See -ish on Wiktionary
Download JSON data for -ish meaning in All languages combined (30.6kB)
{
"etymology_number": 1,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "enm",
"3": "-ish"
},
"expansion": "Middle English -ish",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "-isch"
},
"expansion": "-isch",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "ang",
"3": "-isċ",
"pos": "suffix",
"t": "-ish"
},
"expansion": "Old English -isċ (“-ish”, suffix)",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "gmw-pro",
"3": "*-isk"
},
"expansion": "Proto-West Germanic *-isk",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "gem-pro",
"3": "*-iskaz",
"t": "-ish"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic *-iskaz (“-ish”)",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*-iskos"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *-iskos",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "nl",
"2": "-s",
"id": "adjective"
},
"expansion": "Dutch -s",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "de",
"2": "-isch"
},
"expansion": "German -isch",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "nl",
"2": "-isch"
},
"expansion": "Dutch -isch",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "no",
"2": "-"
},
"expansion": "Norwegian",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "da",
"2": "-"
},
"expansion": "Danish",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "sv",
"2": "-isk"
},
"expansion": "Swedish -isk",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "da",
"2": "-sk"
},
"expansion": "-sk",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "lt",
"2": "-iškas"
},
"expansion": "Lithuanian -iškas",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ru",
"2": "-ский"
},
"expansion": "Russian -ский (-skij)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "grc",
"2": "-"
},
"expansion": "Ancient Greek",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "diminutive"
},
"expansion": "diminutive",
"name": "glossary"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "grc",
"2": "-ίσκος"
},
"expansion": "-ίσκος (-ískos)",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "-esque",
"3": "-ski"
},
"expansion": "Doublet of -esque and -ski",
"name": "doublet"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Middle English -ish, -isch, from Old English -isċ (“-ish”, suffix), from Proto-West Germanic *-isk, from Proto-Germanic *-iskaz (“-ish”), from Proto-Indo-European *-iskos.\nCognate with Dutch -s; German -isch (whence Dutch -isch); Norwegian, Danish, and Swedish -isk or -sk; Lithuanian -iškas; Russian -ский (-skij); and the Ancient Greek diminutive suffix -ίσκος (-ískos). Doublet of -esque and -ski.",
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "suffix",
"cat2": "adjective-forming suffixes",
"cat3": "productive suffixes",
"head": "",
"id": ""
},
"expansion": "-ish",
"name": "head"
},
{
"args": {
"cat2": "adjective-forming suffixes",
"cat3": "productive suffixes"
},
"expansion": "-ish",
"name": "en-suffix"
}
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "suffix",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "41 9 0 17 34",
"kind": "other",
"name": "English entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "31 11 0 33 25",
"kind": "other",
"name": "English entries with language name categories using raw markup",
"parents": [
"Entries with language name categories using raw markup",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "29 32 0 17 21",
"kind": "other",
"name": "English links with manual fragments",
"parents": [
"Links with manual fragments",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "31 13 0 27 28",
"kind": "other",
"name": "English positive polarity items",
"parents": [
"Positive polarity items",
"Terms by semantic function"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "28 28 0 21 22",
"kind": "other",
"name": "English terms with non-redundant non-automated sortkeys",
"parents": [
"Terms with non-redundant non-automated sortkeys",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"text": "Her face had a girlish charm.",
"type": "example"
},
{
"ref": "1859, Harriet Parr (as Holme Lee), Against Wind and Tide, volume 1, p. 273",
"text": "[…] ; for she had recently developed a magpie[-]ish tendency to appropriate and conceal trifling matters; […]"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Typical of, similar to, being like."
],
"id": "en--ish-en-suffix-YbiFzcKE",
"links": [
[
"Typical",
"typical"
],
[
"similar",
"similar"
],
[
"like",
"like"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(of adjectives from common nouns) Typical of, similar to, being like."
],
"raw_tags": [
"of adjectives from common nouns"
],
"synonyms": [
{
"_dis1": "85 5 0 10",
"sense": "being like",
"word": "quasi-"
},
{
"_dis1": "85 5 0 10",
"sense": "being like",
"word": "para-"
},
{
"_dis1": "85 5 0 10",
"sense": "being like",
"word": "-oid"
},
{
"_dis1": "85 5 0 10",
"sense": "being like",
"word": "-form"
},
{
"_dis1": "85 5 0 10",
"sense": "being like",
"word": "-iform"
},
{
"_dis1": "85 5 0 10",
"sense": "being like",
"word": "-esque"
},
{
"_dis1": "85 5 0 10",
"sense": "being like",
"word": "-ly"
},
{
"_dis1": "85 5 0 10",
"sense": "being like",
"word": "-some"
},
{
"_dis1": "85 5 0 10",
"sense": "being like",
"word": "-y"
},
{
"_dis1": "83 7 0 10",
"sense": "being like; restricted to casual registers",
"word": "-ass"
},
{
"_dis1": "79 11 0 10",
"sense": "being like; forms adjectives from nouns only",
"word": "-like"
}
],
"tags": [
"morpheme"
],
"translations": [
{
"_dis1": "53 27 0 20",
"code": "sq",
"lang": "Albanian",
"sense": "appended to words",
"word": "-ëz"
},
{
"_dis1": "53 27 0 20",
"code": "hy",
"lang": "Armenian",
"roman": "-akan",
"sense": "appended to words",
"word": "-ական"
},
{
"_dis1": "53 27 0 20",
"code": "nl",
"lang": "Dutch",
"sense": "appended to words",
"word": "-achtig"
},
{
"_dis1": "53 27 0 20",
"code": "nl",
"lang": "Dutch",
"sense": "appended to words",
"word": "-ig"
},
{
"_dis1": "53 27 0 20",
"code": "ka",
"lang": "Georgian",
"roman": "-uri",
"sense": "appended to words",
"word": "-ური"
},
{
"_dis1": "53 27 0 20",
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "appended to words",
"word": "-haft"
},
{
"_dis1": "53 27 0 20",
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "appended to words",
"word": "-lich"
},
{
"_dis1": "53 27 0 20",
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "appended to words",
"word": "-ig"
},
{
"_dis1": "53 27 0 20",
"code": "el",
"lang": "Greek",
"roman": "-ikós",
"sense": "appended to words",
"word": "-ικός"
},
{
"_dis1": "53 27 0 20",
"code": "hu",
"lang": "Hungarian",
"sense": "appended to words",
"word": "-os"
},
{
"_dis1": "53 27 0 20",
"code": "hu",
"lang": "Hungarian",
"sense": "appended to words",
"word": "-as"
},
{
"_dis1": "53 27 0 20",
"code": "hu",
"lang": "Hungarian",
"sense": "appended to words",
