See -est on Wiktionary
Download JSON data for -est meaning in All languages combined (22.5kB)
{
"etymology_number": 1,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "enm",
"3": "-est"
},
"expansion": "Middle English -est",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "ang",
"3": "-st"
},
"expansion": "Old English -st",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ang",
"2": "-est"
},
"expansion": "-est",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "gem-pro",
"3": "*-istaz, *-ōstaz"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic *-istaz, *-ōstaz",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "-er"
},
"expansion": "-er",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "af",
"2": "-ste"
},
"expansion": "Afrikaans -ste",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "nl",
"2": "-st"
},
"expansion": "Dutch -st",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "de",
"2": "-st",
"3": "-(e)st"
},
"expansion": "German -(e)st",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "da",
"2": "-est",
"3": "-(e)st"
},
"expansion": "Danish -(e)st",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "sv",
"2": "-ast",
"3": "-(a)st"
},
"expansion": "Swedish -(a)st",
"name": "cog"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Middle English -est, from Old English -st, -est, from Proto-Germanic *-istaz, *-ōstaz, related to comparative -er. Cognate of Afrikaans -ste, Dutch -st, German -(e)st, Danish -(e)st, Swedish -(a)st.",
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "suffix",
"cat2": "",
"cat3": "",
"head": "",
"id": ""
},
"expansion": "-est",
"name": "head"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "-est",
"name": "en-suffix"
}
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "suffix",
"senses": [
{
"coordinate_terms": [
{
"word": "-er"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"text": "longest, biggest, fastest"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Used to form the superlative of adjectives and adverbs."
],
"id": "en--est-en-suffix-K~bX-NhW",
"links": [
[
"superlative",
"superlative#English"
],
[
"adjective",
"adjective#English"
],
[
"adverb",
"adverb#English"
]
],
"related": [
{
"word": "-most"
}
],
"tags": [
"morpheme"
],
"translations": [
{
"code": "ar",
"lang": "Arabic",
"note": "a superlative pattern of the adjective",
"roman": "al--",
"sense": "superlative of adjectives and adverbs",
"word": "اَلـ"
},
{
"code": "hy",
"lang": "Armenian",
"roman": "amena-",
"sense": "superlative of adjectives and adverbs",
"word": "ամենա-"
},
{
"code": "hy",
"lang": "Armenian",
"roman": "-guyn",
"sense": "superlative of adjectives and adverbs",
"word": "-գույն"
},
{
"code": "eu",
"lang": "Basque",
"sense": "superlative of adjectives and adverbs",
"word": "-en"
},
{
"code": "br",
"lang": "Breton",
"sense": "superlative of adjectives and adverbs",
"word": "-añ"
},
{
"code": "ca",
"lang": "Catalan",
"note": "before the adjective or adverb, after the definite article",
"sense": "superlative of adjectives and adverbs",
"word": "més"
},
{
"code": "cmn",
"lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
"roman": "zuì",
"sense": "superlative of adjectives and adverbs",
"tags": [
"prefix"
],
"word": "最"
},
{
"code": "cs",
"lang": "Czech",
"sense": "superlative of adjectives and adverbs",
"word": "nej-"
},
{
"code": "da",
"lang": "Danish",
"sense": "superlative of adjectives and adverbs",
"word": "-est"
},
{
"code": "nl",
"lang": "Dutch",
"sense": "superlative of adjectives and adverbs",
"word": "-ste"
},
{
"code": "eo",
"lang": "Esperanto",
"sense": "superlative of adjectives and adverbs",
"word": "plej"
},
{
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"note": "for adjectives",
"sense": "superlative of adjectives and adverbs",
"word": "-in"
},
{
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"note": "before the adjective, after the definite article",
"sense": "superlative of adjectives and adverbs",
"word": "plus"
},
{
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "superlative of adjectives and adverbs",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "-ster"
