See dreich in All languages combined, or Wiktionary
Download JSON data for dreich meaning in English (27.2kB)
{
"derived": [
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"tags": [
"adverb"
],
"word": "dree"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "dreichly"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*dʰrewgʰ-",
"id": "serve"
},
"expansion": "",
"name": "root"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "adjective"
},
"expansion": "adjective",
"name": "glossary"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "sco",
"3": "dreich",
"t": "hard to bear, dreary, tedious, wearisome; interminable, long-winded; dull, uninteresting; slow, tardy; doleful, gloomy; baffling, difficult; difficult to reach, inaccessible"
},
"expansion": "Scots dreich (“hard to bear, dreary, tedious, wearisome; interminable, long-winded; dull, uninteresting; slow, tardy; doleful, gloomy; baffling, difficult; difficult to reach, inaccessible”)",
"name": "bor"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "enm",
"3": "dregh"
},
"expansion": "Middle English dregh",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "dri"
},
"expansion": "dri",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "drie",
"t": "burdensome; depressing, dismal; large, tall; lasting, long; long-suffering, patient; tedious; of blows: hard, heavy; of the face: unchanging, unmoved; of a person: strong, valorous"
},
"expansion": "drie (“burdensome; depressing, dismal; large, tall; lasting, long; long-suffering, patient; tedious; of blows: hard, heavy; of the face: unchanging, unmoved; of a person: strong, valorous”)",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "dreghe, drei, dreiȝ, dreiȝe, drey, dreȝ, dreȝe, dreȝghe, drie, driȝ, driȝe, drye, dryȝ, dryȝe, (Early Middle English) drih, druye",
"otherforms": "1"
},
"expansion": "[and other forms]",
"name": "nb..."
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "ang",
"3": "*drēog"
},
"expansion": "Old English *drēog",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ang",
"2": "drēoh",
"t": "earnest; fit; sober"
},
"expansion": "drēoh (“earnest; fit; sober”)",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "ang",
"3": "ġedrēog",
"pos": "adjective",
"t": "calm, quiet; sober; fit, suitable"
},
"expansion": "Old English ġedrēog (“calm, quiet; sober; fit, suitable”, adjective)",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "prefix"
},
"expansion": "prefix",
"name": "glossary"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ang",
"2": "ġe-",
"pos": "prefix forming adjectives of association or similarity"
},
"expansion": "ġe- (prefix forming adjectives of association or similarity)",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "gem-pro",
"3": "*dreugaz",
"t": "enduring, lasting"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic *dreugaz (“enduring, lasting”)",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "gem-pro",
"2": "*dreuganą",
"t": "to serve, be a retainer"
},
"expansion": "*dreuganą (“to serve, be a retainer”)",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*dʰrewgʰ-",
"t": "to serve one’s tribe; loyal"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *dʰrewgʰ- (“to serve one’s tribe; loyal”)",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "non",
"3": "drjúgr",
"t": "sufficient; excessive, very; great; strong"
},
"expansion": "Old Norse drjúgr (“sufficient; excessive, very; great; strong”)",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "gem-pro",
"3": "*dreugaz"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic *dreugaz",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "noun"
},
"expansion": "noun",
"name": "glossary"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "sco",
"3": "dreich",
"t": "dreariness, gloom"
},
"expansion": "Scots dreich (“dreariness, gloom”)",
"name": "bor"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "rare"
},
"expansion": "(rare)",
"name": "qualifier"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "enm",
"3": "dri"
},
"expansion": "Middle English dri",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "drie",
"t": "annoyance, trouble; grief; period of time"
},
"expansion": "drie (“annoyance, trouble; grief; period of time”)",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "dre, dregh, dreghe, dreh, drei, dreigh, dreiȝe, dreȝe, driȝe, dryhe, dryȝe",
"otherforms": "1"
},
"expansion": "[and other forms]",
"name": "nb..."
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "dri"
},
"expansion": "dri",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "drie",
"pos": "adjective"
},
"expansion": "drie (adjective)",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ang",
"2": "ġedrēog",
"pos": "noun",
"t": "seemliness; seriousness, sobriety; something appropriate or required"
},
"expansion": "Old English ġedrēog (“seemliness; seriousness, sobriety; something appropriate or required”, noun)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "nds-de",
"2": "drēg"
},
"expansion": "German Low German drēg",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "nds-de",
"2": "drēge"
},
"expansion": "drēge",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "is",
"2": "drjúgur",
"t": "ample; heavy, substantial; long"
},
"expansion": "Icelandic drjúgur (“ample; heavy, substantial; long”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "frr",
"2": "drech"
},
"expansion": "North Frisian drech",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "gmq-oda",
"2": "drygh"
},
"expansion": "Old Danish drygh",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "da",
"2": "drøj",
"t": "heavy; solid, tough"
},
"expansion": "Danish drøj (“heavy; solid, tough”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "gmq-osw",
"2": "drygher"
},
"expansion": "Old Swedish drygher",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "sv",
"2": "dryg",
"t": "ample, liberal; hard; large; lasting"
},
"expansion": "Swedish dryg (“ample, liberal; hard; large; lasting”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "stq",
"2": "drjooch"
},
"expansion": "Saterland Frisian drjooch",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "sco",
"2": "dreich"
},
"expansion": "Scots dreich",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "fy",
"2": "dreech"
},
"expansion": "West Frisian dreech",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "fy",
"2": "drege",
"t": "extensive; long-lasting"
},
"expansion": "drege (“extensive; long-lasting”)",
"name": "m"
}
],
"etymology_text": "The adjective is borrowed from Scots dreich (“hard to bear, dreary, tedious, wearisome; interminable, long-winded; dull, uninteresting; slow, tardy; doleful, gloomy; baffling, difficult; difficult to reach, inaccessible”), from Middle English dregh, dri, drie (“burdensome; depressing, dismal; large, tall; lasting, long; long-suffering, patient; tedious; of blows: hard, heavy; of the face: unchanging, unmoved; of a person: strong, valorous”) [and other forms], from Old English *drēog, drēoh (“earnest; fit; sober”), and then probably partly:\n* shortened from Old English ġedrēog (“calm, quiet; sober; fit, suitable”, adjective), from ġe- (prefix forming adjectives of association or similarity) + Proto-Germanic *dreugaz (“enduring, lasting”) (from *dreuganą (“to serve, be a retainer”), from Proto-Indo-European *dʰrewgʰ- (“to serve one’s tribe; loyal”)); and\n* influenced by Old Norse drjúgr (“sufficient; excessive, very; great; strong”), from Proto-Germanic *dreugaz (see above).\nThe noun is probably partly derived:\n* from the adjective; and\n* borrowed from Scots dreich (“dreariness, gloom”) (rare), probably from Middle English dri, drie (“annoyance, trouble; grief; period of time”) [and other forms], possibly from dri, drie (adjective) (see above).\n(Compare Old English ġedrēog (“seemliness; seriousness, sobriety; something appropriate or required”, noun), which did not survive into Middle English.)\ncognates\n* German Low German drēg, drēge\n* Icelandic drjúgur (“ample; heavy, substantial; long”)\n* North Frisian drech\n* Old Danish drygh (modern Danish drøj (“heavy; solid, tough”))\n* Old Swedish drygher (modern Swedish dryg (“ample, liberal; hard; large; lasting”))\n* Saterland Frisian drjooch\n* Scots dreich\n* West Frisian dreech, drege (“extensive; long-lasting”)",
"forms": [
{
"form": "dreicher",
"tags": [
"comparative"
]
},
{
"form": "dreichest",
"tags": [
"superlative"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "dreicher"
},
"expansion": "dreich (comparative dreicher, superlative dreichest)",
"name": "en-adj"
}
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "adj",
"senses": [
{
"antonyms": [
{
"word": "concise"
}
],
"categories": [],
"examples": [
{
"text": "(long-winded):"
},
{
"text": "(long-winded):"
},
{
"ref": "1932, Lewis Grassic Gibbon [pseudonym; James Leslie Mitchell], “Epilude: The Unfurrowed Field”, in Ian Campbell, editor, Sunset Song: A Novel (A Scots Quair; 1), Edinburgh: Polygon, Birlinn, published 2006, page 234",
"text": "So Alec showed her the letter, 'twas long and dreich and went on and on; […]",
"type": "quotation"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Extending for a long distance or time, especially when tedious or wearisome; long-drawn-out, protracted; also, of speech or writing: unnecessarily verbose; long-winded."
