See ない in All languages combined, or Wiktionary
Download JSON data for ない meaning in Japanese (21.1kB)
{
"etymology_number": 1,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "copula"
},
"expansion": "",
"name": "anchor"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ja",
"2": "ojp",
"3": "-"
},
"expansion": "Old Japanese",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ぬ"
},
"expansion": "ぬ (nu)",
"name": "ja-r"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Old Japanese. The adjectivizing suffix appears to derive ultimately from ancient copula or stative verb ぬ (nu).",
"forms": [
{
"form": "-nai",
"tags": [
"romanization"
]
},
{
"form": "なく",
"roman": "-naku",
"tags": [
"adverbial"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "suffix",
"type": "i"
},
"expansion": "ない • (-nai) -i (adverbial なく (-naku))",
"name": "ja-pos"
}
],
"lang": "Japanese",
"lang_code": "ja",
"pos": "suffix",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [],
"derived": [
{
"english": "dangerous",
"roman": "abunai",
"ruby": [
[
"危",
"あぶ"
]
],
"word": "危ない"
},
{
"roman": "itokenai",
"word": "幼けない"
},
{
"roman": "itokenai",
"word": "稚い: young"
},
{
"word": "immature"
},
{
"word": "childish"
},
{
"english": "clumsy, awkward",
"roman": "gikochinai",
"word": "ぎこちない"
},
{
"roman": "setsunai",
"word": "切ない: very moving"
},
{
"word": "especially in a sad"
},
{
"word": "poignant way"
},
{
"word": "painful in an emotional way"
},
{
"word": "hard to breathe"
},
{
"word": "especially from strong emotion"
},
{
"english": "low, vulgar, rude",
"roman": "hashitanai",
"word": "はしたない"
},
{
"english": "fidgety, restless, in a rush",
"roman": "sewashinai",
"ruby": [
[
"忙",
"せわ"
]
],
"word": "忙しない"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"english": "very moving, really young of manner, having clumsiness",
"roman": "setsunai, itokenai, gikochinai",
"ruby": [
[
"切",
"せつ"
],
[
"幼",
"いと"
]
],
"text": "切ない、幼けない、ぎこちない"
}
],
"glosses": [
"used to form derivative -i adjectives from other terms: having that quality, having that state; very much that quality or state"
],
"id": "en-ない-ja-suffix-Yp44LAF6",
"qualifier": "non-productive",
"raw_glosses": [
"(non-productive) used to form derivative -i adjectives from other terms: having that quality, having that state; very much that quality or state"
],
"tags": [
"morpheme"
]
}
],
"word": "ない"
}
{
"etymology_number": 2,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "negative"
},
"expansion": "",
"name": "anchor"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ja",
"2": "連体形",
"t": "attributive form",
"tr": "rentaikei"
},
"expansion": "連体形 (rentaikei, “attributive form”)",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ja",
"2": "ja-mid-ear",
"3": "-"
},
"expansion": "Early Middle Japanese",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ja",
"2": "無し",
"tr": "nashi"
},
"expansion": "無し (nashi)",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "/-k-/"
},
"expansion": "/-k-/",
"name": "IPAfont"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "無し",
"2": "na"
},
"expansion": "From the 連体形 (rentaikei, “attributive form”) of Early Middle Japanese adjective 無し (nashi), with the medial /-k-/ falling out.",
"name": "ja-adj-ku"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From the 連体形 (rentaikei, “attributive form”) of Early Middle Japanese adjective 無し (nashi), with the medial /-k-/ falling out.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "nai",
"tags": [
"romanization"
]
},
{
"form": "なく",
"roman": "naku",
"tags": [
"adverbial"
]
},
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "ja-i",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "なかろ",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"imperfective",
"stem"
]
},
{
"form": "nakaro",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"imperfective",
"stem"
]
},
{
"form": "なく",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"continuative",
"stem"
]
},
{
"form": "naku",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"continuative",
"stem"
]
},
{
"form": "ない",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"stem",
"terminative"
]
},
{
"form": "nai",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"stem",
"terminative"
]
},
{
"form": "ない",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"attributive",
"stem"
]
},
{
"form": "nai",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"attributive",
"stem"
]
},
{
"form": "なけれ",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"hypothetical",
"stem"
]
},
{
"form": "nakere",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"hypothetical",
"stem"
]
},
{
"form": "なかれ",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"imperative",
"stem"
]
},
{
"form": "nakare",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"imperative",
"stem"
]
},
{
"form": "なくない",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"informal",
"negative"
]
},
{
"form": "naku nai",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"informal",
"negative"
]
},
{
"form": "なかった",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"informal",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "nakatta",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"informal",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "なくなかった",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"informal",
"negative",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "naku nakatta",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"informal",
"negative",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "ないです",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"formal"
]
},
{
"form": "nai desu",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"formal"
]
},
{
"form": "なくないです",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"formal",
"negative"
]
},
{
"form": "naku nai desu",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"formal",
"negative"
]
},
{