},
{
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "superlative of adjectives and adverbs",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "-ste"
},
{
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "superlative of adjectives and adverbs",
"tags": [
"adverb"
],
"word": "am ...-sten"
},
{
"code": "hu",
"lang": "Hungarian",
"sense": "superlative of adjectives and adverbs",
"word": "leg-"
},
{
"alt": "いちばん, ichiban; placed before the adjective",
"code": "ja",
"lang": "Japanese",
"sense": "superlative of adjectives and adverbs",
"word": "一番"
},
{
"alt": "もっとも",
"code": "ja",
"lang": "Japanese",
"roman": "mottomo",
"sense": "superlative of adjectives and adverbs",
"word": "最も"
},
{
"alt": "さい",
"code": "ja",
"lang": "Japanese",
"roman": "sai-",
"sense": "superlative of adjectives and adverbs",
"tags": [
"Sino-Japanese",
"prefix"
],
"word": "最"
},
{
"code": "km",
"lang": "Khmer",
"roman": "…ciəng kei",
"sense": "superlative of adjectives and adverbs",
"word": "...ជាងគេ"
},
{
"code": "ko",
"lang": "Korean",
"roman": "gajang",
"sense": "superlative of adjectives and adverbs",
"word": "가장"
},
{
"alt": "第一",
"code": "ko",
"lang": "Korean",
"roman": "jeil",
"sense": "superlative of adjectives and adverbs",
"word": "제일"
},
{
"alt": "最",
"code": "ko",
"lang": "Korean",
"roman": "choe-",
"sense": "superlative of adjectives and adverbs",
"tags": [
"Sino-Korean",
"prefix"
],
"word": "최"
},
{
"code": "lo",
"lang": "Lao",
"roman": "...thī sut",
"sense": "superlative of adjectives and adverbs",
"word": "...ທີ່ສຸດ"
},
{
"code": "lv",
"lang": "Latvian",
"sense": "superlative of adjectives and adverbs",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "-ākais"
},
{
"code": "lv",
"lang": "Latvian",
"sense": "superlative of adjectives and adverbs",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "-ākā"
},
{
"code": "ms",
"lang": "Malay",
"sense": "superlative of adjectives and adverbs",
"word": "ter-"
},
{
"code": "mn",
"lang": "Mongolian",
"roman": "xamgyn",
"sense": "superlative of adjectives and adverbs",
"word": "хамгын"
},
{
"code": "nb",
"lang": "Norwegian Bokmål",
"sense": "superlative of adjectives and adverbs",
"word": "-est"
},
{
"code": "nb",
"lang": "Norwegian Bokmål",
"note": "before most long adjectives or adverbs",
"sense": "superlative of adjectives and adverbs",
"word": "mest"
},
{
"code": "nn",
"lang": "Norwegian Nynorsk",
"sense": "superlative of adjectives and adverbs",
"word": "-ast"
},
{
"code": "nn",
"lang": "Norwegian Nynorsk",
"note": "before most long adjectives or adverbs",
"sense": "superlative of adjectives and adverbs",
"word": "mest"
},
{
"code": "pl",
"lang": "Polish",
"sense": "superlative of adjectives and adverbs",
"word": "naj-"
},
{
"code": "pl",
"lang": "Polish",
"note": "before the adjective or adverb",
"sense": "superlative of adjectives and adverbs",
"word": "najbardziej"
},
{
"code": "pt",
"lang": "Portuguese",
"note": "mais used with definite article",
"sense": "superlative of adjectives and adverbs"
},
{
"code": "ro",
"lang": "Romanian",
"note": "before the adjective or adverb, after the demonstrative article",
"sense": "superlative of adjectives and adverbs",
"word": "mai"
},
{
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "nai-",
"sense": "superlative of adjectives and adverbs",
"tags": [
"prefix",
"with-comparative"
],
"word": "наи-"
},
{
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"note": "before adjectives in the normal form",
"roman": "sámyj",
"sense": "superlative of adjectives and adverbs",
"word": "са́мый"
},
{
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"note": "before adjectives in the normal form",
"roman": "naibóleje",
"sense": "superlative of adjectives and adverbs",
"word": "наибо́лее"
},
{
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "-éjšij",
"sense": "superlative of adjectives and adverbs",
"word": "-е́йший"
},
{
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"note": "-а́йший (-ájšij) (suffixes follow an adjective form)",
"sense": "superlative of adjectives and adverbs"
},
{
"code": "sh",
"lang": "Serbo-Croatian",
