See -est on Wiktionary
{
"etymology_number": 1,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "enm",
"3": "-est"
},
"expansion": "Middle English -est",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "ang",
"3": "-st"
},
"expansion": "Old English -st",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "gem-pro",
"3": "*-istaz, *-ōstaz"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic *-istaz, *-ōstaz",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "af",
"2": "-ste"
},
"expansion": "Afrikaans -ste",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "nl",
"2": "-st"
},
"expansion": "Dutch -st",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "de",
"2": "-st",
"3": "-(e)st"
},
"expansion": "German -(e)st",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "da",
"2": "-est",
"3": "-(e)st"
},
"expansion": "Danish -(e)st",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "sv",
"2": "-ast",
"3": "-(a)st"
},
"expansion": "Swedish -(a)st",
"name": "cog"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Middle English -est, from Old English -st, -est, from Proto-Germanic *-istaz, *-ōstaz, related to comparative -er. Cognate of Afrikaans -ste, Dutch -st, German -(e)st, Danish -(e)st, Swedish -(a)st.",
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "suffix",
"cat2": "",
"cat3": "",
"head": "",
"id": ""
},
"expansion": "-est",
"name": "head"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "-est",
"name": "en-suffix"
}
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "suffix",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Arabic translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Armenian translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Basque translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Breton translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Catalan translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Danish translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
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{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Esperanto translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
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{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Japanese translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Khmer translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Korean translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Lao translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Latvian translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Malay translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Mandarin translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Mongolian translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Norwegian Bokmål translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Norwegian Nynorsk translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Serbo-Croatian translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Slovak translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Swedish translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Thai translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Turkish translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Vietnamese translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Welsh translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Yoruba translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"coordinate_terms": [
{
"word": "-er"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"text": "longest, biggest, fastest"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Used to form the superlative of adjectives and adverbs."
],
"id": "en--est-en-suffix-K~bX-NhW",
"links": [
[
"superlative",
"superlative#English"
],
[
"adjective",
"adjective#English"
],
[
"adverb",
"adverb#English"
]
],
"related": [
{
"word": "-most"
}
],
"tags": [
"morpheme"
],
"translations": [
{
"code": "ar",
"lang": "Arabic",
"note": "a superlative pattern of the adjective",
"roman": "al--",
"sense": "superlative of adjectives and adverbs",
"word": "اَلـ"
},
{
"code": "hy",
"lang": "Armenian",
"roman": "amena-",
"sense": "superlative of adjectives and adverbs",
"word": "ամենա-"
},
{
"code": "hy",
"lang": "Armenian",
"roman": "-guyn",
"sense": "superlative of adjectives and adverbs",
"word": "-գույն"
},
{
"code": "eu",
"lang": "Basque",
"sense": "superlative of adjectives and adverbs",
"word": "-en"
},
{
"code": "br",
"lang": "Breton",
"sense": "superlative of adjectives and adverbs",
"word": "-añ"
},
{
"code": "ca",
"lang": "Catalan",
"note": "before the adjective or adverb, after the definite article",
"sense": "superlative of adjectives and adverbs",
"word": "més"
},
{
"code": "cmn",
"lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
"roman": "zuì",
"sense": "superlative of adjectives and adverbs",
"tags": [
"prefix"
],
"word": "最"
},
{
"code": "cs",
"lang": "Czech",
"sense": "superlative of adjectives and adverbs",
"word": "nej-"
},
{
"code": "da",
"lang": "Danish",
"sense": "superlative of adjectives and adverbs",
"word": "-est"
},
{
"code": "nl",
"lang": "Dutch",
"sense": "superlative of adjectives and adverbs",
"word": "-ste"
},
{
"code": "eo",
"lang": "Esperanto",
"sense": "superlative of adjectives and adverbs",
"word": "plej"
},
{
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"note": "for adjectives",
"sense": "superlative of adjectives and adverbs",
"word": "-in"
},
{
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"note": "before the adjective, after the definite article",
"sense": "superlative of adjectives and adverbs",
"word": "plus"
},
{
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "superlative of adjectives and adverbs",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "-ster"
},
{
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "superlative of adjectives and adverbs",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "-ste"
},
{
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "superlative of adjectives and adverbs",
"tags": [
"adverb"
],
"word": "am ...-sten"
},
{
"code": "hu",
"lang": "Hungarian",
"sense": "superlative of adjectives and adverbs",
"word": "leg-"
},
{
"alt": "いちばん, ichiban; placed before the adjective",
"code": "ja",
"lang": "Japanese",
"sense": "superlative of adjectives and adverbs",
"word": "一番"
},
{
"alt": "もっとも",
"code": "ja",
"lang": "Japanese",
"roman": "mottomo",
"sense": "superlative of adjectives and adverbs",
"word": "最も"
},
{
"alt": "さい",
"code": "ja",
"lang": "Japanese",
"roman": "sai-",
"sense": "superlative of adjectives and adverbs",
"tags": [
"Sino-Japanese",
"prefix"
],
"word": "最"
},
{
"code": "km",
"lang": "Khmer",
"roman": "…ciəng kei",
"sense": "superlative of adjectives and adverbs",
"word": "...ជាងគេ"
},
{
"code": "ko",
"lang": "Korean",
"roman": "gajang",
"sense": "superlative of adjectives and adverbs",
"word": "가장"
},
{
"alt": "第一",
"code": "ko",
"lang": "Korean",
"roman": "jeil",
"sense": "superlative of adjectives and adverbs",
"word": "제일"
},
{
"alt": "最",
"code": "ko",
"lang": "Korean",
"roman": "choe-",
"sense": "superlative of adjectives and adverbs",
"tags": [
"Sino-Korean",
"prefix"
],
"word": "최"
},
{
"code": "lo",
"lang": "Lao",
"roman": "...thī sut",
"sense": "superlative of adjectives and adverbs",
"word": "...ທີ່ສຸດ"
},
{
"code": "lv",
"lang": "Latvian",
"sense": "superlative of adjectives and adverbs",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "-ākais"
},
{
"code": "lv",
"lang": "Latvian",
"sense": "superlative of adjectives and adverbs",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "-ākā"
},
{
"code": "ms",
"lang": "Malay",
"sense": "superlative of adjectives and adverbs",
"word": "ter-"
},
{
"code": "mn",
"lang": "Mongolian",
"roman": "xamgyn",
"sense": "superlative of adjectives and adverbs",
