See ぬ in All languages combined, or Wiktionary
Download JSON data for ぬ meaning in Japanese (13.3kB)
{
"etymology_number": 1,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ja",
"2": "奴"
},
"expansion": "奴",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "Derived in the Heian period from writing the man'yōgana kanji 奴 in the cursive sōsho style",
"name": "ja-kana-mannyogana-etym"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Derived in the Heian period from writing the man'yōgana kanji 奴 in the cursive sōsho style.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "nu",
"tags": [
"romanization"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "syllable"
},
"expansion": "ぬ • (nu)",
"name": "ja-pos"
}
],
"lang": "Japanese",
"lang_code": "ja",
"pos": "syllable",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "25 22 52",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Japanese entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "26 22 52",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Japanese links with redundant alt parameters",
"parents": [
"Links with redundant alt parameters",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "26 22 52",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Japanese links with redundant wikilinks",
"parents": [
"Links with redundant wikilinks",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "25 22 53",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Japanese terms with redundant sortkeys",
"parents": [
"Terms with redundant sortkeys",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"The hiragana syllable ぬ (nu). Its equivalent in katakana is ヌ (nu). It is the twenty-third syllable in the gojūon order; its position is な行う段 (na-gyō u-dan, “row na, section u”)."
],
"id": "en-ぬ-ja-syllable-AtX6JbH6",
"links": [
[
"ぬ",
"ぬ#Japanese"
],
[
"ヌ",
"ヌ#Japanese"
],
[
"gojūon",
"gojūon"
],
[
"行",
"行#Japanese"
],
[
"段",
"段#Japanese"
]
],
"related": [
{
"word": "平"
},
{
"word": "仮"
},
{
"word": "名"
},
{
"word": "あ"
},
{
"word": "ぁ"
},
{
"word": "い"
},
{
"word": "ぃ"
},
{
"word": "う"
},
{
"word": "ぅ"
},
{
"word": "ゔ"
},
{
"word": "え"
},
{
"word": "ぇ"
},
{
"word": "お"
},
{
"word": "ぉ"
},
{
"word": "か"
},
{
"word": "ゕ"
},
{
"word": "が"
},
{
"word": "き"
},
{
"word": "ぎ"
},
{
"word": "く"
},
{
"word": "ぐ"
},
{
"word": "け"
},
{
"word": "ゖ"
},
{
"word": "げ"
},
{
"word": "こ"
},
{
"word": "𛄲"
},
{
"word": "ご"
},
{
"word": "さ"
},
{
"word": "ざ"
},
{
"word": "し"
},
{
"word": "じ"
},
{
"word": "す"
},
{
"word": "ず"
},
{
"word": "せ"
},
{
"word": "ぜ"
},
{
"word": "そ"
},
{
"word": "ぞ"
},
{
"word": "た"
},
{
"word": "だ"
},
{
"word": "ち"
},
{
"word": "ぢ"
},
{
"word": "つ"
},
{
"word": "っ"
},
{
"word": "づ"
},
{
"word": "て"
},
{
"word": "で"
},
{
"word": "と"
},
{
"word": "ど"
},
{
"word": "な"
},
{
"word": "に"
},
{
"word": "ね"
},
{
"word": "の"
},
{
"word": "は"
},
{
"word": "ば"
},
{
"word": "ぱ"
},
{
"word": "ひ"
},
{
"word": "び"
},
{
"word": "ぴ"
},
{
"word": "ふ"
},
{
"word": "ぶ"
},
{
"word": "ぷ"
},
{
"word": "へ"
},
{
"word": "べ"
},
{
"word": "ぺ"
},
{
"word": "ほ"
},
{
"word": "ぼ"
},
{
"word": "ぽ"
},
{
"word": "ま"
},
{
"word": "み"
},
{
"word": "む"
},
{
"word": "め"
},
{
"word": "も"
},
{
"word": "や"
},
{
"word": "ゃ"
},
{
"word": "𛀆"
},
{
"word": "ゆ"
},
{
"word": "ゅ"
},
{
"word": "𛀁"
},
{
"word": "よ"
},
{
"word": "ょ"
},
{
"word": "ら"
},
{
"word": "゚"
},
{
"word": "り"
},
{
"word": "る"
},
{
"word": "れ"
},
{
"word": "ろ"
},
{
"word": "わ"
},
{
"word": "ゎ"
},
{
"word": "゙"
},
{
"word": "ゐ"
},
{
"word": "𛅐"
},
{
"word": "𛄟"
},
{
"word": "ゑ"
},
{
"word": "𛅑"
},
{
"word": "を"
},
{
"word": "𛅒"
},
{
"word": "ん"
},
{
"word": "ー"
},
{
"word": "ゝ"
},
{
"word": "ゞ"
},
{
"word": "ゟ"
}
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "[nɯ̟ᵝ]"
}
],
"word": "ぬ"
}
{
"etymology_number": 2,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ja",
"2": "negative"
},
"expansion": "table",
"name": "etymid"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ja",
"2": "連体形",
"3": "",
"4": "attributive form",
"tr": "rentaikei"
},
"expansion": "連体形 (rentaikei, “attributive form”)",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ず"
},
"expansion": "ず (zu)",
"name": "ja-r"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ja",
"2": "終止形",
"3": "",
"4": "terminal form",
"tr": "shūshikei"
},
"expansion": "終止形 (shūshikei, “terminal form”)",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ず"
},
"expansion": "ず (zu)",
"name": "ja-r"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ぬ",
"linkto": "-"
},
"expansion": "ぬ (nu)",