"word": "-es"
},
{
"_dis1": "53 27 0 20",
"code": "hu",
"lang": "Hungarian",
"sense": "appended to words",
"word": "-ös"
},
{
"_dis1": "53 27 0 20",
"code": "hu",
"lang": "Hungarian",
"sense": "appended to words",
"word": "-s"
},
{
"_dis1": "53 27 0 20",
"code": "hu",
"lang": "Hungarian",
"sense": "appended to words",
"word": "-dad"
},
{
"_dis1": "53 27 0 20",
"code": "hu",
"lang": "Hungarian",
"sense": "appended to words",
"word": "-ded"
},
{
"_dis1": "53 27 0 20",
"code": "it",
"lang": "Italian",
"sense": "appended to words",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "ico"
},
{
"_dis1": "53 27 0 20",
"code": "it",
"lang": "Italian",
"sense": "appended to words",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "ica"
},
{
"_dis1": "53 27 0 20",
"code": "ja",
"lang": "Japanese",
"roman": "ppoi",
"sense": "appended to words",
"word": "っぽい"
},
{
"_dis1": "53 27 0 20",
"code": "nb",
"lang": "Norwegian Bokmål",
"sense": "appended to words",
"word": "-aktig"
},
{
"_dis1": "53 27 0 20",
"code": "pl",
"lang": "Polish",
"sense": "appended to words",
"word": "-iczny"
},
{
"_dis1": "53 27 0 20",
"code": "pl",
"lang": "Polish",
"sense": "appended to words",
"word": "-yczny"
},
{
"_dis1": "53 27 0 20",
"code": "pt",
"lang": "Portuguese",
"sense": "appended to words",
"word": "-ico"
},
{
"_dis1": "53 27 0 20",
"code": "ro",
"lang": "Romanian",
"sense": "appended to words",
"word": "-ic"
},
{
"_dis1": "53 27 0 20",
"code": "ro",
"lang": "Romanian",
"sense": "appended to words",
"word": "-esc"
},
{
"_dis1": "53 27 0 20",
"code": "ro",
"lang": "Romanian",
"sense": "appended to words",
"word": "-iu"
},
{
"_dis1": "53 27 0 20",
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "appended to words",
"word": "-ico"
},
{
"_dis1": "53 27 0 20",
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "appended to words",
"word": "-iento"
},
{
"_dis1": "53 27 0 20",
"code": "sv",
"lang": "Swedish",
"sense": "appended to words",
"word": "-aktig"
},
{
"_dis1": "53 27 0 20",
"code": "tr",
"lang": "Turkish",
"sense": "appended to words",
"word": "-ca"
},
{
"_dis1": "53 27 0 20",
"code": "tr",
"lang": "Turkish",
"sense": "appended to words",
"word": "-ça"
},
{
"_dis1": "53 27 0 20",
"code": "tr",
"lang": "Turkish",
"sense": "appended to words",
"word": "-ce"
},
{
"_dis1": "53 27 0 20",
"code": "tr",
"lang": "Turkish",
"sense": "appended to words",
"word": "-çe"
},
{
"_dis1": "53 27 0 20",
"code": "cy",
"lang": "Welsh",
"sense": "appended to words",
"word": "-aidd"
},
{
"_dis1": "54 25 0 22",
"code": "hy",
"lang": "Armenian",
"roman": "-avun",
"sense": "appended to adjectives",
"word": "-ավուն"
},
{
"_dis1": "54 25 0 22",
"code": "az",
"lang": "Azerbaijani",
"sense": "appended to adjectives",
"word": "-sov"
},
{
"_dis1": "54 25 0 22",
"code": "nl",
"lang": "Dutch",
"sense": "appended to adjectives",
"word": "-achtig"
},
{
"_dis1": "54 25 0 22",
"code": "nl",
"lang": "Dutch",
"sense": "appended to adjectives",
"word": "-ig"
},
{
"_dis1": "54 25 0 22",
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "appended to adjectives",
"word": "-hko"
},
{
"_dis1": "54 25 0 22",
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "appended to adjectives",
"word": "-hkö"
},
{
"_dis1": "54 25 0 22",
"code": "fr",
"english": "mostly colours",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "appended to adjectives",
"word": "-âtre"
},
{
"_dis1": "54 25 0 22",
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "appended to adjectives",
"word": "assez"
},
{
"_dis1": "54 25 0 22",
"code": "ka",
"lang": "Georgian",
"roman": "mo- -o",
"sense": "appended to adjectives",
"word": "მო- -ო"
},
{
"_dis1": "54 25 0 22",
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "appended to adjectives",
"word": "-lich"
},
{
"_dis1": "54 25 0 22",
"code": "hi",
"lang": "Hindi",
"roman": "sā",
"sense": "appended to adjectives",
"word": "सा"
},
{
"_dis1": "54 25 0 22",
"code": "hu",
"lang": "Hungarian",
"sense": "appended to adjectives",
"word": "-os"
},
{
"_dis1": "54 25 0 22",
"code": "hu",
"lang": "Hungarian",
"sense": "appended to adjectives",
"word": "-as"
},
{
"_dis1": "54 25 0 22",
"code": "hu",
"lang": "Hungarian",
"sense": "appended to adjectives",
"word": "-es"
},
{
"_dis1": "54 25 0 22",
"code": "hu",
"lang": "Hungarian",
"sense": "appended to adjectives",
"word": "-ös"
},
{
"_dis1": "54 25 0 22",
"code": "hu",
"lang": "Hungarian",
"sense": "appended to adjectives",
"word": "-s"
},
{
"_dis1": "54 25 0 22",
"code": "ga",
"english": "colours",
"lang": "Irish",
"sense": "appended to adjectives",
"word": "scoth-"
},
{
"_dis1": "54 25 0 22",
"code": "lt",
"lang": "Lithuanian",
"sense": "appended to adjectives",
"word": "-okas"
},
{
"_dis1": "54 25 0 22",
"code": "pl",
"lang": "Polish",
"sense": "appended to adjectives",
"word": "-awy"
},
{
"_dis1": "54 25 0 22",
"code": "ro",
"lang": "Romanian",
"sense": "appended to adjectives",
"word": "-iu"
},
{
"_dis1": "54 25 0 22",
"code": "ro",
"english": "mostly colors",
"lang": "Romanian",
"sense": "appended to adjectives",
"word": "-ui"
},
{
"_dis1": "54 25 0 22",
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "-vátyj",
"sense": "appended to adjectives",
"word": "-ва́тый"
},
{
"_dis1": "54 25 0 22",
"code": "sh",
"lang": "Serbo-Croatian",
"sense": "appended to adjectives",
"tags": [
"Roman"
],
"word": "-ast"
},
{
"_dis1": "54 25 0 22",
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "appended to adjectives",
"word": "-ento"
},
{
"_dis1": "54 25 0 22",
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "appended to adjectives",
"word": "-oso"
},
{
"_dis1": "54 25 0 22",
"code": "tr",
"lang": "Turkish",
"sense": "appended to adjectives",
"word": "-imsi"
},
{
"_dis1": "54 25 0 22",
"code": "tr",
"lang": "Turkish",
"sense": "appended to adjectives",
"word": "-imtrak"
},
{
"_dis1": "54 25 0 22",
"code": "cy",
"lang": "Welsh",
"sense": "appended to adjectives",
"word": "-aidd"
},
{
"_dis1": "60 17 0 23",
"code": "hy",
"lang": "Armenian",
"roman": "-ot",
"sense": "appended to numbers",
"word": "-ոտ"
},
{
"_dis1": "60 17 0 23",
"code": "nl",
"lang": "Dutch",
"sense": "appended to numbers",
"word": "rond"
},
{
"_dis1": "60 17 0 23",
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "appended to numbers",
"word": "environ"
},
{
"_dis1": "60 17 0 23",
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "appended to numbers",
"word": "à peu près"
},
{
"_dis1": "60 17 0 23",
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "appended to numbers",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "-aine"
},
{
"_dis1": "60 17 0 23",
"code": "ka",
"lang": "Georgian",
"roman": "-ode",
"sense": "appended to numbers",
"word": "-ოდე"
},
{
"_dis1": "60 17 0 23",
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "appended to numbers",
"tags": [
"colloquial"
],
"word": "um ... herum"
},
{
"_dis1": "60 17 0 23",
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "appended to numbers",
"word": "ca."