"sense": "superlative of adjectives and adverbs",
"tags": [
"Cyrillic"
],
"word": "нај-"
},
{
"code": "sh",
"lang": "Serbo-Croatian",
"sense": "superlative of adjectives and adverbs",
"tags": [
"Roman"
],
"word": "naj-"
},
{
"code": "sk",
"lang": "Slovak",
"sense": "superlative of adjectives and adverbs",
"word": "naj-"
},
{
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"note": "before the adjective or adverb, after the definite article",
"sense": "superlative of adjectives and adverbs",
"word": "más"
},
{
"alt": "1",
"code": "sv",
"lang": "Swedish",
"sense": "superlative of adjectives and adverbs",
"word": "-ast"
},
{
"alt": "1",
"code": "sv",
"lang": "Swedish",
"note": "before the adjective or adverb",
"sense": "superlative of adjectives and adverbs",
"word": "mest"
},
{
"code": "th",
"lang": "Thai",
"roman": "...tîi-sùt",
"sense": "superlative of adjectives and adverbs",
"word": "...ที่สุด"
},
{
"code": "tr",
"lang": "Turkish",
"sense": "superlative of adjectives and adverbs",
"word": "en"
},
{
"alt": "一",
"code": "vi",
"lang": "Vietnamese",
"sense": "superlative of adjectives and adverbs",
"word": "... nhất"
},
{
"code": "cy",
"lang": "Welsh",
"sense": "superlative of adjectives and adverbs",
"word": "-af"
},
{
"code": "yo",
"lang": "Yoruba",
"sense": "superlative of adjectives and adverbs",
"word": "-olo"
}
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ɪst/",
"tags": [
"UK",
"US"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/əst/",
"tags": [
"General-Australian"
]
},
{
"rhymes": "-ɪst"
},
{
"rhymes": "-əst"
},
{
"audio": "LL-Q1860 (eng)-Vealhurl--est.wav",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/07/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl--est.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl--est.wav.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/07/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl--est.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl--est.wav.ogg",
"tags": [
"Southern-England"
],
"text": "Audio (Southern England)"
},
{
"enpr": "ĭst",
"tags": [
"General-Australian"
]
},
{
"enpr": "əst",
"tags": [
"General-Australian"
]
}
],
"word": "-est"
}
{
"etymology_number": 2,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "enm",
"3": "-est, -st"
},
"expansion": "Middle English -est, -st",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "ang",
"3": "-est, -ast, -st"
},
"expansion": "Old English -est, -ast, -st",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "gem-pro",
"3": "*-zi"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic *-zi",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*-si"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *-si",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "thou"
},
"expansion": "thou",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "de",
"2": "-st"
},
"expansion": "German -st",
"name": "cog"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Middle English -est, -st, from Old English -est, -ast, -st, ultimately from Proto-Germanic *-zi, from Proto-Indo-European *-si. The -t was by transfer from inverted order where thou followed the verb, which also occurred in most dialects of Middle Dutch and Middle High German (compare modern German -st).",
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "suffix",
"cat2": "inflectional suffixes",
"cat3": "",
"head": "",
"id": ""
},
"expansion": "-est",
"name": "head"
},
{
"args": {
"cat2": "inflectional suffixes"
},
"expansion": "-est",
"name": "en-suffix"
}
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "suffix",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "20 80",
"kind": "other",
"name": "English entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "21 79",
"kind": "other",
"name": "English entries with language name categories using raw markup",
"parents": [
"Entries with language name categories using raw markup",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "20 80",
"kind": "other",
"name": "English terms with redundant sortkeys",
"parents": [
