See る in All languages combined, or Wiktionary
Download JSON data for る meaning in Japanese (11.3kB)
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"form": "ru",
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"senses": [
{
"glosses": [
"The hiragana syllable る (ru). Its equivalent in katakana is ル (ru). It is the forty-first syllable in the gojūon order; its position is ら行う段 (ra-gyō u-dan, “row ra, section u”)."
],
"id": "en-る-ja-syllable-qYdcvn~4",
"links": [
[
"る",
"る#Japanese"
],
[
"ル",
"ル#Japanese"
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[
"gojūon",
"gojūon"
],
[
"行",
"行#Japanese"
],
[
"段",
"段#Japanese"
]
],
"related": [
{
"word": "平"
},
{
"word": "仮"
},
{
"word": "名"
},
{
"word": "あ"
},
{
"word": "ぁ"
},
{
"word": "い"
},
{
"word": "ぃ"
},
{
"word": "う"
},
{
"word": "ぅ"
},
{
"word": "ゔ"
},
{
"word": "え"
},
{
"word": "ぇ"
},
{
"word": "お"
},
{
"word": "ぉ"
},
{
"word": "か"
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{
"word": "ゕ"
},
{
"word": "が"
},
{
"word": "き"
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{
"word": "ぎ"
},
{
"word": "く"
},
{
"word": "ぐ"
},
{
"word": "け"
},
{
"word": "ゖ"
},
{
"word": "げ"
},
{
"word": "こ"
},
{
"word": "𛄲"
},
{
"word": "ご"
},
{
"word": "さ"
},
{
"word": "ざ"
},
{
"word": "し"
},
{
"word": "じ"
},
{
"word": "す"
},
{
"word": "ず"
},
{
"word": "せ"
},
{
"word": "ぜ"
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{
"word": "そ"
},
{
"word": "ぞ"
},
{
"word": "た"
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{
"word": "だ"
},
{
"word": "ち"
},
{
"word": "ぢ"
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{
"word": "つ"
},
{
"word": "っ"
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{
"word": "づ"
},
{
"word": "て"
},
{
"word": "で"
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{
"word": "と"
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{
"word": "ど"
},
{
"word": "な"
},
{
"word": "に"
},
{
"word": "ぬ"
},
{
"word": "ね"
},
{
"word": "の"
},
{
"word": "は"
},
{
"word": "ば"
},
{
"word": "ぱ"
},
{
"word": "ひ"
},
{
"word": "び"
},
{
"word": "ぴ"
},
{
"word": "ふ"
},
{
"word": "ぶ"
},
{
"word": "ぷ"
},
{
"word": "へ"
},
{
"word": "べ"
},
{
"word": "ぺ"
},
{
"word": "ほ"
},
{
"word": "ぼ"
},
{
"word": "ぽ"
},
{
"word": "ま"
},
{
"word": "み"
},
{
"word": "む"
},
{
"word": "め"
},
{
"word": "も"
},
{
"word": "や"
},
{
"word": "ゃ"
},
{
"word": "𛀆"
},
{
"word": "ゆ"
},
{
"word": "ゅ"
},
{
"word": "𛀁"
},
{
"word": "よ"
},
{
"word": "ょ"
},
{
"word": "ら"
},
{
"word": "゚"
},
{
"word": "り"
},
{
"word": "る"
},
{
"word": "れ"
},
{
"word": "ろ"
},
{
"word": "わ"
},
{
"word": "ゎ"
},
{
"word": "゙"
},
{
"word": "ゐ"
},
{
"word": "𛅐"
},
{
"word": "𛄟"
},
{
"word": "ゑ"
},
{
"word": "𛅑"
},
{
"word": "を"
},
{
"word": "𛅒"
},
{
"word": "ん"
},
{
"word": "ー"
},
{
"word": "ゝ"
},
{
"word": "ゞ"
},
{
"word": "ゟ"
}
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "[ɾɯ̟ᵝ]"
}
],
"word": "る"
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"etymology_number": 2,
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"forms": [
{
"form": "-ru",
"tags": [
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]
},
{
"form": "り",
"roman": "-ri",
"tags": [
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{
"form": "った",
"roman": "-tta",
"tags": [
"past"
]
}
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],
"examples": [
{
"english": "to skip, to play hooky; to slack off, to shirk one's duties",
"roman": "saboru",
"text": "サボる",
"type": "example"
},
{
"text": "ググる\nguguru\nto Google",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"A general method to form verbs (as a godan katsuyō verb). Much less productive than 〜する (-suru, “to do”)."