},
{
"_dis1": "60 17 0 23",
"code": "hu",
"lang": "Hungarian",
"sense": "appended to numbers",
"word": "körül"
},
{
"_dis1": "60 17 0 23",
"code": "hu",
"lang": "Hungarian",
"sense": "appended to numbers",
"word": "nagyjából"
},
{
"_dis1": "60 17 0 23",
"code": "hu",
"lang": "Hungarian",
"sense": "appended to numbers",
"word": "-nyi"
},
{
"_dis1": "60 17 0 23",
"code": "id",
"lang": "Indonesian",
"sense": "appended to numbers",
"word": "-an"
},
{
"_dis1": "60 17 0 23",
"code": "pl",
"lang": "Polish",
"sense": "appended to numbers",
"word": "około"
},
{
"_dis1": "60 17 0 23",
"code": "pl",
"lang": "Polish",
"sense": "appended to numbers",
"word": "koło"
},
{
"_dis1": "60 17 0 23",
"code": "tr",
"lang": "Turkish",
"sense": "appended to numbers",
"word": "-lerde, -larda"
},
{
"_dis1": "54 22 0 24",
"code": "ar",
"lang": "Arabic",
"roman": "-iyy",
"sense": "appended to roots denoting names of nations or regions",
"word": "ـِيّ"
},
{
"_dis1": "54 22 0 24",
"code": "hy",
"lang": "Armenian",
"roman": "-akan",
"sense": "appended to roots denoting names of nations or regions",
"word": "-ական"
},
{
"_dis1": "54 22 0 24",
"code": "yue",
"lang": "Chinese Cantonese",
"note": "use attributive noun",
"sense": "appended to roots denoting names of nations or regions"
},
{
"_dis1": "54 22 0 24",
"code": "zh",
"lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
"note": "use attributive noun",
"sense": "appended to roots denoting names of nations or regions"
},
{
"_dis1": "54 22 0 24",
"code": "cs",
"lang": "Czech",
"sense": "appended to roots denoting names of nations or regions",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "-ský"
},
{
"_dis1": "54 22 0 24",
"code": "da",
"lang": "Danish",
"sense": "appended to roots denoting names of nations or regions",
"word": "-isk"
},
{
"_dis1": "54 22 0 24",
"code": "da",
"lang": "Danish",
"sense": "appended to roots denoting names of nations or regions",
"word": "-sk"
},
{
"_dis1": "54 22 0 24",
"code": "da",
"lang": "Danish",
"sense": "appended to roots denoting names of nations or regions",
"word": "-esisk"
},
{
"_dis1": "54 22 0 24",
"code": "nl",
"lang": "Dutch",
"sense": "appended to roots denoting names of nations or regions",
"word": "-isch"
},
{
"_dis1": "54 22 0 24",
"code": "nl",
"lang": "Dutch",
"sense": "appended to roots denoting names of nations or regions",
"word": "-s"
},
{
"_dis1": "54 22 0 24",
"code": "fo",
"lang": "Faroese",
"sense": "appended to roots denoting names of nations or regions",
"word": "-skur"
},
{
"_dis1": "54 22 0 24",
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "appended to roots denoting names of nations or regions",
"word": "-ois"
},
{
"_dis1": "54 22 0 24",
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "appended to roots denoting names of nations or regions",
"word": "-oise"
},
{
"_dis1": "54 22 0 24",
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "appended to roots denoting names of nations or regions",
"word": "-ais"
},
{
"_dis1": "54 22 0 24",
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "appended to roots denoting names of nations or regions",
"word": "-aise"
},
{
"_dis1": "54 22 0 24",
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "appended to roots denoting names of nations or regions",
"word": "-ain"
},
{
"_dis1": "54 22 0 24",
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "appended to roots denoting names of nations or regions",
"word": "-aine"
},
{
"_dis1": "54 22 0 24",
"code": "gl",
"lang": "Galician",
"sense": "appended to roots denoting names of nations or regions",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "-és"
},
{
"_dis1": "54 22 0 24",
"code": "ka",
"lang": "Georgian",
"roman": "-eli",
"sense": "appended to roots denoting names of nations or regions",
"word": "-ელი"
},
{
"_dis1": "54 22 0 24",
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "appended to roots denoting names of nations or regions",
"word": "-isch"
},
{
"_dis1": "54 22 0 24",
"code": "got",
"lang": "Gothic",
"roman": "-isks",
"sense": "appended to roots denoting names of nations or regions",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "-𐌹𐍃𐌺𐍃"
},
{
"_dis1": "54 22 0 24",
"code": "hu",
"lang": "Hungarian",
"sense": "appended to roots denoting names of nations or regions",
"word": "-i"
},
{
"_dis1": "54 22 0 24",
"code": "hu",
"lang": "Hungarian",
"sense": "appended to roots denoting names of nations or regions",
"word": "-beli"
},
{
"_dis1": "54 22 0 24",
"code": "is",
"lang": "Icelandic",
"sense": "appended to roots denoting names of nations or regions",
"word": "-skur"
},
{
"_dis1": "54 22 0 24",
"code": "gv",
"english": "nationality",
"lang": "Manx",
"sense": "appended to roots denoting names of nations or regions",
"tags": [
"masculine",
"place"
],
"topics": [
"region",
"location"
],
"word": "-agh"
},
{
"_dis1": "54 22 0 24",
"code": "gv",
"lang": "Manx",
"sense": "appended to roots denoting names of nations or regions",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"topics": [
"language",
"linguistics",
"human-sciences",
"sciences"
],
"word": "-ish"
},
{
"_dis1": "54 22 0 24",
"code": "no",
"lang": "Norwegian",
"sense": "appended to roots denoting names of nations or regions",
"word": "-sk"
},
{
"_dis1": "54 22 0 24",
"code": "non",
"lang": "Old Norse",
"sense": "appended to roots denoting names of nations or regions",
"word": "-iskr"
},
{
"_dis1": "54 22 0 24",
"code": "pl",
"lang": "Polish",
"sense": "appended to roots denoting names of nations or regions",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "-ski"
},
{
"_dis1": "54 22 0 24",
"code": "pt",
"lang": "Portuguese",
"sense": "appended to roots denoting names of nations or regions",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "-ês"
},
{
"_dis1": "54 22 0 24",
"code": "pt",
"lang": "Portuguese",
"sense": "appended to roots denoting names of nations or regions",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "-esa"
},
{
"_dis1": "54 22 0 24",
"code": "pt",
"lang": "Portuguese",
"sense": "appended to roots denoting names of nations or regions",
"tags": [
"masculine",
"plural"
],
"word": "-eses"
},
{
"_dis1": "54 22 0 24",
"code": "pt",
"lang": "Portuguese",
"sense": "appended to roots denoting names of nations or regions",
"tags": [
"feminine",
"plural"
],
"word": "-esas"
},
{
"_dis1": "54 22 0 24",
"code": "ro",
"lang": "Romanian",
"sense": "appended to roots denoting names of nations or regions",
"word": "-esc"
},
{
"_dis1": "54 22 0 24",
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "-skij",
"sense": "appended to roots denoting names of nations or regions",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "-ский"
},
{
"_dis1": "54 22 0 24",
"code": "sa",
"lang": "Sanskrit",
"roman": "-īya",
"sense": "appended to roots denoting names of nations or regions",
"word": "-ईय"
},
{
"_dis1": "54 22 0 24",
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "appended to roots denoting names of nations or regions",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "-és"
},
{
"_dis1": "54 22 0 24",
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "appended to roots denoting names of nations or regions",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "-esa"
},
{
"_dis1": "54 22 0 24",
"code": "sv",
"lang": "Swedish",
"sense": "appended to roots denoting names of nations or regions",
"word": "-isk"
}
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "31 11 0 33 25",
"kind": "other",
"name": "English entries with language name categories using raw markup",
"parents": [
"Entries with language name categories using raw markup",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "29 32 0 17 21",
"kind": "other",
"name": "English links with manual fragments",
"parents": [
"Links with manual fragments",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "31 13 0 27 28",
"kind": "other",
"name": "English positive polarity items",
"parents": [
"Positive polarity items",
"Terms by semantic function"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "28 28 0 21 22",
"kind": "other",
"name": "English terms with non-redundant non-automated sortkeys",
"parents": [
"Terms with non-redundant non-automated sortkeys",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"text": "Her face had a bluish tinge.",
"type": "example"
},
{
"ref": "1935, George Goodchild, chapter 5, in Death on the Centre Court",
"text": "By one o'clock the place was choc-a-bloc. […] The restaurant was packed, and the promenade between the two main courts and the subsidiary courts was thronged with healthy-looking youngish people, drawn to the Mecca of tennis from all parts of the country.",
"type": "quotation"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Somewhat, rather."