"Terms with redundant sortkeys",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "28 72",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with raw sortkeys",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"text": "goest, makest, wentest, madest"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Used to form the second-person singular present tense and past tense of verbs. (if thou is the subject; not used with you)"
],
"id": "en--est-en-suffix-XO7Pe6ME",
"links": [
[
"second-person",
"Appendix:Glossary#second person"
],
[
"singular",
"Appendix:Glossary#singular"
],
[
"present tense",
"Appendix:Glossary#present tense"
],
[
"past tense",
"Appendix:Glossary#past tense"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(archaic, dialectal) Used to form the second-person singular present tense and past tense of verbs. (if thou is the subject; not used with you)"
],
"related": [
{
"word": "-eth"
},
{
"word": "thou"
}
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "-'st"
},
{
"word": "-st"
}
],
"tags": [
"archaic",
"dialectal",
"morpheme"
],
"translations": [
{
"code": "cs",
"lang": "Czech",
"sense": "second-person singular present tense of verbs",
"word": "-eš"
},
{
"code": "cs",
"lang": "Czech",
"sense": "second-person singular present tense of verbs",
"word": "-íš"
},
{
"code": "cs",
"lang": "Czech",
"sense": "second-person singular present tense of verbs",
"word": "-áš"
},
{
"code": "nl",
"lang": "Dutch",
"sense": "second-person singular present tense of verbs",
"word": "-t"
},
{
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "second-person singular present tense of verbs",
"word": "-t"
},
{
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"note": "for regular -er verbs",
"sense": "second-person singular present tense of verbs",
"word": "-es"
},
{
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"note": "for regular -ir verb",
"sense": "second-person singular present tense of verbs",
"word": "-is"
},
{
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"note": "for most -re verbs",
"sense": "second-person singular present tense of verbs",
"word": "-s"
},
{
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "second-person singular present tense of verbs",
"word": "-st"
},
{
"code": "hu",
"lang": "Hungarian",
"sense": "second-person singular present tense of verbs",
"word": "-sz"
},
{
"code": "hu",
"lang": "Hungarian",
"sense": "second-person singular present tense of verbs",
"word": "-d"
},
{
"code": "hu",
"lang": "Hungarian",
"sense": "second-person singular present tense of verbs",
"word": "-l"
},
{
"code": "ga",
"lang": "Irish",
"note": "broad synthetic form, 1st conjugation",
"sense": "second-person singular present tense of verbs",
"word": "-air"
},
{
"code": "ga",
"lang": "Irish",
"note": "slender synthetic form, 1st conjugation",
"sense": "second-person singular present tense of verbs",
"word": "-ir"
},
{
"code": "ga",
"lang": "Irish",
"note": "broad synthetic form, 2nd conjugation",
"sense": "second-person singular present tense of verbs",
"word": "-aír"
},
{
"code": "ga",
"lang": "Irish",
"note": "slender synthetic form, 2nd conjugation",
"sense": "second-person singular present tense of verbs",
"word": "-ír"
},
{
"code": "it",
"lang": "Italian",
"roman": "for regular -are and -ere verbs and for those -ire verbs that don't take -isc-",
"sense": "second-person singular present tense of verbs",
"word": "-i"
},
{
"code": "la",
"lang": "Latin",
"sense": "second-person singular present tense of verbs",
"word": "-as"
},
{
"code": "la",
"lang": "Latin",
"sense": "second-person singular present tense of verbs",
"word": "-es"
},
{
"code": "la",
"lang": "Latin",
"sense": "second-person singular present tense of verbs",
"word": "-is"
},
{
"code": "la",
"lang": "Latin",
"sense": "second-person singular present tense of verbs",
"word": "-s"
},
{
"code": "pl",
"lang": "Polish",
"sense": "second-person singular present tense of verbs",
"word": "-esz"
},
{
"code": "pl",
"lang": "Polish",
"sense": "second-person singular present tense of verbs",
"word": "-isz"
},
{
"code": "pl",
"lang": "Polish",
"sense": "second-person singular present tense of verbs",
"word": "-ysz"
},
{
"code": "pl",
