See -esc in All languages combined, or Wiktionary
{
"etymology_number": 1,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ro",
"2": "inh",
"3": "la>-iscus>suf",
"id": "suf",
"tree": "1"
},
"expansion": "Etymology tree\nProto-Indo-European *-iskos\nProto-Germanic *-iskaz\nProto-West Germanic *-iskbor.\nLatin -iscus\nRomanian -esc",
"name": "etymon"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ro",
"2": "bor",
"3": "fr>-esque>suf",
"id": "suffr",
"tree": "1"
},
"expansion": "Etymology tree\nFrench -esquebor.\nRomanian -esc",
"name": "etymon"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "Inherited"
},
"expansion": "Inherited",
"name": "glossary"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ro",
"2": "LL.",
"3": "-",
"4": "",
"5": "",
"g": "",
"g2": "",
"g3": "",
"id": "",
"lit": "",
"nocat": "",
"pos": "",
"sc": "",
"sort": "",
"tr": "",
"ts": ""
},
"expansion": "Late Latin",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ro",
"2": "LL.",
"3": "-"
},
"expansion": "Inherited from Late Latin",
"name": "inh+"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ro",
"2": "VL.",
"3": "-iscus"
},
"expansion": "Vulgar Latin -iscus",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ro",
"2": "fr",
"3": "-esque"
},
"expansion": "French -esque",
"name": "der"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Etymology tree\nProto-Indo-European *-iskos\nProto-Germanic *-iskaz\nProto-West Germanic *-iskbor.\nLatin -iscus\nRomanian -esc\nEtymology tree\nFrench -esquebor.\nRomanian -esc\nInherited from Late Latin or Vulgar Latin -iscus for older words and the common Romanian surname ending -escu, as well as the place name suffix -ești formed from the plural. Based on French -esque for many newer words or neologisms, which appear after the mid-19th century.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "-ească",
"tags": [
"feminine",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-ești",
"tags": [
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-ește",
"tags": [
"adverbial"
]
},
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "ro-decl-adj",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "-esc",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"error-unrecognized-form",
"indefinite",
"masculine",
"neuter",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-ească",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"error-unrecognized-form",
"feminine",
"indefinite",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-ești",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"error-unrecognized-form",
"indefinite",
"masculine",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-ești",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"error-unrecognized-form",
"feminine",
"indefinite",
"neuter",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-escul",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"definite",
"error-unrecognized-form",
"masculine",
"neuter",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-easca",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"definite",
"error-unrecognized-form",
"feminine",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-eștii",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"definite",
"error-unrecognized-form",
"masculine",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-eștile",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"definite",
"error-unrecognized-form",
"feminine",
"neuter",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-ești",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"error-unrecognized-form",
"feminine",
"indefinite",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-escului",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"definite",
"error-unrecognized-form",
"masculine",
"neuter",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-eștii",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"definite",
"error-unrecognized-form",
"feminine",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-eștilor",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"definite",
"error-unrecognized-form",
"masculine",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-eștilor",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"definite",
"error-unrecognized-form",
"feminine",
"neuter",
"plural"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ro",
"2": "suffix",
"3": "feminine singular",
"4": "-ească",
"5": "plural",
"6": "-ești",
"7": "adverbial",
"8": "-ește",
"g": "m"
},
"expansion": "-esc m (feminine singular -ească, plural -ești, adverbial -ește)",