],
"id": "en-る-ja-suffix--~q9fwT5",
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"raw_glosses": [
"(slang) A general method to form verbs (as a godan katsuyō verb). Much less productive than 〜する (-suru, “to do”)."
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"etymology_number": 3,
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"1": "ja",
"2": "いる",
"tr": "iru"
},
"expansion": "いる (iru)",
"name": "l"
}
],
"etymology_text": "table\nContraction of いる (iru).",
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"form": "ru",
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{
"english": "to be waiting",
"roman": "matteru",
"ruby": [
[
"待",
"ま"
]
],
"text": "待ってる"
}
],
"glosses": [
"(informal, used after the conjunctive て (-te) form of a verb as てる (-teru)) the present progressive: to be doing",
"the present progressive: to be doing"
],
"id": "en-る-ja-verb-FQsaqjK9",
"links": [
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"て",
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"raw_glosses": [
"(informal, used after the conjunctive て (-te) form of a verb as てる (-teru)) the present progressive: to be doing"
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"raw_tags": [
"used after the conjunctive て (-te) form of a verb as てる (-teru)"
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}
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"word": "る"
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"etymology_number": 4,
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],
"etymology_text": "table\nSee れる.",
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"form": "れよ",
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"form": "reyo",
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"form": "れず",
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"form": "rezu",
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"form": "るれど",
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"form": "ruredo",
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"form": "るれば",
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"form": "rureba",
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"form": "れば",
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"form": "reba",
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"form": "れき",
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"form": "reki",
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"form": "れけり",
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"form": "rekeri",
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"form": "れつ",
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"form": "retu",
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"form": "れぬ",
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"form": "renu",
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{
"form": "retari",
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{
"form": "れむ",
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"form": "remu",
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"word": "る"
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"etymology_number": 5,
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"etymology_text": "table\nRegular adnominal conjugation of verbal auxiliary suffix り (ri) indicating resulting state or completion of action.",
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"form": "-ru",
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{
"english": "Sleeping Beauty",
"roman": "Nemureru Mori no Bijo",
"ruby": [
[
"眠",
"ねむ"
],
[
"森",
"もり"
],
[
"美",
"び"
],
[
"女",
"じょ"
]
],
"text": "眠れる森の美女"
},
{
"ruby": [
[
"富",
"と"
],
[
"時",
"とき"
],
[
"貧",
"まず"
],
[
"時",
"とき"
]
],
"text": "wedding vows\n富める時も貧しき時も\ntomeru toki mo mazushiki toki mo\nin wealth or poverty"
}
],
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"adnominal of り (-ri)"
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"raw_glosses": [
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],
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"ipa": "[ɾɯ̟ᵝ]"
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],
"word": "る"
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"word": "ぁ"
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"word": "い"
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{
"word": "ぃ"
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{
"word": "う"
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{
"word": "ぅ"
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{
"word": "ゔ"
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{
"word": "え"
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{
"word": "ぇ"
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{
"word": "お"
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{
"word": "ぉ"
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{
