"-ish" meaning in English

See -ish in All languages combined, or Wiktionary

Suffix

IPA: /ɪʃ/ [UK] Audio: en-us--ish.ogg
Etymology: From Middle English -ish, -isch, from Old English -isċ (“-ish”, suffix), from Proto-West Germanic *-isk, from Proto-Germanic *-iskaz (“-ish”), from Proto-Indo-European *-iskos. Cognate with Dutch -s; German -isch (whence Dutch -isch); Norwegian, Danish, and Swedish -isk or -sk; Lithuanian -iškas; Russian -ский (-skij); and the Ancient Greek diminutive suffix -ίσκος (-ískos). Doublet of -esque and -ski. Etymology templates: {{inh|en|enm|-ish}} Middle English -ish, {{inh|en|ang|-isċ|pos=suffix|t=-ish}} Old English -isċ (“-ish”, suffix), {{inh|en|gmw-pro|*-isk}} Proto-West Germanic *-isk, {{inh|en|gem-pro|*-iskaz|t=-ish}} Proto-Germanic *-iskaz (“-ish”), {{inh|en|ine-pro|*-iskos}} Proto-Indo-European *-iskos, {{cog|nl|-s|id=adjective}} Dutch -s, {{cog|de|-isch}} German -isch, {{cog|nl|-isch}} Dutch -isch, {{cog|no|-}} Norwegian, {{cog|da|-}} Danish, {{cog|sv|-isk}} Swedish -isk, {{cog|lt|-iškas}} Lithuanian -iškas, {{cog|ru|-ский}} Russian -ский (-skij), {{cog|grc|-}} Ancient Greek, {{glossary|diminutive}} diminutive, {{doublet|en|-esque|-ski}} Doublet of -esque and -ski, {{etymon|en|inh|enm>-ish>adjective|id=adjective}} Head templates: {{head|en|suffix|cat2=adjective-forming suffixes|cat3=productive suffixes|head=|id=}} -ish, {{en-suffix|cat2=adjective-forming suffixes|cat3=productive suffixes}} -ish
  1. (of adjectives from common nouns) Typical of, similar to, being like. Tags: morpheme Translations (appended to adjectives): -ավուն (-avun) (Armenian), -sov (Azerbaijani), -achtig (Dutch), -ig (Dutch), -hko (Finnish), -hkö (Finnish), -âtre (english: mostly colours) (French), assez (French), მო- -ო (mo- -o) (Georgian), -lich (German), सा (sā) (Hindi), -os (Hungarian), -as (Hungarian), -es (Hungarian), -ös (Hungarian), -s (Hungarian), scoth- (english: colours) (Irish), -okas (Lithuanian), -awy (Polish), -iu (Romanian), -ui (english: mostly colors) (Romanian), -ва́тый (-vátyj) (Russian), -ast [Roman] (Serbo-Croatian), -ento (Spanish), -oso (Spanish), -imsi (Turkish), -imtrak (Turkish), -aidd (Welsh) Translations (appended to numbers): -ոտ (-ot) (Armenian), rond (Dutch), environ (French), à peu près (French), -aine [feminine] (French), -ოდე (-ode) (Georgian), um ... herum [colloquial] (German), ca. (German), körül (Hungarian), nagyjából (Hungarian), -nyi (Hungarian), -an (Indonesian), około (Polish), koło (Polish), -lerde, -larda (Turkish) Translations (appended to roots denoting names of nations or regions): ـِيّ (-iyy) (Arabic), -ական (-akan) (Armenian), -ský [masculine] (Czech), -isk (Danish), -sk (Danish), -esisk (Danish), -isch (Dutch), -s (Dutch), -skur (Faroese), -ois (French), -oise (French), -ais (French), -aise (French), -ain (French), -aine (French), -és [masculine] (Galician), -ელი (-eli) (Georgian), -isch (German), -𐌹𐍃𐌺𐍃 (-isks) [masculine] (Gothic), -i (Hungarian), -beli (Hungarian), -skur (Icelandic), -agh (english: nationality) [masculine, place] [region, location] (Manx), -ish [feminine] [language, linguistics, human-sciences, sciences] (Manx), -sk (Norwegian), -iskr (Old Norse), -ski [masculine] (Polish), -ês [masculine] (Portuguese), -esa [feminine] (Portuguese), -eses [masculine, plural] (Portuguese), -esas [feminine, plural] (Portuguese), -esc (Romanian), -ский (-skij) [masculine] (Russian), -ईय (-īya) (Sanskrit), -és [masculine] (Spanish), -esa [masculine] (Spanish), -isk (Swedish) Translations (appended to words): -ëz (Albanian), -ական (-akan) (Armenian), -achtig (Dutch), -ig (Dutch), -ური (-uri) (Georgian), -haft (German), -lich (German), -ig (German), -ικός (-ikós) (Greek), -os (Hungarian), -as (Hungarian), -es (Hungarian), -ös (Hungarian), -s (Hungarian), -dad (Hungarian), -ded (Hungarian), ico [masculine] (Italian), ica [feminine] (Italian), っぽい (ppoi) (Japanese), -aktig (Norwegian Bokmål), -iczny (Polish), -yczny (Polish), -ico (Portuguese), -ic (Romanian), -esc (Romanian), -iu (Romanian), -ico (Spanish), -iento (Spanish), -aktig (Swedish), -ca (Turkish), -ça (Turkish), -ce (Turkish), -çe (Turkish), -aidd (Welsh)
    Sense id: en--ish-en-suffix-YbiFzcKE Categories (other): English entries with incorrect language header, English links with manual fragments, English positive polarity items, Entries with translation boxes, Pages with 6 entries, Pages with entries, Terms with Albanian translations, Terms with Arabic translations, Terms with Armenian translations, Terms with Azerbaijani translations, Terms with Czech translations, Terms with Danish translations, Terms with Dutch translations, Terms with Faroese translations, Terms with Finnish translations, Terms with French translations, Terms with Galician translations, Terms with Georgian translations, Terms with German translations, Terms with Gothic translations, Terms with Greek translations, Terms with Hindi translations, Terms with Hungarian translations, Terms with Icelandic translations, Terms with Indonesian translations, Terms with Irish translations, Terms with Italian translations, Terms with Japanese translations, Terms with Lithuanian translations, Terms with Manx translations, Terms with Norwegian Bokmål translations, Terms with Norwegian translations, Terms with Old Norse translations, Terms with Polish translations, Terms with Portuguese translations, Terms with Romanian translations, Terms with Russian translations, Terms with Sanskrit translations, Terms with Serbo-Croatian translations, Terms with Spanish translations, Terms with Swedish translations, Terms with Turkish translations, Terms with Welsh translations Disambiguation of English entries with incorrect language header: 42 8 0 16 34 Disambiguation of English links with manual fragments: 37 15 0 21 27 Disambiguation of English positive polarity items: 37 7 0 23 33 Disambiguation of Entries with translation boxes: 64 10 0 26 Disambiguation of Pages with 6 entries: 34 5 0 17 30 10 3 Disambiguation of Pages with entries: 40 3 0 12 35 7 2 Disambiguation of Terms with Albanian translations: 36 24 0 39 Disambiguation of Terms with Arabic translations: 49 14 0 37 Disambiguation of Terms with Armenian translations: 36 24 0 39 Disambiguation of Terms with Azerbaijani translations: 37 25 0 38 Disambiguation of Terms with Czech translations: 40 23 0 37 Disambiguation of Terms with Danish translations: 51 13 0 37 Disambiguation of Terms with Dutch translations: 49 12 0 39 Disambiguation of Terms with Faroese translations: 36 24 0 39 Disambiguation of Terms with Finnish translations: 41 15 0 44 Disambiguation of Terms with French translations: 48 11 0 41 Disambiguation of Terms with Galician translations: 41 15 0 44 Disambiguation of Terms with Georgian translations: 43 22 0 35 Disambiguation of Terms with German translations: 48 12 0 40 Disambiguation of Terms with Gothic translations: 42 18 0 39 Disambiguation of Terms with Greek translations: 51 11 0 38 Disambiguation of Terms with Hindi translations: 44 15 0 41 Disambiguation of Terms with Hungarian translations: 38 23 0 38 Disambiguation of Terms with Icelandic translations: 41 15 0 44 Disambiguation of Terms with Indonesian translations: 37 25 0 38 Disambiguation of Terms with Irish translations: 40 17 0 43 Disambiguation of Terms with Italian translations: 49 9 0 42 Disambiguation of Terms with Japanese translations: 47 9 0 44 Disambiguation of Terms with Lithuanian translations: 36 25 0 39 Disambiguation of Terms with Manx translations: 40 15 0 45 Disambiguation of Terms with Norwegian Bokmål translations: 41 16 0 44 Disambiguation of Terms with Norwegian translations: 42 14 0 44 Disambiguation of Terms with Old Norse translations: 44 16 0 40 Disambiguation of Terms with Polish translations: 41 16 0 43 Disambiguation of Terms with Portuguese translations: 37 24 0 39 Disambiguation of Terms with Romanian translations: 40 15 0 45 Disambiguation of Terms with Russian translations: 47 9 0 44 Disambiguation of Terms with Sanskrit translations: 43 16 0 41 Disambiguation of Terms with Serbo-Croatian translations: 37 25 0 38 Disambiguation of Terms with Spanish translations: 52 9 0 39 Disambiguation of Terms with Swedish translations: 42 14 0 44 Disambiguation of Terms with Turkish translations: 42 14 0 44 Disambiguation of Terms with Welsh translations: 48 11 0 41 Synonyms (being like): quasi-, para-, -oid, -form, -iform, -esque, -ly, -some, -y Synonyms (being like; forms adjectives from nouns only): -like Synonyms (being like; restricted to casual registers): -ass Disambiguation of 'being like': 87 4 0 9 Disambiguation of 'being like; forms adjectives from nouns only': 81 10 0 9 Disambiguation of 'being like; restricted to casual registers': 85 6 0 9 Disambiguation of 'appended to adjectives': 60 21 0 19 Disambiguation of 'appended to numbers': 67 14 0 19 Disambiguation of 'appended to roots denoting names of nations or regions': 62 18 0 20 Disambiguation of 'appended to words': 60 23 0 17
  2. (of adjectives from adjectives, with a diminutive force) Somewhat, rather. Tags: morpheme Related terms: ish
    Sense id: en--ish-en-suffix-lN0mkZuO Categories (other): Terms with Albanian translations, Terms with Armenian translations, Terms with Azerbaijani translations, Terms with Czech translations, Terms with Dutch translations, Terms with Faroese translations, Terms with Finnish translations, Terms with French translations, Terms with Galician translations, Terms with Georgian translations, Terms with German translations, Terms with Gothic translations, Terms with Hindi translations, Terms with Hungarian translations, Terms with Icelandic translations, Terms with Indonesian translations, Terms with Irish translations, Terms with Lithuanian translations, Terms with Manx translations, Terms with Norwegian Bokmål translations, Terms with Norwegian translations, Terms with Old Norse translations, Terms with Polish translations, Terms with Portuguese translations, Terms with Romanian translations, Terms with Sanskrit translations, Terms with Serbo-Croatian translations, Terms with Swedish translations, Terms with Turkish translations, Terms with Welsh translations Disambiguation of Terms with Albanian translations: 36 24 0 39 Disambiguation of Terms with Armenian translations: 36 24 0 39 Disambiguation of Terms with Azerbaijani translations: 37 25 0 38 Disambiguation of Terms with Czech translations: 40 23 0 37 Disambiguation of Terms with Dutch translations: 49 12 0 39 Disambiguation of Terms with Faroese translations: 36 24 0 39 Disambiguation of Terms with Finnish translations: 41 15 0 44 Disambiguation of Terms with French translations: 48 11 0 41 Disambiguation of Terms with Galician translations: 41 15 0 44 Disambiguation of Terms with Georgian translations: 43 22 0 35 Disambiguation of Terms with German translations: 48 12 0 40 Disambiguation of Terms with Gothic translations: 42 18 0 39 Disambiguation of Terms with Hindi translations: 44 15 0 41 Disambiguation of Terms with Hungarian translations: 38 23 0 38 Disambiguation of Terms with Icelandic translations: 41 15 0 44 Disambiguation of Terms with Indonesian translations: 37 25 0 38 Disambiguation of Terms with Irish translations: 40 17 0 43 Disambiguation of Terms with Lithuanian translations: 36 25 0 39 Disambiguation of Terms with Manx translations: 40 15 0 45 Disambiguation of Terms with Norwegian Bokmål translations: 41 16 0 44 Disambiguation of Terms with Norwegian translations: 42 14 0 44 Disambiguation of Terms with Old Norse translations: 44 16 0 40 Disambiguation of Terms with Polish translations: 41 16 0 43 Disambiguation of Terms with Portuguese translations: 37 24 0 39 Disambiguation of Terms with Romanian translations: 40 15 0 45 Disambiguation of Terms with Sanskrit translations: 43 16 0 41 Disambiguation of Terms with Serbo-Croatian translations: 37 25 0 38 Disambiguation of Terms with Swedish translations: 42 14 0 44 Disambiguation of Terms with Turkish translations: 42 14 0 44 Disambiguation of Terms with Welsh translations: 48 11 0 41