],
"id": "en-dreich-en-adj-5RYZKqX2",
"links": [
[
"Extending",
"extend#Verb"
],
[
"long",
"long#Adjective"
],
[
"distance",
"distance#Noun"
],
[
"time",
"time#Noun"
],
[
"tedious",
"tedious"
],
[
"wearisome",
"wearisome"
],
[
"long-drawn-out",
"long-drawn-out"
],
[
"protracted",
"protracted#Adjective"
],
[
"speech",
"speech#Noun"
],
[
"writing",
"writing#Noun"
],
[
"unnecessarily",
"unnecessarily"
],
[
"verbose",
"verbose"
],
[
"long-winded",
"long-winded"
]
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "verbose"
}
],
"tags": [
"Midlands",
"North",
"Northern-England",
"Northern-Ireland",
"Scotland"
]
},
{
"antonyms": [
{
"word": "exciting"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Not enjoyable or interesting; boring, dull."
],
"id": "en-dreich-en-adj-FwrazgN0",
"links": [
[
"enjoyable",
"enjoyable"
],
[
"interesting",
"interesting#Adjective"
],
[
"boring",
"boring#Adjective"
],
[
"dull",
"dull#Adjective"
]
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "boring"
}
],
"tags": [
"Midlands",
"North",
"Northern-England",
"Northern-Ireland",
"Scotland"
]
},
{
"categories": [],
"examples": [
{
"ref": "1932, Lewis Grassic Gibbon [pseudonym; James Leslie Mitchell], “Epilude: The Unfurrowed Field”, in Ian Campbell, editor, Sunset Song: A Novel (A Scots Quair; 1), Edinburgh: Polygon, Birlinn, published 2006, page 235",
"text": "It looked a dreich, cold place as you rode by at night, near as lonesome as the old Mill was, and not near as handy.",
"type": "quotation"
},
{
"ref": "1941 January, C[uthbert] Hamilton Ellis, “The Scottish Station”, in The Railway Magazine, London: Tothill Press, →ISSN, →OCLC, page 3",
"text": "There are many other species of Scottish station, from geranium-hung coastal termini to dreich places in the Black Country, but a concluding note must be reached, and it shall concern Glasgow.",
"type": "quotation"
},
{
"ref": "2004 June 3, Susan Hill, chapter 1, in The Various Haunts of Men (A Simon Serrailler Crime Novel), London: Chatto & Windus, page 4",
"text": "Angela Randall was not afraid of the dark, but driving home at this dreich hour and at the end of a difficult shift, she found the ectoplasmic fog unnerving.",
"type": "quotation"
},
{
"ref": "2020 February 11, Douglas Stuart, chapter 25, in Shuggie Bain, New York, N.Y.: Grove Press, page 336",
"text": "On dreich days Shuggie would take Agnes's wedding album and hide at the foot of her bed poring over the photos of his father.",
"type": "quotation"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Bleak, cheerless, dismal, dreary, miserable."
],
"id": "en-dreich-en-adj-1YoH~c4j",
"links": [
[
"Bleak",
"bleak#Adjective"
],
[
"cheerless",
"cheerless"
],
[
"dismal",
"dismal"
],
[
"dreary",
"dreary"
],
[
"miserable",
"miserable#Adjective"
]
],
"tags": [
"Midlands",
"North",
"Northern-England",
"Northern-Ireland",
"Scotland"
]
},
{
"antonyms": [
{
"word": "speedy"
}
],
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "6 8 6 14 5 6 5 6 6 4 18 16",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Midlands English",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"ref": "1914, Neil Munro, “A Call to the North”, in The New Road, Edinburgh; London: William Blackwood and Sons, →OCLC, page 53",
"text": "I have the bills o' men like Keppoch and Glengarry flourishing about the Lowlands in the place o' paper money; they're aye gettin' a' the dreicher at the payin', but whatever comes o't I have got them in my grasp.",
"type": "quotation"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Slow, sluggish; specifically, of a person: tending to delay or procrastinate (especially when paying for something)."
],
"id": "en-dreich-en-adj-occl7JwP",
"links": [
[
"Slow",
"slow#Adjective"
],
[
"sluggish",
"sluggish"
],
[
"tend",
"tend"
],
[
"delay",
"delay#Verb"
],
[
"procrastinate",
"procrastinate"
],
[
"paying",
"pay#Verb"
]
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "dilatory"
},
{
"word": "tardy"
},
{
"word": "slow"
}
],
"tags": [
"Midlands",
"North",
"Northern-England",
"Northern-Ireland",
"Scotland"
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"Of a person: having a dejected or serious appearance or mood; dour, gloomy, moody, morose, sullen."
],
"id": "en-dreich-en-adj-XzElpRs~",
"links": [
[
"person",
"person#Noun"
],
[
"dejected",
"dejected#Adjective"
],
[
"serious",
"serious#Adjective"
],
[
"appearance",
"appearance"
],
[
"mood",
"mood#Noun"
],
[
"dour",
"dour"
],
[
"gloomy",
"gloomy"
],
[
"moody",
"moody"
],
[
"morose",
"morose"
],
[
"sullen",
"sullen#Adjective"
]
],
"tags": [
"Midlands",
"North",
"Northern-England",
"Northern-Ireland",
"Scotland"
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"Of a task: laborious, tedious, troublesome; hence, needing concentration to understand; intricate."
],
"id": "en-dreich-en-adj-ACNa9yfX",
"links": [
[
"task",
"task#Noun"
],
[
"laborious",
"laborious"
],
[
"troublesome",
"troublesome"
],
[
"needing",
"need#Verb"
],
[
"concentration",
"concentration"
],
[
"understand",
"understand"
],
[
"intricate",
"intricate#Adjective"
]
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "burdensome"
},
{
"word": "taxing"
},
{
"word": "toilsome"
}
],
"tags": [
"Midlands",
"North",
"Northern-England",
"Northern-Ireland",
"Scotland"
]
},
{
"categories": [],
"examples": [
{
"ref": "a. 1931 (date written), D[avid] H[erbert] Lawrence, “A Hay Hut among the Mountains”, in Warren Roberts, Harry T. Moore, editors, Phoenix II: Uncollected, Unpublished, and Other Prose Works by D. H. Lawrence […], Viking Compass edition, New York, N.Y.: Viking Press, published 1970, part I (Stories and Sketches), page 43",
"text": "So, after two hours' running downhill, we came out in the level valley at Glashütte. It was raining now, a thick dree rain.",
"type": "quotation"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Chiefly of rain: without pause or stop; continuous, incessant."