"word": "か"
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{
"word": "ゕ"
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{
"word": "が"
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{
"word": "き"
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{
"word": "ぎ"
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{
"word": "く"
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{
"word": "ぐ"
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{
"word": "け"
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{
"word": "ゖ"
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{
"word": "げ"
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{
"word": "こ"
},
{
"word": "𛄲"
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{
"word": "ご"
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{
"word": "さ"
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{
"word": "ざ"
},
{
"word": "し"
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{
"word": "じ"
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{
"word": "す"
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{
"word": "ず"
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{
"word": "せ"
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{
"word": "ぜ"
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{
"word": "そ"
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{
"word": "ぞ"
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{
"word": "た"
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{
"word": "だ"
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{
"word": "ち"
},
{
"word": "ぢ"
},
{
"word": "つ"
},
{
"word": "っ"
},
{
"word": "づ"
},
{
"word": "て"
},
{
"word": "で"
},
{
"word": "と"
},
{
"word": "ど"
},
{
"word": "な"
},
{
"word": "に"
},
{
"word": "ぬ"
},
{
"word": "ね"
},
{
"word": "の"
},
{
"word": "は"
},
{
"word": "ば"
},
{
"word": "ぱ"
},
{
"word": "ひ"
},
{
"word": "び"
},
{
"word": "ぴ"
},
{
"word": "ふ"
},
{
"word": "ぶ"
},
{
"word": "ぷ"
},
{
"word": "へ"
},
{
"word": "べ"
},
{
"word": "ぺ"
},
{
"word": "ほ"
},
{
"word": "ぼ"
},
{
"word": "ぽ"
},
{
"word": "ま"
},
{
"word": "み"
},
{
"word": "む"
},
{
"word": "め"
},
{
"word": "も"
},
{
"word": "や"
},
{
"word": "ゃ"
},
{
"word": "𛀆"
},
{
"word": "ゆ"
},
{
"word": "ゅ"
},
{
"word": "𛀁"
},
{
"word": "よ"
},
{
"word": "ょ"
},
{
"word": "ら"
},
{
"word": "゚"
},
{
"word": "り"
},
{
"word": "る"
},
{
"word": "れ"
},
{
"word": "ろ"
},
{
"word": "わ"
},
{
"word": "ゎ"
},
{
"word": "゙"
},
{
"word": "ゐ"
},
{
"word": "𛅐"
},
{
"word": "𛄟"
},
{
"word": "ゑ"
},
{
"word": "𛅑"
},
{
"word": "を"
},
{
"word": "𛅒"
},
{
"word": "ん"
},
{
"word": "ー"
},
{
"word": "ゝ"
},
{
"word": "ゞ"
},
{
"word": "ゟ"
}
],
"senses": [
{
"glosses": [
"The hiragana syllable る (ru). Its equivalent in katakana is ル (ru). It is the forty-first syllable in the gojūon order; its position is ら行う段 (ra-gyō u-dan, “row ra, section u”)."
],
"links": [
[
"る",
"る#Japanese"
],
[
"ル",
"ル#Japanese"
],
[
"gojūon",
"gojūon"
],
[
"行",
"行#Japanese"
],
[
"段",
"段#Japanese"
]
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "[ɾɯ̟ᵝ]"
}
],
"word": "る"
}
{
"categories": [
"Japanese contractions",
"Japanese entries with incorrect language header",
"Japanese hiragana",
"Japanese lemmas",
"Japanese links with manual fragments",
"Japanese links with redundant alt parameters",
"Japanese links with redundant wikilinks",
"Japanese non-lemma forms",
"Japanese suffix forms",
"Japanese suffixes",
"Japanese terms with IPA pronunciation",
"Japanese terms with audio links",
"Japanese terms with non-redundant manual transliterations",
"Japanese terms with redundant sortkeys"
],
"etymology_number": 2,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ja",
"2": "suffix"
},
"expansion": "table",
"name": "etymid"
}
],
"etymology_text": "table",
"forms": [
{
"form": "-ru",
"tags": [
"romanization"
]
},
{
"form": "り",
"roman": "-ri",
"tags": [
"stem"
]
},
{
"form": "った",
"roman": "-tta",
"tags": [
"past"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "suffix",
"type": "1"
},
"expansion": "る • (-ru) godan (stem り (-ri), past った (-tta))",
"name": "ja-pos"
}
],
"lang": "Japanese",
"lang_code": "ja",
"pos": "suffix",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"Japanese slang",
"Japanese terms with usage examples"
],
"examples": [
{
"english": "to skip, to play hooky; to slack off, to shirk one's duties",
"roman": "saboru",
"text": "サボる",
"type": "example"
},
{
"text": "ググる\nguguru\nto Google",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"A general method to form verbs (as a godan katsuyō verb). Much less productive than 〜する (-suru, “to do”)."
],
"links": [
[
"godan katsuyō",
"五段活用"
],
[
"〜する",
"する#Japanese"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(slang) A general method to form verbs (as a godan katsuyō verb). Much less productive than 〜する (-suru, “to do”)."