"word": "хамгын"
},
{
"code": "nb",
"lang": "Norwegian Bokmål",
"sense": "superlative of adjectives and adverbs",
"word": "-est"
},
{
"code": "nb",
"lang": "Norwegian Bokmål",
"note": "before most long adjectives or adverbs",
"sense": "superlative of adjectives and adverbs",
"word": "mest"
},
{
"code": "nn",
"lang": "Norwegian Nynorsk",
"sense": "superlative of adjectives and adverbs",
"word": "-ast"
},
{
"code": "nn",
"lang": "Norwegian Nynorsk",
"note": "before most long adjectives or adverbs",
"sense": "superlative of adjectives and adverbs",
"word": "mest"
},
{
"code": "pl",
"lang": "Polish",
"sense": "superlative of adjectives and adverbs",
"word": "naj-"
},
{
"code": "pl",
"lang": "Polish",
"note": "before the adjective or adverb",
"sense": "superlative of adjectives and adverbs",
"word": "najbardziej"
},
{
"code": "pt",
"lang": "Portuguese",
"note": "mais used with definite article",
"sense": "superlative of adjectives and adverbs"
},
{
"code": "ro",
"lang": "Romanian",
"note": "before the adjective or adverb, after the demonstrative article",
"sense": "superlative of adjectives and adverbs",
"word": "mai"
},
{
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "nai-",
"sense": "superlative of adjectives and adverbs",
"tags": [
"prefix",
"with-comparative"
],
"word": "наи-"
},
{
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"note": "before adjectives in the normal form",
"roman": "sámyj",
"sense": "superlative of adjectives and adverbs",
"word": "са́мый"
},
{
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"note": "before adjectives in the normal form",
"roman": "naibóleje",
"sense": "superlative of adjectives and adverbs",
"word": "наибо́лее"
},
{
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "-éjšij",
"sense": "superlative of adjectives and adverbs",
"word": "-е́йший"
},
{
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"note": "-а́йший (-ájšij) (suffixes follow an adjective form)",
"sense": "superlative of adjectives and adverbs"
},
{
"code": "sh",
"lang": "Serbo-Croatian",
"sense": "superlative of adjectives and adverbs",
"tags": [
"Cyrillic"
],
"word": "нај-"
},
{
"code": "sh",
"lang": "Serbo-Croatian",
"sense": "superlative of adjectives and adverbs",
"tags": [
"Roman"
],
"word": "naj-"
},
{
"code": "sk",
"lang": "Slovak",
"sense": "superlative of adjectives and adverbs",
"word": "naj-"
},
{
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"note": "before the adjective or adverb, after the definite article",
"sense": "superlative of adjectives and adverbs",
"word": "más"
},
{
"alt": "1",
"code": "sv",
"lang": "Swedish",
"sense": "superlative of adjectives and adverbs",
"word": "-ast"
},
{
"alt": "1",
"code": "sv",
"lang": "Swedish",
"note": "before the adjective or adverb",
"sense": "superlative of adjectives and adverbs",
"word": "mest"
},
{
"code": "th",
"lang": "Thai",
"roman": "...tîi-sùt",
"sense": "superlative of adjectives and adverbs",
"word": "...ที่สุด"
},
{
"code": "tr",
"lang": "Turkish",
"sense": "superlative of adjectives and adverbs",
"word": "en"
},
{
"alt": "一",
"code": "vi",
"lang": "Vietnamese",
"sense": "superlative of adjectives and adverbs",
"word": "... nhất"
},
{
"code": "cy",
"lang": "Welsh",
"sense": "superlative of adjectives and adverbs",
"word": "-af"
},
{
"code": "yo",
"lang": "Yoruba",
"sense": "superlative of adjectives and adverbs",
"word": "-olo"
}
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"enpr": "ĭst",
"tags": [
"UK",
"US"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/ɪst/",
"tags": [
"UK",
"US"
]
},
{
"audio": "LL-Q1860 (eng)-Vealhurl--est.wav",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/07/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl--est.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl--est.wav.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/07/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl--est.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl--est.wav.ogg"
},
{
"enpr": "əst",
"tags": [
"General-Australian"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/əst/",
"tags": [
"General-Australian"
]
}
],
"word": "-est"
}
{
"etymology_number": 2,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "enm",
"3": "-est, -st"
},
"expansion": "Middle English -est, -st",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "ang",
"3": "-est, -ast, -st"
},
"expansion": "Old English -est, -ast, -st",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "gem-pro",
"3": "*-zi"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic *-zi",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*-si"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *-si",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "de",
"2": "-st"
},
"expansion": "German -st",
"name": "cog"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Middle English -est, -st, from Old English -est, -ast, -st, ultimately from Proto-Germanic *-zi, from Proto-Indo-European *-si. The -t was by transfer from inverted order where thou followed the verb, which also occurred in most dialects of Middle Dutch and Middle High German (compare modern German -st).",
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "suffix",
"cat2": "inflectional suffixes",
"cat3": "",
"head": "",
"id": ""
},
"expansion": "-est",
"name": "head"
},
{
"args": {
"cat2": "inflectional suffixes"
},
"expansion": "-est",
"name": "en-suffix"
}
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "suffix",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "33 67",
"kind": "other",
"name": "English entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "31 69",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Entries with translation boxes",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "30 70",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 6 entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "32 68",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "25 75",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Czech translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "33 67",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Dutch translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "29 71",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Finnish translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "32 68",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with French translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "32 68",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with German translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "26 74",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Hungarian translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "29 71",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Irish translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "29 71",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Italian translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "29 71",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Latin translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "32 68",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Polish translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "27 73",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Portuguese translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "29 71",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Romanian translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "29 71",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Russian translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "31 69",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Spanish translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"text": "goest, makest, wentest, madest"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Used to form the second-person singular present tense and past tense of verbs. (if thou is the subject; not used with you)"