"name": "ja-r"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ja",
"2": "ojp",
"3": "-"
},
"expansion": "Old Japanese",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ず"
},
"expansion": "ず (zu)",
"name": "ja-r"
}
],
"etymology_text": "table\nOriginally the 連体形 (rentaikei, “attributive form”) of Classical Japanese negative suffix ず (zu). In modern Japanese, the 終止形 (shūshikei, “terminal form”) (lemma, originally ず (zu)) assimilated to ぬ (nu). In turn, from Old Japanese. For further detail, see ず (zu).",
"forms": [
{
"form": "-nu",
"tags": [
"romanization"
]
},
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "ja-verbconj",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"imperfective",
"stem"
]
},
{
"form": "ず",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"continuative",
"stem"
]
},
{
"form": "ん",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"continuative",
"stem"
]
},
{
"form": "zu",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"continuative",
"stem"
]
},
{
"form": "n",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"continuative",
"stem"
]
},
{
"form": "ぬ",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"stem",
"terminative"
]
},
{
"form": "ん",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"stem",
"terminative"
]
},
{
"form": "nu",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"stem",
"terminative"
]
},
{
"form": "n",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"stem",
"terminative"
]
},
{
"form": "ぬ",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"attributive",
"stem"
]
},
{
"form": "ん",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"attributive",
"stem"
]
},
{
"form": "nu",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"attributive",
"stem"
]
},
{
"form": "n",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"attributive",
"stem"
]
},
{
"form": "ね",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"hypothetical",
"stem"
]
},
{
"form": "ne",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"hypothetical",
"stem"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"imperative",
"stem"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"passive"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"causative"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"potential"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"volitional"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"negative"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"continuative",
"negative"
]
},
{
"form": "んです",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"formal"
]
},
{
"form": "ndesu",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"formal"
]
},
{
"form": "んだ",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"perfective"
]
},
{
"form": "nda",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"perfective"
]
},
{
"form": "んで",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"conjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "nde",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"conjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "ねば",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"conditional",
"hypothetical"
]
},
{
"form": "neba",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"conditional",
"hypothetical"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "suffix"
},
"expansion": "ぬ • (-nu)",
"name": "ja-pos"
}
],
"lang": "Japanese",
"lang_code": "ja",
"pos": "suffix",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [],
"examples": [
{
"english": "the wind does not rise / does not pick up",
"roman": "kaze ga tatanu",
"ruby": [
[
"風",
"かぜ"
],
[
"立",
"た"
]
],
"text": "風が立たぬ"
},
{
"english": "An unexpected error has occurred.",
"roman": "Yoki senu erā ga hassei shimashita.",
"ruby": [
[
"予",
"よ"
],
[
"期",
"き"
],
[
"発",
"はっ"
],
[
"生",
"せい"
]
],
"text": "予期せぬエラーが発生しました。"
}
],
"glosses": [
"(after the 未然形 (mizenkei, “incomplete form”) of a verb) the negative: indicates negation of the action, ending without starting or occurring: not"
],
"id": "en-ぬ-ja-suffix-zxrzXBiI",
"links": [
[
"未然形",
"未然形#Japanese"
],
[
"negative",
"negative#English"
],
[
"negation",
"negation#English"
],
[
"not",
"not"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(archaic) (after the 未然形 (mizenkei, “incomplete form”) of a verb) the negative: indicates negation of the action, ending without starting or occurring: not"
],
"synonyms": [
{
"roman": "n",
"sense": "very casual",
"tags": [
"also",
"archaic",
"dialectal"
],
"word": "ん"
},
{
"roman": "nai",
"tags": [
"informal"