"name": "head"
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"name": "ro-decl-adj"
}
],
"lang": "Romanian",
"lang_code": "ro",
"pos": "suffix",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "27 28 45",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages using catfix",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Romanian entries referencing etymons with invalid IDs",
"parents": [
"Entries referencing etymons with invalid IDs",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"derived": [
{
"word": "bărbătesc"
},
{
"word": "creștinesc"
},
{
"word": "-escu"
},
{
"word": "femeiesc"
},
{
"word": "frățesc"
},
{
"word": "omenesc"
},
{
"word": "românesc"
}
],
"glosses": [
"-esque, -ish (used with a root to form adjectives)"
],
"id": "en--esc-ro-suffix-aVPrRxle",
"links": [
[
"-esque",
"-esque"
],
[
"-ish",
"-ish"
]
],
"related": [
{
"english": "adverbial form",
"word": "-ește"
}
],
"tags": [
"masculine",
"morpheme"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/-esk/"
}
],
"word": "-esc"
}
{
"etymology_number": 2,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ro",
"2": "inh",
"3": "la>-escō>vsuf",
"id": "vsuf",
"tree": "1"
},
"expansion": "Etymology tree\nProto-Indo-European *-éh₁ti\nProto-Indo-European *-yeti\nProto-Indo-European *-éh₁yetider.\nProto-Italic *-ēō\nLatin -eō\nProto-Italic *-skō\nLatin -scō\nLatin -escō\nRomanian -esc",
"name": "etymon"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ro",
"2": "la",
"3": "-ēscō"
},
"expansion": "Latin -ēscō",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "rup",
"2": "-escu"
},
"expansion": "Aromanian -escu",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "it",
"2": "-isco"
},
"expansion": "Italian -isco",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "es",
"2": "-ezco"
},
"expansion": "Spanish -ezco",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ca",
"2": "-eixo"
},
"expansion": "Catalan -eixo",
"name": "cog"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Etymology tree\nProto-Indo-European *-éh₁ti\nProto-Indo-European *-yeti\nProto-Indo-European *-éh₁yetider.\nProto-Italic *-ēō\nLatin -eō\nProto-Italic *-skō\nLatin -scō\nLatin -escō\nRomanian -esc\n A form of the infix -esc-, from Latin -ēscō (and -ēscunt in the case of the third-person plural). Cognates include Aromanian -escu, Italian -isco, -iscono, Spanish -ezco, -ecen, Catalan -eixo, -eixen.",
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ro",
"2": "suffix"
},
"expansion": "-esc",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Romanian",
"lang_code": "ro",
"pos": "suffix",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "15 16 16 52",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 2 entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "12 13 12 63",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "44 56",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Romanian entries with etymology trees",
"parents": [
"Entries with etymology trees",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "39 61",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Romanian entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Used with a stem to form the first-person singular and third-person plural present of most regular -i (fourth conjugation) verbs. E.g. unesc, tușesc, feresc, pățesc, urăsc."
],
"id": "en--esc-ro-suffix-Klh-h6Fr",
"links": [
[
"-i",
"-i"
],
[
"unesc",
"uni"
],
[
"tușesc",
"tuși"
],
[
"feresc",
"feri"
],
[
"pățesc",
"păți"
],
[
"urăsc",
"urăsc"
]
],
"related": [
{
"word": "-ești"
},
{
"word": "-ește"
}
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "-ăsc"
}
],
"tags": [
"morpheme"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/-esk/"
}
],
"word": "-esc"
}
{
"categories": [
"Pages using catfix",
"Pages with 2 entries",
"Pages with entries",
"Romanian entries referencing etymons with invalid IDs",
"Romanian entries with etymology trees",
"Romanian entries with incorrect language header",
"Romanian lemmas",
"Romanian masculine suffixes",
"Romanian suffixes",
"Romanian terms borrowed from French",
"Romanian terms derived from French",
"Romanian terms derived from Late Latin",
"Romanian terms derived from Latin",
"Romanian terms derived from Proto-Germanic",
"Romanian terms derived from Proto-Indo-European",
"Romanian terms derived from Proto-Italic",
"Romanian terms derived from Proto-West Germanic",
"Romanian terms derived from Vulgar Latin",
"Romanian terms inherited from Late Latin",
"Romanian terms inherited from Latin",
"Romanian terms inherited from Proto-Italic",