],
"tags": [
"morpheme",
"slang"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "[ɾɯ̟ᵝ]"
}
],
"word": "る"
}
{
"categories": [
"Japanese contractions",
"Japanese entries with incorrect language header",
"Japanese hiragana",
"Japanese lemmas",
"Japanese links with redundant alt parameters",
"Japanese links with redundant wikilinks",
"Japanese non-lemma forms",
"Japanese suffix forms",
"Japanese terms with IPA pronunciation",
"Japanese terms with audio links",
"Japanese terms with redundant sortkeys",
"Japanese verbs",
"Japanese verbs without transitivity"
],
"etymology_number": 3,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ja",
"2": "contraction"
},
"expansion": "table",
"name": "etymid"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ja",
"2": "いる",
"tr": "iru"
},
"expansion": "いる (iru)",
"name": "l"
}
],
"etymology_text": "table\nContraction of いる (iru).",
"forms": [
{
"form": "ru",
"tags": [
"romanization"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "る • (ru)",
"name": "ja-verb"
}
],
"lang": "Japanese",
"lang_code": "ja",
"pos": "verb",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"Japanese informal terms",
"Japanese links with redundant alt parameters",
"Japanese terms with usage examples"
],
"examples": [
{
"english": "to be waiting",
"roman": "matteru",
"ruby": [
[
"待",
"ま"
]
],
"text": "待ってる"
}
],
"glosses": [
"(informal, used after the conjunctive て (-te) form of a verb as てる (-teru)) the present progressive: to be doing",
"the present progressive: to be doing"
],
"links": [
[
"て",
"て#Japanese"
],
[
"てる",
"てる#Japanese"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(informal, used after the conjunctive て (-te) form of a verb as てる (-teru)) the present progressive: to be doing"
],
"raw_tags": [
"used after the conjunctive て (-te) form of a verb as てる (-teru)"
],
"tags": [
"informal"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "[ɾɯ̟ᵝ]"
}
],
"word": "る"
}
{
"categories": [
"Japanese contractions",
"Japanese entries with incorrect language header",
"Japanese hiragana",
"Japanese lemmas",
"Japanese links with redundant alt parameters",
"Japanese links with redundant wikilinks",
"Japanese non-lemma forms",
"Japanese suffix forms",
"Japanese suffixes",
"Japanese terms with IPA pronunciation",
"Japanese terms with audio links",
"Japanese terms with redundant sortkeys"
],
"etymology_number": 4,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ja",
"2": "passive"
},
"expansion": "table",
"name": "etymid"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ja",
"2": "れる"
},
"expansion": "れる",
"name": "m"
}
],
"etymology_text": "table\nSee れる.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "-ru",
"tags": [
"romanization"
]
},
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "ja-conj-bungo",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "れ",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"irrealis",
"stem"
]
},
{
"form": "re",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"irrealis",
"stem"
]
},
{
"form": "れ",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"continuative",
"stem"
]
},
{
"form": "re",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"continuative",
"stem"
]
},
{
"form": "る",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"stem",
"terminative"
]
},
{
"form": "ru",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"stem",
"terminative"
]
},
{
"form": "るる",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"attributive",
"stem"
]
},
{
"form": "ruru",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"attributive",
"stem"
]
},
{
"form": "るれ",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"realis",
"stem"
]
},
{
"form": "rure",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"realis",
"stem"
]
},
{
"form": "れよ",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"imperative",
"stem"
]
},
{
"form": "reyo",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"imperative",
"stem"
]
},
{
"form": "れず",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"negative"
]
},
{
"form": "rezu",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"negative"
]
},
{
"form": "るれど",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"contrastive"
]
},
{
"form": "ruredo",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"contrastive"
]
},
{
"form": "るれば",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"causative"
]
},
{
"form": "rureba",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"causative"
]
},
{
"form": "れば",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"conditional"
]
},
{
"form": "reba",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"conditional"
]
},
{