],
"word": "ない"
},
{
"roman": "masen",
"tags": [
"formal"
],
"word": "ません"
},
{
"english": "zu",
"tags": [
"formal",
"literary"
],
"word": "ず"
},
{
"english": "hen",
"tags": [
"Kansai"
],
"word": "へん"
}
],
"tags": [
"archaic",
"morpheme"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "[nɯ̟ᵝ]"
}
],
"word": "ぬ"
}
{
"etymology_number": 3,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ja",
"2": "ojp",
"3": "-"
},
"expansion": "Old Japanese",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ojp",
"2": "往ぬ",
"3": "",
"4": "to go away; to pass (such as time); to pass away, to die",
"tr": "inu"
},
"expansion": "Old Japanese 往ぬ (inu, “to go away; to pass (such as time); to pass away, to die”)",
"name": "cog"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Old Japanese.\nMany monolingual Japanese dictionaries derive this as a contraction of Old Japanese 往ぬ (inu, “to go away; to pass (such as time); to pass away, to die”); however, the meaning does not seem to make sense in the context of the verb ending -nu.\nMore recent work by Bjarke Frellesvig and others suggests that -nu may have originated from an ancient copular or stative verb.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "-nu",
"tags": [
"romanization"
]
},
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "ja-conj-bungo",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "な",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"irrealis",
"stem"
]
},
{
"form": "na",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"irrealis",
"stem"
]
},
{
"form": "に",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"continuative",
"stem"
]
},
{
"form": "ni",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"continuative",
"stem"
]
},
{
"form": "ぬ",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"stem",
"terminative"
]
},
{
"form": "nu",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"stem",
"terminative"
]
},
{
"form": "ぬる",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"attributive",
"stem"
]
},
{
"form": "nuru",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"attributive",
"stem"
]
},
{
"form": "ぬれ",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"realis",
"stem"
]
},
{
"form": "nure",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"realis",
"stem"
]
},
{
"form": "ね",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"imperative",
"stem"
]
},
{
"form": "ne",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"imperative",
"stem"
]
},
{
"form": "なず",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"negative",
"stem"
]
},
{
"form": "ざりぬ",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"negative",
"stem"
]
},
{
"form": "nazu",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"negative",
"stem"
]
},
{
"form": "zarinu",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"negative",
"stem"
]
},
{
"form": "ぬれど",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"contrastive",
"stem"
]
},
{
"form": "nuredo",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"contrastive",
"stem"
]
},
{
"form": "ぬれば",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"causative",
"stem"
]
},
{
"form": "nureba",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"causative",
"stem"
]
},
{
"form": "なば",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"conditional",
"stem"
]
},
{
"form": "naba",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"conditional",
"stem"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "suffix"
},
"expansion": "ぬ • (-nu)",
"name": "ja-pos"
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "",
"2": "irreg-n",
"3": "",
"f_conj_caus": "ぬれば",
"f_conj_cond": "なば",
"f_conj_contr": "ぬれど",
"f_neg": "なず\nざりぬ?Use perfect tense of ず.",
"hkc": ""
},
"name": "ja-conj-bungo"
}
],
"lang": "Japanese",
"lang_code": "ja",
"pos": "suffix",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Classical Japanese",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"english": "the wind has risen / has picked up",
"roman": "kaze ga tachinu",
"ruby": [
[
"風",
"かぜ"
],
[
"立",
"た"
]
],
"text": "風が立ちぬ"
},
{
"ruby": [
[
"多",
"おほ"
],
[
"女",
"ぢよ"
],
[
"性",
"せい"
],
[
"彼",
"かれ"
],
[
"見",
"み"
],
[
"皆",
"みな"
],
[
"驚",
"きやう"
],
[
"嘆",
"たん"
],
[
"目",
"め"
],
[
"張",
"は"
]
],
"text": "1943, 土井晩翠譯『オヂュッセーア』第十九歌 https://web.archive.org/web/20040623125018/http://www.sm.rim.or.jp/~osawa/AGG/odyssey/odyssey-19.html\n多くの女性彼を見て皆驚嘆の目を張りぬ。\nŌku no josei kare o mite mina kyōtan no me o harinu.\nMany women looked at him and all opened their eyes wide with admiration."