"form": "なかったです",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"formal",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "nakatta desu",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"formal",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "なくなかったです",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"formal",
"negative",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "naku nakatta desu",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"formal",
"negative",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "なくて",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"conjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "nakute",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"conjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "なければ",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"conditional"
]
},
{
"form": "nakereba",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"conditional"
]
},
{
"form": "なかったら",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"conditional",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "nakattara",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"conditional",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "なかろう",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"volitional"
]
},
{
"form": "nakarō",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"volitional"
]
},
{
"form": "なく",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"adverbial"
]
},
{
"form": "naku",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"adverbial"
]
},
{
"form": "なさ",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"noun-from-adj"
]
},
{
"form": "nasa",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"noun-from-adj"
]
},
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "ja-conj-bungo",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "なく",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"irrealis",
"stem"
]
},
{
"form": "なから",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"irrealis",
"stem"
]
},
{
"form": "naku",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"irrealis",
"stem"
]
},
{
"form": "nakara",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"irrealis",
"stem"
]
},
{
"form": "なく",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"continuative",
"stem"
]
},
{
"form": "なかり",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"continuative",
"stem"
]
},
{
"form": "naku",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"continuative",
"stem"
]
},
{
"form": "nakari",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"continuative",
"stem"
]
},
{
"form": "なし",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"stem",
"terminative"
]
},
{
"form": "nasi",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"stem",
"terminative"
]
},
{
"form": "なき",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"attributive",
"stem"
]
},
{
"form": "なかる",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"attributive",
"stem"
]
},
{
"form": "naki",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"attributive",
"stem"
]
},
{
"form": "nakaru",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"attributive",
"stem"
]
},
{
"form": "なけれ",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"realis",
"stem"
]
},
{
"form": "nakere",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"realis",
"stem"
]
},
{
"form": "なかれ",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"imperative",
"stem"
]
},
{
"form": "nakare",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"imperative",
"stem"
]
},
{
"form": "なからず",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"negative"
]
},
{
"form": "nakarazu",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"negative"
]
},
{
"form": "なけれど",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"contrastive"
]
},
{
"form": "nakeredo",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"contrastive"
]
},
{
"form": "なければ",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"causative"
]
},
{
"form": "nakereba",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"causative"
]
},
{
"form": "なくば",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"conditional"
]
},
{
"form": "nakuba",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"conditional"
]
},
{
"form": "なかりき",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "nakariki",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "なかりけり",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "nakarikeri",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "なく",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"adverbial"
]
},
{
"form": "naku",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"adverbial"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"infl": "i"
},
"expansion": "ない • (nai) -i (adverbial なく (naku))",
"name": "ja-adj"
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {
"adverbial": "く",
"attributive": "い",
"conditional": "ければ",
"conjunctive": "くて",
"continuative": "く",
"degree": "さ",
"formal": "い です",
"formal_negative": "く ない です",
"formal_negative_past": "く なかった です",
"formal_past": "かった です",
"hypothetical": "けれ",
"imperative": "かれ",
"imperfective": "かろ",
"informal_negative": "く ない",
"informal_negative_past": "く なかった",
"informal_past": "かった",
"kana": "",
"lemma": "な",
"provisional": "かったら",
"terminal": "い",
"volitional": "かろう"
},
"name": "ja-adj-infl"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "な",
"2": "adj-ku"
},
"name": "ja-conj-bungo"
}
],
"lang": "Japanese",
"lang_code": "ja",
"pos": "adj",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [],
"examples": [
{
"english": "There is no spoon.",
"roman": "Supūn ga nai.",
"ruby": [
[
"無",
"な"
]
],
"text": "スプーンが無い。"
}
],
"glosses": [
"無い: no, not any"
],
"id": "en-ない-ja-adj-SV6vxRHM",
"links": [
[
"無い",
"無い#Japanese"
],
[
"no",
"no"
]
]
},
{
"categories": [],
"examples": [
{
"english": "The coast is less than 100 meters away from here.",
"roman": "Kaigan made hyaku mētoru to nai.",
"ruby": [
[
"海",
"かい"
],
[
"岸",
"がん"
],
[
"100",
"ひゃく"
]
],
"text": "海岸まで100メートルとない。"
}
],
"glosses": [
"not reaching a certain quantity; less than"
],
"id": "en-ない-ja-adj-fjq7MvwU",
"links": [
[
"less",
"less"
]