],
"id": "en--est-en-suffix-XO7Pe6ME",
"links": [
[
"second-person",
"Appendix:Glossary#second person"
],
[
"singular",
"Appendix:Glossary#singular"
],
[
"present tense",
"Appendix:Glossary#present tense"
],
[
"past tense",
"Appendix:Glossary#past tense"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(archaic, dialectal) Used to form the second-person singular present tense and past tense of verbs. (if thou is the subject; not used with you)"
],
"related": [
{
"word": "-eth"
},
{
"word": "thou"
}
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "-'st"
},
{
"word": "-st"
}
],
"tags": [
"archaic",
"dialectal",
"morpheme"
],
"translations": [
{
"code": "cs",
"lang": "Czech",
"sense": "second-person singular present tense of verbs",
"word": "-eš"
},
{
"code": "cs",
"lang": "Czech",
"sense": "second-person singular present tense of verbs",
"word": "-íš"
},
{
"code": "cs",
"lang": "Czech",
"sense": "second-person singular present tense of verbs",
"word": "-áš"
},
{
"code": "nl",
"lang": "Dutch",
"sense": "second-person singular present tense of verbs",
"word": "-t"
},
{
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "second-person singular present tense of verbs",
"word": "-t"
},
{
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"note": "for regular -er verbs",
"sense": "second-person singular present tense of verbs",
"word": "-es"
},
{
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"note": "for regular -ir verb",
"sense": "second-person singular present tense of verbs",
"word": "-is"
},
{
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"note": "for most -re verbs",
"sense": "second-person singular present tense of verbs",
"word": "-s"
},
{
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "second-person singular present tense of verbs",
"word": "-st"
},
{
"code": "hu",
"lang": "Hungarian",
"sense": "second-person singular present tense of verbs",
"word": "-sz"
},
{
"code": "hu",
"lang": "Hungarian",
"sense": "second-person singular present tense of verbs",
"word": "-d"
},
{
"code": "hu",
"lang": "Hungarian",
"sense": "second-person singular present tense of verbs",
"word": "-l"
},
{
"code": "ga",
"lang": "Irish",
"note": "broad synthetic form, 1st conjugation",
"sense": "second-person singular present tense of verbs",
"word": "-air"
},
{
"code": "ga",
"lang": "Irish",
"note": "slender synthetic form, 1st conjugation",
"sense": "second-person singular present tense of verbs",
"word": "-ir"
},
{
"code": "ga",
"lang": "Irish",
"note": "broad synthetic form, 2nd conjugation",
"sense": "second-person singular present tense of verbs",
"word": "-aír"
},
{
"code": "ga",
"lang": "Irish",
"note": "slender synthetic form, 2nd conjugation",
"sense": "second-person singular present tense of verbs",
"word": "-ír"
},
{
"code": "it",
"lang": "Italian",
"roman": "for regular -are and -ere verbs and for those -ire verbs that don't take -isc-",
"sense": "second-person singular present tense of verbs",
"word": "-i"
},
{
"code": "la",
"lang": "Latin",
"sense": "second-person singular present tense of verbs",
"word": "-as"
},
{
"code": "la",
"lang": "Latin",
"sense": "second-person singular present tense of verbs",
"word": "-es"
},
{
"code": "la",
"lang": "Latin",
"sense": "second-person singular present tense of verbs",
"word": "-is"
},
{
"code": "la",
"lang": "Latin",
"sense": "second-person singular present tense of verbs",
"word": "-s"
},
{
"code": "pl",
"lang": "Polish",
"sense": "second-person singular present tense of verbs",
"word": "-esz"
},
{
"code": "pl",
"lang": "Polish",
"sense": "second-person singular present tense of verbs",
"word": "-isz"
},
{
"code": "pl",
"lang": "Polish",
"sense": "second-person singular present tense of verbs",
"word": "-ysz"
},
{
"code": "pl",
"lang": "Polish",
"sense": "second-person singular present tense of verbs",
"word": "-asz"
},
{
"code": "pt",
"lang": "Portuguese",
"note": "1st conjugation",
"sense": "second-person singular present tense of verbs",
"word": "-as"
},
{
"code": "pt",
"lang": "Portuguese",
"note": "2nd and 3rd conjugation",
"sense": "second-person singular present tense of verbs",
"word": "-es"
},
{
"code": "ro",
"lang": "Romanian",
"note": "most verbs",
"sense": "second-person singular present tense of verbs",
"word": "-i"
},
{
"code": "ro",
"lang": "Romanian",
"note": "some 1st conjugation verbs",
"sense": "second-person singular present tense of verbs",
"word": "-ezi"
},
{
"code": "ro",
"lang": "Romanian",
"note": "some 4th conjugation verbs",
"sense": "second-person singular present tense of verbs",
"word": "-ești"
},
{
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "-ešʹ",
"sense": "second-person singular present tense of verbs",
"word": "-ешь"
},
{
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "-jóšʹ",
"sense": "second-person singular present tense of verbs",
"word": "-ёшь"
},
{
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "-išʹ",
"sense": "second-person singular present tense of verbs",
"word": "-ишь"
},
{
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "-ašʹ",
"sense": "second-person singular present tense of verbs",
"word": "-ашь"
},
{
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "second-person singular present tense of verbs",
"word": "-as"
},
{
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "second-person singular present tense of verbs",
"word": "-es"
}
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"enpr": "ĭst",
"tags": [
"UK",
"US"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/ɪst/",
"tags": [
"UK",
"US"
]
},
{
"audio": "LL-Q1860 (eng)-Vealhurl--est.wav",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/07/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl--est.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl--est.wav.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/07/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl--est.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl--est.wav.ogg"
},
{
"enpr": "əst",
"tags": [
"General-Australian"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/əst/",
"tags": [
"General-Australian"
]
}
],
"word": "-est"
}
{
"etymology_text": "From Latin -istī.",
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ca",
"2": "suffix"
},
"expansion": "-est",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Catalan",
"lang_code": "ca",
"pos": "suffix",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Catalan entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 6 entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Used to form the second person plural preterite indicative of second conjugation verbs"
],
"id": "en--est-ca-suffix-80SgHNCG",
"links": [
[
"second person",
"second person#English"
],
[
"plural",
"plural#English"
],
[
"preterite",
"preterite#English"
],
[
"second conjugation verbs",
"-re#Catalan"
]
],
"tags": [
"morpheme"
]
}
],
"word": "-est"
}
{
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "hu",
"2": "-es",
"3": "-t",
"nocat": "y",
"pos1": "adjective-forming suffix",
"pos2": "adverb-forming suffix"
},
"expansion": "-es (adjective-forming suffix) + -t (adverb-forming suffix)",
"name": "af"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From -es (adjective-forming suffix) + -t (adverb-forming suffix).",
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "hu",
"2": "suffix"
},
"expansion": "-est",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Hungarian",
"lang_code": "hu",
"pos": "suffix",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Hungarian entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 6 entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"text": "öröm (“joy”) + -est → örömest (“with joy”)",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Added to a word to form an adverb."