],
"id": "en--ish-en-suffix-lN0mkZuO",
"links": [
[
"diminutive",
"diminutive"
],
[
"Somewhat",
"somewhat"
],
[
"rather",
"rather"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(of adjectives from adjectives, with a diminutive force) Somewhat, rather."
],
"raw_tags": [
"of adjectives from adjectives",
"with a diminutive force"
],
"related": [
{
"_dis1": "10 70 12 8",
"word": "ish"
}
],
"tags": [
"morpheme"
]
},
{
"categories": [],
"examples": [
{
"text": "We arrived at tennish; We arrived tennish.\n(Sometime around ten.)",
"type": "example"
},
{
"text": "I couldn't tell his precise age, but he looked fiftyish.",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"About, approximately."
],
"id": "en--ish-en-suffix-nn5Xt2um",
"links": [
[
"About",
"about"
],
[
"approximately",
"approximately"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(of adjectives from numbers, especially of times and ages) About, approximately."
],
"raw_tags": [
"of adjectives from numbers",
"of times and ages"
],
"tags": [
"especially",
"morpheme"
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "41 9 0 17 34",
"kind": "other",
"name": "English entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "31 11 0 33 25",
"kind": "other",
"name": "English entries with language name categories using raw markup",
"parents": [
"Entries with language name categories using raw markup",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "29 32 0 17 21",
"kind": "other",
"name": "English links with manual fragments",
"parents": [
"Links with manual fragments",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "31 13 0 27 28",
"kind": "other",
"name": "English positive polarity items",
"parents": [
"Positive polarity items",
"Terms by semantic function"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "28 28 0 21 22",
"kind": "other",
"name": "English terms with non-redundant non-automated sortkeys",
"parents": [
"Terms with non-redundant non-automated sortkeys",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"text": "British, Cornish, Danish, English, Finnish, Irish, Jewish, Kentish, Polish, Scottish, Spanish, Swedish, Turkish etc.",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Of, belonging, or relating to (a nationality, place, language or similar association with something)."
],
"id": "en--ish-en-suffix-XPSBZevb",
"links": [
[
"nationality",
"nationality"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(of adjectives from roots of proper nouns denoting names of nations or regions) Of, belonging, or relating to (a nationality, place, language or similar association with something)."
],
"raw_tags": [
"of adjectives from roots of proper nouns denoting names of nations or regions"
],
"tags": [
"morpheme"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ɪʃ/",
"tags": [
"UK"
]
},
{
"audio": "en-us--ish.ogg",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/8/8d/En-us--ish.ogg/En-us--ish.ogg.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8d/En-us--ish.ogg",
"tags": [
"US"
],
"text": "Audio (US)"
}
],
"word": "-ish"
}
{
"etymology_number": 2,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "enm",
"3": "-ishen"
},
"expansion": "Middle English -ishen",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "-ischen"
},
"expansion": "-ischen",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "-issen"
},
"expansion": "-issen",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "fro",
"3": "-iss-"
},
"expansion": "Old French -iss-",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "fro",
"2": "-is-"
},
"expansion": "-is-",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "la",
"3": "-ēscere"
},
"expansion": "Latin -ēscere",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "-īscere"
},
"expansion": "-īscere",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "-esc-"
},
"expansion": "-esc-",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "-isc-"
},
"expansion": "-isc-",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "-sc-"
},
"expansion": "-sc-",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "el",
"2": "-σκ-"
},
"expansion": "-σκ- (-sk-)",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "-ish#Etymology_1",
"3": "-ish (Etymology 1)"
},
"expansion": "-ish (Etymology 1)",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "-esce"
},
"expansion": "-esce",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "-escent"
},
"expansion": "-escent",
"name": "m"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Middle English -ishen, -ischen, -issen, from Old French -iss-, -is- (a termination of the stem of some forms [present participle, etc.] of certain verbs), from Latin -ēscere, -īscere (an inchoative suffix), the formative -esc-, -isc- (-sc-, Greek -σκ- (-sk-)) being ultimately cognate with English -ish (Etymology 1). See -esce, -escent, etc.",
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "suffix",
"cat2": "adjective-forming suffixes",
"cat3": "productive suffixes",
"head": "",
"id": ""
},
"expansion": "-ish",
"name": "head"
},
{
"args": {
"cat2": "adjective-forming suffixes",
"cat3": "productive suffixes"
},
"expansion": "-ish",
"name": "en-suffix"
}
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "suffix",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "41 9 0 17 34",
"kind": "other",
"name": "English entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "31 11 0 33 25",
"kind": "other",
"name": "English entries with language name categories using raw markup",
"parents": [
"Entries with language name categories using raw markup",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "29 32 0 17 21",
"kind": "other",
"name": "English links with manual fragments",
"parents": [
"Links with manual fragments",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "31 13 0 27 28",
"kind": "other",
"name": "English positive polarity items",
"parents": [
"Positive polarity items",
"Terms by semantic function"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "28 28 0 21 22",
"kind": "other",
"name": "English terms with non-redundant non-automated sortkeys",
"parents": [
"Terms with non-redundant non-automated sortkeys",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"An ending found on some verbs; see usage notes."
],
"id": "en--ish-en-suffix-o6SI0Ev9",
"qualifier": "non-productive",
"raw_glosses": [
"(non-productive) An ending found on some verbs; see usage notes."