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "17 8 63 9 4",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Japanese entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "12 15 50 14 8",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Japanese links with manual fragments",
"parents": [
"Links with manual fragments",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "14 12 56 12 6",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Japanese links with redundant alt parameters",
"parents": [
"Links with redundant alt parameters",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "14 12 56 12 6",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Japanese links with redundant wikilinks",
"parents": [
"Links with redundant wikilinks",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "17 13 46 19 6",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Japanese terms with non-redundant manual transliterations",
"parents": [
"Terms with non-redundant manual transliterations",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "22 13 41 19 6",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Japanese terms with redundant script codes",
"parents": [
"Terms with redundant script codes",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "14 12 51 18 5",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Japanese terms with redundant sortkeys",
"parents": [
"Terms with redundant sortkeys",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"english": "Suppose I were a dead person.",
"roman": "Watashi wa nai mono to kangaete kudasai.",
"ruby": [
[
"私",
"わたし"
],
[
"亡",
"な"
],
[
"者",
"もの"
],
[
"考",
"かんが"
]
],
"text": "私は亡い者と考えてください。"
}
],
"glosses": [
"亡い: passed away, dead"
],
"id": "en-ない-ja-adj-BnQtBXyQ",
"links": [
[
"亡い",
"亡い#Japanese"
],
[
"passed away",
"passed away"
],
[
"dead",
"dead"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(by extension) 亡い: passed away, dead"
],
"tags": [
"broadly"
]
}
],
"word": "ない"
}
{
"etymology_number": 3,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ja",
"2": "なふ",
"tr": "nafu"
},
"expansion": "なふ (nafu)",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ぬ"
},
"expansion": "ぬ (nu)",
"name": "ja-r"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ja",
"2": "未然形",
"3": "",
"4": "irrealis or incomplete form",
"tr": "mizenkei"
},
"expansion": "未然形 (mizenkei, “irrealis or incomplete form”)",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ja",
"2": "ない"
},
"expansion": "ない",
"name": "lang"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ぬ"
},
"expansion": "ぬ (nu)",
"name": "ja-r"
}
],
"etymology_text": "First appears in texts from the late Muromachi period as an eastern-dialect term.\nVarious etymologies are supposed as:\n* From ancient eastern-dialect negative ending なふ (nafu), but there is a sizable gap of time between the apparent disappearance of nafu and the emergence of nai. Moreover, nafu conjugated as a verb, whereas nai conjugates as an adjective.\n:That said, both nafu and nai probably derive ultimately from ancient copula or stative verb ぬ (nu), with the negative sense possibly originating from the 未然形 (mizenkei, “irrealis or incomplete form”) of the verb stem, to which these endings attach.\n* From the adjective ない (etymology 2). The nai auxiliary conjugates as a regular -i adjective just like the adjective nai in modern Japanese, but the patterns for the auxiliary were originally different from the adjective. In the Edo period, the auxiliary conjugated irregularly, including nanda instead of modern nakatta (past), and naikereba instead of modern nakereba (conditional).\n* Derived from the negative suffix ぬ (nu).",
"forms": [
{
"form": "-nai",
"tags": [
"romanization"
]
},
{
"form": "なく",
"roman": "-naku",
"tags": [
"adverbial"
]
},
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "ja-i",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "なかろ",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"imperfective",
"stem"
]
},
{
"form": "nakaro",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"imperfective",
"stem"
]
},
{
"form": "なく",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"continuative",
"stem"
]
},
{
"form": "naku",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"continuative",
"stem"
]
},
{
"form": "ない",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"stem",
"terminative"
]
},
{
"form": "nai",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"stem",
"terminative"
]
},
{
"form": "ない",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"attributive",
"stem"
]
},
{
"form": "nai",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"attributive",
"stem"
]
},
{
"form": "なけれ",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"hypothetical",
"stem"
]
},
{
"form": "nakere",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"hypothetical",
"stem"
]
},
{
"form": "なかれ",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"imperative",
"stem"
]
},
{
"form": "nakare",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"imperative",
"stem"
]
},
{
"form": "なくない",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"informal",
"negative"
]
},
{
"form": "naku nai",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"informal",
"negative"
]
},
{
"form": "なかった",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"informal",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "nakatta",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"informal",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "なくなかった",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"informal",
"negative",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "naku nakatta",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"informal",
"negative",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "ないです",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"formal"
]
},
{
"form": "nai desu",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"formal"
]
},
{
"form": "なくないです",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"formal",
"negative"
]
},
{