"lang": "Polish",
"sense": "second-person singular present tense of verbs",
"word": "-asz"
},
{
"code": "pt",
"lang": "Portuguese",
"note": "1st conjugation",
"sense": "second-person singular present tense of verbs",
"word": "-as"
},
{
"code": "pt",
"lang": "Portuguese",
"note": "2nd and 3rd conjugation",
"sense": "second-person singular present tense of verbs",
"word": "-es"
},
{
"code": "ro",
"lang": "Romanian",
"note": "most verbs",
"sense": "second-person singular present tense of verbs",
"word": "-i"
},
{
"code": "ro",
"lang": "Romanian",
"note": "some 1st conjugation verbs",
"sense": "second-person singular present tense of verbs",
"word": "-ezi"
},
{
"code": "ro",
"lang": "Romanian",
"note": "some 4th conjugation verbs",
"sense": "second-person singular present tense of verbs",
"word": "-ești"
},
{
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "-ešʹ",
"sense": "second-person singular present tense of verbs",
"word": "-ешь"
},
{
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "-jóšʹ",
"sense": "second-person singular present tense of verbs",
"word": "-ёшь"
},
{
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "-išʹ",
"sense": "second-person singular present tense of verbs",
"word": "-ишь"
},
{
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "-ašʹ",
"sense": "second-person singular present tense of verbs",
"word": "-ашь"
},
{
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "second-person singular present tense of verbs",
"word": "-as"
},
{
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "second-person singular present tense of verbs",
"word": "-es"
}
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ɪst/",
"tags": [
"UK",
"US"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/əst/",
"tags": [
"General-Australian"
]
},
{
"rhymes": "-ɪst"
},
{
"rhymes": "-əst"
},
{
"audio": "LL-Q1860 (eng)-Vealhurl--est.wav",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/07/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl--est.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl--est.wav.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/07/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl--est.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl--est.wav.ogg",
"tags": [
"Southern-England"
],
"text": "Audio (Southern England)"
},
{
"enpr": "ĭst",
"tags": [
"General-Australian"
]
},
{
"enpr": "əst",
"tags": [
"General-Australian"
]
}
],
"word": "-est"
}
{
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "hu",
"2": "-es",
"3": "-t",
"nocat": "y",
"pos1": "adjective-forming suffix",
"pos2": "adverb-forming suffix"
},
"expansion": "-es (adjective-forming suffix) + -t (adverb-forming suffix)",
"name": "af"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From -es (adjective-forming suffix) + -t (adverb-forming suffix).",
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "hu",
"2": "suffix"
},
"expansion": "-est",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Hungarian",
"lang_code": "hu",
"pos": "suffix",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Hungarian entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with raw sortkeys",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"text": "öröm (“joy”) + -est → örömest (“with joy”)",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Added to a word to form an adverb."
],
"id": "en--est-hu-suffix-ALaM4AFg",
"links": [
[
"adverb",
"Appendix:Glossary#adverb"
]
],
"qualifier": "adverb-forming suffix",
"raw_glosses": [
"(adverb-forming suffix) Added to a word to form an adverb."
],
"tags": [
"morpheme"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "[ɛʃt]"
}
],
"word": "-est"
}
{
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "suffix"
},
"expansion": "-est",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Middle English",
"lang_code": "enm",
"pos": "suffix",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Middle English entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with raw sortkeys",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Used to form the second-person singular present indicative of verbs."