],
"related": [
{
"word": "abolish"
},
{
"word": "accomplish"
}
],
"tags": [
"morpheme"
]
}
],
"word": "-ish"
}
{
"etymology_number": 1,
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gv",
"2": "suffix",
"cat2": "noun-forming suffixes",
"cat3": "",
"g": "f",
"g2": ""
},
"expansion": "-ish f",
"name": "head"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "n",
"2": "f"
},
"expansion": "-ish f",
"name": "gv-suffix"
}
],
"lang": "Manx",
"lang_code": "gv",
"pos": "suffix",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "85 15",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Manx entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"-ish (language)"
],
"id": "en--ish-gv-suffix-k7eWJSKF",
"links": [
[
"-ish",
"-ish#English"
]
],
"tags": [
"feminine",
"morpheme"
]
}
],
"word": "-ish"
}
{
"etymology_number": 2,
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gv",
"2": "suffix",
"cat2": "emphatic suffixes",
"cat3": "",
"g": "",
"g2": ""
},
"expansion": "-ish",
"name": "head"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "e"
},
"expansion": "-ish",
"name": "gv-suffix"
}
],
"lang": "Manx",
"lang_code": "gv",
"pos": "suffix",
"senses": [
{
"glosses": [
"-self (emphatic)"
],
"id": "en--ish-gv-suffix-lqO7Y7cW",
"links": [
[
"-self",
"-self"
]
],
"related": [
{
"word": "-yn"
},
{
"word": "-syn"
}
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "-s"
},
{
"word": "-sh"
}
],
"tags": [
"morpheme"
]
}
],
"word": "-ish"
}
{
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "suffix"
},
"expansion": "-ish",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Middle English",
"lang_code": "enm",
"pos": "suffix",
"senses": [
{
"alt_of": [
{
"word": "-yssh"
}
],
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Middle English entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Alternative form of -yssh"
],
"id": "en--ish-enm-suffix-S9WSJVeh",
"links": [
[
"-yssh",
"-yssh#Middle English"
]
],
"tags": [
"alt-of",
"alternative",
"morpheme"
]
}
],
"word": "-ish"
}
{
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "oj",
"2": "suffix",
"cat2": "noun suffixes"
},
"expansion": "-ish",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Ojibwe",
"lang_code": "oj",
"pos": "suffix",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Ojibwe entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w"
}
],
"glosses": [
"A suffix denoting the pejorative form of a noun that ends in a consonant."
],
"id": "en--ish-oj-suffix-2woPDSE2",
"links": [
[
"pejorative",
"pejorative#English"
]
],
"related": [
{
"word": "-iish"
},
{
"word": "-oosh"
},
{
"word": "-osh"
},
{
"word": "-sh"
},
{
"word": "-wish"
}
],
"tags": [
"morpheme"
]
}
],
"word": "-ish"
}
{
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "otw",
"2": "suffix"
},
"expansion": "-ish",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Ottawa",
"lang_code": "otw",
"pos": "suffix",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Ottawa entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w"
}
],
"glosses": [
"pejorative"
],
"id": "en--ish-otw-suffix-ByANqP~a",
"tags": [
"morpheme"
]
}
],
"word": "-ish"
}
{
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sv",
"2": "suffix"
},
"expansion": "-ish",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Swedish",
"lang_code": "sv",
"pos": "suffix",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Swedish entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"ref": "Vad händish? (Vad händer?)",
"text": "What's up?",
"type": "example"
},
{
"text": "haffish\nhaffa",
"type": "example"
},
{
"text": "kebabish\nkebab",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Used to form slang words (that are often identical in meaning to the unsuffixed word)."
],
"id": "en--ish-sv-suffix-WAUjZH57",
"raw_glosses": [
"(slang) Used to form slang words (that are often identical in meaning to the unsuffixed word)."
],
"tags": [
"morpheme",
"slang"
]
}
],
"word": "-ish"
}
{
"categories": [
"English 1-syllable words",
"English adjective-forming suffixes",
"English doublets",
"English entries with incorrect language header",
"English entries with language name categories using raw markup",
"English lemmas",
"English links with manual fragments",
"English positive polarity items",
"English productive suffixes",
"English suffixes",
"English terms derived from Latin",
"English terms derived from Middle English",
"English terms derived from Old English",
"English terms derived from Old French",
"English terms derived from Proto-Germanic",
"English terms derived from Proto-Indo-European",
"English terms derived from Proto-West Germanic",
"English terms inherited from Middle English",
"English terms inherited from Old English",
"English terms inherited from Proto-Germanic",
"English terms inherited from Proto-Indo-European",
"English terms inherited from Proto-West Germanic",
"English terms with IPA pronunciation",
"English terms with audio links",
"English terms with non-redundant non-automated sortkeys",
"Requests for review of Italian translations"
],
"etymology_number": 1,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "enm",
"3": "-ish"
},
"expansion": "Middle English -ish",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "-isch"
},
"expansion": "-isch",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "ang",
"3": "-isċ",
"pos": "suffix",
"t": "-ish"
},
"expansion": "Old English -isċ (“-ish”, suffix)",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "gmw-pro",
"3": "*-isk"
},
"expansion": "Proto-West Germanic *-isk",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "gem-pro",
"3": "*-iskaz",
"t": "-ish"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic *-iskaz (“-ish”)",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*-iskos"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *-iskos",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "nl",
"2": "-s",
"id": "adjective"
},
"expansion": "Dutch -s",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "de",
"2": "-isch"
},
"expansion": "German -isch",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "nl",
"2": "-isch"
},
"expansion": "Dutch -isch",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "no",
"2": "-"
},
"expansion": "Norwegian",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "da",
"2": "-"
},
"expansion": "Danish",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "sv",
"2": "-isk"
},
"expansion": "Swedish -isk",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "da",
"2": "-sk"
},
"expansion": "-sk",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "lt",
"2": "-iškas"
},
"expansion": "Lithuanian -iškas",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ru",
"2": "-ский"
},
"expansion": "Russian -ский (-skij)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "grc",
"2": "-"
},
"expansion": "Ancient Greek",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "diminutive"
},
"expansion": "diminutive",
"name": "glossary"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "grc",
"2": "-ίσκος"
},
"expansion": "-ίσκος (-ískos)",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "-esque",
"3": "-ski"
},
"expansion": "Doublet of -esque and -ski",
"name": "doublet"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Middle English -ish, -isch, from Old English -isċ (“-ish”, suffix), from Proto-West Germanic *-isk, from Proto-Germanic *-iskaz (“-ish”), from Proto-Indo-European *-iskos.\nCognate with Dutch -s; German -isch (whence Dutch -isch); Norwegian, Danish, and Swedish -isk or -sk; Lithuanian -iškas; Russian -ский (-skij); and the Ancient Greek diminutive suffix -ίσκος (-ískos). Doublet of -esque and -ski.",
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "suffix",
"cat2": "adjective-forming suffixes",
"cat3": "productive suffixes",
"head": "",
"id": ""
},
"expansion": "-ish",
"name": "head"
},
{
"args": {
"cat2": "adjective-forming suffixes",
"cat3": "productive suffixes"
},
"expansion": "-ish",
"name": "en-suffix"
}
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "suffix",
"related": [
{
"word": "ish"
}
],
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"English terms with usage examples"
],
"examples": [
{
"text": "Her face had a girlish charm.",
"type": "example"
},
{
"ref": "1859, Harriet Parr (as Holme Lee), Against Wind and Tide, volume 1, p. 273",
"text": "[…] ; for she had recently developed a magpie[-]ish tendency to appropriate and conceal trifling matters; […]"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Typical of, similar to, being like."
],
"links": [
[
"Typical",
"typical"
],
[
"similar",
"similar"
],
[
"like",
"like"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(of adjectives from common nouns) Typical of, similar to, being like."
],
"raw_tags": [
"of adjectives from common nouns"
],
"tags": [
"morpheme"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"English terms with quotations",
"English terms with usage examples"
],
"examples": [
{
"text": "Her face had a bluish tinge.",
"type": "example"
},
{
"ref": "1935, George Goodchild, chapter 5, in Death on the Centre Court",
"text": "By one o'clock the place was choc-a-bloc. […] The restaurant was packed, and the promenade between the two main courts and the subsidiary courts was thronged with healthy-looking youngish people, drawn to the Mecca of tennis from all parts of the country.",
"type": "quotation"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Somewhat, rather."