"form": "naku nai desu",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"formal",
"negative"
]
},
{
"form": "なかったです",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"formal",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "nakatta desu",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"formal",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "なくなかったです",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"formal",
"negative",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "naku nakatta desu",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"formal",
"negative",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "なくて",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"conjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "nakute",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"conjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "なければ",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"conditional"
]
},
{
"form": "nakereba",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"conditional"
]
},
{
"form": "なかったら",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"conditional",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "nakattara",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"conditional",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "なかろう",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"volitional"
]
},
{
"form": "nakarō",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"volitional"
]
},
{
"form": "なく",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"adverbial"
]
},
{
"form": "naku",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"adverbial"
]
},
{
"form": "なさ",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"noun-from-adj"
]
},
{
"form": "nasa",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"noun-from-adj"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "suffix",
"type": "i"
},
"expansion": "ない • (-nai) -i (adverbial なく (-naku))",
"name": "ja-pos"
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {
"adverbial": "く",
"attributive": "い",
"conditional": "ければ",
"conjunctive": "くて",
"continuative": "く",
"degree": "さ",
"formal": "い です",
"formal_negative": "く ない です",
"formal_negative_past": "く なかった です",
"formal_past": "かった です",
"hypothetical": "けれ",
"imperative": "かれ",
"imperfective": "かろ",
"informal_negative": "く ない",
"informal_negative_past": "く なかった",
"informal_past": "かった",
"kana": "",
"lemma": "な",
"provisional": "かったら",
"terminal": "い",
"volitional": "かろう"
},
"name": "ja-adj-infl"
}
],
"lang": "Japanese",
"lang_code": "ja",
"pos": "suffix",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [],
"examples": [
{
"english": "I don't go to school.",
"roman": "Gakkō ni ikanai.",
"ruby": [
[
"学",
"がっ"
],
[
"校",
"こう"
],
[
"行",
"い"
]
],
"text": "学校に行かない。"
},
{
"english": "Won't you lend me [some money]?",
"roman": "Kashite kurenai ka.",
"ruby": [
[
"貸",
"か"
]
],
"text": "貸してくれないか。"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Used to form the negative of verbs: not, don't"
],
"id": "en-ない-ja-suffix-Tt9FchcK",
"links": [
[
"not",
"not"
],
[
"don't",
"don't"
]
],
"related": [
{
"word": "Use the dictionary form"
},
{
"tags": [
"-i"
],
"word": "stem + い"
},
{
"roman": "de aru",
"tags": [
"noun"
],
"word": "+ だ(noun + である)"
},
{
"roman": "-nai",
"word": "mizenkei + ない"
},
{
"roman": "-ku nai",
"word": "stem + くない"
},
{
"alt": "de [wa] nai",
"tags": [
"noun"
],
"word": "+ で（は）ない"
},
{
"roman": "-masu",
"word": "ren'yōkei + ます"
},
{
"roman": "-i desu",
"word": "stem + いです"
},
{
"roman": "desu",
"tags": [
"noun"
],
"word": "+ です"
},
{
"roman": "-masen",
"word": "ren'yōkei + ません"
},
{
"roman": "-ku arimasen",
"word": "stem + くないですstem + くありません"
},
{
"alt": "de [wa] nai desu; de [wa] arimasen",
"tags": [
"noun"
],
"word": "+ で（は）ないですnoun + で（は）ありません"
},
{
"english": "with onbin sound changes for Group I verbs",
"roman": "-ta",
"word": "ren'yōkei + た"
},
{
"roman": "-katta",
"word": "stem + かった"
},
{
"roman": "de atta",
"tags": [
"noun"
],
"word": "+ だった(noun + であった)"
},
{
"roman": "-nakatta",
"word": "mizenkei + なかった"
},
{
"roman": "-ku nakatta",
"word": "stem + くなかった"
},
{
"alt": "de [wa] nakatta",
"tags": [
"noun"
],
"word": "+ で（は）なかった"
},
{
"roman": "-mashita",
"word": "ren'yōkei + ました"
},
{
"roman": "-katta desu",
"word": "stem + かったです"
},
{
"roman": "deshita",
"tags": [
"noun"
],
"word": "+ でした"
},
{
"roman": "-masen deshita",
"word": "ren'yōkei + ませんでした"
},
{
"roman": "-ku arimasen deshita",
"word": "stem + くなかったですstem + くありませんでした"
},
{
"alt": "de [wa] nakatta desu; de [wa] arimasen deshita",
"tags": [
"noun"
],
"word": "+ で（は）なかったですnoun + で（は）ありませんでした"
},
{
"alt": "-u > -o",
"english": "of Group I verbs; of other verbs",
"roman": "-yō",
"word": "mizenkei + うmizenkei + よう"
},
{
"roman": "-i darō",
"word": "†stem + かろう(stem + いだろう)"
},
{
"roman": "de arō",
"tags": [
"noun"
],
"word": "+ だろう(noun + であろう)"
},
{
"roman": "-mashō",
"word": "ren'yōkei + ましょう"
},
{
"roman": "deshō",
"tags": [
"noun"
],
"word": "+ でしょう"
},
{
"english": "with onbin sound changes for Group I verbs",
"roman": "-te",
"word": "ren'yōkei + て"
},
{
"roman": "-kute",
"word": "stem + くて"
},
{
"roman": "de atte",
"tags": [
"noun"
],
"word": "+ で(noun + であって)"
},
{
"roman": "-ba",
"word": "kateikei + ば"
},
{
"roman": "-kereba",
"word": "stem + ければ"
}
],
"synonyms": [
{
"roman": "nu",
"tags": [
"archaic",
"rare"
],
"word": "ぬ"
},
{
"english": "hen",
"tags": [
"Kansai"
],
"word": "へん"
},
{
"roman": "n",
"sense": "very casual or archaic and dialectal",
"word": "ん"
}
],
"tags": [
"morpheme"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "[na̠i]"
},
{
"other": "[tsùkúꜜrù]"
},
{
"other": "[tsùkúráꜜnàì]"
},
{
"other": "[na]"
},
{
"other": "[náí kótóꜜ …]"
},
{
"other": "[náí yóꜜò …]"
},
{
"other": "[náí sóꜜò …]"
},
{
"other": "[náí hóꜜò …]"
},
{
"other": "[náí ráshíꜜì]"
},
{
"other": "[òsóꜜrèìrù]"
},
{
"other": "[òsóꜜrèìrànàì]"
}
],
"wikipedia": [
"Edo period",
"Muromachi period"
],
"word": "ない"
}
{
"categories": [
"Japanese entries with incorrect language header",
"Japanese hiragana",
"Japanese lemmas",
"Japanese links with manual fragments",
