See ruw in All languages combined, or Wiktionary
{
"derived": [
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "ruwbladig"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "ruwheid"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "ruwweg"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "verruwen"
}
],
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "af",
"2": "ru"
},
"expansion": "Afrikaans: ru",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Afrikaans: ru"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "dcr",
"2": "rauw"
},
"expansion": "Negerhollands: rauw",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Negerhollands: rauw"
}
],
"etymology_number": 1,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "nl",
"2": "dum",
"3": "ruuch"
},
"expansion": "Middle Dutch ruuch",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "nl",
"2": "odt",
"3": "*rūh"
},
"expansion": "Old Dutch *rūh",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "nl",
"2": "gem-pro",
"3": "*rūhwaz"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic *rūhwaz",
"name": "inh"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Middle Dutch ruuch, ru, rou, from Old Dutch *rūh, *rū, from Proto-Germanic *rūhwaz.\nThe original stem ended in -h-, which disappeared between vowels, giving *rū- in the inflected forms in Old Dutch. This then gave rise to an alternative uninflected form *rū, which developed into Middle Dutch ru, rou, modern Dutch ruw, rouw. The original uninflected form was back-formed to ruig based on other words with -ch in the uninflected form and -g- in inflected forms, similar to what happened to hoog.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "ruwer",
"tags": [
"comparative"
]
},
{
"form": "ruwst",
"tags": [
"superlative"
]
},
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "nl-decl-adj",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "ruw",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"adverbial",
"positive",
"predicative"
]
},
{
"form": "ruwer",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"adverbial",
"comparative",
"predicative"
]
},
{
"form": "het ruwst",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"adverbial",
"predicative",
"superlative"
]
},
{
"form": "het ruwste",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"adverbial",
"predicative",
"superlative"
]
},
{
"form": "ruwe",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"feminine",
"indefinite",
"masculine",
"positive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "ruwere",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"comparative",
"feminine",
"indefinite",
"masculine",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "ruwste",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"feminine",
"indefinite",
"masculine",
"singular",
"superlative"
]
},
{
"form": "ruw",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"indefinite",
"neuter",
"positive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "ruwer",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"comparative",
"indefinite",
"neuter",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "ruwste",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"indefinite",
"neuter",
"singular",
"superlative"
]
},
{
"form": "ruwe",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"indefinite",
"plural",
"positive"
]
},
{
"form": "ruwere",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"comparative",
"indefinite",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "ruwste",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"indefinite",
"plural",
"superlative"
]
},
{
"form": "ruwe",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"definite",
"positive"
]
},
{
"form": "ruwere",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"comparative",
"definite"
]
},
{
"form": "ruwste",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"definite",
"superlative"
]
},
{
"form": "ruws",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"partitive",
"positive"
]
},
{
"form": "ruwers",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"comparative",
"partitive"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"partitive",
"superlative"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "ruw (comparative ruwer, superlative ruwst)",
"name": "nl-adj"
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"name": "nl-decl-adj"
}
],
"lang": "Dutch",
"lang_code": "nl",
"pos": "adj",
"senses": [
{
"glosses": [
"rough, crude, harsh (not gentle)"
],
"id": "en-ruw-nl-adj-8JQ0MsGX",
"links": [
[
"rough",
"rough"
],
[
"crude",
"crude"
],
[
"harsh",
"harsh"
]
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "rauw"
},
{
"word": "ruig"
},
{
"word": "grof"
}
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "5 12 39 39 5",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Dutch entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"english": "The raw sugar enters the building right here.",
"text": "De ruwe suiker wordt hier binnengebracht.",
"type": "example"
},
{
"english": "This is a byproduct of crude oil.",
"text": "Dit is een bijproduct van ruwe olie.",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"raw, crude (unprocessed)"
],
"id": "en-ruw-nl-adj-kEGVaWTE",
"links": [
[
"raw",
"raw"
],
[
"crude",
"crude"
]
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ryu̯/"
},