],
"id": "en-dreich-en-adj-DFcNY4HX",
"links": [
[
"rain",
"rain#Noun"
],
[
"pause",
"pause#Noun"
],
[
"stop",
"stop#Noun"
],
[
"continuous",
"continuous"
],
[
"incessant",
"incessant"
]
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "persistent"
},
{
"word": "sustained"
},
{
"word": "unceasing"
},
{
"word": "unending"
},
{
"word": "unremitting"
},
{
"word": "continuous"
}
],
"tags": [
"Midlands",
"North",
"Northern-England",
"Northern-Ireland",
"Scotland"
]
},
{
"categories": [],
"examples": [
{
"ref": "1969, George Mackay Brown, “Rackwick”, in An Orkney Tapestry, London: Victor Gollancz, →OCLC, page 40",
"text": "Days are dreicher than January. / A dead lamb is dropped in the thaw. / Yet now we are glad / For all things turn to the sun.",
"type": "quotation"
},
{
"ref": "1992, Ian Rankin, “Up the River”, in Strip Jack (A Thomas Dunne Book), 1st American edition, New York, N.Y.: St. Martin’s Press, published 1994, page 97",
"text": "Burglary with violent assault: just the thing for a dreich Thursday morning.",
"type": "quotation"
},
{
"ref": "2023 November 29, Paul Clifton, “West is Best in the Highlands”, in Rail, number 997, Peterborough, Cambridgeshire: Bauer Media, →ISSN, →OCLC, page 39",
"text": "Up here, it’s a ‘dreich’ day with steady drizzle. Deep drainage channels either side of the track are already more like streams: Rannoch Moor is a wet place.",
"type": "quotation"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Of weather: dreary, gloomy (cold, overcast, rainy, etc.)."
],
"id": "en-dreich-en-adj-PmfgRCCE",
"links": [
[
"weather",
"weather#Noun"
],
[
"cold",
"cold#Adjective"
],
[
"overcast",
"overcast#Adjective"
],
[
"rainy",
"rainy"
]
],
"tags": [
"Midlands",
"North",
"Northern-England",
"Northern-Ireland",
"Scotland"
]
},
{
"categories": [],
"glosses": [
"Of a person: negotiating forcefully; driving a hard bargain."
],
"id": "en-dreich-en-adj--zDPFlQf",
"links": [
[
"negotiating",
"negotiate"
],
[
"forcefully",
"forcefully"
],
[
"driving a hard bargain",
"drive a hard bargain"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(obsolete)",
"Of a person: negotiating forcefully; driving a hard bargain."
],
"tags": [
"Midlands",
"North",
"Northern-England",
"Northern-Ireland",
"Scotland",
"obsolete"
]
},
{
"categories": [],
"glosses": [
"Of a place (especially a hill or mountain): difficult to get through or reach; inaccessible."
],
"id": "en-dreich-en-adj-1vKyOzOy",
"links": [
[
"place",
"place#Noun"
],
[
"hill",
"hill#Noun"
],
[
"mountain",
"mountain"
],
[
"difficult",
"difficult#Adjective"
],
[
"get",
"get#Verb"
],
[
"reach",
"reach#Verb"
],
[
"inaccessible",
"inaccessible"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(obsolete)",
"Of a place (especially a hill or mountain): difficult to get through or reach; inaccessible."
],
"tags": [
"Midlands",
"North",
"Northern-England",
"Northern-Ireland",
"Scotland",
"obsolete"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/dɹiːx/",
"tags": [
"Received-Pronunciation"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/dɹix/",
"tags": [
"General-American"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/dɹik/",
"tags": [
"General-American"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/ðreː/",
"tags": [
"Ireland"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/driːx/",
"tags": [
"Ireland"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/drix/",
"tags": [
"Scotland"
]
},
{
"audio": "En-us-dreich.oga",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/3/31/En-us-dreich.oga/En-us-dreich.oga.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/31/En-us-dreich.oga",
"tags": [
"General-American"
],
"text": "Audio (GA)"
}
],
"synonyms": [
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "dree"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "dreigh"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"tags": [
"Scotland"
],
"word": "dreegh"
}
],
"word": "dreich"
}
{
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*dʰrewgʰ-",
"id": "serve"
},
"expansion": "",
"name": "root"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "adjective"
},
"expansion": "adjective",
"name": "glossary"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "sco",
"3": "dreich",
"t": "hard to bear, dreary, tedious, wearisome; interminable, long-winded; dull, uninteresting; slow, tardy; doleful, gloomy; baffling, difficult; difficult to reach, inaccessible"
},
"expansion": "Scots dreich (“hard to bear, dreary, tedious, wearisome; interminable, long-winded; dull, uninteresting; slow, tardy; doleful, gloomy; baffling, difficult; difficult to reach, inaccessible”)",
"name": "bor"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "enm",
"3": "dregh"
},
"expansion": "Middle English dregh",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "dri"
},
"expansion": "dri",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "drie",
"t": "burdensome; depressing, dismal; large, tall; lasting, long; long-suffering, patient; tedious; of blows: hard, heavy; of the face: unchanging, unmoved; of a person: strong, valorous"
},
"expansion": "drie (“burdensome; depressing, dismal; large, tall; lasting, long; long-suffering, patient; tedious; of blows: hard, heavy; of the face: unchanging, unmoved; of a person: strong, valorous”)",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "dreghe, drei, dreiȝ, dreiȝe, drey, dreȝ, dreȝe, dreȝghe, drie, driȝ, driȝe, drye, dryȝ, dryȝe, (Early Middle English) drih, druye",
"otherforms": "1"
},
"expansion": "[and other forms]",
"name": "nb..."
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "ang",
"3": "*drēog"
},
"expansion": "Old English *drēog",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ang",
"2": "drēoh",
"t": "earnest; fit; sober"
},
"expansion": "drēoh (“earnest; fit; sober”)",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "ang",
"3": "ġedrēog",
"pos": "adjective",
"t": "calm, quiet; sober; fit, suitable"
},
"expansion": "Old English ġedrēog (“calm, quiet; sober; fit, suitable”, adjective)",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "prefix"
},
"expansion": "prefix",
"name": "glossary"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ang",
"2": "ġe-",
"pos": "prefix forming adjectives of association or similarity"
},
"expansion": "ġe- (prefix forming adjectives of association or similarity)",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "gem-pro",
"3": "*dreugaz",
"t": "enduring, lasting"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic *dreugaz (“enduring, lasting”)",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "gem-pro",
"2": "*dreuganą",
"t": "to serve, be a retainer"
},
"expansion": "*dreuganą (“to serve, be a retainer”)",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*dʰrewgʰ-",
"t": "to serve one’s tribe; loyal"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *dʰrewgʰ- (“to serve one’s tribe; loyal”)",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "non",
"3": "drjúgr",
"t": "sufficient; excessive, very; great; strong"
},
"expansion": "Old Norse drjúgr (“sufficient; excessive, very; great; strong”)",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "gem-pro",
"3": "*dreugaz"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic *dreugaz",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "noun"
},
"expansion": "noun",
"name": "glossary"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "sco",
"3": "dreich",
"t": "dreariness, gloom"
},
"expansion": "Scots dreich (“dreariness, gloom”)",
"name": "bor"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "rare"
},
"expansion": "(rare)",
"name": "qualifier"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "enm",
"3": "dri"
},
"expansion": "Middle English dri",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "drie",
"t": "annoyance, trouble; grief; period of time"
},
"expansion": "drie (“annoyance, trouble; grief; period of time”)",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "dre, dregh, dreghe, dreh, drei, dreigh, dreiȝe, dreȝe, driȝe, dryhe, dryȝe",
"otherforms": "1"
},
"expansion": "[and other forms]",
"name": "nb..."