"Romanian terms inherited from Vulgar Latin"
],
"derived": [
{
"word": "bărbătesc"
},
{
"word": "creștinesc"
},
{
"word": "-escu"
},
{
"word": "femeiesc"
},
{
"word": "frățesc"
},
{
"word": "omenesc"
},
{
"word": "românesc"
}
],
"etymology_number": 1,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ro",
"2": "inh",
"3": "la>-iscus>suf",
"id": "suf",
"tree": "1"
},
"expansion": "Etymology tree\nProto-Indo-European *-iskos\nProto-Germanic *-iskaz\nProto-West Germanic *-iskbor.\nLatin -iscus\nRomanian -esc",
"name": "etymon"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ro",
"2": "bor",
"3": "fr>-esque>suf",
"id": "suffr",
"tree": "1"
},
"expansion": "Etymology tree\nFrench -esquebor.\nRomanian -esc",
"name": "etymon"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "Inherited"
},
"expansion": "Inherited",
"name": "glossary"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ro",
"2": "LL.",
"3": "-",
"4": "",
"5": "",
"g": "",
"g2": "",
"g3": "",
"id": "",
"lit": "",
"nocat": "",
"pos": "",
"sc": "",
"sort": "",
"tr": "",
"ts": ""
},
"expansion": "Late Latin",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ro",
"2": "LL.",
"3": "-"
},
"expansion": "Inherited from Late Latin",
"name": "inh+"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ro",
"2": "VL.",
"3": "-iscus"
},
"expansion": "Vulgar Latin -iscus",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ro",
"2": "fr",
"3": "-esque"
},
"expansion": "French -esque",
"name": "der"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Etymology tree\nProto-Indo-European *-iskos\nProto-Germanic *-iskaz\nProto-West Germanic *-iskbor.\nLatin -iscus\nRomanian -esc\nEtymology tree\nFrench -esquebor.\nRomanian -esc\nInherited from Late Latin or Vulgar Latin -iscus for older words and the common Romanian surname ending -escu, as well as the place name suffix -ești formed from the plural. Based on French -esque for many newer words or neologisms, which appear after the mid-19th century.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "-ească",
"tags": [
"feminine",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-ești",
"tags": [
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-ește",
"tags": [
"adverbial"
]
},
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "ro-decl-adj",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "-esc",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"error-unrecognized-form",
"indefinite",
"masculine",
"neuter",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-ească",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"error-unrecognized-form",
"feminine",
"indefinite",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-ești",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"error-unrecognized-form",
"indefinite",
"masculine",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-ești",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"error-unrecognized-form",
"feminine",
"indefinite",
"neuter",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-escul",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"definite",
"error-unrecognized-form",
"masculine",
"neuter",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-easca",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"definite",
"error-unrecognized-form",
"feminine",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-eștii",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"definite",
"error-unrecognized-form",
"masculine",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-eștile",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"definite",
"error-unrecognized-form",
"feminine",
"neuter",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-ești",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"error-unrecognized-form",
"feminine",
"indefinite",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-escului",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"definite",
"error-unrecognized-form",
"masculine",
"neuter",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-eștii",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"definite",
"error-unrecognized-form",
"feminine",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-eștilor",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"definite",
"error-unrecognized-form",
"masculine",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-eștilor",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"definite",
"error-unrecognized-form",
"feminine",
"neuter",
"plural"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ro",