  3. (of adjectives from numbers, especially of times and ages) About, approximately. Tags: especially, morpheme
    Sense id: en--ish-en-suffix-nn5Xt2um
  4. (of adjectives from roots of proper nouns denoting names of nations or regions) Of, belonging, or relating to (a nationality, place, language or similar association with something). Tags: morpheme
    Sense id: en--ish-en-suffix-XPSBZevb Categories (other): English entries with incorrect language header, English positive polarity items, Pages with 6 entries, Pages with entries, Terms with Albanian translations, Terms with Armenian translations, Terms with Azerbaijani translations, Terms with Czech translations, Terms with Dutch translations, Terms with Faroese translations, Terms with Finnish translations, Terms with French translations, Terms with Galician translations, Terms with Georgian translations, Terms with German translations, Terms with Gothic translations, Terms with Hindi translations, Terms with Hungarian translations, Terms with Icelandic translations, Terms with Indonesian translations, Terms with Irish translations, Terms with Italian translations, Terms with Japanese translations, Terms with Lithuanian translations, Terms with Manx translations, Terms with Norwegian Bokmål translations, Terms with Norwegian translations, Terms with Old Norse translations, Terms with Polish translations, Terms with Portuguese translations, Terms with Romanian translations, Terms with Russian translations, Terms with Sanskrit translations, Terms with Serbo-Croatian translations, Terms with Swedish translations, Terms with Turkish translations, Terms with Welsh translations Disambiguation of English entries with incorrect language header: 42 8 0 16 34 Disambiguation of English positive polarity items: 37 7 0 23 33 Disambiguation of Pages with 6 entries: 34 5 0 17 30 10 3 Disambiguation of Pages with entries: 40 3 0 12 35 7 2 Disambiguation of Terms with Albanian translations: 36 24 0 39 Disambiguation of Terms with Armenian translations: 36 24 0 39 Disambiguation of Terms with Azerbaijani translations: 37 25 0 38 Disambiguation of Terms with Czech translations: 40 23 0 37 Disambiguation of Terms with Dutch translations: 49 12 0 39 Disambiguation of Terms with Faroese translations: 36 24 0 39 Disambiguation of Terms with Finnish translations: 41 15 0 44 Disambiguation of Terms with French translations: 48 11 0 41 Disambiguation of Terms with Galician translations: 41 15 0 44 Disambiguation of Terms with Georgian translations: 43 22 0 35 Disambiguation of Terms with German translations: 48 12 0 40 Disambiguation of Terms with Gothic translations: 42 18 0 39 Disambiguation of Terms with Hindi translations: 44 15 0 41 Disambiguation of Terms with Hungarian translations: 38 23 0 38 Disambiguation of Terms with Icelandic translations: 41 15 0 44 Disambiguation of Terms with Indonesian translations: 37 25 0 38 Disambiguation of Terms with Irish translations: 40 17 0 43 Disambiguation of Terms with Italian translations: 49 9 0 42 Disambiguation of Terms with Japanese translations: 47 9 0 44 Disambiguation of Terms with Lithuanian translations: 36 25 0 39 Disambiguation of Terms with Manx translations: 40 15 0 45 Disambiguation of Terms with Norwegian Bokmål translations: 41 16 0 44 Disambiguation of Terms with Norwegian translations: 42 14 0 44 Disambiguation of Terms with Old Norse translations: 44 16 0 40 Disambiguation of Terms with Polish translations: 41 16 0 43 Disambiguation of Terms with Portuguese translations: 37 24 0 39 Disambiguation of Terms with Romanian translations: 40 15 0 45 Disambiguation of Terms with Russian translations: 47 9 0 44 Disambiguation of Terms with Sanskrit translations: 43 16 0 41 Disambiguation of Terms with Serbo-Croatian translations: 37 25 0 38 Disambiguation of Terms with Swedish translations: 42 14 0 44 Disambiguation of Terms with Turkish translations: 42 14 0 44 Disambiguation of Terms with Welsh translations: 48 11 0 41
The following are not (yet) sense-disambiguated
Etymology number: 1

Suffix

Etymology: From Middle English -ishen, -ischen, -issen, from Old French -iss-, -is- (a termination of the stem of some forms [present participle, etc.] of certain verbs), from Latin -ēscere, -īscere (an inchoative suffix), the formative -esc-, -isc- (-sc-, Greek -σκ- (-sk-)) being ultimately cognate with English -ish (Etymology 1). See -esce, -escent, etc. Etymology templates: {{inh|en|enm|-ishen}} Middle English -ishen, {{der|en|fro|-iss-}} Old French -iss-, {{der|en|la|-ēscere}} Latin -ēscere Head templates: {{head|en|suffix|cat2=adjective-forming suffixes|cat3=productive suffixes|head=|id=}} -ish, {{en-suffix|cat2=adjective-forming suffixes|cat3=productive suffixes}} -ish
  1. (non-productive) An ending found on some verbs; see usage notes. Tags: morpheme Related terms: abolish, accomplish
    Sense id: en--ish-en-suffix-o6SI0Ev9 Categories (other): English entries with incorrect language header, English positive polarity items, Pages with 6 entries, Pages with entries Disambiguation of English entries with incorrect language header: 42 8 0 16 34 Disambiguation of English positive polarity items: 37 7 0 23 33 Disambiguation of Pages with 6 entries: 34 5 0 17 30 10 3 Disambiguation of Pages with entries: 40 3 0 12 35 7 2
The following are not (yet) sense-disambiguated
Etymology number: 2
{
  "etymology_number": 1,
  "etymology_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "enm",
        "3": "-ish"
      },
      "expansion": "Middle English -ish",
      "name": "inh"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "ang",
        "3": "-isċ",
        "pos": "suffix",
        "t": "-ish"
      },
      "expansion": "Old English -isċ (“-ish”, suffix)",
      "name": "inh"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "gmw-pro",
        "3": "*-isk"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-West Germanic *-isk",
      "name": "inh"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "gem-pro",
        "3": "*-iskaz",
        "t": "-ish"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-Germanic *-iskaz (“-ish”)",
      "name": "inh"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "ine-pro",
        "3": "*-iskos"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *-iskos",
      "name": "inh"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "nl",
        "2": "-s",
        "id": "adjective"
      },
      "expansion": "Dutch -s",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "de",
        "2": "-isch"
      },
      "expansion": "German -isch",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "nl",
        "2": "-isch"
      },
      "expansion": "Dutch -isch",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "no",
        "2": "-"
      },
      "expansion": "Norwegian",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "da",
        "2": "-"
      },
      "expansion": "Danish",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "sv",
        "2": "-isk"
      },
      "expansion": "Swedish -isk",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "lt",
        "2": "-iškas"
      },
      "expansion": "Lithuanian -iškas",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "ru",
        "2": "-ский"
      },
      "expansion": "Russian -ский (-skij)",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "grc",
        "2": "-"
      },
      "expansion": "Ancient Greek",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "diminutive"
      },
      "expansion": "diminutive",
      "name": "glossary"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "-esque",
        "3": "-ski"
      },
      "expansion": "Doublet of -esque and -ski",
      "name": "doublet"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "inh",
        "3": "enm>-ish>adjective",
        "id": "adjective"
      },
      "expansion": "",
      "name": "etymon"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_text": "From Middle English -ish, -isch, from Old English -isċ (“-ish”, suffix), from Proto-West Germanic *-isk, from Proto-Germanic *-iskaz (“-ish”), from Proto-Indo-European *-iskos.\nCognate with Dutch -s; German -isch (whence Dutch -isch); Norwegian, Danish, and Swedish -isk or -sk; Lithuanian -iškas; Russian -ский (-skij); and the Ancient Greek diminutive suffix -ίσκος (-ískos). Doublet of -esque and -ski.",
  "head_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "suffix",
        "cat2": "adjective-forming suffixes",
        "cat3": "productive suffixes",
        "head": "",
        "id": ""
      },
      "expansion": "-ish",
      "name": "head"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "cat2": "adjective-forming suffixes",
        "cat3": "productive suffixes"
      },
      "expansion": "-ish",
      "name": "en-suffix"
    }
  ],
  "lang": "English",
  "lang_code": "en",
  "pos": "suffix",
  "senses": [
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          "_dis": "37 24 0 39",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Terms with Portuguese translations",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "40 15 0 45",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Terms with Romanian translations",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "47 9 0 44",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Terms with Russian translations",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "43 16 0 41",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Terms with Sanskrit translations",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "37 25 0 38",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Terms with Serbo-Croatian translations",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "52 9 0 39",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Terms with Spanish translations",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "42 14 0 44",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Terms with Swedish translations",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "42 14 0 44",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Terms with Turkish translations",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "48 11 0 41",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Terms with Welsh translations",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        }
      ],
      "examples": [
        {
          "text": "Her face had a girlish charm.",
          "type": "example"
        },
        {