}
],
"glosses": [
"(after the 連用形 (ren'yōkei, “continuative or stem form”) of verb) the perfective: indicates completion of the action, ending after starting or occurring: has done, has happened"
],
"id": "en-ぬ-ja-suffix-tQZd9CG3",
"links": [
[
"Classical Japanese",
"Classical Japanese"
],
[
"連用形",
"連用形#Japanese"
],
[
"perfective",
"perfective#English"
],
[
"completion",
"completion#English"
],
[
"has",
"has"
],
[
"done",
"done"
],
[
"happened",
"happened"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(Classical Japanese or literary) (after the 連用形 (ren'yōkei, “continuative or stem form”) of verb) the perfective: indicates completion of the action, ending after starting or occurring: has done, has happened"
],
"synonyms": [
{
"roman": "ta",
"tags": [
"informal"
],
"word": "た"
},
{
"roman": "mashita",
"tags": [
"formal"
],
"word": "ました"
}
],
"tags": [
"Classical",
"Japanese",
"literary",
"morpheme"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "[nɯ̟ᵝ]"
}
],
"wikipedia": [
"Daijisen",
"Shogakukan",
"Tōkyō",
"ja:ビャーケ・フレレスビッグ",
"ja:大辞林",
"ja:大辞泉",
"ja:松村明"
],
"word": "ぬ"
}
{
"categories": [
"Japanese entries with incorrect language header",
"Japanese hiragana",
"Japanese lemmas",
"Japanese links with redundant alt parameters",
"Japanese links with redundant wikilinks",
"Japanese suffixes",
"Japanese syllables",
"Japanese terms derived from Old Japanese",
"Japanese terms inherited from Old Japanese",
"Japanese terms with IPA pronunciation",
"Japanese terms with redundant sortkeys"
],
"etymology_number": 1,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ja",
"2": "奴"
},
"expansion": "奴",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "Derived in the Heian period from writing the man'yōgana kanji 奴 in the cursive sōsho style",
"name": "ja-kana-mannyogana-etym"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Derived in the Heian period from writing the man'yōgana kanji 奴 in the cursive sōsho style.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "nu",
"tags": [
"romanization"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "syllable"
},
"expansion": "ぬ • (nu)",
"name": "ja-pos"
}
],
"lang": "Japanese",
"lang_code": "ja",
"pos": "syllable",
"related": [
{
"word": "平"
},
{
"word": "仮"
},
{
"word": "名"
},
{
"word": "あ"
},
{
"word": "ぁ"
},
{
"word": "い"
},
{
"word": "ぃ"
},
{
"word": "う"
},
{
"word": "ぅ"
},
{
"word": "ゔ"
},
{
"word": "え"
},
{
"word": "ぇ"
},
{
"word": "お"
},
{
"word": "ぉ"
},
{
"word": "か"
},
{
"word": "ゕ"
},
{
"word": "が"
},
{
"word": "き"
},
{
"word": "ぎ"
},
{
"word": "く"
},
{
"word": "ぐ"
},
{
"word": "け"
},
{
"word": "ゖ"
},
{
"word": "げ"
},
{
"word": "こ"
},
{
"word": "𛄲"
},
{
"word": "ご"
},
{
"word": "さ"
},
{
"word": "ざ"
},
{
"word": "し"
},
{
"word": "じ"
},
{
"word": "す"
},
{
"word": "ず"
},
{
"word": "せ"
},
{
"word": "ぜ"
},
{
"word": "そ"
},
{
"word": "ぞ"
},
{
"word": "た"
},
{
"word": "だ"
},
{
"word": "ち"
},
{
"word": "ぢ"
},
{
"word": "つ"
},
{
"word": "っ"
},
{
"word": "づ"
},
{
"word": "て"
},
{
"word": "で"
},
{
"word": "と"
},
{
"word": "ど"
},
{
"word": "な"
},
{
"word": "に"
},
{
"word": "ね"
},
{
"word": "の"
},
{
"word": "は"
},
{
"word": "ば"
},
{
"word": "ぱ"
},
{
"word": "ひ"
},
{
"word": "び"
},
{
"word": "ぴ"
},
{
"word": "ふ"
},
{
"word": "ぶ"
},
{
"word": "ぷ"
},
{
"word": "へ"
},
{
"word": "べ"
},
{
"word": "ぺ"
},
{
"word": "ほ"
},
{
"word": "ぼ"
},
{
"word": "ぽ"
},
{
"word": "ま"
},
{
"word": "み"
},
{
"word": "む"
},
{
"word": "め"
},
{
"word": "も"
},
{
"word": "や"
},
{
"word": "ゃ"
},
{
"word": "𛀆"
},
{
"word": "ゆ"
},
{
"word": "ゅ"
},
{
"word": "𛀁"
},
{
"word": "よ"
},
{
"word": "ょ"
},
{
"word": "ら"
},
{
"word": "゚"
},
{
"word": "り"
},
{
"word": "る"
},
{
"word": "れ"
},
{
"word": "ろ"
},
{
"word": "わ"
},
{
"word": "ゎ"
},
{
"word": "゙"
},
{
"word": "ゐ"
},
{
"word": "𛅐"
},
{
"word": "𛄟"
},
{
"word": "ゑ"
},
{
"word": "𛅑"
},
{
"word": "を"
},
{
"word": "𛅒"
},
{
"word": "ん"
},
{
"word": "ー"
},
{
"word": "ゝ"
},
{
"word": "ゞ"
},
{
"word": "ゟ"
}
],
"senses": [
{
"glosses": [
"The hiragana syllable ぬ (nu). Its equivalent in katakana is ヌ (nu). It is the twenty-third syllable in the gojūon order; its position is な行う段 (na-gyō u-dan, “row na, section u”)."