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "dri"
},
"expansion": "dri",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "drie",
"pos": "adjective"
},
"expansion": "drie (adjective)",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ang",
"2": "ġedrēog",
"pos": "noun",
"t": "seemliness; seriousness, sobriety; something appropriate or required"
},
"expansion": "Old English ġedrēog (“seemliness; seriousness, sobriety; something appropriate or required”, noun)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "nds-de",
"2": "drēg"
},
"expansion": "German Low German drēg",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "nds-de",
"2": "drēge"
},
"expansion": "drēge",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "is",
"2": "drjúgur",
"t": "ample; heavy, substantial; long"
},
"expansion": "Icelandic drjúgur (“ample; heavy, substantial; long”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "frr",
"2": "drech"
},
"expansion": "North Frisian drech",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "gmq-oda",
"2": "drygh"
},
"expansion": "Old Danish drygh",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "da",
"2": "drøj",
"t": "heavy; solid, tough"
},
"expansion": "Danish drøj (“heavy; solid, tough”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "gmq-osw",
"2": "drygher"
},
"expansion": "Old Swedish drygher",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "sv",
"2": "dryg",
"t": "ample, liberal; hard; large; lasting"
},
"expansion": "Swedish dryg (“ample, liberal; hard; large; lasting”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "stq",
"2": "drjooch"
},
"expansion": "Saterland Frisian drjooch",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "sco",
"2": "dreich"
},
"expansion": "Scots dreich",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "fy",
"2": "dreech"
},
"expansion": "West Frisian dreech",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "fy",
"2": "drege",
"t": "extensive; long-lasting"
},
"expansion": "drege (“extensive; long-lasting”)",
"name": "m"
}
],
"etymology_text": "The adjective is borrowed from Scots dreich (“hard to bear, dreary, tedious, wearisome; interminable, long-winded; dull, uninteresting; slow, tardy; doleful, gloomy; baffling, difficult; difficult to reach, inaccessible”), from Middle English dregh, dri, drie (“burdensome; depressing, dismal; large, tall; lasting, long; long-suffering, patient; tedious; of blows: hard, heavy; of the face: unchanging, unmoved; of a person: strong, valorous”) [and other forms], from Old English *drēog, drēoh (“earnest; fit; sober”), and then probably partly:\n* shortened from Old English ġedrēog (“calm, quiet; sober; fit, suitable”, adjective), from ġe- (prefix forming adjectives of association or similarity) + Proto-Germanic *dreugaz (“enduring, lasting”) (from *dreuganą (“to serve, be a retainer”), from Proto-Indo-European *dʰrewgʰ- (“to serve one’s tribe; loyal”)); and\n* influenced by Old Norse drjúgr (“sufficient; excessive, very; great; strong”), from Proto-Germanic *dreugaz (see above).\nThe noun is probably partly derived:\n* from the adjective; and\n* borrowed from Scots dreich (“dreariness, gloom”) (rare), probably from Middle English dri, drie (“annoyance, trouble; grief; period of time”) [and other forms], possibly from dri, drie (adjective) (see above).\n(Compare Old English ġedrēog (“seemliness; seriousness, sobriety; something appropriate or required”, noun), which did not survive into Middle English.)\ncognates\n* German Low German drēg, drēge\n* Icelandic drjúgur (“ample; heavy, substantial; long”)\n* North Frisian drech\n* Old Danish drygh (modern Danish drøj (“heavy; solid, tough”))\n* Old Swedish drygher (modern Swedish dryg (“ample, liberal; hard; large; lasting”))\n* Saterland Frisian drjooch\n* Scots dreich\n* West Frisian dreech, drege (“extensive; long-lasting”)",
"forms": [
{
"form": "dreiches",
"tags": [
"plural"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "~"
},
"expansion": "dreich (countable and uncountable, plural dreiches)",
"name": "en-noun"
}
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Midlands English",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Northern England English",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"_dis": "6 8 6 14 5 6 5 6 6 4 18 16",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Midlands English",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "6 6 7 7 5 6 5 5 6 1 26 18",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Northern England English",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"A tedious or troublesome task; also, the most tedious or troublesome part of a task."
],
"id": "en-dreich-en-noun-0-zfgKFp",
"links": [
[
"tedious",
"tedious"
],
[
"troublesome",
"troublesome"
],
[
"task",
"task#Noun"
],
[
"part",
"part#Noun"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(countable, Northern England, North Midlands) A tedious or troublesome task; also, the most tedious or troublesome part of a task."
],
"tags": [
"Midlands",
"North",
"Northern-England",
"countable"
],
"translations": [
{
"_dis1": "95 5",
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "tedious or troublesome task; most tedious or troublesome part of a task",
"word": "suuri vaiva"
}
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Scottish English",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"_dis": "10 8 9 8 7 9 8 7 9 1 9 14",
"kind": "other",
"name": "English entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "6 8 6 14 5 6 5 6 6 4 18 16",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Midlands English",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "13 8 7 7 7 6 8 6 6 2 6 25",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Northern Irish English",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Bleakness, gloom; specifically, gloomy (cold, overcast, rainy, etc.) weather."
],
"id": "en-dreich-en-noun-jjgFMoMo",
"links": [
[
"Bleakness",
"bleakness"
],
[
"gloom",
"gloom#Noun"
],
[
"gloomy",
"gloomy"
],
[
"cold",
"cold#Adjective"
],
[
"overcast",
"overcast#Adjective"
],
[
"rainy",
"rainy"
],
[
"weather",
"weather#Noun"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(uncountable, Scotland) Bleakness, gloom; specifically, gloomy (cold, overcast, rainy, etc.) weather."