{
"audio": "Nl-ruw.ogg",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/3/32/Nl-ruw.ogg/Nl-ruw.ogg.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/32/Nl-ruw.ogg"
},
{
"rhymes": "-yu̯"
}
],
"synonyms": [
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "rouw"
}
],
"word": "ruw"
}
{
"etymology_number": 2,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "See the etymology of the corresponding lemma form.",
"name": "nonlemma"
}
],
"etymology_text": "See the etymology of the corresponding lemma form.",
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "nl",
"2": "verb form"
},
"expansion": "ruw",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Dutch",
"lang_code": "nl",
"pos": "verb",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "29 2 8 29 29 3",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 2 entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "22 2 8 33 33 2",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "5 12 39 39 5",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Dutch entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"form_of": [
{
"word": "ruwen"
}
],
"glosses": [
"inflection of ruwen:",
"first-person singular present indicative"
],
"id": "en-ruw-nl-verb-g3zGQRI~",
"links": [
[
"ruwen",
"ruwen#Dutch"
]
],
"tags": [
"first-person",
"form-of",
"indicative",
"present",
"singular"
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "29 2 8 29 29 3",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 2 entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "22 2 8 33 33 2",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "5 12 39 39 5",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Dutch entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"form_of": [
{
"word": "ruwen"
}
],
"glosses": [
"inflection of ruwen:",
"second-person singular present indicative"
],
"id": "en-ruw-nl-verb-xPxq684F",
"links": [
[
"ruwen",
"ruwen#Dutch"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"inflection of ruwen:",
"(in case of inversion) second-person singular present indicative"
],
"raw_tags": [
"in case of inversion"
],
"tags": [
"form-of",
"indicative",
"present",
"second-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form_of": [
{
"word": "ruwen"
}
],
"glosses": [
"inflection of ruwen:",
"imperative"
],
"id": "en-ruw-nl-verb-dV0Q4lRw",
"links": [
[
"ruwen",
"ruwen#Dutch"
]
],
"tags": [
"form-of",
"imperative"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ryu̯/"
},
{
"audio": "Nl-ruw.ogg",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/3/32/Nl-ruw.ogg/Nl-ruw.ogg.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/32/Nl-ruw.ogg"
},
{
"rhymes": "-yu̯"
}
],
"synonyms": [
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "rouw"
}
],
"word": "ruw"
}
{
"categories": [
"Dutch adjectives",
"Dutch entries with incorrect language header",
"Dutch lemmas",
"Dutch non-lemma forms",
"Dutch terms derived from Middle Dutch",
"Dutch terms derived from Old Dutch",
"Dutch terms derived from Proto-Germanic",
"Dutch terms inherited from Middle Dutch",
"Dutch terms inherited from Old Dutch",
"Dutch terms inherited from Proto-Germanic",
"Dutch verb forms",
"Pages with 2 entries",
"Pages with entries",
"Rhymes:Dutch/yu̯",
"Rhymes:Dutch/yu̯/1 syllable"
],
"derived": [
{
"word": "ruwbladig"
},
{
"word": "ruwheid"
},
{
"word": "ruwweg"
},
{
"word": "verruwen"
}
],
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "af",
"2": "ru"
},
"expansion": "Afrikaans: ru",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Afrikaans: ru"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "dcr",
"2": "rauw"
},
"expansion": "Negerhollands: rauw",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Negerhollands: rauw"
}
],
"etymology_number": 1,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "nl",
"2": "dum",
"3": "ruuch"
},
"expansion": "Middle Dutch ruuch",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "nl",
"2": "odt",
"3": "*rūh"
},
"expansion": "Old Dutch *rūh",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "nl",
"2": "gem-pro",
"3": "*rūhwaz"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic *rūhwaz",
"name": "inh"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Middle Dutch ruuch, ru, rou, from Old Dutch *rūh, *rū, from Proto-Germanic *rūhwaz.\nThe original stem ended in -h-, which disappeared between vowels, giving *rū- in the inflected forms in Old Dutch. This then gave rise to an alternative uninflected form *rū, which developed into Middle Dutch ru, rou, modern Dutch ruw, rouw. The original uninflected form was back-formed to ruig based on other words with -ch in the uninflected form and -g- in inflected forms, similar to what happened to hoog.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "ruwer",
"tags": [
"comparative"
]
},
{
"form": "ruwst",
"tags": [
"superlative"
]
},
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "nl-decl-adj",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "ruw",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"adverbial",
"positive",
"predicative"
]
},
{
"form": "ruwer",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"adverbial",
"comparative",
"predicative"
]
},
{
"form": "het ruwst",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"adverbial",
"predicative",
"superlative"
]
},
{
"form": "het ruwste",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"adverbial",