],
"links": [
[
"ぬ",
"ぬ#Japanese"
],
[
"ヌ",
"ヌ#Japanese"
],
[
"gojūon",
"gojūon"
],
[
"行",
"行#Japanese"
],
[
"段",
"段#Japanese"
]
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "[nɯ̟ᵝ]"
}
],
"word": "ぬ"
}
{
"categories": [
"Japanese entries with incorrect language header",
"Japanese hiragana",
"Japanese lemmas",
"Japanese links with redundant alt parameters",
"Japanese links with redundant wikilinks",
"Japanese suffixes",
"Japanese terms derived from Old Japanese",
"Japanese terms inherited from Old Japanese",
"Japanese terms with IPA pronunciation",
"Japanese terms with redundant sortkeys"
],
"etymology_number": 2,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ja",
"2": "negative"
},
"expansion": "table",
"name": "etymid"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ja",
"2": "連体形",
"3": "",
"4": "attributive form",
"tr": "rentaikei"
},
"expansion": "連体形 (rentaikei, “attributive form”)",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ず"
},
"expansion": "ず (zu)",
"name": "ja-r"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ja",
"2": "終止形",
"3": "",
"4": "terminal form",
"tr": "shūshikei"
},
"expansion": "終止形 (shūshikei, “terminal form”)",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ず"
},
"expansion": "ず (zu)",
"name": "ja-r"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ぬ",
"linkto": "-"
},
"expansion": "ぬ (nu)",
"name": "ja-r"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ja",
"2": "ojp",
"3": "-"
},
"expansion": "Old Japanese",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ず"
},
"expansion": "ず (zu)",
"name": "ja-r"
}
],
"etymology_text": "table\nOriginally the 連体形 (rentaikei, “attributive form”) of Classical Japanese negative suffix ず (zu). In modern Japanese, the 終止形 (shūshikei, “terminal form”) (lemma, originally ず (zu)) assimilated to ぬ (nu). In turn, from Old Japanese. For further detail, see ず (zu).",
"forms": [
{
"form": "-nu",
"tags": [
"romanization"
]
},
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "ja-verbconj",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"imperfective",
"stem"
]
},
{
"form": "ず",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"continuative",
"stem"
]
},
{
"form": "ん",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"continuative",
"stem"
]
},
{
"form": "zu",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"continuative",
"stem"
]
},
{
"form": "n",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"continuative",
"stem"
]
},
{
"form": "ぬ",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"stem",
"terminative"
]
},
{
"form": "ん",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"stem",
"terminative"
]
},
{
"form": "nu",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"stem",
"terminative"
]
},
{
"form": "n",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"stem",
"terminative"
]
},
{
"form": "ぬ",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"attributive",
"stem"
]
},
{
"form": "ん",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"attributive",
"stem"
]
},
{
"form": "nu",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"attributive",
"stem"
]
},
{
"form": "n",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"attributive",
"stem"
]
},
{
"form": "ね",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"hypothetical",
"stem"
]
},
{
"form": "ne",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"hypothetical",
"stem"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"imperative",
"stem"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"passive"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"causative"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"potential"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"volitional"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"negative"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"continuative",
"negative"
]
},
{
"form": "んです",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"formal"
]
},
{
"form": "ndesu",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"formal"
]
},
{