],
"links": [
[
"diminutive",
"diminutive"
],
[
"Somewhat",
"somewhat"
],
[
"rather",
"rather"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(of adjectives from adjectives, with a diminutive force) Somewhat, rather."
],
"raw_tags": [
"of adjectives from adjectives",
"with a diminutive force"
],
"tags": [
"morpheme"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"English terms with usage examples"
],
"examples": [
{
"text": "We arrived at tennish; We arrived tennish.\n(Sometime around ten.)",
"type": "example"
},
{
"text": "I couldn't tell his precise age, but he looked fiftyish.",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"About, approximately."
],
"links": [
[
"About",
"about"
],
[
"approximately",
"approximately"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(of adjectives from numbers, especially of times and ages) About, approximately."
],
"raw_tags": [
"of adjectives from numbers",
"of times and ages"
],
"tags": [
"especially",
"morpheme"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"English terms with usage examples"
],
"examples": [
{
"text": "British, Cornish, Danish, English, Finnish, Irish, Jewish, Kentish, Polish, Scottish, Spanish, Swedish, Turkish etc.",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Of, belonging, or relating to (a nationality, place, language or similar association with something)."
],
"links": [
[
"nationality",
"nationality"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(of adjectives from roots of proper nouns denoting names of nations or regions) Of, belonging, or relating to (a nationality, place, language or similar association with something)."
],
"raw_tags": [
"of adjectives from roots of proper nouns denoting names of nations or regions"
],
"tags": [
"morpheme"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ɪʃ/",
"tags": [
"UK"
]
},
{
"audio": "en-us--ish.ogg",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/8/8d/En-us--ish.ogg/En-us--ish.ogg.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8d/En-us--ish.ogg",
"tags": [
"US"
],
"text": "Audio (US)"
}
],
"synonyms": [
{
"sense": "being like",
"word": "quasi-"
},
{
"sense": "being like",
"word": "para-"
},
{
"sense": "being like",
"word": "-oid"
},
{
"sense": "being like",
"word": "-form"
},
{
"sense": "being like",
"word": "-iform"
},
{
"sense": "being like",
"word": "-esque"
},
{
"sense": "being like",
"word": "-ly"
},
{
"sense": "being like",
"word": "-some"
},
{
"sense": "being like",
"word": "-y"
},
{
"sense": "being like; restricted to casual registers",
"word": "-ass"
},
{
"sense": "being like; forms adjectives from nouns only",
"word": "-like"
}
],
"translations": [
{
"code": "sq",
"lang": "Albanian",
"sense": "appended to words",
"word": "-ëz"
},
{
"code": "hy",
"lang": "Armenian",
"roman": "-akan",
"sense": "appended to words",
"word": "-ական"
},
{
"code": "nl",
"lang": "Dutch",
"sense": "appended to words",
"word": "-achtig"
},
{
"code": "nl",
"lang": "Dutch",
"sense": "appended to words",
"word": "-ig"
},
{
"code": "ka",
"lang": "Georgian",
"roman": "-uri",
"sense": "appended to words",
"word": "-ური"
},
{
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "appended to words",
"word": "-haft"
},
{
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "appended to words",
"word": "-lich"
},
{
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "appended to words",
"word": "-ig"
},
{
"code": "el",
"lang": "Greek",
"roman": "-ikós",
"sense": "appended to words",
"word": "-ικός"
},
{
"code": "hu",
"lang": "Hungarian",
"sense": "appended to words",
"word": "-os"
},
{
"code": "hu",
"lang": "Hungarian",
"sense": "appended to words",
"word": "-as"
},
{
"code": "hu",
"lang": "Hungarian",
"sense": "appended to words",
"word": "-es"
},
{
"code": "hu",
"lang": "Hungarian",
"sense": "appended to words",
"word": "-ös"
},
{
"code": "hu",
"lang": "Hungarian",
"sense": "appended to words",
"word": "-s"
},
{
"code": "hu",
"lang": "Hungarian",
"sense": "appended to words",
"word": "-dad"
},
{
"code": "hu",
"lang": "Hungarian",
"sense": "appended to words",
"word": "-ded"
},
{
"code": "it",
"lang": "Italian",
"sense": "appended to words",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "ico"
},
{
"code": "it",
"lang": "Italian",
"sense": "appended to words",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "ica"
},
{
"code": "ja",
"lang": "Japanese",
"roman": "ppoi",
"sense": "appended to words",
"word": "っぽい"
},
{
"code": "nb",
"lang": "Norwegian Bokmål",
"sense": "appended to words",
"word": "-aktig"
},
{
"code": "pl",
"lang": "Polish",
"sense": "appended to words",
"word": "-iczny"
},
{
"code": "pl",
"lang": "Polish",
"sense": "appended to words",
"word": "-yczny"
},
{
"code": "pt",
"lang": "Portuguese",
"sense": "appended to words",
"word": "-ico"
},
{
"code": "ro",
"lang": "Romanian",
"sense": "appended to words",
"word": "-ic"
},
{
"code": "ro",
"lang": "Romanian",
"sense": "appended to words",
"word": "-esc"
},
{
"code": "ro",
"lang": "Romanian",
"sense": "appended to words",
"word": "-iu"
},
{
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "appended to words",
"word": "-ico"
},
{
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "appended to words",
"word": "-iento"
},
{
"code": "sv",
"lang": "Swedish",
"sense": "appended to words",
"word": "-aktig"
},
{
"code": "tr",
"lang": "Turkish",
"sense": "appended to words",
"word": "-ca"
},
{
"code": "tr",
"lang": "Turkish",
"sense": "appended to words",
"word": "-ça"
},
{
"code": "tr",
"lang": "Turkish",
"sense": "appended to words",
"word": "-ce"
},
{
"code": "tr",
"lang": "Turkish",
"sense": "appended to words",
"word": "-çe"
},
{
"code": "cy",
"lang": "Welsh",
"sense": "appended to words",
"word": "-aidd"
},
{
"code": "hy",
"lang": "Armenian",
"roman": "-avun",
"sense": "appended to adjectives",
"word": "-ավուն"
},
{
"code": "az",
"lang": "Azerbaijani",
"sense": "appended to adjectives",
"word": "-sov"
},
{
"code": "nl",
"lang": "Dutch",
"sense": "appended to adjectives",
"word": "-achtig"
},
{
"code": "nl",
"lang": "Dutch",
"sense": "appended to adjectives",
"word": "-ig"
},
{
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "appended to adjectives",
"word": "-hko"
},
{
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "appended to adjectives",
"word": "-hkö"
},
{
"code": "fr",
"english": "mostly colours",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "appended to adjectives",
"word": "-âtre"
},
{
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "appended to adjectives",
"word": "assez"
},
{
"code": "ka",
"lang": "Georgian",
"roman": "mo- -o",
"sense": "appended to adjectives",
"word": "მო- -ო"
},
{
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "appended to adjectives",
"word": "-lich"
},
{
"code": "hi",
"lang": "Hindi",
"roman": "sā",
"sense": "appended to adjectives",
"word": "सा"
},
{
"code": "hu",
"lang": "Hungarian",
"sense": "appended to adjectives",
"word": "-os"
},
{
"code": "hu",
"lang": "Hungarian",
"sense": "appended to adjectives",
"word": "-as"
},
{
"code": "hu",
"lang": "Hungarian",
"sense": "appended to adjectives",
"word": "-es"
},
{
"code": "hu",
"lang": "Hungarian",
"sense": "appended to adjectives",
"word": "-ös"
},
{
"code": "hu",
"lang": "Hungarian",
"sense": "appended to adjectives",
"word": "-s"
},
{
"code": "ga",
"english": "colours",
"lang": "Irish",
"sense": "appended to adjectives",
"word": "scoth-"
},
{
"code": "lt",
"lang": "Lithuanian",
"sense": "appended to adjectives",
"word": "-okas"
},
{
"code": "pl",
"lang": "Polish",
"sense": "appended to adjectives",
"word": "-awy"
},
{
"code": "ro",
"lang": "Romanian",
"sense": "appended to adjectives",