"form": "れき",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "reki",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "れけり",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "rekeri",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "れつ",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"perfect"
]
},
{
"form": "retu",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"perfect"
]
},
{
"form": "れぬ",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"perfect"
]
},
{
"form": "renu",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"perfect"
]
},
{
"form": "れたり",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"continuative",
"perfect"
]
},
{
"form": "retari",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"continuative",
"perfect"
]
},
{
"form": "れむ",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"volitional"
]
},
{
"form": "remu",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"volitional"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "suffix",
"type": "shimo ni"
},
"expansion": "る • (-ru) ^†nidan",
"name": "ja-pos"
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "",
"2": "2d-r"
},
"name": "ja-conj-bungo"
}
],
"lang": "Japanese",
"lang_code": "ja",
"pos": "suffix",
"senses": [
{
"alt_of": [
{
"extra": "-reru, passive suffix",
"word": "れる"
}
],
"categories": [
"Classical Japanese"
],
"glosses": [
"Classical Japanese form of れる (-reru, passive suffix)"
],
"links": [
[
"Classical Japanese",
"Classical Japanese"
],
[
"れる",
"れる#Japanese"
]
],
"tags": [
"Classical",
"Japanese",
"alt-of",
"morpheme"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "[ɾɯ̟ᵝ]"
}
],
"word": "る"
}
{
"categories": [
"Japanese contractions",
"Japanese entries with incorrect language header",
"Japanese hiragana",
"Japanese links with redundant alt parameters",
"Japanese links with redundant wikilinks",
"Japanese non-lemma forms",
"Japanese suffix forms",
"Japanese terms with IPA pronunciation",
"Japanese terms with audio links",
"Japanese terms with redundant sortkeys"
],
"etymology_number": 5,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ja",
"2": "stative"
},
"expansion": "table",
"name": "etymid"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "り"
},
"expansion": "り (ri)",
"name": "ja-r"
}
],
"etymology_text": "table\nRegular adnominal conjugation of verbal auxiliary suffix り (ri) indicating resulting state or completion of action.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "-ru",
"tags": [
"romanization"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "suffix form"
},
"expansion": "る • (-ru)",
"name": "ja-pos"
}
],
"lang": "Japanese",
"lang_code": "ja",
"pos": "suffix",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"Classical Japanese",
"Japanese literary terms",
"Japanese terms with usage examples"
],
"examples": [
{
"english": "Sleeping Beauty",
"roman": "Nemureru Mori no Bijo",
"ruby": [
[
"眠",
"ねむ"
],
[
"森",
"もり"
],
[
"美",
"び"
],
[
"女",
"じょ"
]
],
"text": "眠れる森の美女"
},
{
"ruby": [
[
"富",
"と"
],
[
"時",
"とき"
],
[
"貧",
"まず"
],
[
"時",
"とき"
]
],
"text": "wedding vows\n富める時も貧しき時も\ntomeru toki mo mazushiki toki mo\nin wealth or poverty"
}
],
"glosses": [
"adnominal of り (-ri)"
],
"links": [
[
"Classical Japanese",
"Classical Japanese"
],
[
"り",
"り#Japanese"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(Classical Japanese or literary) adnominal of り (-ri)"
],
"tags": [
"Classical",
"Japanese",
"literary",
"morpheme"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "[ɾɯ̟ᵝ]"
}
],
"word": "る"
}
{
"called_from": "parser/1336",
"msg": "no corresponding start tag found for </span>",
"path": [
"る"
],
"section": "Japanese",
"subsection": "syllable",
"title": "る",
"trace": ""
}
{
"called_from": "parser/1336",
"msg": "no corresponding start tag found for </span>",
"path": [
"る"
],
"section": "Japanese",
"subsection": "suffix",
"title": "る",
"trace": ""
}
{
"called_from": "parser/1336",
"msg": "no corresponding start tag found for </span>",
"path": [
"る"
],
"section": "Japanese",
"subsection": "verb",
"title": "る",
"trace": ""
}
{
"called_from": "parser/1336",
"msg": "no corresponding start tag found for </span>",
"path": [
"る"
],
"section": "Japanese",
"subsection": "suffix",
"title": "る",
"trace": ""
}
{
"called_from": "parser/1336",
"msg": "no corresponding start tag found for </span>",
"path": [
"る"
],
"section": "Japanese",
"subsection": "suffix",
"title": "る",
"trace": ""
}
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable Japanese dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2024-05-03 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2024-05-02 using wiktextract (f4fd8c9 and c9440ce). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.