          "ref": "1859, Harriet Parr (as Holme Lee), Against Wind and Tide, volume 1, p. 273",
          "text": "[…] ; for she had recently developed a magpie[-]ish tendency to appropriate and conceal trifling matters; […]"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "Typical of, similar to, being like."
      ],
      "id": "en--ish-en-suffix-YbiFzcKE",
      "links": [
        [
          "Typical",
          "typical"
        ],
        [
          "similar",
          "similar"
        ],
        [
          "like",
          "like"
        ]
      ],
      "raw_glosses": [
        "(of adjectives from common nouns) Typical of, similar to, being like."
      ],
      "raw_tags": [
        "of adjectives from common nouns"
      ],
      "synonyms": [
        {
          "_dis1": "87 4 0 9",
          "sense": "being like",
          "word": "quasi-"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "87 4 0 9",
          "sense": "being like",
          "word": "para-"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "87 4 0 9",
          "sense": "being like",
          "word": "-oid"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "87 4 0 9",
          "sense": "being like",
          "word": "-form"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "87 4 0 9",
          "sense": "being like",
          "word": "-iform"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "87 4 0 9",
          "sense": "being like",
          "word": "-esque"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "87 4 0 9",
          "sense": "being like",
          "word": "-ly"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "87 4 0 9",
          "sense": "being like",
          "word": "-some"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "87 4 0 9",
          "sense": "being like",
          "word": "-y"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "85 6 0 9",
          "sense": "being like; restricted to casual registers",
          "word": "-ass"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "81 10 0 9",
          "sense": "being like; forms adjectives from nouns only",
          "word": "-like"
        }
      ],
      "tags": [
        "morpheme"
      ],
      "translations": [
        {
          "_dis1": "60 23 0 17",
          "code": "sq",
          "lang": "Albanian",
          "sense": "appended to words",
          "word": "-ëz"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "60 23 0 17",
          "code": "hy",
          "lang": "Armenian",
          "roman": "-akan",
          "sense": "appended to words",
          "word": "-ական"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "60 23 0 17",
          "code": "nl",
          "lang": "Dutch",
          "sense": "appended to words",
          "word": "-achtig"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "60 23 0 17",
          "code": "nl",
          "lang": "Dutch",
          "sense": "appended to words",
          "word": "-ig"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "60 23 0 17",
          "code": "ka",
          "lang": "Georgian",
          "roman": "-uri",
          "sense": "appended to words",
          "word": "-ური"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "60 23 0 17",
          "code": "de",
          "lang": "German",
          "sense": "appended to words",
          "word": "-haft"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "60 23 0 17",
          "code": "de",
          "lang": "German",
          "sense": "appended to words",
          "word": "-lich"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "60 23 0 17",
          "code": "de",
          "lang": "German",
          "sense": "appended to words",
          "word": "-ig"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "60 23 0 17",
          "code": "el",
          "lang": "Greek",
          "roman": "-ikós",
          "sense": "appended to words",
          "word": "-ικός"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "60 23 0 17",
          "code": "hu",
          "lang": "Hungarian",
          "sense": "appended to words",
          "word": "-os"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "60 23 0 17",
          "code": "hu",
          "lang": "Hungarian",
          "sense": "appended to words",
          "word": "-as"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "60 23 0 17",
          "code": "hu",
          "lang": "Hungarian",
          "sense": "appended to words",
          "word": "-es"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "60 23 0 17",
          "code": "hu",
          "lang": "Hungarian",
          "sense": "appended to words",
          "word": "-ös"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "60 23 0 17",
          "code": "hu",
          "lang": "Hungarian",
          "sense": "appended to words",
          "word": "-s"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "60 23 0 17",
          "code": "hu",
          "lang": "Hungarian",
          "sense": "appended to words",
          "word": "-dad"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "60 23 0 17",
          "code": "hu",
          "lang": "Hungarian",
          "sense": "appended to words",
          "word": "-ded"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "60 23 0 17",
          "code": "it",
          "lang": "Italian",
          "sense": "appended to words",
          "tags": [
            "masculine"
          ],
          "word": "ico"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "60 23 0 17",
          "code": "it",
          "lang": "Italian",
          "sense": "appended to words",
          "tags": [
            "feminine"
          ],
          "word": "ica"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "60 23 0 17",
          "code": "ja",
          "lang": "Japanese",
          "roman": "ppoi",
          "sense": "appended to words",
          "word": "っぽい"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "60 23 0 17",
          "code": "nb",
          "lang": "Norwegian Bokmål",
          "sense": "appended to words",
          "word": "-aktig"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "60 23 0 17",
          "code": "pl",
          "lang": "Polish",
          "sense": "appended to words",
          "word": "-iczny"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "60 23 0 17",
          "code": "pl",
          "lang": "Polish",
          "sense": "appended to words",
          "word": "-yczny"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "60 23 0 17",
          "code": "pt",
          "lang": "Portuguese",
          "sense": "appended to words",
          "word": "-ico"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "60 23 0 17",
          "code": "ro",
          "lang": "Romanian",
          "sense": "appended to words",
          "word": "-ic"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "60 23 0 17",
          "code": "ro",
          "lang": "Romanian",
          "sense": "appended to words",
          "word": "-esc"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "60 23 0 17",
          "code": "ro",
          "lang": "Romanian",
          "sense": "appended to words",
          "word": "-iu"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "60 23 0 17",
          "code": "es",
          "lang": "Spanish",
          "sense": "appended to words",
          "word": "-ico"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "60 23 0 17",
          "code": "es",
          "lang": "Spanish",
          "sense": "appended to words",
          "word": "-iento"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "60 23 0 17",
          "code": "sv",
          "lang": "Swedish",
          "sense": "appended to words",
          "word": "-aktig"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "60 23 0 17",
          "code": "tr",
          "lang": "Turkish",
          "sense": "appended to words",
          "word": "-ca"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "60 23 0 17",
          "code": "tr",
          "lang": "Turkish",
          "sense": "appended to words",
          "word": "-ça"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "60 23 0 17",
          "code": "tr",
          "lang": "Turkish",
          "sense": "appended to words",
          "word": "-ce"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "60 23 0 17",
          "code": "tr",
          "lang": "Turkish",
          "sense": "appended to words",
          "word": "-çe"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "60 23 0 17",
          "code": "cy",
          "lang": "Welsh",
          "sense": "appended to words",
          "word": "-aidd"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "60 21 0 19",
          "code": "hy",
          "lang": "Armenian",
          "roman": "-avun",
          "sense": "appended to adjectives",
          "word": "-ավուն"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "60 21 0 19",
          "code": "az",
          "lang": "Azerbaijani",
          "sense": "appended to adjectives",
          "word": "-sov"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "60 21 0 19",
          "code": "nl",
          "lang": "Dutch",
          "sense": "appended to adjectives",
          "word": "-achtig"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "60 21 0 19",
          "code": "nl",
          "lang": "Dutch",
          "sense": "appended to adjectives",
          "word": "-ig"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "60 21 0 19",
          "code": "fi",
          "lang": "Finnish",
          "sense": "appended to adjectives",
          "word": "-hko"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "60 21 0 19",
          "code": "fi",
          "lang": "Finnish",
          "sense": "appended to adjectives",
          "word": "-hkö"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "60 21 0 19",
          "code": "fr",
          "english": "mostly colours",
          "lang": "French",
          "sense": "appended to adjectives",
          "word": "-âtre"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "60 21 0 19",
          "code": "fr",
          "lang": "French",
          "sense": "appended to adjectives",
          "word": "assez"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "60 21 0 19",
          "code": "ka",
          "lang": "Georgian",
          "roman": "mo- -o",
          "sense": "appended to adjectives",
          "word": "მო- -ო"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "60 21 0 19",
          "code": "de",
          "lang": "German",
          "sense": "appended to adjectives",
          "word": "-lich"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "60 21 0 19",
          "code": "hi",
          "lang": "Hindi",
          "roman": "sā",
          "sense": "appended to adjectives",
          "word": "सा"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "60 21 0 19",
          "code": "hu",
          "lang": "Hungarian",
          "sense": "appended to adjectives",
          "word": "-os"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "60 21 0 19",
          "code": "hu",
          "lang": "Hungarian",
          "sense": "appended to adjectives",