],
"id": "en--est-enm-suffix-hBmIu0bF",
"links": [
[
"second-person singular",
"second-person singular#English"
],
[
"present indicative",
"present indicative#English"
]
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "-ist"
}
],
"tags": [
"morpheme"
]
}
],
"word": "-est"
}
{
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ang",
"2": "gem-pro",
"3": "*-ustaz"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic *-ustaz",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "gem-pro",
"2": "*-istaz"
},
"expansion": "*-istaz",
"name": "m"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Proto-Germanic *-ustaz, *-istaz.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "strong",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "ang-decl-noun-o-f",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "ō-stem",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"class"
]
},
{
"form": "-est",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-esta",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-este",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-este",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-esta",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-este",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-este",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-esta",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-este",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-estum",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"plural"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ang",
"2": "suffix",
"cat2": "",
"head": "",
"head2": "",
"sort": ""
},
"expansion": "-est",
"name": "head"
},
{
"args": {
"g": "f"
},
"expansion": "-est",
"name": "ang-suffix"
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "-est"
},
"name": "ang-decl-noun-o-f"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "-est",
"2": "-esta,-este",
"3": "-este",
"4": "-esta,-este",
"5": "-este",
"6": "-esta",
"7": "-este",
"8": "-estum",
"num": "",
"title": "",
"type": "strong ō-stem"
},
"name": "ang-decl-noun"
}
],
"lang": "Old English",
"lang_code": "ang",
"pos": "suffix",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Old English entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with raw sortkeys",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"english": "earnest",
"text": "eornost",
"type": "example"
},
{
"english": "service",
"text": "þēnest",
"type": "example"
},
{
"english": "haste",
"text": "ofost",
"type": "example"
},
{
"english": "battle, combat",
"text": "orrest",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"suffix forming feminine nouns, originally from verbs"
],
"id": "en--est-ang-suffix-Lb6HeOaa",
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "-ost"
},
{
"word": "-ust"
}
],
"tags": [
"morpheme"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/est/"
}
],
"word": "-est"
}
{
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "cy",
"2": "suffix"
},
"expansion": "-est",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Welsh",
"lang_code": "cy",
"pos": "suffix",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with raw sortkeys",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Welsh entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w"
}
],
"glosses": [
"verb suffix for the second-person singular preterite"
],
"id": "en--est-cy-suffix-LSbTBGy-",
"links": [
[
"second-person",
"second person#English"
],
[
"singular",
"singular#English"
],
[
"preterite",
"preterite#English"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(colloquial) verb suffix for the second-person singular preterite"
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "-aist"
}
],
"tags": [
"colloquial",
"morpheme"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ɛsd/"
},
{
"ipa": "[ɛst]"
}
],
"word": "-est"
}
{
"categories": [
"English 1-syllable words",
"English archaic terms",
"English entries with incorrect language header",
"English entries with language name categories using raw markup",
"English inflectional suffixes",
"English lemmas",
"English suffixes",
"English terms derived from Middle English",
"English terms derived from Old English",
"English terms derived from Proto-Germanic",
"English terms derived from Proto-Indo-European",
"English terms inherited from Middle English",
"English terms inherited from Old English",
"English terms inherited from Proto-Germanic",
"English terms inherited from Proto-Indo-European",
"English terms with IPA pronunciation",
"English terms with audio links",
"English terms with redundant sortkeys",
"Pages with raw sortkeys",
"Rhymes:English/əst",
"Rhymes:English/əst/1 syllable",
"Rhymes:English/ɪst",
"Rhymes:English/ɪst/1 syllable"
],
"coordinate_terms": [
{
"word": "-er"
}
],
"etymology_number": 1,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "enm",
"3": "-est"
},
"expansion": "Middle English -est",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "ang",
"3": "-st"
},
"expansion": "Old English -st",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ang",
"2": "-est"
},
"expansion": "-est",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "gem-pro",
"3": "*-istaz, *-ōstaz"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic *-istaz, *-ōstaz",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "-er"
},
"expansion": "-er",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "af",
"2": "-ste"
},
"expansion": "Afrikaans -ste",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "nl",
"2": "-st"
},
"expansion": "Dutch -st",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "de",
"2": "-st",
"3": "-(e)st"
},
"expansion": "German -(e)st",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "da",
"2": "-est",
"3": "-(e)st"
},
"expansion": "Danish -(e)st",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "sv",
"2": "-ast",
"3": "-(a)st"
},
"expansion": "Swedish -(a)st",
"name": "cog"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Middle English -est, from Old English -st, -est, from Proto-Germanic *-istaz, *-ōstaz, related to comparative -er. Cognate of Afrikaans -ste, Dutch -st, German -(e)st, Danish -(e)st, Swedish -(a)st.",
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "suffix",
"cat2": "",
"cat3": "",
"head": "",
"id": ""
},
"expansion": "-est",
"name": "head"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "-est",
"name": "en-suffix"
}
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "suffix",
"related": [
{
"word": "-most"
}
],
"senses": [
{
"examples": [
{
"text": "longest, biggest, fastest"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Used to form the superlative of adjectives and adverbs."