"Japanese links with redundant alt parameters",
"Japanese links with redundant wikilinks",
"Japanese suffixes",
"Japanese terms derived from Old Japanese",
"Japanese terms with IPA pronunciation",
"Japanese terms with non-redundant manual transliterations",
"Japanese terms with redundant script codes",
"Japanese terms with redundant sortkeys"
],
"derived": [
{
"english": "dangerous",
"roman": "abunai",
"ruby": [
[
"危",
"あぶ"
]
],
"word": "危ない"
},
{
"roman": "itokenai",
"word": "幼けない"
},
{
"roman": "itokenai",
"word": "稚い: young"
},
{
"word": "immature"
},
{
"word": "childish"
},
{
"english": "clumsy, awkward",
"roman": "gikochinai",
"word": "ぎこちない"
},
{
"roman": "setsunai",
"word": "切ない: very moving"
},
{
"word": "especially in a sad"
},
{
"word": "poignant way"
},
{
"word": "painful in an emotional way"
},
{
"word": "hard to breathe"
},
{
"word": "especially from strong emotion"
},
{
"english": "low, vulgar, rude",
"roman": "hashitanai",
"word": "はしたない"
},
{
"english": "fidgety, restless, in a rush",
"roman": "sewashinai",
"ruby": [
[
"忙",
"せわ"
]
],
"word": "忙しない"
}
],
"etymology_number": 1,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "copula"
},
"expansion": "",
"name": "anchor"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ja",
"2": "ojp",
"3": "-"
},
"expansion": "Old Japanese",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ぬ"
},
"expansion": "ぬ (nu)",
"name": "ja-r"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Old Japanese. The adjectivizing suffix appears to derive ultimately from ancient copula or stative verb ぬ (nu).",
"forms": [
{
"form": "-nai",
"tags": [
"romanization"
]
},
{
"form": "なく",
"roman": "-naku",
"tags": [
"adverbial"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "suffix",
"type": "i"
},
"expansion": "ない • (-nai) -i (adverbial なく (-naku))",
"name": "ja-pos"
}
],
"lang": "Japanese",
"lang_code": "ja",
"pos": "suffix",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"Japanese terms with usage examples"
],
"examples": [
{
"english": "very moving, really young of manner, having clumsiness",
"roman": "setsunai, itokenai, gikochinai",
"ruby": [
[
"切",
"せつ"
],
[
"幼",
"いと"
]
],
"text": "切ない、幼けない、ぎこちない"
}
],
"glosses": [
"used to form derivative -i adjectives from other terms: having that quality, having that state; very much that quality or state"
],
"qualifier": "non-productive",
"raw_glosses": [
"(non-productive) used to form derivative -i adjectives from other terms: having that quality, having that state; very much that quality or state"
],
"tags": [
"morpheme"
]
}
],
"word": "ない"
}
{
"categories": [
"Japanese adjectives",
"Japanese entries with incorrect language header",
"Japanese hiragana",
"Japanese lemmas",
"Japanese links with manual fragments",
"Japanese links with redundant alt parameters",
"Japanese links with redundant wikilinks",
"Japanese suffixes",
"Japanese terms derived from Early Middle Japanese",
"Japanese terms inherited from Early Middle Japanese",
"Japanese terms with IPA pronunciation",
"Japanese terms with non-redundant manual transliterations",
"Japanese terms with redundant script codes",
"Japanese terms with redundant sortkeys",
"Japanese い-i adjectives"
],
"etymology_number": 2,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "negative"
},
"expansion": "",
"name": "anchor"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ja",
"2": "連体形",
"t": "attributive form",
"tr": "rentaikei"
},
"expansion": "連体形 (rentaikei, “attributive form”)",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ja",
"2": "ja-mid-ear",
"3": "-"
},
"expansion": "Early Middle Japanese",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ja",
"2": "無し",
"tr": "nashi"
},
"expansion": "無し (nashi)",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "/-k-/"
},
"expansion": "/-k-/",
"name": "IPAfont"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "無し",
"2": "na"
},
"expansion": "From the 連体形 (rentaikei, “attributive form”) of Early Middle Japanese adjective 無し (nashi), with the medial /-k-/ falling out.",
"name": "ja-adj-ku"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From the 連体形 (rentaikei, “attributive form”) of Early Middle Japanese adjective 無し (nashi), with the medial /-k-/ falling out.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "nai",
"tags": [
"romanization"
]
},
{
"form": "なく",
"roman": "naku",
"tags": [
"adverbial"
]
},
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "ja-i",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "なかろ",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"imperfective",
"stem"
]
},
{
"form": "nakaro",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"imperfective",
"stem"
]
},
{
"form": "なく",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"continuative",
"stem"
]
},
{
"form": "naku",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"continuative",
"stem"
]
},
{
"form": "ない",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"stem",
"terminative"
]
},
{
"form": "nai",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"stem",
"terminative"
]
},
{
"form": "ない",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"attributive",
"stem"
]
},
{
"form": "nai",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"attributive",
"stem"
]
},
{
"form": "なけれ",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"hypothetical",
"stem"
]
},
{
"form": "nakere",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"hypothetical",
"stem"
]
},
{
"form": "なかれ",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"imperative",
"stem"
]
},
{
"form": "nakare",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"imperative",
"stem"
]
},
{
"form": "なくない",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"informal",
"negative"
]
},
{
"form": "naku nai",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"informal",
"negative"
]
},
{
"form": "なかった",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"informal",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "nakatta",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"informal",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "なくなかった",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"informal",