],
"tags": [
"Scotland",
"uncountable"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/dɹiːx/",
"tags": [
"Received-Pronunciation"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/dɹix/",
"tags": [
"General-American"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/dɹik/",
"tags": [
"General-American"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/ðreː/",
"tags": [
"Ireland"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/driːx/",
"tags": [
"Ireland"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/drix/",
"tags": [
"Scotland"
]
},
{
"audio": "En-us-dreich.oga",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/3/31/En-us-dreich.oga/En-us-dreich.oga.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/31/En-us-dreich.oga",
"tags": [
"General-American"
],
"text": "Audio (GA)"
}
],
"word": "dreich"
}
{
"categories": [
"English 1-syllable words",
"English adjectives",
"English countable nouns",
"English entries with incorrect language header",
"English lemmas",
"English nouns",
"English terms borrowed from Scots",
"English terms derived from Middle English",
"English terms derived from Old English",
"English terms derived from Proto-Indo-European",
"English terms derived from Scots",
"English terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *dʰrewgʰ- (serve)",
"English terms with IPA pronunciation",
"English terms with audio links",
"English uncountable nouns",
"Midlands English",
"Northern England English",
"Northern Irish English"
],
"derived": [
{
"tags": [
"adverb"
],
"word": "dree"
},
{
"word": "dreichly"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*dʰrewgʰ-",
"id": "serve"
},
"expansion": "",
"name": "root"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "adjective"
},
"expansion": "adjective",
"name": "glossary"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "sco",
"3": "dreich",
"t": "hard to bear, dreary, tedious, wearisome; interminable, long-winded; dull, uninteresting; slow, tardy; doleful, gloomy; baffling, difficult; difficult to reach, inaccessible"
},
"expansion": "Scots dreich (“hard to bear, dreary, tedious, wearisome; interminable, long-winded; dull, uninteresting; slow, tardy; doleful, gloomy; baffling, difficult; difficult to reach, inaccessible”)",
"name": "bor"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "enm",
"3": "dregh"
},
"expansion": "Middle English dregh",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "dri"
},
"expansion": "dri",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "drie",
"t": "burdensome; depressing, dismal; large, tall; lasting, long; long-suffering, patient; tedious; of blows: hard, heavy; of the face: unchanging, unmoved; of a person: strong, valorous"
},
"expansion": "drie (“burdensome; depressing, dismal; large, tall; lasting, long; long-suffering, patient; tedious; of blows: hard, heavy; of the face: unchanging, unmoved; of a person: strong, valorous”)",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "dreghe, drei, dreiȝ, dreiȝe, drey, dreȝ, dreȝe, dreȝghe, drie, driȝ, driȝe, drye, dryȝ, dryȝe, (Early Middle English) drih, druye",
"otherforms": "1"
},
"expansion": "[and other forms]",
"name": "nb..."
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "ang",
"3": "*drēog"
},
"expansion": "Old English *drēog",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ang",
"2": "drēoh",
"t": "earnest; fit; sober"
},
"expansion": "drēoh (“earnest; fit; sober”)",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "ang",
"3": "ġedrēog",
"pos": "adjective",
"t": "calm, quiet; sober; fit, suitable"
},
"expansion": "Old English ġedrēog (“calm, quiet; sober; fit, suitable”, adjective)",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "prefix"
},
"expansion": "prefix",
"name": "glossary"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ang",
"2": "ġe-",
"pos": "prefix forming adjectives of association or similarity"
},
"expansion": "ġe- (prefix forming adjectives of association or similarity)",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "gem-pro",
"3": "*dreugaz",
"t": "enduring, lasting"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic *dreugaz (“enduring, lasting”)",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "gem-pro",
"2": "*dreuganą",
"t": "to serve, be a retainer"
},
"expansion": "*dreuganą (“to serve, be a retainer”)",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*dʰrewgʰ-",
"t": "to serve one’s tribe; loyal"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *dʰrewgʰ- (“to serve one’s tribe; loyal”)",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "non",
"3": "drjúgr",
"t": "sufficient; excessive, very; great; strong"
},
"expansion": "Old Norse drjúgr (“sufficient; excessive, very; great; strong”)",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "gem-pro",
"3": "*dreugaz"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic *dreugaz",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "noun"
},
"expansion": "noun",
"name": "glossary"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "sco",
"3": "dreich",
"t": "dreariness, gloom"
},
"expansion": "Scots dreich (“dreariness, gloom”)",
"name": "bor"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "rare"
},
"expansion": "(rare)",
"name": "qualifier"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "enm",
"3": "dri"
},
"expansion": "Middle English dri",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "drie",
"t": "annoyance, trouble; grief; period of time"
},
"expansion": "drie (“annoyance, trouble; grief; period of time”)",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "dre, dregh, dreghe, dreh, drei, dreigh, dreiȝe, dreȝe, driȝe, dryhe, dryȝe",
"otherforms": "1"
},
"expansion": "[and other forms]",
"name": "nb..."
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "dri"
},
"expansion": "dri",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "drie",
"pos": "adjective"
},
"expansion": "drie (adjective)",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ang",
"2": "ġedrēog",
"pos": "noun",
"t": "seemliness; seriousness, sobriety; something appropriate or required"
},
"expansion": "Old English ġedrēog (“seemliness; seriousness, sobriety; something appropriate or required”, noun)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "nds-de",
"2": "drēg"
},
"expansion": "German Low German drēg",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "nds-de",
"2": "drēge"
},
"expansion": "drēge",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "is",
"2": "drjúgur",
"t": "ample; heavy, substantial; long"
},
"expansion": "Icelandic drjúgur (“ample; heavy, substantial; long”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "frr",
"2": "drech"
},
"expansion": "North Frisian drech",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "gmq-oda",
"2": "drygh"
},
"expansion": "Old Danish drygh",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "da",
"2": "drøj",
"t": "heavy; solid, tough"
},
"expansion": "Danish drøj (“heavy; solid, tough”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "gmq-osw",
"2": "drygher"
},
"expansion": "Old Swedish drygher",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "sv",
"2": "dryg",
"t": "ample, liberal; hard; large; lasting"
},
"expansion": "Swedish dryg (“ample, liberal; hard; large; lasting”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "stq",
"2": "drjooch"
},
"expansion": "Saterland Frisian drjooch",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "sco",
"2": "dreich"
},
"expansion": "Scots dreich",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "fy",
"2": "dreech"
},
"expansion": "West Frisian dreech",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "fy",
"2": "drege",
"t": "extensive; long-lasting"
},
"expansion": "drege (“extensive; long-lasting”)",
"name": "m"
}
],
"etymology_text": "The adjective is borrowed from Scots dreich (“hard to bear, dreary, tedious, wearisome; interminable, long-winded; dull, uninteresting; slow, tardy; doleful, gloomy; baffling, difficult; difficult to reach, inaccessible”), from Middle English dregh, dri, drie (“burdensome; depressing, dismal; large, tall; lasting, long; long-suffering, patient; tedious; of blows: hard, heavy; of the face: unchanging, unmoved; of a person: strong, valorous”) [and other forms], from Old English *drēog, drēoh (“earnest; fit; sober”), and then probably partly:\n* shortened from Old English ġedrēog (“calm, quiet; sober; fit, suitable”, adjective), from ġe- (prefix forming adjectives of association or similarity) + Proto-Germanic *dreugaz (“enduring, lasting”) (from *dreuganą (“to serve, be a retainer”), from Proto-Indo-European *dʰrewgʰ- (“to serve one’s tribe; loyal”)); and\n* influenced by Old Norse drjúgr (“sufficient; excessive, very; great; strong”), from Proto-Germanic *dreugaz (see above).\nThe noun is probably partly derived:\n* from the adjective; and\n* borrowed from Scots dreich (“dreariness, gloom”) (rare), probably from Middle English dri, drie (“annoyance, trouble; grief; period of time”) [and other forms], possibly from dri, drie (adjective) (see above).\n(Compare Old English ġedrēog (“seemliness; seriousness, sobriety; something appropriate or required”, noun), which did not survive into Middle English.)\ncognates\n* German Low German drēg, drēge\n* Icelandic drjúgur (“ample; heavy, substantial; long”)\n* North Frisian drech\n* Old Danish drygh (modern Danish drøj (“heavy; solid, tough”))\n* Old Swedish drygher (modern Swedish dryg (“ample, liberal; hard; large; lasting”))\n* Saterland Frisian drjooch\n* Scots dreich\n* West Frisian dreech, drege (“extensive; long-lasting”)",
"forms": [
{
"form": "dreicher",
"tags": [
"comparative"
]
},
{
"form": "dreichest",
"tags": [
"superlative"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "dreicher"
},
"expansion": "dreich (comparative dreicher, superlative dreichest)",
"name": "en-adj"
}
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "adj",
"senses": [
{
"antonyms": [
{
"word": "concise"
}
],
"categories": [
"English terms with quotations"
],
"examples": [
{
"text": "(long-winded):"
},
{
"text": "(long-winded):"
},
{
"ref": "1932, Lewis Grassic Gibbon [pseudonym; James Leslie Mitchell], “Epilude: The Unfurrowed Field”, in Ian Campbell, editor, Sunset Song: A Novel (A Scots Quair; 1), Edinburgh: Polygon, Birlinn, published 2006, page 234",
"text": "So Alec showed her the letter, 'twas long and dreich and went on and on; […]",
"type": "quotation"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Extending for a long distance or time, especially when tedious or wearisome; long-drawn-out, protracted; also, of speech or writing: unnecessarily verbose; long-winded."