"form": "んだ",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"perfective"
]
},
{
"form": "nda",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"perfective"
]
},
{
"form": "んで",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"conjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "nde",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"conjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "ねば",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"conditional",
"hypothetical"
]
},
{
"form": "neba",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"conditional",
"hypothetical"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "suffix"
},
"expansion": "ぬ • (-nu)",
"name": "ja-pos"
}
],
"lang": "Japanese",
"lang_code": "ja",
"pos": "suffix",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"Japanese terms with archaic senses",
"Japanese terms with usage examples"
],
"examples": [
{
"english": "the wind does not rise / does not pick up",
"roman": "kaze ga tatanu",
"ruby": [
[
"風",
"かぜ"
],
[
"立",
"た"
]
],
"text": "風が立たぬ"
},
{
"english": "An unexpected error has occurred.",
"roman": "Yoki senu erā ga hassei shimashita.",
"ruby": [
[
"予",
"よ"
],
[
"期",
"き"
],
[
"発",
"はっ"
],
[
"生",
"せい"
]
],
"text": "予期せぬエラーが発生しました。"
}
],
"glosses": [
"(after the 未然形 (mizenkei, “incomplete form”) of a verb) the negative: indicates negation of the action, ending without starting or occurring: not"
],
"links": [
[
"未然形",
"未然形#Japanese"
],
[
"negative",
"negative#English"
],
[
"negation",
"negation#English"
],
[
"not",
"not"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(archaic) (after the 未然形 (mizenkei, “incomplete form”) of a verb) the negative: indicates negation of the action, ending without starting or occurring: not"
],
"tags": [
"archaic",
"morpheme"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "[nɯ̟ᵝ]"
}
],
"synonyms": [
{
"roman": "n",
"sense": "very casual",
"tags": [
"also",
"archaic",
"dialectal"
],
"word": "ん"
},
{
"roman": "nai",
"tags": [
"informal"
],
"word": "ない"
},
{
"roman": "masen",
"tags": [
"formal"
],
"word": "ません"
},
{
"english": "zu",
"tags": [
"formal",
"literary"
],
"word": "ず"
},
{
"english": "hen",
"tags": [
"Kansai"
],
"word": "へん"
}
],
"word": "ぬ"
}
{
"categories": [
"Japanese entries with incorrect language header",
"Japanese hiragana",
"Japanese lemmas",
"Japanese links with redundant alt parameters",
"Japanese links with redundant wikilinks",
"Japanese suffixes",
"Japanese terms derived from Old Japanese",
"Japanese terms inherited from Old Japanese",
"Japanese terms with IPA pronunciation",
"Japanese terms with redundant sortkeys"
],
"etymology_number": 3,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ja",
"2": "ojp",
"3": "-"
},
"expansion": "Old Japanese",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ojp",
"2": "往ぬ",
"3": "",
"4": "to go away; to pass (such as time); to pass away, to die",
"tr": "inu"
},
"expansion": "Old Japanese 往ぬ (inu, “to go away; to pass (such as time); to pass away, to die”)",
"name": "cog"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Old Japanese.\nMany monolingual Japanese dictionaries derive this as a contraction of Old Japanese 往ぬ (inu, “to go away; to pass (such as time); to pass away, to die”); however, the meaning does not seem to make sense in the context of the verb ending -nu.\nMore recent work by Bjarke Frellesvig and others suggests that -nu may have originated from an ancient copular or stative verb.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "-nu",
"tags": [
"romanization"
]
},
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "ja-conj-bungo",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "な",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"irrealis",
"stem"
]
},
{
"form": "na",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"irrealis",
"stem"
]
},
{
"form": "に",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"continuative",
"stem"
]
},
{
"form": "ni",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"continuative",
"stem"
]
},
{
"form": "ぬ",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"stem",