],
"id": "en--est-hu-suffix-ALaM4AFg",
"links": [
[
"adverb",
"Appendix:Glossary#adverb"
]
],
"qualifier": "adverb-forming suffix",
"raw_glosses": [
"(adverb-forming suffix) Added to a word to form an adverb."
],
"tags": [
"morpheme"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "[ɛʃt]"
}
],
"word": "-est"
}
{
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "suffix"
},
"expansion": "-est",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Middle English",
"lang_code": "enm",
"pos": "suffix",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Middle English entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 6 entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Used to form the second-person singular present indicative of verbs."
],
"id": "en--est-enm-suffix-hBmIu0bF",
"links": [
[
"second-person singular",
"second-person singular#English"
],
[
"present indicative",
"present indicative#English"
]
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "-ist"
}
],
"tags": [
"morpheme"
]
}
],
"word": "-est"
}
{
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ang",
"2": "gem-pro",
"3": "*-ustaz"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic *-ustaz",
"name": "inh"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Proto-Germanic *-ustaz, *-istaz.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "strong",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "ang-decl-noun-o-f",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "ō-stem",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"class"
]
},
{
"form": "-est",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-esta",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-este",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-este",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-esta",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-este",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-este",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-esta",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-este",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-estum",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"plural"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ang",
"2": "suffix",
"cat2": "",
"head": "",
"head2": "",
"sort": ""
},
"expansion": "-est",
"name": "head"
},
{
"args": {
"g": "f"
},
"expansion": "-est",
"name": "ang-suffix"
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "-est"
},
"name": "ang-decl-noun-o-f"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "-est",
"2": "-esta,-este",
"3": "-este",
"4": "-esta,-este",
"5": "-este",
"6": "-esta",
"7": "-este",
"8": "-estum",
"num": "",
"title": "",
"type": "strong ō-stem"
},
"name": "ang-decl-noun"
}
],
"lang": "Old English",
"lang_code": "ang",
"pos": "suffix",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Old English entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 6 entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"english": "earnest",
"text": "eornost",
"type": "example"
},
{
"english": "service",
"text": "þēnest",
"type": "example"
},
{
"english": "haste",
"text": "ofost",
"type": "example"
},
{
"english": "battle, combat",
"text": "orrest",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"suffix forming feminine nouns, originally from verbs"
],
"id": "en--est-ang-suffix-Lb6HeOaa",
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "-ost"
},
{
"word": "-ust"
}
],
"tags": [
"morpheme"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/est/"
}
],
"word": "-est"
}
{
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "cy",
"2": "suffix"
},
"expansion": "-est",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Welsh",
"lang_code": "cy",
"pos": "suffix",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 6 entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Welsh entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w"
}
],
"glosses": [
"verb suffix for the second-person singular preterite"
],
"id": "en--est-cy-suffix-LSbTBGy-",
"links": [
[
"second-person",
"second person#English"
],
[
"singular",
"singular#English"
],
[
"preterite",
"preterite#English"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(colloquial) verb suffix for the second-person singular preterite"
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "-aist"
}
],
"tags": [
"colloquial",
"morpheme"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ɛsd/"
},
{
"ipa": "[ɛst]"
}
],
"word": "-est"
}
{
"etymology_text": "From Latin -istī.",
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ca",
"2": "suffix"
},
"expansion": "-est",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Catalan",
"lang_code": "ca",
"pos": "suffix",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"Catalan entries with incorrect language header",
"Catalan lemmas",
"Catalan suffixes",
"Pages with 6 entries",
"Pages with entries"
],
"glosses": [
"Used to form the second person plural preterite indicative of second conjugation verbs"
],
"links": [
[
"second person",
"second person#English"
],
[
"plural",
"plural#English"
],
[
"preterite",
"preterite#English"
],
[
"second conjugation verbs",
"-re#Catalan"
]
],
"tags": [
"morpheme"
]
}
],
"word": "-est"
}
{
"categories": [
"English entries with incorrect language header",
"English inflectional suffixes",
"English lemmas",
"English suffixes",
"English terms derived from Middle English",
"English terms derived from Old English",
"English terms derived from Proto-Germanic",
"English terms derived from Proto-Indo-European",
"English terms inherited from Middle English",
"English terms inherited from Old English",
"English terms inherited from Proto-Germanic",
"English terms inherited from Proto-Indo-European",
"Entries with translation boxes",
"Pages with 6 entries",
"Pages with entries",
"Terms with Arabic translations",
"Terms with Armenian translations",
"Terms with Basque translations",
"Terms with Breton translations",
"Terms with Catalan translations",
"Terms with Czech translations",
"Terms with Danish translations",
"Terms with Dutch translations",
"Terms with Esperanto translations",
"Terms with Finnish translations",
"Terms with French translations",
"Terms with German translations",
"Terms with Hungarian translations",
"Terms with Irish translations",
"Terms with Italian translations",
"Terms with Japanese translations",
"Terms with Khmer translations",
"Terms with Korean translations",