          "word": "-as"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "60 21 0 19",
          "code": "hu",
          "lang": "Hungarian",
          "sense": "appended to adjectives",
          "word": "-es"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "60 21 0 19",
          "code": "hu",
          "lang": "Hungarian",
          "sense": "appended to adjectives",
          "word": "-ös"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "60 21 0 19",
          "code": "hu",
          "lang": "Hungarian",
          "sense": "appended to adjectives",
          "word": "-s"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "60 21 0 19",
          "code": "ga",
          "english": "colours",
          "lang": "Irish",
          "sense": "appended to adjectives",
          "word": "scoth-"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "60 21 0 19",
          "code": "lt",
          "lang": "Lithuanian",
          "sense": "appended to adjectives",
          "word": "-okas"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "60 21 0 19",
          "code": "pl",
          "lang": "Polish",
          "sense": "appended to adjectives",
          "word": "-awy"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "60 21 0 19",
          "code": "ro",
          "lang": "Romanian",
          "sense": "appended to adjectives",
          "word": "-iu"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "60 21 0 19",
          "code": "ro",
          "english": "mostly colors",
          "lang": "Romanian",
          "sense": "appended to adjectives",
          "word": "-ui"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "60 21 0 19",
          "code": "ru",
          "lang": "Russian",
          "roman": "-vátyj",
          "sense": "appended to adjectives",
          "word": "-ва́тый"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "60 21 0 19",
          "code": "sh",
          "lang": "Serbo-Croatian",
          "sense": "appended to adjectives",
          "tags": [
            "Roman"
          ],
          "word": "-ast"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "60 21 0 19",
          "code": "es",
          "lang": "Spanish",
          "sense": "appended to adjectives",
          "word": "-ento"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "60 21 0 19",
          "code": "es",
          "lang": "Spanish",
          "sense": "appended to adjectives",
          "word": "-oso"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "60 21 0 19",
          "code": "tr",
          "lang": "Turkish",
          "sense": "appended to adjectives",
          "word": "-imsi"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "60 21 0 19",
          "code": "tr",
          "lang": "Turkish",
          "sense": "appended to adjectives",
          "word": "-imtrak"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "60 21 0 19",
          "code": "cy",
          "lang": "Welsh",
          "sense": "appended to adjectives",
          "word": "-aidd"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "67 14 0 19",
          "code": "hy",
          "lang": "Armenian",
          "roman": "-ot",
          "sense": "appended to numbers",
          "word": "-ոտ"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "67 14 0 19",
          "code": "nl",
          "lang": "Dutch",
          "sense": "appended to numbers",
          "word": "rond"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "67 14 0 19",
          "code": "fr",
          "lang": "French",
          "sense": "appended to numbers",
          "word": "environ"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "67 14 0 19",
          "code": "fr",
          "lang": "French",
          "sense": "appended to numbers",
          "word": "à peu près"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "67 14 0 19",
          "code": "fr",
          "lang": "French",
          "sense": "appended to numbers",
          "tags": [
            "feminine"
          ],
          "word": "-aine"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "67 14 0 19",
          "code": "ka",
          "lang": "Georgian",
          "roman": "-ode",
          "sense": "appended to numbers",
          "word": "-ოდე"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "67 14 0 19",
          "code": "de",
          "lang": "German",
          "sense": "appended to numbers",
          "tags": [
            "colloquial"
          ],
          "word": "um ... herum"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "67 14 0 19",
          "code": "de",
          "lang": "German",
          "sense": "appended to numbers",
          "word": "ca."
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "67 14 0 19",
          "code": "hu",
          "lang": "Hungarian",
          "sense": "appended to numbers",
          "word": "körül"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "67 14 0 19",
          "code": "hu",
          "lang": "Hungarian",
          "sense": "appended to numbers",
          "word": "nagyjából"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "67 14 0 19",
          "code": "hu",
          "lang": "Hungarian",
          "sense": "appended to numbers",
          "word": "-nyi"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "67 14 0 19",
          "code": "id",
          "lang": "Indonesian",
          "sense": "appended to numbers",
          "word": "-an"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "67 14 0 19",
          "code": "pl",
          "lang": "Polish",
          "sense": "appended to numbers",
          "word": "około"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "67 14 0 19",
          "code": "pl",
          "lang": "Polish",
          "sense": "appended to numbers",
          "word": "koło"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "67 14 0 19",
          "code": "tr",
          "lang": "Turkish",
          "sense": "appended to numbers",
          "word": "-lerde, -larda"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "62 18 0 20",
          "code": "ar",
          "lang": "Arabic",
          "roman": "-iyy",
          "sense": "appended to roots denoting names of nations or regions",
          "word": "ـِيّ"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "62 18 0 20",
          "code": "hy",
          "lang": "Armenian",
          "roman": "-akan",
          "sense": "appended to roots denoting names of nations or regions",
          "word": "-ական"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "62 18 0 20",
          "code": "yue",
          "lang": "Chinese Cantonese",
          "note": "use attributive noun",
          "sense": "appended to roots denoting names of nations or regions"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "62 18 0 20",
          "code": "zh",
          "lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
          "note": "use attributive noun",
          "sense": "appended to roots denoting names of nations or regions"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "62 18 0 20",
          "code": "cs",
          "lang": "Czech",
          "sense": "appended to roots denoting names of nations or regions",
          "tags": [
            "masculine"
          ],
          "word": "-ský"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "62 18 0 20",
          "code": "da",
          "lang": "Danish",
          "sense": "appended to roots denoting names of nations or regions",
          "word": "-isk"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "62 18 0 20",
          "code": "da",
          "lang": "Danish",
          "sense": "appended to roots denoting names of nations or regions",
          "word": "-sk"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "62 18 0 20",
          "code": "da",
          "lang": "Danish",
          "sense": "appended to roots denoting names of nations or regions",
          "word": "-esisk"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "62 18 0 20",
          "code": "nl",
          "lang": "Dutch",
          "sense": "appended to roots denoting names of nations or regions",
          "word": "-isch"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "62 18 0 20",
          "code": "nl",
          "lang": "Dutch",
          "sense": "appended to roots denoting names of nations or regions",
          "word": "-s"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "62 18 0 20",
          "code": "fo",
          "lang": "Faroese",
          "sense": "appended to roots denoting names of nations or regions",
          "word": "-skur"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "62 18 0 20",
          "code": "fr",
          "lang": "French",
          "sense": "appended to roots denoting names of nations or regions",
          "word": "-ois"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "62 18 0 20",
          "code": "fr",
          "lang": "French",
          "sense": "appended to roots denoting names of nations or regions",
          "word": "-oise"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "62 18 0 20",
          "code": "fr",
          "lang": "French",
          "sense": "appended to roots denoting names of nations or regions",
          "word": "-ais"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "62 18 0 20",
          "code": "fr",
          "lang": "French",
          "sense": "appended to roots denoting names of nations or regions",
          "word": "-aise"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "62 18 0 20",
          "code": "fr",
          "lang": "French",
          "sense": "appended to roots denoting names of nations or regions",
          "word": "-ain"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "62 18 0 20",
          "code": "fr",
          "lang": "French",
          "sense": "appended to roots denoting names of nations or regions",
          "word": "-aine"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "62 18 0 20",
          "code": "gl",
          "lang": "Galician",
          "sense": "appended to roots denoting names of nations or regions",
          "tags": [
            "masculine"
          ],
          "word": "-és"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "62 18 0 20",
          "code": "ka",
          "lang": "Georgian",
          "roman": "-eli",
          "sense": "appended to roots denoting names of nations or regions",
          "word": "-ელი"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "62 18 0 20",
          "code": "de",
          "lang": "German",
          "sense": "appended to roots denoting names of nations or regions",
          "word": "-isch"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "62 18 0 20",
          "code": "got",
          "lang": "Gothic",
          "roman": "-isks",
          "sense": "appended to roots denoting names of nations or regions",
          "tags": [
            "masculine"
          ],
          "word": "-𐌹𐍃𐌺𐍃"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "62 18 0 20",
          "code": "hu",
          "lang": "Hungarian",
          "sense": "appended to roots denoting names of nations or regions",
          "word": "-i"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "62 18 0 20",
