitive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "asperōrum",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"neuter",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "asperō",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"masculine",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "asperae",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"feminine",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "asperō",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"neuter",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "asperīs",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"feminine",
"masculine",
"neuter"
]
},
{
"form": "asperum",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"masculine",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "asperam",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"feminine",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "asperum",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"neuter",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "asperōs",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"masculine",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "asperās",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"feminine",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "aspera",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"neuter",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "asperō",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"ablative",
"masculine",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "asperā",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"ablative",
"feminine",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "asperō",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"ablative",
"neuter",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "asperīs",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"ablative",
"feminine",
"masculine",
"neuter"
]
},
{
"form": "asper",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"masculine",
"singular",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "aspera",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"feminine",
"singular",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "asperum",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"neuter",
"singular",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "asperī",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"masculine",
"singular",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "asperae",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"feminine",
"plural",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "aspera",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"neuter",
"plural",
"vocative"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "asper",
"adv": "asperē",
"comp": "asperior",
"sup": "asperrimus"
},
"expansion": "asper (feminine aspera, neuter asperum, comparative asperior, superlative asperrimus, adverb asperē); first/second-declension adjective (nominative masculine singular in -er)",
"name": "la-adj"
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "asper"
},
"name": "la-adecl"
}
],
"lang": "Latin",
"lang_code": "la",
"pos": "adj",
"senses": [
{
"glosses": [
"rough, uneven, coarse"
],
"links": [
[
"rough",
"rough"
],
[
"uneven",
"uneven"
],
[
"coarse",
"coarse"
]
],
"tags": [
"adjective",
"declension-1",
"declension-2"
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"unrefined, rude"
],
"links": [
[
"unrefined",
"unrefined"
],
[
"rude",
"rude"
]
],
"tags": [
"adjective",
"declension-1",
"declension-2"
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"sharp, newly minted"
],
"links": [
[
"sharp",
"sharp"
],
[
"newly",
"newly"
],
[
"minted",
"minted"
]
],
"tags": [
"adjective",
"declension-1",
"declension-2"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"Latin terms with usage examples"
],
"examples": [
{
"english": "bitter hatred",
"text": "odia aspera",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"harsh, bitter, fierce"
],
"links": [
[
"harsh",
"harsh"
],
[
"bitter",
"bitter"
],
[
"fierce",
"fierce"
]
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "ācer"
},
{
"word": "acerbus"
},
{
"word": "frāctus"
}
],
"tags": [
"adjective",
"declension-1",
"declension-2"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ˈas.per/",
"tags": [
"Classical-Latin"
]
},
{
"ipa": "[ˈäs̠pɛr]",
"tags": [
"Classical-Latin"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/ˈas.per/",
"note": "modern Italianate Ecclesiastical"
},
{
"ipa": "[ˈäsper]",
"note": "modern Italianate Ecclesiastical"
}
],
"word": "asper"
}
{
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "nb",
"2": "noun form",
"g": "m",
"g2": "f"
},
"expansion": "asper m or f",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Norwegian Bokmål",
"lang_code": "nb",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"Norwegian Bokmål entries with incorrect language header",
"Norwegian Bokmål non-lemma forms",
"Norwegian Bokmål noun forms",
"Pages with 3 entries",
"Pages with entries"
],
"form_of": [
{
"word": "asp"
}
],
"glosses": [
"indefinite plural of asp"
],
"links": [
[
"asp",
"asp#Norwegian_Bokmål"
]
],
"tags": [
"feminine",
"form-of",
"indefinite",
"masculine",
"plural"
]
}
],
"word": "asper"
}
Download raw JSONL data for asper meaning in All languages combined (16.0kB)
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable All languages combined dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2025-03-26 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2025-03-21 using wiktextract (fef8596 and 633533e). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.