"Terms with Lao translations",
"Terms with Latin translations",
"Terms with Latvian translations",
"Terms with Malay translations",
"Terms with Mandarin translations",
"Terms with Mongolian translations",
"Terms with Norwegian Bokmål translations",
"Terms with Norwegian Nynorsk translations",
"Terms with Polish translations",
"Terms with Portuguese translations",
"Terms with Romanian translations",
"Terms with Russian translations",
"Terms with Serbo-Croatian translations",
"Terms with Slovak translations",
"Terms with Spanish translations",
"Terms with Swedish translations",
"Terms with Thai translations",
"Terms with Turkish translations",
"Terms with Vietnamese translations",
"Terms with Welsh translations",
"Terms with Yoruba translations"
],
"coordinate_terms": [
{
"word": "-er"
}
],
"etymology_number": 1,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "enm",
"3": "-est"
},
"expansion": "Middle English -est",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "ang",
"3": "-st"
},
"expansion": "Old English -st",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "gem-pro",
"3": "*-istaz, *-ōstaz"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic *-istaz, *-ōstaz",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "af",
"2": "-ste"
},
"expansion": "Afrikaans -ste",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "nl",
"2": "-st"
},
"expansion": "Dutch -st",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "de",
"2": "-st",
"3": "-(e)st"
},
"expansion": "German -(e)st",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "da",
"2": "-est",
"3": "-(e)st"
},
"expansion": "Danish -(e)st",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "sv",
"2": "-ast",
"3": "-(a)st"
},
"expansion": "Swedish -(a)st",
"name": "cog"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Middle English -est, from Old English -st, -est, from Proto-Germanic *-istaz, *-ōstaz, related to comparative -er. Cognate of Afrikaans -ste, Dutch -st, German -(e)st, Danish -(e)st, Swedish -(a)st.",
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "suffix",
"cat2": "",
"cat3": "",
"head": "",
"id": ""
},
"expansion": "-est",
"name": "head"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "-est",
"name": "en-suffix"
}
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "suffix",
"related": [
{
"word": "-most"
}
],
"senses": [
{
"examples": [
{
"text": "longest, biggest, fastest"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Used to form the superlative of adjectives and adverbs."
],
"links": [
[
"superlative",
"superlative#English"
],
[
"adjective",
"adjective#English"
],
[
"adverb",
"adverb#English"
]
],
"tags": [
"morpheme"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"enpr": "ĭst",
"tags": [
"UK",
"US"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/ɪst/",
"tags": [
"UK",
"US"
]
},
{
"audio": "LL-Q1860 (eng)-Vealhurl--est.wav",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/07/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl--est.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl--est.wav.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/07/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl--est.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl--est.wav.ogg"
},
{
"enpr": "əst",
"tags": [
"General-Australian"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/əst/",
"tags": [
"General-Australian"
]
}
],
"translations": [
{
"code": "ar",
"lang": "Arabic",
"note": "a superlative pattern of the adjective",
"roman": "al--",
"sense": "superlative of adjectives and adverbs",
"word": "اَلـ"
},
{
"code": "hy",
"lang": "Armenian",
"roman": "amena-",
"sense": "superlative of adjectives and adverbs",
"word": "ամենա-"
},
{
"code": "hy",
"lang": "Armenian",
"roman": "-guyn",
"sense": "superlative of adjectives and adverbs",
"word": "-գույն"
},
{
"code": "eu",
"lang": "Basque",
"sense": "superlative of adjectives and adverbs",
"word": "-en"
},
{
"code": "br",
"lang": "Breton",
"sense": "superlative of adjectives and adverbs",
"word": "-añ"
},
{
"code": "ca",
"lang": "Catalan",
"note": "before the adjective or adverb, after the definite article",
"sense": "superlative of adjectives and adverbs",
"word": "més"
},
{
"code": "cmn",
"lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
"roman": "zuì",
"sense": "superlative of adjectives and adverbs",
"tags": [
"prefix"
],
"word": "最"
},
{
"code": "cs",
"lang": "Czech",
"sense": "superlative of adjectives and adverbs",
"word": "nej-"
},
{
"code": "da",
"lang": "Danish",
"sense": "superlative of adjectives and adverbs",
"word": "-est"
},
{
"code": "nl",
"lang": "Dutch",
"sense": "superlative of adjectives and adverbs",
"word": "-ste"
},
{
"code": "eo",
"lang": "Esperanto",
"sense": "superlative of adjectives and adverbs",
"word": "plej"
},
{
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"note": "for adjectives",
"sense": "superlative of adjectives and adverbs",
"word": "-in"
},
{
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"note": "before the adjective, after the definite article",
"sense": "superlative of adjectives and adverbs",
"word": "plus"
},
{
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "superlative of adjectives and adverbs",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "-ster"
},
{
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "superlative of adjectives and adverbs",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "-ste"
},
{
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "superlative of adjectives and adverbs",
"tags": [
"adverb"
],
"word": "am ...-sten"
},
{
"code": "hu",
"lang": "Hungarian",
"sense": "superlative of adjectives and adverbs",
"word": "leg-"
},
{
"alt": "いちばん, ichiban; placed before the adjective",
"code": "ja",
"lang": "Japanese",
"sense": "superlative of adjectives and adverbs",
"word": "一番"
},
{
"alt": "もっとも",
"code": "ja",
"lang": "Japanese",
"roman": "mottomo",
"sense": "superlative of adjectives and adverbs",
"word": "最も"
},
{
"alt": "さい",
"code": "ja",
"lang": "Japanese",
"roman": "sai-",
"sense": "superlative of adjectives and adverbs",
"tags": [
"Sino-Japanese",
"prefix"
],
"word": "最"
},
{
"code": "km",
"lang": "Khmer",
"roman": "…ciəng kei",
"sense": "superlative of adjectives and adverbs",
"word": "...ជាងគេ"
},
{
"code": "ko",
"lang": "Korean",
"roman": "gajang",
"sense": "superlative of adjectives and adverbs",
"word": "가장"
},
{
"alt": "第一",
"code": "ko",
"lang": "Korean",
"roman": "jeil",