          "code": "hu",
          "lang": "Hungarian",
          "sense": "appended to roots denoting names of nations or regions",
          "word": "-beli"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "62 18 0 20",
          "code": "is",
          "lang": "Icelandic",
          "sense": "appended to roots denoting names of nations or regions",
          "word": "-skur"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "62 18 0 20",
          "code": "gv",
          "english": "nationality",
          "lang": "Manx",
          "sense": "appended to roots denoting names of nations or regions",
          "tags": [
            "masculine",
            "place"
          ],
          "topics": [
            "region",
            "location"
          ],
          "word": "-agh"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "62 18 0 20",
          "code": "gv",
          "lang": "Manx",
          "sense": "appended to roots denoting names of nations or regions",
          "tags": [
            "feminine"
          ],
          "topics": [
            "language",
            "linguistics",
            "human-sciences",
            "sciences"
          ],
          "word": "-ish"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "62 18 0 20",
          "code": "no",
          "lang": "Norwegian",
          "sense": "appended to roots denoting names of nations or regions",
          "word": "-sk"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "62 18 0 20",
          "code": "non",
          "lang": "Old Norse",
          "sense": "appended to roots denoting names of nations or regions",
          "word": "-iskr"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "62 18 0 20",
          "code": "pl",
          "lang": "Polish",
          "sense": "appended to roots denoting names of nations or regions",
          "tags": [
            "masculine"
          ],
          "word": "-ski"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "62 18 0 20",
          "code": "pt",
          "lang": "Portuguese",
          "sense": "appended to roots denoting names of nations or regions",
          "tags": [
            "masculine"
          ],
          "word": "-ês"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "62 18 0 20",
          "code": "pt",
          "lang": "Portuguese",
          "sense": "appended to roots denoting names of nations or regions",
          "tags": [
            "feminine"
          ],
          "word": "-esa"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "62 18 0 20",
          "code": "pt",
          "lang": "Portuguese",
          "sense": "appended to roots denoting names of nations or regions",
          "tags": [
            "masculine",
            "plural"
          ],
          "word": "-eses"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "62 18 0 20",
          "code": "pt",
          "lang": "Portuguese",
          "sense": "appended to roots denoting names of nations or regions",
          "tags": [
            "feminine",
            "plural"
          ],
          "word": "-esas"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "62 18 0 20",
          "code": "ro",
          "lang": "Romanian",
          "sense": "appended to roots denoting names of nations or regions",
          "word": "-esc"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "62 18 0 20",
          "code": "ru",
          "lang": "Russian",
          "roman": "-skij",
          "sense": "appended to roots denoting names of nations or regions",
          "tags": [
            "masculine"
          ],
          "word": "-ский"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "62 18 0 20",
          "code": "sa",
          "lang": "Sanskrit",
          "roman": "-īya",
          "sense": "appended to roots denoting names of nations or regions",
          "word": "-ईय"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "62 18 0 20",
          "code": "es",
          "lang": "Spanish",
          "sense": "appended to roots denoting names of nations or regions",
          "tags": [
            "masculine"
          ],
          "word": "-és"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "62 18 0 20",
          "code": "es",
          "lang": "Spanish",
          "sense": "appended to roots denoting names of nations or regions",
          "tags": [
            "masculine"
          ],
          "word": "-esa"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "62 18 0 20",
          "code": "sv",
          "lang": "Swedish",
          "sense": "appended to roots denoting names of nations or regions",
          "word": "-isk"
        }
      ]
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    {
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      ],
      "examples": [
        {
          "text": "Her face had a bluish tinge.",
          "type": "example"
        },
        {
          "ref": "1935, George Goodchild, chapter 5, in Death on the Centre Court:",
          "text": "By one o'clock the place was choc-a-bloc. […] The restaurant was packed, and the promenade between the two main courts and the subsidiary courts was thronged with healthy-looking youngish people, drawn to the Mecca of tennis from all parts of the country.",
          "type": "quote"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "Somewhat, rather."
      ],
      "id": "en--ish-en-suffix-lN0mkZuO",
      "links": [
        [
          "diminutive",
          "diminutive"
        ],
        [
          "Somewhat",
          "somewhat"
        ],
        [
          "rather",
          "rather"
        ]
      ],
      "raw_glosses": [
        "(of adjectives from adjectives, with a diminutive force) Somewhat, rather."
      ],
      "raw_tags": [
        "of adjectives from adjectives",
        "with a diminutive force"
      ],
      "related": [
        {
          "_dis1": "10 70 12 8",
          "word": "ish"
        }
      ],
      "tags": [
        "morpheme"
      ]
    },
    {
      "categories": [],
      "examples": [
        {
          "text": "We arrived at tennish. We arrived tennish. ― We arrived sometime around ten.",
          "type": "example"
        },
        {
          "text": "I couldn't tell his precise age, but he looked fiftyish.",
          "type": "example"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "About, approximately."
      ],
      "id": "en--ish-en-suffix-nn5Xt2um",
      "links": [
        [
          "About",
          "about"
        ],
        [
          "approximately",
          "approximately"
        ]
      ],
      "raw_glosses": [
        "(of adjectives from numbers, especially of times and ages) About, approximately."
      ],
      "raw_tags": [
        "of adjectives from numbers",
        "of times and ages"
      ],
      "tags": [
        "especially",
        "morpheme"
      ]
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          "name": "English entries with incorrect language header",
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            "Entries with incorrect language header",
            "Entry maintenance"
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          "_dis": "48 11 0 41",
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          "name": "Terms with Welsh translations",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        }
      ],
      "examples": [
        {
          "text": "British, Cornish, Danish, English, Finnish, Irish, Jewish, Kentish, Polish, Scottish, Spanish, Swedish, Turkish etc.",
          "type": "example"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "Of, belonging, or relating to (a nationality, place, language or similar association with something)."
      ],
      "id": "en--ish-en-suffix-XPSBZevb",
      "links": [
        [
          "nationality",
          "nationality"
        ]
      ],
      "raw_glosses": [
        "(of adjectives from roots of proper nouns denoting names of nations or regions) Of, belonging, or relating to (a nationality, place, language or similar association with something)."
      ],
      "raw_tags": [
        "of adjectives from roots of proper nouns denoting names of nations or regions"
      ],
      "tags": [
        "morpheme"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "sounds": [
    {
      "ipa": "/ɪʃ/",
      "tags": [
        "UK"
      ]
    },
    {
      "audio": "en-us--ish.ogg",
      "mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/8/8d/En-us--ish.ogg/En-us--ish.ogg.mp3",
      "ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8d/En-us--ish.ogg"
    }
  ],
  "word": "-ish"
}

{
  "etymology_number": 2,
  "etymology_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "enm",
        "3": "-ishen"
      },
      "expansion": "Middle English -ishen",
      "name": "inh"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "fro",
        "3": "-iss-"
      },
      "expansion": "Old French -iss-",
      "name": "der"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "la",
        "3": "-ēscere"
      },
      "expansion": "Latin -ēscere",
      "name": "der"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_text": "From Middle English -ishen, -ischen, -issen, from Old French -iss-, -is- (a termination of the stem of some forms [present participle, etc.] of certain verbs), from Latin -ēscere, -īscere (an inchoative suffix), the formative -esc-, -isc- (-sc-, Greek -σκ- (-sk-)) being ultimately cognate with English -ish (Etymology 1). See -esce, -escent, etc.",
  "head_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "suffix",
        "cat2": "adjective-forming suffixes",
        "cat3": "productive suffixes",
        "head": "",
        "id": ""
      },
      "expansion": "-ish",
      "name": "head"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "cat2": "adjective-forming suffixes",
        "cat3": "productive suffixes"
      },
      "expansion": "-ish",
      "name": "en-suffix"
    }
  ],
  "lang": "English",
  "lang_code": "en",
  "pos": "suffix",
  "senses": [
    {
      "categories": [
        {
          "_dis": "42 8 0 16 34",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "English entries with incorrect language header",
          "parents": [
            "Entries with incorrect language header",
            "Entry maintenance"
          ],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "37 7 0 23 33",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "English positive polarity items",
          "parents": [
            "Positive polarity items",
            "Terms by semantic function"
          ],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "34 5 0 17 30 10 3",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Pages with 6 entries",
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        },
        {
          "_dis": "40 3 0 12 35 7 2",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Pages with entries",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "An ending found on some verbs; see usage notes."
      ],
      "id": "en--ish-en-suffix-o6SI0Ev9",
      "qualifier": "non-productive",
      "raw_glosses": [
        "(non-productive) An ending found on some verbs; see usage notes."