"predicative",
"superlative"
]
},
{
"form": "ruwe",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"feminine",
"indefinite",
"masculine",
"positive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "ruwere",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"comparative",
"feminine",
"indefinite",
"masculine",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "ruwste",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"feminine",
"indefinite",
"masculine",
"singular",
"superlative"
]
},
{
"form": "ruw",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"indefinite",
"neuter",
"positive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "ruwer",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"comparative",
"indefinite",
"neuter",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "ruwste",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"indefinite",
"neuter",
"singular",
"superlative"
]
},
{
"form": "ruwe",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"indefinite",
"plural",
"positive"
]
},
{
"form": "ruwere",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"comparative",
"indefinite",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "ruwste",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"indefinite",
"plural",
"superlative"
]
},
{
"form": "ruwe",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"definite",
"positive"
]
},
{
"form": "ruwere",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"comparative",
"definite"
]
},
{
"form": "ruwste",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"definite",
"superlative"
]
},
{
"form": "ruws",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"partitive",
"positive"
]
},
{
"form": "ruwers",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"comparative",
"partitive"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"partitive",
"superlative"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "ruw (comparative ruwer, superlative ruwst)",
"name": "nl-adj"
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"name": "nl-decl-adj"
}
],
"lang": "Dutch",
"lang_code": "nl",
"pos": "adj",
"senses": [
{
"glosses": [
"rough, crude, harsh (not gentle)"
],
"links": [
[
"rough",
"rough"
],
[
"crude",
"crude"
],
[
"harsh",
"harsh"
]
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "rauw"
},
{
"word": "ruig"
},
{
"word": "grof"
}
]
},
{
"categories": [
"Dutch terms with usage examples"
],
"examples": [
{
"english": "The raw sugar enters the building right here.",
"text": "De ruwe suiker wordt hier binnengebracht.",
"type": "example"
},
{
"english": "This is a byproduct of crude oil.",
"text": "Dit is een bijproduct van ruwe olie.",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"raw, crude (unprocessed)"
],
"links": [
[
"raw",
"raw"
],
[
"crude",
"crude"
]
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ryu̯/"
},
{
"audio": "Nl-ruw.ogg",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/3/32/Nl-ruw.ogg/Nl-ruw.ogg.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/32/Nl-ruw.ogg"
},
{
"rhymes": "-yu̯"
}
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "rouw"
}
],
"word": "ruw"
}
{
"categories": [
"Dutch entries with incorrect language header",
"Dutch non-lemma forms",
"Dutch verb forms",
"Pages with 2 entries",
"Pages with entries",
"Rhymes:Dutch/yu̯",
"Rhymes:Dutch/yu̯/1 syllable"
],
"etymology_number": 2,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "See the etymology of the corresponding lemma form.",
"name": "nonlemma"
}
],
"etymology_text": "See the etymology of the corresponding lemma form.",
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "nl",
"2": "verb form"
},
"expansion": "ruw",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Dutch",
"lang_code": "nl",
"pos": "verb",
"senses": [
{
"form_of": [
{
"word": "ruwen"
}
],
"glosses": [
"inflection of ruwen:",
"first-person singular present indicative"
],
"links": [
[
"ruwen",
"ruwen#Dutch"
]
],
"tags": [
"first-person",
"form-of",
"indicative",
"present",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form_of": [
{
"word": "ruwen"
}
],
"glosses": [
"inflection of ruwen:",
"second-person singular present indicative"
],
"links": [
[
"ruwen",
"ruwen#Dutch"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"inflection of ruwen:",
"(in case of inversion) second-person singular present indicative"
],
"raw_tags": [
"in case of inversion"
],
"tags": [
"form-of",
"indicative",
"present",
"second-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form_of": [
{
"word": "ruwen"
}
],
"glosses": [
"inflection of ruwen:",
"imperative"
],
"links": [
[
"ruwen",
"ruwen#Dutch"
]
],
"tags": [
"form-of",
"imperative"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ryu̯/"
},
{
"audio": "Nl-ruw.ogg",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/3/32/Nl-ruw.ogg/Nl-ruw.ogg.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/32/Nl-ruw.ogg"
},
{
"rhymes": "-yu̯"
}
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "rouw"
}
],
"word": "ruw"
}
Download raw JSONL data for ruw meaning in Dutch (6.5kB)
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable Dutch dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2024-12-21 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2024-12-04 using wiktextract (d8cb2f3 and 4e554ae). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.