],
"links": [
[
"Extending",
"extend#Verb"
],
[
"long",
"long#Adjective"
],
[
"distance",
"distance#Noun"
],
[
"time",
"time#Noun"
],
[
"tedious",
"tedious"
],
[
"wearisome",
"wearisome"
],
[
"long-drawn-out",
"long-drawn-out"
],
[
"protracted",
"protracted#Adjective"
],
[
"speech",
"speech#Noun"
],
[
"writing",
"writing#Noun"
],
[
"unnecessarily",
"unnecessarily"
],
[
"verbose",
"verbose"
],
[
"long-winded",
"long-winded"
]
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "verbose"
}
],
"tags": [
"Midlands",
"North",
"Northern-England",
"Northern-Ireland",
"Scotland"
]
},
{
"antonyms": [
{
"word": "exciting"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Not enjoyable or interesting; boring, dull."
],
"links": [
[
"enjoyable",
"enjoyable"
],
[
"interesting",
"interesting#Adjective"
],
[
"boring",
"boring#Adjective"
],
[
"dull",
"dull#Adjective"
]
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "boring"
}
],
"tags": [
"Midlands",
"North",
"Northern-England",
"Northern-Ireland",
"Scotland"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"English terms with quotations"
],
"examples": [
{
"ref": "1932, Lewis Grassic Gibbon [pseudonym; James Leslie Mitchell], “Epilude: The Unfurrowed Field”, in Ian Campbell, editor, Sunset Song: A Novel (A Scots Quair; 1), Edinburgh: Polygon, Birlinn, published 2006, page 235",
"text": "It looked a dreich, cold place as you rode by at night, near as lonesome as the old Mill was, and not near as handy.",
"type": "quotation"
},
{
"ref": "1941 January, C[uthbert] Hamilton Ellis, “The Scottish Station”, in The Railway Magazine, London: Tothill Press, →ISSN, →OCLC, page 3",
"text": "There are many other species of Scottish station, from geranium-hung coastal termini to dreich places in the Black Country, but a concluding note must be reached, and it shall concern Glasgow.",
"type": "quotation"
},
{
"ref": "2004 June 3, Susan Hill, chapter 1, in The Various Haunts of Men (A Simon Serrailler Crime Novel), London: Chatto & Windus, page 4",
"text": "Angela Randall was not afraid of the dark, but driving home at this dreich hour and at the end of a difficult shift, she found the ectoplasmic fog unnerving.",
"type": "quotation"
},
{
"ref": "2020 February 11, Douglas Stuart, chapter 25, in Shuggie Bain, New York, N.Y.: Grove Press, page 336",
"text": "On dreich days Shuggie would take Agnes's wedding album and hide at the foot of her bed poring over the photos of his father.",
"type": "quotation"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Bleak, cheerless, dismal, dreary, miserable."
],
"links": [
[
"Bleak",
"bleak#Adjective"
],
[
"cheerless",
"cheerless"
],
[
"dismal",
"dismal"
],
[
"dreary",
"dreary"
],
[
"miserable",
"miserable#Adjective"
]
],
"tags": [
"Midlands",
"North",
"Northern-England",
"Northern-Ireland",
"Scotland"
]
},
{
"antonyms": [
{
"word": "speedy"
}
],
"categories": [
"English terms with quotations"
],
"examples": [
{
"ref": "1914, Neil Munro, “A Call to the North”, in The New Road, Edinburgh; London: William Blackwood and Sons, →OCLC, page 53",
"text": "I have the bills o' men like Keppoch and Glengarry flourishing about the Lowlands in the place o' paper money; they're aye gettin' a' the dreicher at the payin', but whatever comes o't I have got them in my grasp.",
"type": "quotation"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Slow, sluggish; specifically, of a person: tending to delay or procrastinate (especially when paying for something)."
],
"links": [
[
"Slow",
"slow#Adjective"
],
[
"sluggish",
"sluggish"
],
[
"tend",
"tend"
],
[
"delay",
"delay#Verb"
],
[
"procrastinate",
"procrastinate"
],
[
"paying",
"pay#Verb"
]
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "dilatory"
},
{
"word": "tardy"
},
{
"word": "slow"
}
],
"tags": [
"Midlands",
"North",
"Northern-England",
"Northern-Ireland",
"Scotland"
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"Of a person: having a dejected or serious appearance or mood; dour, gloomy, moody, morose, sullen."
],
"links": [
[
"person",
"person#Noun"
],
[
"dejected",
"dejected#Adjective"
],
[
"serious",
"serious#Adjective"
],
[
"appearance",
"appearance"
],
[
"mood",
"mood#Noun"
],
[
"dour",
"dour"
],
[
"gloomy",
"gloomy"
],
[
"moody",
"moody"
],
[
"morose",
"morose"
],
[
"sullen",
"sullen#Adjective"
]
],
"tags": [
"Midlands",
"North",
"Northern-England",
"Northern-Ireland",
"Scotland"
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"Of a task: laborious, tedious, troublesome; hence, needing concentration to understand; intricate."