      ],
      "related": [
        {
          "word": "abolish"
        },
        {
          "word": "accomplish"
        }
      ],
      "tags": [
        "morpheme"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "word": "-ish"
}
{
  "categories": [
    "English adjective-forming suffixes",
    "English doublets",
    "English entries with incorrect language header",
    "English lemmas",
    "English links with manual fragments",
    "English positive polarity items",
    "English productive suffixes",
    "English suffixes",
    "English terms derived from Latin",
    "English terms derived from Middle English",
    "English terms derived from Old English",
    "English terms derived from Old French",
    "English terms derived from Proto-Germanic",
    "English terms derived from Proto-Indo-European",
    "English terms derived from Proto-West Germanic",
    "English terms inherited from Middle English",
    "English terms inherited from Old English",
    "English terms inherited from Proto-Germanic",
    "English terms inherited from Proto-Indo-European",
    "English terms inherited from Proto-West Germanic",
    "Entries with translation boxes",
    "Pages with 6 entries",
    "Pages with entries",
    "Requests for review of Italian translations",
    "Terms with Albanian translations",
    "Terms with Arabic translations",
    "Terms with Armenian translations",
    "Terms with Azerbaijani translations",
    "Terms with Czech translations",
    "Terms with Danish translations",
    "Terms with Dutch translations",
    "Terms with Faroese translations",
    "Terms with Finnish translations",
    "Terms with French translations",
    "Terms with Galician translations",
    "Terms with Georgian translations",
    "Terms with German translations",
    "Terms with Gothic translations",
    "Terms with Greek translations",
    "Terms with Hindi translations",
    "Terms with Hungarian translations",
    "Terms with Icelandic translations",
    "Terms with Indonesian translations",
    "Terms with Irish translations",
    "Terms with Italian translations",
    "Terms with Japanese translations",
    "Terms with Lithuanian translations",
    "Terms with Manx translations",
    "Terms with Norwegian Bokmål translations",
    "Terms with Norwegian translations",
    "Terms with Old Norse translations",
    "Terms with Polish translations",
    "Terms with Portuguese translations",
    "Terms with Romanian translations",
    "Terms with Russian translations",
    "Terms with Sanskrit translations",
    "Terms with Serbo-Croatian translations",
    "Terms with Spanish translations",
    "Terms with Swedish translations",
    "Terms with Turkish translations",
    "Terms with Welsh translations"
  ],
  "etymology_number": 1,
  "etymology_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "enm",
        "3": "-ish"
      },
      "expansion": "Middle English -ish",
      "name": "inh"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "ang",
        "3": "-isċ",
        "pos": "suffix",
        "t": "-ish"
      },
      "expansion": "Old English -isċ (“-ish”, suffix)",
      "name": "inh"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "gmw-pro",
        "3": "*-isk"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-West Germanic *-isk",
      "name": "inh"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "gem-pro",
        "3": "*-iskaz",
        "t": "-ish"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-Germanic *-iskaz (“-ish”)",
      "name": "inh"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "ine-pro",
        "3": "*-iskos"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *-iskos",
      "name": "inh"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "nl",
        "2": "-s",
        "id": "adjective"
      },
      "expansion": "Dutch -s",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "de",
        "2": "-isch"
      },
      "expansion": "German -isch",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "nl",
        "2": "-isch"
      },
      "expansion": "Dutch -isch",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "no",
        "2": "-"
      },
      "expansion": "Norwegian",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "da",
        "2": "-"
      },
      "expansion": "Danish",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "sv",
        "2": "-isk"
      },
      "expansion": "Swedish -isk",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "lt",
        "2": "-iškas"
      },
      "expansion": "Lithuanian -iškas",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "ru",
        "2": "-ский"
      },
      "expansion": "Russian -ский (-skij)",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "grc",
        "2": "-"
      },
      "expansion": "Ancient Greek",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "diminutive"
      },
      "expansion": "diminutive",
      "name": "glossary"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "-esque",
        "3": "-ski"
      },
      "expansion": "Doublet of -esque and -ski",
      "name": "doublet"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "inh",
        "3": "enm>-ish>adjective",
        "id": "adjective"
      },
      "expansion": "",
      "name": "etymon"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_text": "From Middle English -ish, -isch, from Old English -isċ (“-ish”, suffix), from Proto-West Germanic *-isk, from Proto-Germanic *-iskaz (“-ish”), from Proto-Indo-European *-iskos.\nCognate with Dutch -s; German -isch (whence Dutch -isch); Norwegian, Danish, and Swedish -isk or -sk; Lithuanian -iškas; Russian -ский (-skij); and the Ancient Greek diminutive suffix -ίσκος (-ískos). Doublet of -esque and -ski.",
  "head_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "suffix",
        "cat2": "adjective-forming suffixes",
        "cat3": "productive suffixes",
        "head": "",
        "id": ""
      },
      "expansion": "-ish",
      "name": "head"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "cat2": "adjective-forming suffixes",
        "cat3": "productive suffixes"
      },
      "expansion": "-ish",
      "name": "en-suffix"
    }
  ],
  "lang": "English",
  "lang_code": "en",
  "pos": "suffix",
  "related": [
    {
      "word": "ish"
    }
  ],
  "senses": [
    {
      "categories": [
        "English terms with usage examples"
      ],
      "examples": [
        {
          "text": "Her face had a girlish charm.",
          "type": "example"
        },
        {
          "ref": "1859, Harriet Parr (as Holme Lee), Against Wind and Tide, volume 1, p. 273",
          "text": "[…] ; for she had recently developed a magpie[-]ish tendency to appropriate and conceal trifling matters; […]"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "Typical of, similar to, being like."
      ],
      "links": [
        [
          "Typical",
          "typical"
        ],
        [
          "similar",
          "similar"
        ],
        [
          "like",
          "like"
        ]
      ],
      "raw_glosses": [
        "(of adjectives from common nouns) Typical of, similar to, being like."
      ],
      "raw_tags": [
        "of adjectives from common nouns"
      ],
      "tags": [
        "morpheme"
      ]
    },
    {
      "categories": [
        "English terms with quotations",
        "English terms with usage examples"
      ],
      "examples": [
        {
          "text": "Her face had a bluish tinge.",
          "type": "example"
        },
        {
          "ref": "1935, George Goodchild, chapter 5, in Death on the Centre Court:",
          "text": "By one o'clock the place was choc-a-bloc. […] The restaurant was packed, and the promenade between the two main courts and the subsidiary courts was thronged with healthy-looking youngish people, drawn to the Mecca of tennis from all parts of the country.",
          "type": "quote"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "Somewhat, rather."
      ],
      "links": [
        [
          "diminutive",
          "diminutive"
        ],
        [
          "Somewhat",
          "somewhat"
        ],
        [
          "rather",
          "rather"
        ]
      ],
      "raw_glosses": [
        "(of adjectives from adjectives, with a diminutive force) Somewhat, rather."
      ],
      "raw_tags": [
        "of adjectives from adjectives",
        "with a diminutive force"
      ],
      "tags": [
        "morpheme"
      ]
    },
    {
      "categories": [
        "English terms with usage examples"
      ],
      "examples": [
        {
          "text": "We arrived at tennish. We arrived tennish. ― We arrived sometime around ten.",
          "type": "example"
        },
        {
          "text": "I couldn't tell his precise age, but he looked fiftyish.",
          "type": "example"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "About, approximately."
      ],
      "links": [
        [
          "About",
          "about"
        ],
        [
          "approximately",
          "approximately"
        ]
      ],
      "raw_glosses": [
        "(of adjectives from numbers, especially of times and ages) About, approximately."
      ],
      "raw_tags": [
        "of adjectives from numbers",
        "of times and ages"
      ],
      "tags": [
        "especially",
        "morpheme"
      ]
    },
    {
      "categories": [
        "English terms with usage examples"
      ],
      "examples": [
        {
          "text": "British, Cornish, Danish, English, Finnish, Irish, Jewish, Kentish, Polish, Scottish, Spanish, Swedish, Turkish etc.",
          "type": "example"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "Of, belonging, or relating to (a nationality, place, language or similar association with something)."
      ],
      "links": [
        [
          "nationality",
          "nationality"
        ]
      ],
      "raw_glosses": [
        "(of adjectives from roots of proper nouns denoting names of nations or regions) Of, belonging, or relating to (a nationality, place, language or similar association with something)."