"negative",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "naku nakatta",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"informal",
"negative",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "ないです",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"formal"
]
},
{
"form": "nai desu",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"formal"
]
},
{
"form": "なくないです",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"formal",
"negative"
]
},
{
"form": "naku nai desu",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"formal",
"negative"
]
},
{
"form": "なかったです",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"formal",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "nakatta desu",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"formal",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "なくなかったです",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"formal",
"negative",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "naku nakatta desu",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"formal",
"negative",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "なくて",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"conjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "nakute",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"conjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "なければ",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"conditional"
]
},
{
"form": "nakereba",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"conditional"
]
},
{
"form": "なかったら",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"conditional",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "nakattara",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"conditional",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "なかろう",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"volitional"
]
},
{
"form": "nakarō",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"volitional"
]
},
{
"form": "なく",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"adverbial"
]
},
{
"form": "naku",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"adverbial"
]
},
{
"form": "なさ",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"noun-from-adj"
]
},
{
"form": "nasa",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"noun-from-adj"
]
},
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "ja-conj-bungo",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "なく",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"irrealis",
"stem"
]
},
{
"form": "なから",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"irrealis",
"stem"
]
},
{
"form": "naku",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"irrealis",
"stem"
]
},
{
"form": "nakara",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"irrealis",
"stem"
]
},
{
"form": "なく",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"continuative",
"stem"
]
},
{
"form": "なかり",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"continuative",
"stem"
]
},
{
"form": "naku",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"continuative",
"stem"
]
},
{
"form": "nakari",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"continuative",
"stem"
]
},
{
"form": "なし",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"stem",
"terminative"
]
},
{
"form": "nasi",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"stem",
"terminative"
]
},
{
"form": "なき",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"attributive",
"stem"
]
},
{
"form": "なかる",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"attributive",
"stem"
]
},
{
"form": "naki",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"attributive",
"stem"
]
},
{
"form": "nakaru",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"attributive",
"stem"
]
},
{
"form": "なけれ",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"realis",
"stem"
]
},
{
"form": "nakere",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"realis",
"stem"
]
},
{
"form": "なかれ",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"imperative",
"stem"
]
},
{
"form": "nakare",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"imperative",
"stem"
]
},
{
"form": "なからず",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"negative"
]
},
{
"form": "nakarazu",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"negative"
]
},
{
"form": "なけれど",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"contrastive"
]
},
{
"form": "nakeredo",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"contrastive"
]
},
{
"form": "なければ",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"causative"
]
},
{
"form": "nakereba",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"causative"
]
},
{
"form": "なくば",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"conditional"
]
},
{
"form": "nakuba",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"conditional"
]
},
{
"form": "なかりき",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "nakariki",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "なかりけり",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "nakarikeri",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "なく",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"adverbial"
]
},
{
"form": "naku",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"adverbial"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"infl": "i"
},
"expansion": "ない • (nai) -i (adverbial なく (naku))",
"name": "ja-adj"
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {
"adverbial": "く",
"attributive": "い",
"conditional": "ければ",
"conjunctive": "くて",
"continuative": "く",
"degree": "さ",
"formal": "い です",
"formal_negative": "く ない です",
"formal_negative_past": "く なかった です",
"formal_past": "かった です",
"hypothetical": "けれ",
"imperative": "かれ",
"imperfective": "かろ",
"informal_negative": "く ない",
"informal_negative_past": "く なかった",
"informal_past": "かった",
"kana": "",
"lemma": "な",
"provisional": "かったら",
"terminal": "い",
"volitional": "かろう"
},