"word": "-iu"
},
{
"code": "ro",
"english": "mostly colors",
"lang": "Romanian",
"sense": "appended to adjectives",
"word": "-ui"
},
{
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "-vátyj",
"sense": "appended to adjectives",
"word": "-ва́тый"
},
{
"code": "sh",
"lang": "Serbo-Croatian",
"sense": "appended to adjectives",
"tags": [
"Roman"
],
"word": "-ast"
},
{
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "appended to adjectives",
"word": "-ento"
},
{
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "appended to adjectives",
"word": "-oso"
},
{
"code": "tr",
"lang": "Turkish",
"sense": "appended to adjectives",
"word": "-imsi"
},
{
"code": "tr",
"lang": "Turkish",
"sense": "appended to adjectives",
"word": "-imtrak"
},
{
"code": "cy",
"lang": "Welsh",
"sense": "appended to adjectives",
"word": "-aidd"
},
{
"code": "hy",
"lang": "Armenian",
"roman": "-ot",
"sense": "appended to numbers",
"word": "-ոտ"
},
{
"code": "nl",
"lang": "Dutch",
"sense": "appended to numbers",
"word": "rond"
},
{
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "appended to numbers",
"word": "environ"
},
{
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "appended to numbers",
"word": "à peu près"
},
{
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "appended to numbers",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "-aine"
},
{
"code": "ka",
"lang": "Georgian",
"roman": "-ode",
"sense": "appended to numbers",
"word": "-ოდე"
},
{
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "appended to numbers",
"tags": [
"colloquial"
],
"word": "um ... herum"
},
{
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "appended to numbers",
"word": "ca."
},
{
"code": "hu",
"lang": "Hungarian",
"sense": "appended to numbers",
"word": "körül"
},
{
"code": "hu",
"lang": "Hungarian",
"sense": "appended to numbers",
"word": "nagyjából"
},
{
"code": "hu",
"lang": "Hungarian",
"sense": "appended to numbers",
"word": "-nyi"
},
{
"code": "id",
"lang": "Indonesian",
"sense": "appended to numbers",
"word": "-an"
},
{
"code": "pl",
"lang": "Polish",
"sense": "appended to numbers",
"word": "około"
},
{
"code": "pl",
"lang": "Polish",
"sense": "appended to numbers",
"word": "koło"
},
{
"code": "tr",
"lang": "Turkish",
"sense": "appended to numbers",
"word": "-lerde, -larda"
},
{
"code": "ar",
"lang": "Arabic",
"roman": "-iyy",
"sense": "appended to roots denoting names of nations or regions",
"word": "ـِيّ"
},
{
"code": "hy",
"lang": "Armenian",
"roman": "-akan",
"sense": "appended to roots denoting names of nations or regions",
"word": "-ական"
},
{
"code": "yue",
"lang": "Chinese Cantonese",
"note": "use attributive noun",
"sense": "appended to roots denoting names of nations or regions"
},
{
"code": "zh",
"lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
"note": "use attributive noun",
"sense": "appended to roots denoting names of nations or regions"
},
{
"code": "cs",
"lang": "Czech",
"sense": "appended to roots denoting names of nations or regions",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "-ský"
},
{
"code": "da",
"lang": "Danish",
"sense": "appended to roots denoting names of nations or regions",
"word": "-isk"
},
{
"code": "da",
"lang": "Danish",
"sense": "appended to roots denoting names of nations or regions",
"word": "-sk"
},
{
"code": "da",
"lang": "Danish",
"sense": "appended to roots denoting names of nations or regions",
"word": "-esisk"
},
{
"code": "nl",
"lang": "Dutch",
"sense": "appended to roots denoting names of nations or regions",
"word": "-isch"
},
{
"code": "nl",
"lang": "Dutch",
"sense": "appended to roots denoting names of nations or regions",
"word": "-s"
},
{
"code": "fo",
"lang": "Faroese",
"sense": "appended to roots denoting names of nations or regions",
"word": "-skur"
},
{
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "appended to roots denoting names of nations or regions",
"word": "-ois"
},
{
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "appended to roots denoting names of nations or regions",
"word": "-oise"
},
{
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "appended to roots denoting names of nations or regions",
"word": "-ais"
},
{
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "appended to roots denoting names of nations or regions",
"word": "-aise"
},
{
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "appended to roots denoting names of nations or regions",
"word": "-ain"
},
{
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "appended to roots denoting names of nations or regions",
"word": "-aine"
},
{
"code": "gl",
"lang": "Galician",
"sense": "appended to roots denoting names of nations or regions",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "-és"
},
{
"code": "ka",
"lang": "Georgian",
"roman": "-eli",
"sense": "appended to roots denoting names of nations or regions",
"word": "-ელი"
},
{
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "appended to roots denoting names of nations or regions",
"word": "-isch"
},
{
"code": "got",
"lang": "Gothic",
"roman": "-isks",
"sense": "appended to roots denoting names of nations or regions",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "-𐌹𐍃𐌺𐍃"
},
{
"code": "hu",
"lang": "Hungarian",
"sense": "appended to roots denoting names of nations or regions",
"word": "-i"
},
{
"code": "hu",
"lang": "Hungarian",
"sense": "appended to roots denoting names of nations or regions",
"word": "-beli"
},
{
"code": "is",
"lang": "Icelandic",
"sense": "appended to roots denoting names of nations or regions",
"word": "-skur"
},
{
"code": "gv",
"english": "nationality",
"lang": "Manx",
"sense": "appended to roots denoting names of nations or regions",
"tags": [
"masculine",
"place"
],
"topics": [
"region",
"location"
],
"word": "-agh"
},
{
"code": "gv",
"lang": "Manx",
"sense": "appended to roots denoting names of nations or regions",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"topics": [
"language",
"linguistics",
"human-sciences",
"sciences"
],
"word": "-ish"
},
{
"code": "no",
"lang": "Norwegian",
"sense": "appended to roots denoting names of nations or regions",
"word": "-sk"
},
{
"code": "non",
"lang": "Old Norse",
"sense": "appended to roots denoting names of nations or regions",
"word": "-iskr"
},
{
"code": "pl",
"lang": "Polish",
"sense": "appended to roots denoting names of nations or regions",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "-ski"
},
{
"code": "pt",
"lang": "Portuguese",
"sense": "appended to roots denoting names of nations or regions",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "-ês"
},
{
"code": "pt",
"lang": "Portuguese",
"sense": "appended to roots denoting names of nations or regions",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "-esa"
},
{
"code": "pt",
"lang": "Portuguese",
"sense": "appended to roots denoting names of nations or regions",
"tags": [
"masculine",
"plural"
],
"word": "-eses"
},
{
"code": "pt",
"lang": "Portuguese",
"sense": "appended to roots denoting names of nations or regions",
"tags": [
"feminine",
"plural"
],
"word": "-esas"
},
{
"code": "ro",
"lang": "Romanian",
"sense": "appended to roots denoting names of nations or regions",
"word": "-esc"
},
{
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "-skij",
"sense": "appended to roots denoting names of nations or regions",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "-ский"
},
{
"code": "sa",
"lang": "Sanskrit",
"roman": "-īya",
"sense": "appended to roots denoting names of nations or regions",
"word": "-ईय"
},
{
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "appended to roots denoting names of nations or regions",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "-és"