      ],
      "raw_tags": [
        "of adjectives from roots of proper nouns denoting names of nations or regions"
      ],
      "tags": [
        "morpheme"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "sounds": [
    {
      "ipa": "/ɪʃ/",
      "tags": [
        "UK"
      ]
    },
    {
      "audio": "en-us--ish.ogg",
      "mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/8/8d/En-us--ish.ogg/En-us--ish.ogg.mp3",
      "ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8d/En-us--ish.ogg"
    }
  ],
  "synonyms": [
    {
      "sense": "being like",
      "word": "quasi-"
    },
    {
      "sense": "being like",
      "word": "para-"
    },
    {
      "sense": "being like",
      "word": "-oid"
    },
    {
      "sense": "being like",
      "word": "-form"
    },
    {
      "sense": "being like",
      "word": "-iform"
    },
    {
      "sense": "being like",
      "word": "-esque"
    },
    {
      "sense": "being like",
      "word": "-ly"
    },
    {
      "sense": "being like",
      "word": "-some"
    },
    {
      "sense": "being like",
      "word": "-y"
    },
    {
      "sense": "being like; restricted to casual registers",
      "word": "-ass"
    },
    {
      "sense": "being like; forms adjectives from nouns only",
      "word": "-like"
    }
  ],
  "translations": [
    {
      "code": "sq",
      "lang": "Albanian",
      "sense": "appended to words",
      "word": "-ëz"
    },
    {
      "code": "hy",
      "lang": "Armenian",
      "roman": "-akan",
      "sense": "appended to words",
      "word": "-ական"
    },
    {
      "code": "nl",
      "lang": "Dutch",
      "sense": "appended to words",
      "word": "-achtig"
    },
    {
      "code": "nl",
      "lang": "Dutch",
      "sense": "appended to words",
      "word": "-ig"
    },
    {
      "code": "ka",
      "lang": "Georgian",
      "roman": "-uri",
      "sense": "appended to words",
      "word": "-ური"
    },
    {
      "code": "de",
      "lang": "German",
      "sense": "appended to words",
      "word": "-haft"
    },
    {
      "code": "de",
      "lang": "German",
      "sense": "appended to words",
      "word": "-lich"
    },
    {
      "code": "de",
      "lang": "German",
      "sense": "appended to words",
      "word": "-ig"
    },
    {
      "code": "el",
      "lang": "Greek",
      "roman": "-ikós",
      "sense": "appended to words",
      "word": "-ικός"
    },
    {
      "code": "hu",
      "lang": "Hungarian",
      "sense": "appended to words",
      "word": "-os"
    },
    {
      "code": "hu",
      "lang": "Hungarian",
      "sense": "appended to words",
      "word": "-as"
    },
    {
      "code": "hu",
      "lang": "Hungarian",
      "sense": "appended to words",
      "word": "-es"
    },
    {
      "code": "hu",
      "lang": "Hungarian",
      "sense": "appended to words",
      "word": "-ös"
    },
    {
      "code": "hu",
      "lang": "Hungarian",
      "sense": "appended to words",
      "word": "-s"
    },
    {
      "code": "hu",
      "lang": "Hungarian",
      "sense": "appended to words",
      "word": "-dad"
    },
    {
      "code": "hu",
      "lang": "Hungarian",
      "sense": "appended to words",
      "word": "-ded"
    },
    {
      "code": "it",
      "lang": "Italian",
      "sense": "appended to words",
      "tags": [
        "masculine"
      ],
      "word": "ico"
    },
    {
      "code": "it",
      "lang": "Italian",
      "sense": "appended to words",
      "tags": [
        "feminine"
      ],
      "word": "ica"
    },
    {
      "code": "ja",
      "lang": "Japanese",
      "roman": "ppoi",
      "sense": "appended to words",
      "word": "っぽい"
    },
    {
      "code": "nb",
      "lang": "Norwegian Bokmål",
      "sense": "appended to words",
      "word": "-aktig"
    },
    {
      "code": "pl",
      "lang": "Polish",
      "sense": "appended to words",
      "word": "-iczny"
    },
    {
      "code": "pl",
      "lang": "Polish",
      "sense": "appended to words",
      "word": "-yczny"
    },
    {
      "code": "pt",
      "lang": "Portuguese",
      "sense": "appended to words",
      "word": "-ico"
    },
    {
      "code": "ro",
      "lang": "Romanian",
      "sense": "appended to words",
      "word": "-ic"
    },
    {
      "code": "ro",
      "lang": "Romanian",
      "sense": "appended to words",
      "word": "-esc"
    },
    {
      "code": "ro",
      "lang": "Romanian",
      "sense": "appended to words",
      "word": "-iu"
    },
    {
      "code": "es",
      "lang": "Spanish",
      "sense": "appended to words",
      "word": "-ico"
    },
    {
      "code": "es",
      "lang": "Spanish",
      "sense": "appended to words",
      "word": "-iento"
    },
    {
      "code": "sv",
      "lang": "Swedish",
      "sense": "appended to words",
      "word": "-aktig"
    },
    {
      "code": "tr",
      "lang": "Turkish",
      "sense": "appended to words",
      "word": "-ca"
    },
    {
      "code": "tr",
      "lang": "Turkish",
      "sense": "appended to words",
      "word": "-ça"
    },
    {
      "code": "tr",
      "lang": "Turkish",
      "sense": "appended to words",
      "word": "-ce"
    },
    {
      "code": "tr",
      "lang": "Turkish",
      "sense": "appended to words",
      "word": "-çe"
    },
    {
      "code": "cy",
      "lang": "Welsh",
      "sense": "appended to words",
      "word": "-aidd"
    },
    {
      "code": "hy",
      "lang": "Armenian",
      "roman": "-avun",
      "sense": "appended to adjectives",
      "word": "-ավուն"
    },
    {
      "code": "az",
      "lang": "Azerbaijani",
      "sense": "appended to adjectives",
      "word": "-sov"
    },
    {
      "code": "nl",
      "lang": "Dutch",
      "sense": "appended to adjectives",
      "word": "-achtig"
    },
    {
      "code": "nl",
      "lang": "Dutch",
      "sense": "appended to adjectives",
      "word": "-ig"
    },
    {
      "code": "fi",
      "lang": "Finnish",
      "sense": "appended to adjectives",
      "word": "-hko"
    },
    {
      "code": "fi",
      "lang": "Finnish",
      "sense": "appended to adjectives",
      "word": "-hkö"
    },
    {
      "code": "fr",
      "english": "mostly colours",
      "lang": "French",
      "sense": "appended to adjectives",
      "word": "-âtre"
    },
    {
      "code": "fr",
      "lang": "French",
      "sense": "appended to adjectives",
      "word": "assez"
    },
    {
      "code": "ka",
      "lang": "Georgian",
      "roman": "mo- -o",
      "sense": "appended to adjectives",
      "word": "მო- -ო"
    },
    {
      "code": "de",
      "lang": "German",
      "sense": "appended to adjectives",
      "word": "-lich"
    },
    {
      "code": "hi",
      "lang": "Hindi",
      "roman": "sā",
      "sense": "appended to adjectives",
      "word": "सा"
    },
    {
      "code": "hu",
      "lang": "Hungarian",
      "sense": "appended to adjectives",
      "word": "-os"
    },
    {
      "code": "hu",
      "lang": "Hungarian",
      "sense": "appended to adjectives",
      "word": "-as"
    },
    {
      "code": "hu",
      "lang": "Hungarian",
      "sense": "appended to adjectives",
      "word": "-es"
    },
    {
      "code": "hu",
      "lang": "Hungarian",
      "sense": "appended to adjectives",
      "word": "-ös"
    },
    {
      "code": "hu",
      "lang": "Hungarian",
      "sense": "appended to adjectives",
      "word": "-s"
    },
    {
      "code": "ga",
      "english": "colours",
      "lang": "Irish",
      "sense": "appended to adjectives",
      "word": "scoth-"
    },
    {
      "code": "lt",
      "lang": "Lithuanian",
      "sense": "appended to adjectives",
      "word": "-okas"
    },
    {
      "code": "pl",
      "lang": "Polish",
      "sense": "appended to adjectives",
      "word": "-awy"
    },
    {
      "code": "ro",
      "lang": "Romanian",
      "sense": "appended to adjectives",
      "word": "-iu"
    },
    {
      "code": "ro",
      "english": "mostly colors",
      "lang": "Romanian",
      "sense": "appended to adjectives",
      "word": "-ui"
    },
    {
      "code": "ru",
      "lang": "Russian",
      "roman": "-vátyj",
      "sense": "appended to adjectives",
      "word": "-ва́тый"
    },
    {
      "code": "sh",
      "lang": "Serbo-Croatian",
      "sense": "appended to adjectives",
      "tags": [
        "Roman"
      ],
      "word": "-ast"
    },
    {
      "code": "es",
      "lang": "Spanish",
      "sense": "appended to adjectives",
      "word": "-ento"
    },
    {
      "code": "es",
      "lang": "Spanish",
      "sense": "appended to adjectives",
      "word": "-oso"
    },
    {
      "code": "tr",
      "lang": "Turkish",
      "sense": "appended to adjectives",
      "word": "-imsi"
    },
    {
      "code": "tr",
      "lang": "Turkish",
      "sense": "appended to adjectives",
      "word": "-imtrak"
    },
    {
      "code": "cy",
      "lang": "Welsh",
      "sense": "appended to adjectives",
      "word": "-aidd"
    },
    {
      "code": "hy",
      "lang": "Armenian",
      "roman": "-ot",
      "sense": "appended to numbers",
      "word": "-ոտ"
    },
    {
      "code": "nl",
      "lang": "Dutch",
      "sense": "appended to numbers",
      "word": "rond"
    },
    {
      "code": "fr",
      "lang": "French",
      "sense": "appended to numbers",
      "word": "environ"
    },
    {
      "code": "fr",
      "lang": "French",
      "sense": "appended to numbers",
      "word": "à peu près"
    },
    {
      "code": "fr",
      "lang": "French",
      "sense": "appended to numbers",
      "tags": [
        "feminine"
      ],
      "word": "-aine"
    },
    {
      "code": "ka",
      "lang": "Georgian",
      "roman": "-ode",
      "sense": "appended to numbers",
      "word": "-ოდე"
    },
    {
      "code": "de",
      "lang": "German",
      "sense": "appended to numbers",
      "tags": [
        "colloquial"
      ],
      "word": "um ... herum"
    },
    {
      "code": "de",
      "lang": "German",
      "sense": "appended to numbers",
      "word": "ca."