"name": "ja-adj-infl"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "な",
"2": "adj-ku"
},
"name": "ja-conj-bungo"
}
],
"lang": "Japanese",
"lang_code": "ja",
"pos": "adj",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"Japanese terms with usage examples"
],
"examples": [
{
"english": "There is no spoon.",
"roman": "Supūn ga nai.",
"ruby": [
[
"無",
"な"
]
],
"text": "スプーンが無い。"
}
],
"glosses": [
"無い: no, not any"
],
"links": [
[
"無い",
"無い#Japanese"
],
[
"no",
"no"
]
]
},
{
"categories": [
"Japanese terms with usage examples"
],
"examples": [
{
"english": "The coast is less than 100 meters away from here.",
"roman": "Kaigan made hyaku mētoru to nai.",
"ruby": [
[
"海",
"かい"
],
[
"岸",
"がん"
],
[
"100",
"ひゃく"
]
],
"text": "海岸まで100メートルとない。"
}
],
"glosses": [
"not reaching a certain quantity; less than"
],
"links": [
[
"less",
"less"
]
]
},
{
"categories": [
"Japanese terms with usage examples"
],
"examples": [
{
"english": "Suppose I were a dead person.",
"roman": "Watashi wa nai mono to kangaete kudasai.",
"ruby": [
[
"私",
"わたし"
],
[
"亡",
"な"
],
[
"者",
"もの"
],
[
"考",
"かんが"
]
],
"text": "私は亡い者と考えてください。"
}
],
"glosses": [
"亡い: passed away, dead"
],
"links": [
[
"亡い",
"亡い#Japanese"
],
[
"passed away",
"passed away"
],
[
"dead",
"dead"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(by extension) 亡い: passed away, dead"
],
"tags": [
"broadly"
]
}
],
"word": "ない"
}
{
"categories": [
"Japanese entries with incorrect language header",
"Japanese hiragana",
"Japanese lemmas",
"Japanese links with manual fragments",
"Japanese links with redundant alt parameters",
"Japanese links with redundant wikilinks",
"Japanese suffixes",
"Japanese terms with IPA pronunciation",
"Japanese terms with non-redundant manual transliterations",
"Japanese terms with redundant script codes",
"Japanese terms with redundant sortkeys"
],
"etymology_number": 3,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ja",
"2": "なふ",
"tr": "nafu"
},
"expansion": "なふ (nafu)",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ぬ"
},
"expansion": "ぬ (nu)",
"name": "ja-r"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ja",
"2": "未然形",
"3": "",
"4": "irrealis or incomplete form",
"tr": "mizenkei"
},
"expansion": "未然形 (mizenkei, “irrealis or incomplete form”)",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ja",
"2": "ない"
},
"expansion": "ない",
"name": "lang"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ぬ"
},
"expansion": "ぬ (nu)",
"name": "ja-r"
}
],
"etymology_text": "First appears in texts from the late Muromachi period as an eastern-dialect term.\nVarious etymologies are supposed as:\n* From ancient eastern-dialect negative ending なふ (nafu), but there is a sizable gap of time between the apparent disappearance of nafu and the emergence of nai. Moreover, nafu conjugated as a verb, whereas nai conjugates as an adjective.\n:That said, both nafu and nai probably derive ultimately from ancient copula or stative verb ぬ (nu), with the negative sense possibly originating from the 未然形 (mizenkei, “irrealis or incomplete form”) of the verb stem, to which these endings attach.\n* From the adjective ない (etymology 2). The nai auxiliary conjugates as a regular -i adjective just like the adjective nai in modern Japanese, but the patterns for the auxiliary were originally different from the adjective. In the Edo period, the auxiliary conjugated irregularly, including nanda instead of modern nakatta (past), and naikereba instead of modern nakereba (conditional).\n* Derived from the negative suffix ぬ (nu).",
"forms": [
{
"form": "-nai",
"tags": [
"romanization"
]
},
{
"form": "なく",
"roman": "-naku",
"tags": [
"adverbial"
]
},
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "ja-i",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "なかろ",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"imperfective",
"stem"
]
},
{
"form": "nakaro",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"imperfective",
"stem"
]
},
{
"form": "なく",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"continuative",
"stem"
]
},
{
"form": "naku",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"continuative",
"stem"
]
},
{
"form": "ない",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"stem",
"terminative"
]
},
{
"form": "nai",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"stem",
"terminative"
]
},
{
"form": "ない",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"attributive",
"stem"
]
},
{
"form": "nai",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"attributive",
"stem"
]
},
{
"form": "なけれ",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"hypothetical",
"stem"
]
},
{
"form": "nakere",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"hypothetical",
"stem"
]
},
{
"form": "なかれ",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"imperative",
"stem"
]
},
{
"form": "nakare",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"imperative",
"stem"
]
},
{
"form": "なくない",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"informal",
"negative"
]
},
{
"form": "naku nai",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"informal",
"negative"
]
},
{
"form": "なかった",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"informal",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "nakatta",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"informal",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "なくなかった",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"informal",
"negative",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "naku nakatta",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"informal",
"negative",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "ないです",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"formal"
]
},
{
"form": "nai desu",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"formal"
]
},
{
"form": "なくないです",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"formal",
"negative"
]
},
{
"form": "naku nai desu",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"formal",
"negative"
]
},
{