],
"links": [
[
"task",
"task#Noun"
],
[
"laborious",
"laborious"
],
[
"troublesome",
"troublesome"
],
[
"needing",
"need#Verb"
],
[
"concentration",
"concentration"
],
[
"understand",
"understand"
],
[
"intricate",
"intricate#Adjective"
]
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "burdensome"
},
{
"word": "taxing"
},
{
"word": "toilsome"
}
],
"tags": [
"Midlands",
"North",
"Northern-England",
"Northern-Ireland",
"Scotland"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"English terms with quotations"
],
"examples": [
{
"ref": "a. 1931 (date written), D[avid] H[erbert] Lawrence, “A Hay Hut among the Mountains”, in Warren Roberts, Harry T. Moore, editors, Phoenix II: Uncollected, Unpublished, and Other Prose Works by D. H. Lawrence […], Viking Compass edition, New York, N.Y.: Viking Press, published 1970, part I (Stories and Sketches), page 43",
"text": "So, after two hours' running downhill, we came out in the level valley at Glashütte. It was raining now, a thick dree rain.",
"type": "quotation"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Chiefly of rain: without pause or stop; continuous, incessant."
],
"links": [
[
"rain",
"rain#Noun"
],
[
"pause",
"pause#Noun"
],
[
"stop",
"stop#Noun"
],
[
"continuous",
"continuous"
],
[
"incessant",
"incessant"
]
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "persistent"
},
{
"word": "sustained"
},
{
"word": "unceasing"
},
{
"word": "unending"
},
{
"word": "unremitting"
},
{
"word": "continuous"
}
],
"tags": [
"Midlands",
"North",
"Northern-England",
"Northern-Ireland",
"Scotland"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"English terms with quotations"
],
"examples": [
{
"ref": "1969, George Mackay Brown, “Rackwick”, in An Orkney Tapestry, London: Victor Gollancz, →OCLC, page 40",
"text": "Days are dreicher than January. / A dead lamb is dropped in the thaw. / Yet now we are glad / For all things turn to the sun.",
"type": "quotation"
},
{
"ref": "1992, Ian Rankin, “Up the River”, in Strip Jack (A Thomas Dunne Book), 1st American edition, New York, N.Y.: St. Martin’s Press, published 1994, page 97",
"text": "Burglary with violent assault: just the thing for a dreich Thursday morning.",
"type": "quotation"
},
{
"ref": "2023 November 29, Paul Clifton, “West is Best in the Highlands”, in Rail, number 997, Peterborough, Cambridgeshire: Bauer Media, →ISSN, →OCLC, page 39",
"text": "Up here, it’s a ‘dreich’ day with steady drizzle. Deep drainage channels either side of the track are already more like streams: Rannoch Moor is a wet place.",
"type": "quotation"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Of weather: dreary, gloomy (cold, overcast, rainy, etc.)."
],
"links": [
[
"weather",
"weather#Noun"
],
[
"cold",
"cold#Adjective"
],
[
"overcast",
"overcast#Adjective"
],
[
"rainy",
"rainy"
]
],
"tags": [
"Midlands",
"North",
"Northern-England",
"Northern-Ireland",
"Scotland"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"English terms with obsolete senses"
],
"glosses": [
"Of a person: negotiating forcefully; driving a hard bargain."
],
"links": [
[
"negotiating",
"negotiate"
],
[
"forcefully",
"forcefully"
],
[
"driving a hard bargain",
"drive a hard bargain"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(obsolete)",
"Of a person: negotiating forcefully; driving a hard bargain."
],
"tags": [
"Midlands",
"North",
"Northern-England",
"Northern-Ireland",
"Scotland",
"obsolete"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"English terms with obsolete senses"
],
"glosses": [
"Of a place (especially a hill or mountain): difficult to get through or reach; inaccessible."
],
"links": [
[
"place",
"place#Noun"
],
[
"hill",
"hill#Noun"
],
[
"mountain",
"mountain"
],
[
"difficult",
"difficult#Adjective"
],
[
"get",
"get#Verb"
],
[
"reach",
"reach#Verb"
],
[
"inaccessible",
"inaccessible"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(obsolete)",
"Of a place (especially a hill or mountain): difficult to get through or reach; inaccessible."
],
"tags": [
"Midlands",
"North",
"Northern-England",
"Northern-Ireland",
"Scotland",
"obsolete"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/dɹiːx/",
"tags": [
"Received-Pronunciation"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/dɹix/",
"tags": [
"General-American"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/dɹik/",
"tags": [
"General-American"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/ðreː/",
"tags": [
"Ireland"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/driːx/",
"tags": [
"Ireland"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/drix/",
"tags": [
"Scotland"
]
},
{
"audio": "En-us-dreich.oga",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/3/31/En-us-dreich.oga/En-us-dreich.oga.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/31/En-us-dreich.oga",
"tags": [
"General-American"
],
"text": "Audio (GA)"
}
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "dree"
},
{
"word": "dreigh"
},
{
"tags": [
"Scotland"
],
"word": "dreegh"
}
],
"word": "dreich"
}
{
"categories": [
"English 1-syllable words",
"English adjectives",
"English countable nouns",
"English entries with incorrect language header",
"English lemmas",
"English nouns",
"English terms borrowed from Scots",
"English terms derived from Middle English",
"English terms derived from Old English",
"English terms derived from Proto-Indo-European",
"English terms derived from Scots",
"English terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *dʰrewgʰ- (serve)",
"English terms with IPA pronunciation",
"English terms with audio links",
"English uncountable nouns",
"Midlands English",
"Northern England English",
"Northern Irish English"
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*dʰrewgʰ-",
"id": "serve"
},
"expansion": "",
"name": "root"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "adjective"
},
"expansion": "adjective",
"name": "glossary"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "sco",
"3": "dreich",
"t": "hard to bear, dreary, tedious, wearisome; interminable, long-winded; dull, uninteresting; slow, tardy; doleful, gloomy; baffling, difficult; difficult to reach, inaccessible"
},
"expansion": "Scots dreich (“hard to bear, dreary, tedious, wearisome; interminable, long-winded; dull, uninteresting; slow, tardy; doleful, gloomy; baffling, difficult; difficult to reach, inaccessible”)",
"name": "bor"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "enm",
"3": "dregh"
},
"expansion": "Middle English dregh",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "dri"
},
"expansion": "dri",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "drie",
"t": "burdensome; depressing, dismal; large, tall; lasting, long; long-suffering, patient; tedious; of blows: hard, heavy; of the face: unchanging, unmoved; of a person: strong, valorous"
},
"expansion": "drie (“burdensome; depressing, dismal; large, tall; lasting, long; long-suffering, patient; tedious; of blows: hard, heavy; of the face: unchanging, unmoved; of a person: strong, valorous”)",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "dreghe, drei, dreiȝ, dreiȝe, drey, dreȝ, dreȝe, dreȝghe, drie, driȝ, driȝe, drye, dryȝ, dryȝe, (Early Middle English) drih, druye",
"otherforms": "1"
},
"expansion": "[and other forms]",
"name": "nb..."