    },
    {
      "code": "hu",
      "lang": "Hungarian",
      "sense": "appended to numbers",
      "word": "körül"
    },
    {
      "code": "hu",
      "lang": "Hungarian",
      "sense": "appended to numbers",
      "word": "nagyjából"
    },
    {
      "code": "hu",
      "lang": "Hungarian",
      "sense": "appended to numbers",
      "word": "-nyi"
    },
    {
      "code": "id",
      "lang": "Indonesian",
      "sense": "appended to numbers",
      "word": "-an"
    },
    {
      "code": "pl",
      "lang": "Polish",
      "sense": "appended to numbers",
      "word": "około"
    },
    {
      "code": "pl",
      "lang": "Polish",
      "sense": "appended to numbers",
      "word": "koło"
    },
    {
      "code": "tr",
      "lang": "Turkish",
      "sense": "appended to numbers",
      "word": "-lerde, -larda"
    },
    {
      "code": "ar",
      "lang": "Arabic",
      "roman": "-iyy",
      "sense": "appended to roots denoting names of nations or regions",
      "word": "ـِيّ"
    },
    {
      "code": "hy",
      "lang": "Armenian",
      "roman": "-akan",
      "sense": "appended to roots denoting names of nations or regions",
      "word": "-ական"
    },
    {
      "code": "yue",
      "lang": "Chinese Cantonese",
      "note": "use attributive noun",
      "sense": "appended to roots denoting names of nations or regions"
    },
    {
      "code": "zh",
      "lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
      "note": "use attributive noun",
      "sense": "appended to roots denoting names of nations or regions"
    },
    {
      "code": "cs",
      "lang": "Czech",
      "sense": "appended to roots denoting names of nations or regions",
      "tags": [
        "masculine"
      ],
      "word": "-ský"
    },
    {
      "code": "da",
      "lang": "Danish",
      "sense": "appended to roots denoting names of nations or regions",
      "word": "-isk"
    },
    {
      "code": "da",
      "lang": "Danish",
      "sense": "appended to roots denoting names of nations or regions",
      "word": "-sk"
    },
    {
      "code": "da",
      "lang": "Danish",
      "sense": "appended to roots denoting names of nations or regions",
      "word": "-esisk"
    },
    {
      "code": "nl",
      "lang": "Dutch",
      "sense": "appended to roots denoting names of nations or regions",
      "word": "-isch"
    },
    {
      "code": "nl",
      "lang": "Dutch",
      "sense": "appended to roots denoting names of nations or regions",
      "word": "-s"
    },
    {
      "code": "fo",
      "lang": "Faroese",
      "sense": "appended to roots denoting names of nations or regions",
      "word": "-skur"
    },
    {
      "code": "fr",
      "lang": "French",
      "sense": "appended to roots denoting names of nations or regions",
      "word": "-ois"
    },
    {
      "code": "fr",
      "lang": "French",
      "sense": "appended to roots denoting names of nations or regions",
      "word": "-oise"
    },
    {
      "code": "fr",
      "lang": "French",
      "sense": "appended to roots denoting names of nations or regions",
      "word": "-ais"
    },
    {
      "code": "fr",
      "lang": "French",
      "sense": "appended to roots denoting names of nations or regions",
      "word": "-aise"
    },
    {
      "code": "fr",
      "lang": "French",
      "sense": "appended to roots denoting names of nations or regions",
      "word": "-ain"
    },
    {
      "code": "fr",
      "lang": "French",
      "sense": "appended to roots denoting names of nations or regions",
      "word": "-aine"
    },
    {
      "code": "gl",
      "lang": "Galician",
      "sense": "appended to roots denoting names of nations or regions",
      "tags": [
        "masculine"
      ],
      "word": "-és"
    },
    {
      "code": "ka",
      "lang": "Georgian",
      "roman": "-eli",
      "sense": "appended to roots denoting names of nations or regions",
      "word": "-ელი"
    },
    {
      "code": "de",
      "lang": "German",
      "sense": "appended to roots denoting names of nations or regions",
      "word": "-isch"
    },
    {
      "code": "got",
      "lang": "Gothic",
      "roman": "-isks",
      "sense": "appended to roots denoting names of nations or regions",
      "tags": [
        "masculine"
      ],
      "word": "-𐌹𐍃𐌺𐍃"
    },
    {
      "code": "hu",
      "lang": "Hungarian",
      "sense": "appended to roots denoting names of nations or regions",
      "word": "-i"
    },
    {
      "code": "hu",
      "lang": "Hungarian",
      "sense": "appended to roots denoting names of nations or regions",
      "word": "-beli"
    },
    {
      "code": "is",
      "lang": "Icelandic",
      "sense": "appended to roots denoting names of nations or regions",
      "word": "-skur"
    },
    {
      "code": "gv",
      "english": "nationality",
      "lang": "Manx",
      "sense": "appended to roots denoting names of nations or regions",
      "tags": [
        "masculine",
        "place"
      ],
      "topics": [
        "region",
        "location"
      ],
      "word": "-agh"
    },
    {
      "code": "gv",
      "lang": "Manx",
      "sense": "appended to roots denoting names of nations or regions",
      "tags": [
        "feminine"
      ],
      "topics": [
        "language",
        "linguistics",
        "human-sciences",
        "sciences"
      ],
      "word": "-ish"
    },
    {
      "code": "no",
      "lang": "Norwegian",
      "sense": "appended to roots denoting names of nations or regions",
      "word": "-sk"
    },
    {
      "code": "non",
      "lang": "Old Norse",
      "sense": "appended to roots denoting names of nations or regions",
      "word": "-iskr"
    },
    {
      "code": "pl",
      "lang": "Polish",
      "sense": "appended to roots denoting names of nations or regions",
      "tags": [
        "masculine"
      ],
      "word": "-ski"
    },
    {
      "code": "pt",
      "lang": "Portuguese",
      "sense": "appended to roots denoting names of nations or regions",
      "tags": [
        "masculine"
      ],
      "word": "-ês"
    },
    {
      "code": "pt",
      "lang": "Portuguese",
      "sense": "appended to roots denoting names of nations or regions",
      "tags": [
        "feminine"
      ],
      "word": "-esa"
    },
    {
      "code": "pt",
      "lang": "Portuguese",
      "sense": "appended to roots denoting names of nations or regions",
      "tags": [
        "masculine",
        "plural"
      ],
      "word": "-eses"
    },
    {
      "code": "pt",
      "lang": "Portuguese",
      "sense": "appended to roots denoting names of nations or regions",
      "tags": [
        "feminine",
        "plural"
      ],
      "word": "-esas"
    },
    {
      "code": "ro",
      "lang": "Romanian",
      "sense": "appended to roots denoting names of nations or regions",
      "word": "-esc"
    },
    {
      "code": "ru",
      "lang": "Russian",
      "roman": "-skij",
      "sense": "appended to roots denoting names of nations or regions",
      "tags": [
        "masculine"
      ],
      "word": "-ский"
    },
    {
      "code": "sa",
      "lang": "Sanskrit",
      "roman": "-īya",
      "sense": "appended to roots denoting names of nations or regions",
      "word": "-ईय"
    },
    {
      "code": "es",
      "lang": "Spanish",
      "sense": "appended to roots denoting names of nations or regions",
      "tags": [
        "masculine"
      ],
      "word": "-és"
    },
    {
      "code": "es",
      "lang": "Spanish",
      "sense": "appended to roots denoting names of nations or regions",
      "tags": [
        "masculine"
      ],
      "word": "-esa"
    },
    {
      "code": "sv",
      "lang": "Swedish",
      "sense": "appended to roots denoting names of nations or regions",
      "word": "-isk"
    }
  ],
  "word": "-ish"
}

{
  "categories": [
    "English adjective-forming suffixes",
    "English entries with incorrect language header",
    "English lemmas",
    "English links with manual fragments",
    "English positive polarity items",
    "English productive suffixes",
    "English suffixes",
    "English terms derived from Latin",
    "English terms derived from Middle English",
    "English terms derived from Old French",
    "English terms inherited from Middle English",
    "Pages with 6 entries",
    "Pages with entries"
  ],
  "etymology_number": 2,
  "etymology_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "enm",
        "3": "-ishen"
      },
      "expansion": "Middle English -ishen",
      "name": "inh"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "fro",
        "3": "-iss-"
      },
      "expansion": "Old French -iss-",
      "name": "der"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "la",
        "3": "-ēscere"
      },
      "expansion": "Latin -ēscere",
      "name": "der"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_text": "From Middle English -ishen, -ischen, -issen, from Old French -iss-, -is- (a termination of the stem of some forms [present participle, etc.] of certain verbs), from Latin -ēscere, -īscere (an inchoative suffix), the formative -esc-, -isc- (-sc-, Greek -σκ- (-sk-)) being ultimately cognate with English -ish (Etymology 1). See -esce, -escent, etc.",
  "head_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "suffix",
        "cat2": "adjective-forming suffixes",
        "cat3": "productive suffixes",
        "head": "",
        "id": ""
      },
      "expansion": "-ish",
      "name": "head"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "cat2": "adjective-forming suffixes",
        "cat3": "productive suffixes"
      },
      "expansion": "-ish",
      "name": "en-suffix"
    }
  ],
  "lang": "English",
  "lang_code": "en",
  "pos": "suffix",
  "related": [
    {
      "word": "abolish"
    },
    {
      "word": "accomplish"
    }
  ],
  "senses": [
    {
      "glosses": [
        "An ending found on some verbs; see usage notes."
      ],
      "qualifier": "non-productive",
      "raw_glosses": [
        "(non-productive) An ending found on some verbs; see usage notes."
      ],
      "tags": [
        "morpheme"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "word": "-ish"
}

Download raw JSONL data for -ish meaning in English (21.9kB)


This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable English dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2024-12-01 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2024-11-21 using wiktextract (95d2be1 and 64224ec). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.

If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.