"sense": "superlative of adjectives and adverbs",
"word": "제일"
},
{
"alt": "最",
"code": "ko",
"lang": "Korean",
"roman": "choe-",
"sense": "superlative of adjectives and adverbs",
"tags": [
"Sino-Korean",
"prefix"
],
"word": "최"
},
{
"code": "lo",
"lang": "Lao",
"roman": "...thī sut",
"sense": "superlative of adjectives and adverbs",
"word": "...ທີ່ສຸດ"
},
{
"code": "lv",
"lang": "Latvian",
"sense": "superlative of adjectives and adverbs",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "-ākais"
},
{
"code": "lv",
"lang": "Latvian",
"sense": "superlative of adjectives and adverbs",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "-ākā"
},
{
"code": "ms",
"lang": "Malay",
"sense": "superlative of adjectives and adverbs",
"word": "ter-"
},
{
"code": "mn",
"lang": "Mongolian",
"roman": "xamgyn",
"sense": "superlative of adjectives and adverbs",
"word": "хамгын"
},
{
"code": "nb",
"lang": "Norwegian Bokmål",
"sense": "superlative of adjectives and adverbs",
"word": "-est"
},
{
"code": "nb",
"lang": "Norwegian Bokmål",
"note": "before most long adjectives or adverbs",
"sense": "superlative of adjectives and adverbs",
"word": "mest"
},
{
"code": "nn",
"lang": "Norwegian Nynorsk",
"sense": "superlative of adjectives and adverbs",
"word": "-ast"
},
{
"code": "nn",
"lang": "Norwegian Nynorsk",
"note": "before most long adjectives or adverbs",
"sense": "superlative of adjectives and adverbs",
"word": "mest"
},
{
"code": "pl",
"lang": "Polish",
"sense": "superlative of adjectives and adverbs",
"word": "naj-"
},
{
"code": "pl",
"lang": "Polish",
"note": "before the adjective or adverb",
"sense": "superlative of adjectives and adverbs",
"word": "najbardziej"
},
{
"code": "pt",
"lang": "Portuguese",
"note": "mais used with definite article",
"sense": "superlative of adjectives and adverbs"
},
{
"code": "ro",
"lang": "Romanian",
"note": "before the adjective or adverb, after the demonstrative article",
"sense": "superlative of adjectives and adverbs",
"word": "mai"
},
{
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "nai-",
"sense": "superlative of adjectives and adverbs",
"tags": [
"prefix",
"with-comparative"
],
"word": "наи-"
},
{
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"note": "before adjectives in the normal form",
"roman": "sámyj",
"sense": "superlative of adjectives and adverbs",
"word": "са́мый"
},
{
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"note": "before adjectives in the normal form",
"roman": "naibóleje",
"sense": "superlative of adjectives and adverbs",
"word": "наибо́лее"
},
{
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "-éjšij",
"sense": "superlative of adjectives and adverbs",
"word": "-е́йший"
},
{
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"note": "-а́йший (-ájšij) (suffixes follow an adjective form)",
"sense": "superlative of adjectives and adverbs"
},
{
"code": "sh",
"lang": "Serbo-Croatian",
"sense": "superlative of adjectives and adverbs",
"tags": [
"Cyrillic"
],
"word": "нај-"
},
{
"code": "sh",
"lang": "Serbo-Croatian",
"sense": "superlative of adjectives and adverbs",
"tags": [
"Roman"
],
"word": "naj-"
},
{
"code": "sk",
"lang": "Slovak",
"sense": "superlative of adjectives and adverbs",
"word": "naj-"
},
{
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"note": "before the adjective or adverb, after the definite article",
"sense": "superlative of adjectives and adverbs",
"word": "más"
},
{
"alt": "1",
"code": "sv",
"lang": "Swedish",
"sense": "superlative of adjectives and adverbs",
"word": "-ast"
},
{
"alt": "1",
"code": "sv",
"lang": "Swedish",
"note": "before the adjective or adverb",
"sense": "superlative of adjectives and adverbs",
"word": "mest"
},
{
"code": "th",
"lang": "Thai",
"roman": "...tîi-sùt",
"sense": "superlative of adjectives and adverbs",
"word": "...ที่สุด"
},
{
"code": "tr",
"lang": "Turkish",
"sense": "superlative of adjectives and adverbs",
"word": "en"
},
{
"alt": "一",
"code": "vi",
"lang": "Vietnamese",
"sense": "superlative of adjectives and adverbs",
"word": "... nhất"
},
{
"code": "cy",
"lang": "Welsh",
"sense": "superlative of adjectives and adverbs",
"word": "-af"
},
{
"code": "yo",
"lang": "Yoruba",
"sense": "superlative of adjectives and adverbs",
"word": "-olo"
}
],
"word": "-est"
}
{
"categories": [
"English entries with incorrect language header",
"English inflectional suffixes",
"English lemmas",
"English suffixes",
"English terms derived from Middle English",
"English terms derived from Old English",
"English terms derived from Proto-Germanic",
"English terms derived from Proto-Indo-European",
"English terms inherited from Middle English",
"English terms inherited from Old English",
"English terms inherited from Proto-Germanic",
"English terms inherited from Proto-Indo-European",
"Entries with translation boxes",
"Pages with 6 entries",
"Pages with entries",
"Terms with Czech translations",
"Terms with Dutch translations",
"Terms with Finnish translations",
"Terms with French translations",
"Terms with German translations",
"Terms with Hungarian translations",
"Terms with Irish translations",
"Terms with Italian translations",
"Terms with Latin translations",
"Terms with Polish translations",
"Terms with Portuguese translations",
"Terms with Romanian translations",
"Terms with Russian translations",
"Terms with Spanish translations"
],
"etymology_number": 2,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "enm",
"3": "-est, -st"
},
"expansion": "Middle English -est, -st",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "ang",
"3": "-est, -ast, -st"
},
"expansion": "Old English -est, -ast, -st",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "gem-pro",
"3": "*-zi"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic *-zi",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*-si"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *-si",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "de",
"2": "-st"
},
"expansion": "German -st",
"name": "cog"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Middle English -est, -st, from Old English -est, -ast, -st, ultimately from Proto-Germanic *-zi, from Proto-Indo-European *-si. The -t was by transfer from inverted order where thou followed the verb, which also occurred in most dialects of Middle Dutch and Middle High German (compare modern German -st).",
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "suffix",
"cat2": "inflectional suffixes",
"cat3": "",