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "ang",
"3": "*drēog"
},
"expansion": "Old English *drēog",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ang",
"2": "drēoh",
"t": "earnest; fit; sober"
},
"expansion": "drēoh (“earnest; fit; sober”)",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "ang",
"3": "ġedrēog",
"pos": "adjective",
"t": "calm, quiet; sober; fit, suitable"
},
"expansion": "Old English ġedrēog (“calm, quiet; sober; fit, suitable”, adjective)",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "prefix"
},
"expansion": "prefix",
"name": "glossary"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ang",
"2": "ġe-",
"pos": "prefix forming adjectives of association or similarity"
},
"expansion": "ġe- (prefix forming adjectives of association or similarity)",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "gem-pro",
"3": "*dreugaz",
"t": "enduring, lasting"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic *dreugaz (“enduring, lasting”)",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "gem-pro",
"2": "*dreuganą",
"t": "to serve, be a retainer"
},
"expansion": "*dreuganą (“to serve, be a retainer”)",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*dʰrewgʰ-",
"t": "to serve one’s tribe; loyal"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *dʰrewgʰ- (“to serve one’s tribe; loyal”)",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "non",
"3": "drjúgr",
"t": "sufficient; excessive, very; great; strong"
},
"expansion": "Old Norse drjúgr (“sufficient; excessive, very; great; strong”)",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "gem-pro",
"3": "*dreugaz"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic *dreugaz",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "noun"
},
"expansion": "noun",
"name": "glossary"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "sco",
"3": "dreich",
"t": "dreariness, gloom"
},
"expansion": "Scots dreich (“dreariness, gloom”)",
"name": "bor"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "rare"
},
"expansion": "(rare)",
"name": "qualifier"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "enm",
"3": "dri"
},
"expansion": "Middle English dri",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "drie",
"t": "annoyance, trouble; grief; period of time"
},
"expansion": "drie (“annoyance, trouble; grief; period of time”)",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "dre, dregh, dreghe, dreh, drei, dreigh, dreiȝe, dreȝe, driȝe, dryhe, dryȝe",
"otherforms": "1"
},
"expansion": "[and other forms]",
"name": "nb..."
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "dri"
},
"expansion": "dri",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "drie",
"pos": "adjective"
},
"expansion": "drie (adjective)",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ang",
"2": "ġedrēog",
"pos": "noun",
"t": "seemliness; seriousness, sobriety; something appropriate or required"
},
"expansion": "Old English ġedrēog (“seemliness; seriousness, sobriety; something appropriate or required”, noun)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "nds-de",
"2": "drēg"
},
"expansion": "German Low German drēg",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "nds-de",
"2": "drēge"
},
"expansion": "drēge",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "is",
"2": "drjúgur",
"t": "ample; heavy, substantial; long"
},
"expansion": "Icelandic drjúgur (“ample; heavy, substantial; long”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "frr",
"2": "drech"
},
"expansion": "North Frisian drech",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "gmq-oda",
"2": "drygh"
},
"expansion": "Old Danish drygh",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "da",
"2": "drøj",
"t": "heavy; solid, tough"
},
"expansion": "Danish drøj (“heavy; solid, tough”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "gmq-osw",
"2": "drygher"
},
"expansion": "Old Swedish drygher",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "sv",
"2": "dryg",
"t": "ample, liberal; hard; large; lasting"
},
"expansion": "Swedish dryg (“ample, liberal; hard; large; lasting”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "stq",
"2": "drjooch"
},
"expansion": "Saterland Frisian drjooch",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "sco",
"2": "dreich"
},
"expansion": "Scots dreich",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "fy",
"2": "dreech"
},
"expansion": "West Frisian dreech",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "fy",
"2": "drege",
"t": "extensive; long-lasting"
},
"expansion": "drege (“extensive; long-lasting”)",
"name": "m"
}
],
"etymology_text": "The adjective is borrowed from Scots dreich (“hard to bear, dreary, tedious, wearisome; interminable, long-winded; dull, uninteresting; slow, tardy; doleful, gloomy; baffling, difficult; difficult to reach, inaccessible”), from Middle English dregh, dri, drie (“burdensome; depressing, dismal; large, tall; lasting, long; long-suffering, patient; tedious; of blows: hard, heavy; of the face: unchanging, unmoved; of a person: strong, valorous”) [and other forms], from Old English *drēog, drēoh (“earnest; fit; sober”), and then probably partly:\n* shortened from Old English ġedrēog (“calm, quiet; sober; fit, suitable”, adjective), from ġe- (prefix forming adjectives of association or similarity) + Proto-Germanic *dreugaz (“enduring, lasting”) (from *dreuganą (“to serve, be a retainer”), from Proto-Indo-European *dʰrewgʰ- (“to serve one’s tribe; loyal”)); and\n* influenced by Old Norse drjúgr (“sufficient; excessive, very; great; strong”), from Proto-Germanic *dreugaz (see above).\nThe noun is probably partly derived:\n* from the adjective; and\n* borrowed from Scots dreich (“dreariness, gloom”) (rare), probably from Middle English dri, drie (“annoyance, trouble; grief; period of time”) [and other forms], possibly from dri, drie (adjective) (see above).\n(Compare Old English ġedrēog (“seemliness; seriousness, sobriety; something appropriate or required”, noun), which did not survive into Middle English.)\ncognates\n* German Low German drēg, drēge\n* Icelandic drjúgur (“ample; heavy, substantial; long”)\n* North Frisian drech\n* Old Danish drygh (modern Danish drøj (“heavy; solid, tough”))\n* Old Swedish drygher (modern Swedish dryg (“ample, liberal; hard; large; lasting”))\n* Saterland Frisian drjooch\n* Scots dreich\n* West Frisian dreech, drege (“extensive; long-lasting”)",
"forms": [
{
"form": "dreiches",
"tags": [
"plural"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "~"
},
"expansion": "dreich (countable and uncountable, plural dreiches)",
"name": "en-noun"
}
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"English countable nouns",
"Midlands English",
"Northern England English"
],
"glosses": [
"A tedious or troublesome task; also, the most tedious or troublesome part of a task."
],
"links": [
[
"tedious",
"tedious"
],
[
"troublesome",
"troublesome"
],
[
"task",
"task#Noun"
],
[
"part",
"part#Noun"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(countable, Northern England, North Midlands) A tedious or troublesome task; also, the most tedious or troublesome part of a task."
],
"tags": [
"Midlands",
"North",
"Northern-England",
"countable"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"English uncountable nouns",
"Scottish English"
],
"glosses": [
"Bleakness, gloom; specifically, gloomy (cold, overcast, rainy, etc.) weather."
],
"links": [
[
"Bleakness",
"bleakness"
],
[
"gloom",
"gloom#Noun"
],
[
"gloomy",
"gloomy"
],
[
"cold",
"cold#Adjective"
],
[
"overcast",
"overcast#Adjective"
],
[
"rainy",
"rainy"
],
[
"weather",
"weather#Noun"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(uncountable, Scotland) Bleakness, gloom; specifically, gloomy (cold, overcast, rainy, etc.) weather."
],
"tags": [
"Scotland",
"uncountable"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/dɹiːx/",
"tags": [
"Received-Pronunciation"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/dɹix/",
"tags": [
"General-American"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/dɹik/",
"tags": [
"General-American"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/ðreː/",
"tags": [
"Ireland"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/driːx/",
"tags": [
"Ireland"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/drix/",
"tags": [
"Scotland"
]
},
{
"audio": "En-us-dreich.oga",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/3/31/En-us-dreich.oga/En-us-dreich.oga.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/31/En-us-dreich.oga",
"tags": [
"General-American"
],
"text": "Audio (GA)"
}
],
"translations": [
{
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "tedious or troublesome task; most tedious or troublesome part of a task",
"word": "suuri vaiva"
}
],
"word": "dreich"
}
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable English dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2024-04-24 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2024-04-21 using wiktextract (82c8ff9 and f4967a5). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.