"terminative"
]
},
{
"form": "nu",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"stem",
"terminative"
]
},
{
"form": "ぬる",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"attributive",
"stem"
]
},
{
"form": "nuru",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"attributive",
"stem"
]
},
{
"form": "ぬれ",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"realis",
"stem"
]
},
{
"form": "nure",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"realis",
"stem"
]
},
{
"form": "ね",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"imperative",
"stem"
]
},
{
"form": "ne",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"imperative",
"stem"
]
},
{
"form": "なず",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"negative",
"stem"
]
},
{
"form": "ざりぬ",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"negative",
"stem"
]
},
{
"form": "nazu",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"negative",
"stem"
]
},
{
"form": "zarinu",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"negative",
"stem"
]
},
{
"form": "ぬれど",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"contrastive",
"stem"
]
},
{
"form": "nuredo",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"contrastive",
"stem"
]
},
{
"form": "ぬれば",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"causative",
"stem"
]
},
{
"form": "nureba",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"causative",
"stem"
]
},
{
"form": "なば",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"conditional",
"stem"
]
},
{
"form": "naba",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"conditional",
"stem"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "suffix"
},
"expansion": "ぬ • (-nu)",
"name": "ja-pos"
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "",
"2": "irreg-n",
"3": "",
"f_conj_caus": "ぬれば",
"f_conj_cond": "なば",
"f_conj_contr": "ぬれど",
"f_neg": "なず\nざりぬ?Use perfect tense of ず.",
"hkc": ""
},
"name": "ja-conj-bungo"
}
],
"lang": "Japanese",
"lang_code": "ja",
"pos": "suffix",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"Classical Japanese",
"Japanese literary terms",
"Japanese terms with usage examples"
],
"examples": [
{
"english": "the wind has risen / has picked up",
"roman": "kaze ga tachinu",
"ruby": [
[
"風",
"かぜ"
],
[
"立",
"た"
]
],
"text": "風が立ちぬ"
},
{
"ruby": [
[
"多",
"おほ"
],
[
"女",
"ぢよ"
],
[
"性",
"せい"
],
[
"彼",
"かれ"
],
[
"見",
"み"
],
[
"皆",
"みな"
],
[
"驚",
"きやう"
],
[
"嘆",
"たん"
],
[
"目",
"め"
],
[
"張",
"は"
]
],
"text": "1943, 土井晩翠譯『オヂュッセーア』第十九歌 https://web.archive.org/web/20040623125018/http://www.sm.rim.or.jp/~osawa/AGG/odyssey/odyssey-19.html\n多くの女性彼を見て皆驚嘆の目を張りぬ。\nŌku no josei kare o mite mina kyōtan no me o harinu.\nMany women looked at him and all opened their eyes wide with admiration."
}
],
"glosses": [
"(after the 連用形 (ren'yōkei, “continuative or stem form”) of verb) the perfective: indicates completion of the action, ending after starting or occurring: has done, has happened"
],
"links": [
[
"Classical Japanese",
"Classical Japanese"
],
[
"連用形",
"連用形#Japanese"
],
[
"perfective",
"perfective#English"
],
[
"completion",
"completion#English"
],
[
"has",
"has"
],
[
"done",
"done"
],
[
"happened",
"happened"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(Classical Japanese or literary) (after the 連用形 (ren'yōkei, “continuative or stem form”) of verb) the perfective: indicates completion of the action, ending after starting or occurring: has done, has happened"
],
"tags": [
"Classical",
"Japanese",
"literary",
"morpheme"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "[nɯ̟ᵝ]"
}
],
"synonyms": [
{
"roman": "ta",
"tags": [
"informal"
],
"word": "た"
},
{
"roman": "mashita",
"tags": [
"formal"
],
"word": "ました"
}
],
"wikipedia": [
"Daijisen",
"Shogakukan",
"Tōkyō",
"ja:ビャーケ・フレレスビッグ",
"ja:大辞林",
"ja:大辞泉",
"ja:松村明"
],
"word": "ぬ"
}
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable Japanese dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2024-04-26 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2024-04-21 using wiktextract (93a6c53 and 21a9316). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.