},
{
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "appended to roots denoting names of nations or regions",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "-esa"
},
{
"code": "sv",
"lang": "Swedish",
"sense": "appended to roots denoting names of nations or regions",
"word": "-isk"
}
],
"word": "-ish"
}
{
"categories": [
"English adjective-forming suffixes",
"English entries with incorrect language header",
"English entries with language name categories using raw markup",
"English lemmas",
"English links with manual fragments",
"English positive polarity items",
"English productive suffixes",
"English suffixes",
"English terms derived from Latin",
"English terms derived from Middle English",
"English terms derived from Old French",
"English terms inherited from Middle English",
"English terms with non-redundant non-automated sortkeys"
],
"etymology_number": 2,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "enm",
"3": "-ishen"
},
"expansion": "Middle English -ishen",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "-ischen"
},
"expansion": "-ischen",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "-issen"
},
"expansion": "-issen",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "fro",
"3": "-iss-"
},
"expansion": "Old French -iss-",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "fro",
"2": "-is-"
},
"expansion": "-is-",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "la",
"3": "-ēscere"
},
"expansion": "Latin -ēscere",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "-īscere"
},
"expansion": "-īscere",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "-esc-"
},
"expansion": "-esc-",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "-isc-"
},
"expansion": "-isc-",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "-sc-"
},
"expansion": "-sc-",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "el",
"2": "-σκ-"
},
"expansion": "-σκ- (-sk-)",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "-ish#Etymology_1",
"3": "-ish (Etymology 1)"
},
"expansion": "-ish (Etymology 1)",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "-esce"
},
"expansion": "-esce",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "-escent"
},
"expansion": "-escent",
"name": "m"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Middle English -ishen, -ischen, -issen, from Old French -iss-, -is- (a termination of the stem of some forms [present participle, etc.] of certain verbs), from Latin -ēscere, -īscere (an inchoative suffix), the formative -esc-, -isc- (-sc-, Greek -σκ- (-sk-)) being ultimately cognate with English -ish (Etymology 1). See -esce, -escent, etc.",
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "suffix",
"cat2": "adjective-forming suffixes",
"cat3": "productive suffixes",
"head": "",
"id": ""
},
"expansion": "-ish",
"name": "head"
},
{
"args": {
"cat2": "adjective-forming suffixes",
"cat3": "productive suffixes"
},
"expansion": "-ish",
"name": "en-suffix"
}
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "suffix",
"related": [
{
"word": "abolish"
},
{
"word": "accomplish"
}
],
"senses": [
{
"glosses": [
"An ending found on some verbs; see usage notes."
],
"qualifier": "non-productive",
"raw_glosses": [
"(non-productive) An ending found on some verbs; see usage notes."
],
"tags": [
"morpheme"
]
}
],
"word": "-ish"
}
{
"categories": [
"Manx emphatic suffixes",
"Manx entries with incorrect language header",
"Manx feminine suffixes",
"Manx lemmas",
"Manx noun-forming suffixes",
"Manx suffixes"
],
"etymology_number": 1,
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gv",
"2": "suffix",
"cat2": "noun-forming suffixes",
"cat3": "",
"g": "f",
"g2": ""
},
"expansion": "-ish f",
"name": "head"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "n",
"2": "f"
},
"expansion": "-ish f",
"name": "gv-suffix"
}
],
"lang": "Manx",
"lang_code": "gv",
"pos": "suffix",
"senses": [
{
"glosses": [
"-ish (language)"
],
"links": [
[
"-ish",
"-ish#English"
]
],
"tags": [
"feminine",
"morpheme"
]
}
],
"word": "-ish"
}
{
"categories": [
"Manx emphatic suffixes",
"Manx entries with incorrect language header",
"Manx lemmas",
"Manx suffixes"
],
"etymology_number": 2,
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gv",
"2": "suffix",
"cat2": "emphatic suffixes",
"cat3": "",
"g": "",
"g2": ""
},
"expansion": "-ish",
"name": "head"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "e"
},
"expansion": "-ish",
"name": "gv-suffix"
}
],
"lang": "Manx",
"lang_code": "gv",
"pos": "suffix",
"related": [
{
"word": "-yn"
},
{
"word": "-syn"
}
],
"senses": [
{
"glosses": [
"-self (emphatic)"
],
"links": [
[
"-self",
"-self"
]
],
"tags": [
"morpheme"
]
}
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "-s"
},
{
"word": "-sh"
}
],
"word": "-ish"
}
{
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "suffix"
},
"expansion": "-ish",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Middle English",
"lang_code": "enm",
"pos": "suffix",
"senses": [
{
"alt_of": [
{
"word": "-yssh"
}
],
"categories": [
"Middle English entries with incorrect language header",
"Middle English lemmas",
"Middle English suffixes"
],
"glosses": [
"Alternative form of -yssh"
],
"links": [
[
"-yssh",
"-yssh#Middle English"
]
],
"tags": [
"alt-of",
"alternative",
"morpheme"
]
}
],
"word": "-ish"
}
{
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "oj",
"2": "suffix",
"cat2": "noun suffixes"
},
"expansion": "-ish",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Ojibwe",
"lang_code": "oj",
"pos": "suffix",
"related": [
{
"word": "-iish"
},
{
"word": "-oosh"
},
{
"word": "-osh"
},
{
"word": "-sh"
},
{
"word": "-wish"
}
],
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"Ojibwe entries with incorrect language header",
"Ojibwe lemmas",
"Ojibwe noun suffixes",
"Ojibwe suffixes"
],
"glosses": [
"A suffix denoting the pejorative form of a noun that ends in a consonant."
],
"links": [
[
"pejorative",
"pejorative#English"
]
],
"tags": [
"morpheme"
]
}
],
"word": "-ish"
}
{
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "otw",
"2": "suffix"
},
"expansion": "-ish",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Ottawa",
"lang_code": "otw",
"pos": "suffix",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"Ottawa entries with incorrect language header",
"Ottawa lemmas",
"Ottawa suffixes"
],
"glosses": [
"pejorative"
],
"tags": [
"morpheme"
]
}
],
"word": "-ish"
}
{
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sv",
"2": "suffix"
},
"expansion": "-ish",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Swedish",
"lang_code": "sv",
"pos": "suffix",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"Swedish entries with incorrect language header",
"Swedish lemmas",
"Swedish slang",
"Swedish suffixes",
"Swedish terms with usage examples"
],
"examples": [
{
"ref": "Vad händish? (Vad händer?)",
"text": "What's up?",
"type": "example"
},
{
"text": "haffish\nhaffa",
"type": "example"
},
{
"text": "kebabish\nkebab",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Used to form slang words (that are often identical in meaning to the unsuffixed word)."
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(slang) Used to form slang words (that are often identical in meaning to the unsuffixed word)."
],
"tags": [
"morpheme",
"slang"
]
}
],
"word": "-ish"
}
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable All languages combined dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2024-04-30 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2024-04-21 using wiktextract (210104c and c9440ce). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.