"head": "",
"id": ""
},
"expansion": "-est",
"name": "head"
},
{
"args": {
"cat2": "inflectional suffixes"
},
"expansion": "-est",
"name": "en-suffix"
}
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "suffix",
"related": [
{
"word": "-eth"
},
{
"word": "thou"
}
],
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"English dialectal terms",
"English terms with archaic senses"
],
"examples": [
{
"text": "goest, makest, wentest, madest"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Used to form the second-person singular present tense and past tense of verbs. (if thou is the subject; not used with you)"
],
"links": [
[
"second-person",
"Appendix:Glossary#second person"
],
[
"singular",
"Appendix:Glossary#singular"
],
[
"present tense",
"Appendix:Glossary#present tense"
],
[
"past tense",
"Appendix:Glossary#past tense"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(archaic, dialectal) Used to form the second-person singular present tense and past tense of verbs. (if thou is the subject; not used with you)"
],
"tags": [
"archaic",
"dialectal",
"morpheme"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"enpr": "ĭst",
"tags": [
"UK",
"US"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/ɪst/",
"tags": [
"UK",
"US"
]
},
{
"audio": "LL-Q1860 (eng)-Vealhurl--est.wav",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/07/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl--est.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl--est.wav.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/07/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl--est.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl--est.wav.ogg"
},
{
"enpr": "əst",
"tags": [
"General-Australian"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/əst/",
"tags": [
"General-Australian"
]
}
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "-'st"
},
{
"word": "-st"
}
],
"translations": [
{
"code": "cs",
"lang": "Czech",
"sense": "second-person singular present tense of verbs",
"word": "-eš"
},
{
"code": "cs",
"lang": "Czech",
"sense": "second-person singular present tense of verbs",
"word": "-íš"
},
{
"code": "cs",
"lang": "Czech",
"sense": "second-person singular present tense of verbs",
"word": "-áš"
},
{
"code": "nl",
"lang": "Dutch",
"sense": "second-person singular present tense of verbs",
"word": "-t"
},
{
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "second-person singular present tense of verbs",
"word": "-t"
},
{
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"note": "for regular -er verbs",
"sense": "second-person singular present tense of verbs",
"word": "-es"
},
{
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"note": "for regular -ir verb",
"sense": "second-person singular present tense of verbs",
"word": "-is"
},
{
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"note": "for most -re verbs",
"sense": "second-person singular present tense of verbs",
"word": "-s"
},
{
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "second-person singular present tense of verbs",
"word": "-st"
},
{
"code": "hu",
"lang": "Hungarian",
"sense": "second-person singular present tense of verbs",
"word": "-sz"
},
{
"code": "hu",
"lang": "Hungarian",
"sense": "second-person singular present tense of verbs",
"word": "-d"
},
{
"code": "hu",
"lang": "Hungarian",
"sense": "second-person singular present tense of verbs",
"word": "-l"
},
{
"code": "ga",
"lang": "Irish",
"note": "broad synthetic form, 1st conjugation",
"sense": "second-person singular present tense of verbs",
"word": "-air"
},
{
"code": "ga",
"lang": "Irish",
"note": "slender synthetic form, 1st conjugation",
"sense": "second-person singular present tense of verbs",
"word": "-ir"
},
{
"code": "ga",
"lang": "Irish",
"note": "broad synthetic form, 2nd conjugation",
"sense": "second-person singular present tense of verbs",
"word": "-aír"
},
{
"code": "ga",
"lang": "Irish",
"note": "slender synthetic form, 2nd conjugation",
"sense": "second-person singular present tense of verbs",
"word": "-ír"
},
{
"code": "it",
"lang": "Italian",
"roman": "for regular -are and -ere verbs and for those -ire verbs that don't take -isc-",
"sense": "second-person singular present tense of verbs",
"word": "-i"
},
{
"code": "la",
"lang": "Latin",
"sense": "second-person singular present tense of verbs",
"word": "-as"
},
{
"code": "la",
"lang": "Latin",
"sense": "second-person singular present tense of verbs",
"word": "-es"
},
{
"code": "la",
"lang": "Latin",
"sense": "second-person singular present tense of verbs",
"word": "-is"
},
{
"code": "la",
"lang": "Latin",
"sense": "second-person singular present tense of verbs",
"word": "-s"
},
{
"code": "pl",
"lang": "Polish",
"sense": "second-person singular present tense of verbs",
"word": "-esz"
},
{
"code": "pl",
"lang": "Polish",
"sense": "second-person singular present tense of verbs",
"word": "-isz"
},
{
"code": "pl",
"lang": "Polish",
"sense": "second-person singular present tense of verbs",
"word": "-ysz"
},
{
"code": "pl",
"lang": "Polish",
"sense": "second-person singular present tense of verbs",
"word": "-asz"
},
{
"code": "pt",
"lang": "Portuguese",
"note": "1st conjugation",
"sense": "second-person singular present tense of verbs",
"word": "-as"
},
{
"code": "pt",
"lang": "Portuguese",
"note": "2nd and 3rd conjugation",
"sense": "second-person singular present tense of verbs",
"word": "-es"
},
{
"code": "ro",
"lang": "Romanian",
"note": "most verbs",
"sense": "second-person singular present tense of verbs",
"word": "-i"
},
{
"code": "ro",
"lang": "Romanian",
"note": "some 1st conjugation verbs",
"sense": "second-person singular present tense of verbs",
"word": "-ezi"
},
{
"code": "ro",
"lang": "Romanian",
"note": "some 4th conjugation verbs",
"sense": "second-person singular present tense of verbs",
"word": "-ești"
},
{
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "-ešʹ",
"sense": "second-person singular present tense of verbs",
"word": "-ешь"
},
{
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "-jóšʹ",
"sense": "second-person singular present tense of verbs",
"word": "-ёшь"
},
{
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "-išʹ",
"sense": "second-person singular present tense of verbs",
"word": "-ишь"
},
{
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "-ašʹ",
"sense": "second-person singular present tense of verbs",
"word": "-ашь"
},
{
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "second-person singular present tense of verbs",