"2": "suffix",
"3": "feminine singular",
"4": "-ească",
"5": "plural",
"6": "-ești",
"7": "adverbial",
"8": "-ește",
"g": "m"
},
"expansion": "-esc m (feminine singular -ească, plural -ești, adverbial -ește)",
"name": "head"
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"name": "ro-decl-adj"
}
],
"lang": "Romanian",
"lang_code": "ro",
"pos": "suffix",
"related": [
{
"english": "adverbial form",
"word": "-ește"
}
],
"senses": [
{
"glosses": [
"-esque, -ish (used with a root to form adjectives)"
],
"links": [
[
"-esque",
"-esque"
],
[
"-ish",
"-ish"
]
],
"tags": [
"masculine",
"morpheme"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/-esk/"
}
],
"word": "-esc"
}
{
"categories": [
"Pages with 2 entries",
"Pages with entries",
"Romanian entries with etymology trees",
"Romanian entries with incorrect language header",
"Romanian lemmas",
"Romanian suffixes",
"Romanian terms derived from Latin",
"Romanian terms derived from Proto-Indo-European",
"Romanian terms derived from Proto-Italic",
"Romanian terms inherited from Latin",
"Romanian terms inherited from Proto-Italic"
],
"etymology_number": 2,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ro",
"2": "inh",
"3": "la>-escō>vsuf",
"id": "vsuf",
"tree": "1"
},
"expansion": "Etymology tree\nProto-Indo-European *-éh₁ti\nProto-Indo-European *-yeti\nProto-Indo-European *-éh₁yetider.\nProto-Italic *-ēō\nLatin -eō\nProto-Italic *-skō\nLatin -scō\nLatin -escō\nRomanian -esc",
"name": "etymon"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ro",
"2": "la",
"3": "-ēscō"
},
"expansion": "Latin -ēscō",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "rup",
"2": "-escu"
},
"expansion": "Aromanian -escu",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "it",
"2": "-isco"
},
"expansion": "Italian -isco",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "es",
"2": "-ezco"
},
"expansion": "Spanish -ezco",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ca",
"2": "-eixo"
},
"expansion": "Catalan -eixo",
"name": "cog"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Etymology tree\nProto-Indo-European *-éh₁ti\nProto-Indo-European *-yeti\nProto-Indo-European *-éh₁yetider.\nProto-Italic *-ēō\nLatin -eō\nProto-Italic *-skō\nLatin -scō\nLatin -escō\nRomanian -esc\n A form of the infix -esc-, from Latin -ēscō (and -ēscunt in the case of the third-person plural). Cognates include Aromanian -escu, Italian -isco, -iscono, Spanish -ezco, -ecen, Catalan -eixo, -eixen.",
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ro",
"2": "suffix"
},
"expansion": "-esc",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Romanian",
"lang_code": "ro",
"pos": "suffix",
"related": [
{
"word": "-ești"
},
{
"word": "-ește"
}
],
"senses": [
{
"glosses": [
"Used with a stem to form the first-person singular and third-person plural present of most regular -i (fourth conjugation) verbs. E.g. unesc, tușesc, feresc, pățesc, urăsc."
],
"links": [
[
"-i",
"-i"
],
[
"unesc",
"uni"
],
[
"tușesc",
"tuși"
],
[
"feresc",
"feri"
],
[
"pățesc",
"păți"
],
[
"urăsc",
"urăsc"
]
],
"tags": [
"morpheme"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/-esk/"
}
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "-ăsc"
}
],
"word": "-esc"
}
Download raw JSONL data for -esc meaning in Romanian (7.3kB)
{
"called_from": "inflection/735",
"msg": "inflection table: unrecognized header: 'nominative- accusative'",
"path": [
"-esc"
],
"section": "Romanian",
"subsection": "suffix",
"title": "-esc",
"trace": ""
}
{
"called_from": "inflection/735",
"msg": "inflection table: unrecognized header: 'nominative- accusative'",
"path": [
"-esc"
],
"section": "Romanian",
"subsection": "suffix",
"title": "-esc",
"trace": ""
}
{
"called_from": "inflection/735",
"msg": "inflection table: unrecognized header: 'genitive- dative'",
"path": [
"-esc"
],
"section": "Romanian",
"subsection": "suffix",
"title": "-esc",
"trace": ""
}
{
"called_from": "inflection/735",
"msg": "inflection table: unrecognized header: 'genitive- dative'",
"path": [
"-esc"
],
"section": "Romanian",
"subsection": "suffix",
"title": "-esc",
"trace": ""
}
{
"called_from": "inflection/20250113b",
"msg": "Rowspan 999 over 30, set to 1",
"path": [
"-esc"
],
"section": "Romanian",
"subsection": "suffix",
"title": "-esc",
"trace": ""
}
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable Romanian dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2025-01-31 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2025-01-20 using wiktextract (bcd5c38 and 9dbd323). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.