"form": "なかったです",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"formal",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "nakatta desu",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"formal",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "なくなかったです",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"formal",
"negative",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "naku nakatta desu",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"formal",
"negative",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "なくて",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"conjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "nakute",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"conjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "なければ",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"conditional"
]
},
{
"form": "nakereba",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"conditional"
]
},
{
"form": "なかったら",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"conditional",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "nakattara",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"conditional",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "なかろう",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"volitional"
]
},
{
"form": "nakarō",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"volitional"
]
},
{
"form": "なく",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"adverbial"
]
},
{
"form": "naku",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"adverbial"
]
},
{
"form": "なさ",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"noun-from-adj"
]
},
{
"form": "nasa",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"noun-from-adj"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "suffix",
"type": "i"
},
"expansion": "ない • (-nai) -i (adverbial なく (-naku))",
"name": "ja-pos"
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {
"adverbial": "く",
"attributive": "い",
"conditional": "ければ",
"conjunctive": "くて",
"continuative": "く",
"degree": "さ",
"formal": "い です",
"formal_negative": "く ない です",
"formal_negative_past": "く なかった です",
"formal_past": "かった です",
"hypothetical": "けれ",
"imperative": "かれ",
"imperfective": "かろ",
"informal_negative": "く ない",
"informal_negative_past": "く なかった",
"informal_past": "かった",
"kana": "",
"lemma": "な",
"provisional": "かったら",
"terminal": "い",
"volitional": "かろう"
},
"name": "ja-adj-infl"
}
],
"lang": "Japanese",
"lang_code": "ja",
"pos": "suffix",
"related": [
{
"word": "Use the dictionary form"
},
{
"tags": [
"-i"
],
"word": "stem + い"
},
{
"roman": "de aru",
"tags": [
"noun"
],
"word": "+ だ(noun + である)"
},
{
"roman": "-nai",
"word": "mizenkei + ない"
},
{
"roman": "-ku nai",
"word": "stem + くない"
},
{
"alt": "de [wa] nai",
"tags": [
"noun"
],
"word": "+ で（は）ない"
},
{
"roman": "-masu",
"word": "ren'yōkei + ます"
},
{
"roman": "-i desu",
"word": "stem + いです"
},
{
"roman": "desu",
"tags": [
"noun"
],
"word": "+ です"
},
{
"roman": "-masen",
"word": "ren'yōkei + ません"
},
{
"roman": "-ku arimasen",
"word": "stem + くないですstem + くありません"
},
{
"alt": "de [wa] nai desu; de [wa] arimasen",
"tags": [
"noun"
],
"word": "+ で（は）ないですnoun + で（は）ありません"
},
{
"english": "with onbin sound changes for Group I verbs",
"roman": "-ta",
"word": "ren'yōkei + た"
},
{
"roman": "-katta",
"word": "stem + かった"
},
{
"roman": "de atta",
"tags": [
"noun"
],
"word": "+ だった(noun + であった)"
},
{
"roman": "-nakatta",
"word": "mizenkei + なかった"
},
{
"roman": "-ku nakatta",
"word": "stem + くなかった"
},
{
"alt": "de [wa] nakatta",
"tags": [
"noun"
],
"word": "+ で（は）なかった"
},
{
"roman": "-mashita",
"word": "ren'yōkei + ました"
},
{
"roman": "-katta desu",
"word": "stem + かったです"
},
{
"roman": "deshita",
"tags": [
"noun"
],
"word": "+ でした"
},
{
"roman": "-masen deshita",
"word": "ren'yōkei + ませんでした"
},
{
"roman": "-ku arimasen deshita",
"word": "stem + くなかったですstem + くありませんでした"
},
{
"alt": "de [wa] nakatta desu; de [wa] arimasen deshita",
"tags": [
"noun"
],
"word": "+ で（は）なかったですnoun + で（は）ありませんでした"
},
{
"alt": "-u > -o",
"english": "of Group I verbs; of other verbs",
"roman": "-yō",
"word": "mizenkei + うmizenkei + よう"
},
{
"roman": "-i darō",
"word": "†stem + かろう(stem + いだろう)"
},
{
"roman": "de arō",
"tags": [
"noun"
],
"word": "+ だろう(noun + であろう)"
},
{
"roman": "-mashō",
"word": "ren'yōkei + ましょう"
},
{
"roman": "deshō",
"tags": [
"noun"
],
"word": "+ でしょう"
},
{
"english": "with onbin sound changes for Group I verbs",
"roman": "-te",
"word": "ren'yōkei + て"
},
{
"roman": "-kute",
"word": "stem + くて"
},
{
"roman": "de atte",
"tags": [
"noun"
],
"word": "+ で(noun + であって)"
},
{
"roman": "-ba",
"word": "kateikei + ば"
},
{
"roman": "-kereba",
"word": "stem + ければ"
}
],
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"Japanese terms with usage examples"
],
"examples": [
{
"english": "I don't go to school.",
"roman": "Gakkō ni ikanai.",
"ruby": [
[
"学",
"がっ"
],
[
"校",
"こう"
],
[
"行",
"い"
]
],
"text": "学校に行かない。"
},
{
"english": "Won't you lend me [some money]?",
"roman": "Kashite kurenai ka.",
"ruby": [
[
"貸",
"か"
]
],
"text": "貸してくれないか。"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Used to form the negative of verbs: not, don't"
],
"links": [
[
"not",
"not"
],
[
"don't",
"don't"
]
],
"tags": [
"morpheme"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "[na̠i]"
},
{
"other": "[tsùkúꜜrù]"
},
{
"other": "[tsùkúráꜜnàì]"
},
{
"other": "[na]"
},
{
"other": "[náí kótóꜜ …]"
},
{
"other": "[náí yóꜜò …]"
},
{
"other": "[náí sóꜜò …]"
},
{
"other": "[náí hóꜜò …]"
},
{
"other": "[náí ráshíꜜì]"
},
{
"other": "[òsóꜜrèìrù]"
},
{
"other": "[òsóꜜrèìrànàì]"
}
],
"synonyms": [
{
"roman": "nu",
"tags": [
"archaic",
"rare"
],
"word": "ぬ"
},
{
"roman": "n",
"sense": "very casual or archaic and dialectal",
"word": "ん"
},
{
"english": "hen",
"tags": [
"Kansai"
],
"word": "へん"
}
],
"wikipedia": [
"Edo period",
"Muromachi period"
],
"word": "ない"
}
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable Japanese dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2024-04-26 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2024-04-21 using wiktextract (93a6c53 and 21a9316). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.