"word": "-as"
},
{
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "second-person singular present tense of verbs",
"word": "-es"
}
],
"word": "-est"
}
{
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "hu",
"2": "-es",
"3": "-t",
"nocat": "y",
"pos1": "adjective-forming suffix",
"pos2": "adverb-forming suffix"
},
"expansion": "-es (adjective-forming suffix) + -t (adverb-forming suffix)",
"name": "af"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From -es (adjective-forming suffix) + -t (adverb-forming suffix).",
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "hu",
"2": "suffix"
},
"expansion": "-est",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Hungarian",
"lang_code": "hu",
"pos": "suffix",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"Hungarian entries with incorrect language header",
"Hungarian lemmas",
"Hungarian suffixes",
"Hungarian terms with IPA pronunciation",
"Pages with 6 entries",
"Pages with entries"
],
"examples": [
{
"text": "öröm (“joy”) + -est → örömest (“with joy”)",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Added to a word to form an adverb."
],
"links": [
[
"adverb",
"Appendix:Glossary#adverb"
]
],
"qualifier": "adverb-forming suffix",
"raw_glosses": [
"(adverb-forming suffix) Added to a word to form an adverb."
],
"tags": [
"morpheme"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "[ɛʃt]"
}
],
"word": "-est"
}
{
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "suffix"
},
"expansion": "-est",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Middle English",
"lang_code": "enm",
"pos": "suffix",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"Middle English entries with incorrect language header",
"Middle English lemmas",
"Middle English suffixes",
"Pages with 6 entries",
"Pages with entries"
],
"glosses": [
"Used to form the second-person singular present indicative of verbs."
],
"links": [
[
"second-person singular",
"second-person singular#English"
],
[
"present indicative",
"present indicative#English"
]
],
"tags": [
"morpheme"
]
}
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "-ist"
}
],
"word": "-est"
}
{
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ang",
"2": "gem-pro",
"3": "*-ustaz"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic *-ustaz",
"name": "inh"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Proto-Germanic *-ustaz, *-istaz.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "strong",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "ang-decl-noun-o-f",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "ō-stem",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"class"
]
},
{
"form": "-est",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-esta",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-este",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-este",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-esta",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-este",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-este",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-esta",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-este",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-estum",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"plural"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ang",
"2": "suffix",
"cat2": "",
"head": "",
"head2": "",
"sort": ""
},
"expansion": "-est",
"name": "head"
},
{
"args": {
"g": "f"
},
"expansion": "-est",
"name": "ang-suffix"
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "-est"
},
"name": "ang-decl-noun-o-f"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "-est",
"2": "-esta,-este",
"3": "-este",
"4": "-esta,-este",
"5": "-este",
"6": "-esta",
"7": "-este",
"8": "-estum",
"num": "",
"title": "",
"type": "strong ō-stem"
},
"name": "ang-decl-noun"
}
],
"lang": "Old English",
"lang_code": "ang",
"pos": "suffix",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"Old English entries with incorrect language header",
"Old English lemmas",
"Old English suffixes",
"Old English terms derived from Proto-Germanic",
"Old English terms inherited from Proto-Germanic",
"Old English terms with IPA pronunciation",
"Old English terms with usage examples",
"Old English ō-stem nouns",
"Pages with 6 entries",
"Pages with entries"
],
"examples": [
{
"english": "earnest",
"text": "eornost",
"type": "example"
},
{
"english": "service",
"text": "þēnest",
"type": "example"
},
{
"english": "haste",
"text": "ofost",
"type": "example"
},
{
"english": "battle, combat",
"text": "orrest",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"suffix forming feminine nouns, originally from verbs"
],
"tags": [
"morpheme"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/est/"
}
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "-ost"
},
{
"word": "-ust"
}
],
"word": "-est"
}
{
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "cy",
"2": "suffix"
},
"expansion": "-est",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Welsh",
"lang_code": "cy",
"pos": "suffix",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"Pages with 6 entries",
"Pages with entries",
"Welsh colloquialisms",
"Welsh entries with incorrect language header",
"Welsh lemmas",
"Welsh suffixes"
],
"glosses": [
"verb suffix for the second-person singular preterite"
],
"links": [
[
"second-person",
"second person#English"
],
[
"singular",
"singular#English"
],
[
"preterite",
"preterite#English"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(colloquial) verb suffix for the second-person singular preterite"
],
"tags": [
"colloquial",
"morpheme"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ɛsd/"
},
{
"ipa": "[ɛst]"
}
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "-aist"
}
],
"word": "-est"
}
Download raw JSONL data for -est meaning in All languages combined (24.6kB)
{
"called_from": "translations/324",
"msg": "possible sense number in translation item: Swedish: -ast (sv) (1), mest (sv) (before the adjective or adverb) (1)",
"path": [
"-est"
],
"section": "English",
"subsection": "suffix",
"title": "-est",
"trace": ""
}
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable All languages combined dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2024-11-06 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2024-10-02 using wiktextract (fbeafe8 and 7f03c9b). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.