],
"links": [
[
"superlative",
"superlative#English"
],
[
"adjective",
"adjective#English"
],
[
"adverb",
"adverb#English"
]
],
"tags": [
"morpheme"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ɪst/",
"tags": [
"UK",
"US"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/əst/",
"tags": [
"General-Australian"
]
},
{
"rhymes": "-ɪst"
},
{
"rhymes": "-əst"
},
{
"audio": "LL-Q1860 (eng)-Vealhurl--est.wav",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/07/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl--est.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl--est.wav.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/07/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl--est.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl--est.wav.ogg",
"tags": [
"Southern-England"
],
"text": "Audio (Southern England)"
},
{
"enpr": "ĭst",
"tags": [
"General-Australian"
]
},
{
"enpr": "əst",
"tags": [
"General-Australian"
]
}
],
"translations": [
{
"code": "ar",
"lang": "Arabic",
"note": "a superlative pattern of the adjective",
"roman": "al--",
"sense": "superlative of adjectives and adverbs",
"word": "اَلـ"
},
{
"code": "hy",
"lang": "Armenian",
"roman": "amena-",
"sense": "superlative of adjectives and adverbs",
"word": "ամենա-"
},
{
"code": "hy",
"lang": "Armenian",
"roman": "-guyn",
"sense": "superlative of adjectives and adverbs",
"word": "-գույն"
},
{
"code": "eu",
"lang": "Basque",
"sense": "superlative of adjectives and adverbs",
"word": "-en"
},
{
"code": "br",
"lang": "Breton",
"sense": "superlative of adjectives and adverbs",
"word": "-añ"
},
{
"code": "ca",
"lang": "Catalan",
"note": "before the adjective or adverb, after the definite article",
"sense": "superlative of adjectives and adverbs",
"word": "més"
},
{
"code": "cmn",
"lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
"roman": "zuì",
"sense": "superlative of adjectives and adverbs",
"tags": [
"prefix"
],
"word": "最"
},
{
"code": "cs",
"lang": "Czech",
"sense": "superlative of adjectives and adverbs",
"word": "nej-"
},
{
"code": "da",
"lang": "Danish",
"sense": "superlative of adjectives and adverbs",
"word": "-est"
},
{
"code": "nl",
"lang": "Dutch",
"sense": "superlative of adjectives and adverbs",
"word": "-ste"
},
{
"code": "eo",
"lang": "Esperanto",
"sense": "superlative of adjectives and adverbs",
"word": "plej"
},
{
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"note": "for adjectives",
"sense": "superlative of adjectives and adverbs",
"word": "-in"
},
{
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"note": "before the adjective, after the definite article",
"sense": "superlative of adjectives and adverbs",
"word": "plus"
},
{
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "superlative of adjectives and adverbs",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "-ster"
},
{
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "superlative of adjectives and adverbs",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "-ste"
},
{
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "superlative of adjectives and adverbs",
"tags": [
"adverb"
],
"word": "am ...-sten"
},
{
"code": "hu",
"lang": "Hungarian",
"sense": "superlative of adjectives and adverbs",
"word": "leg-"
},
{
"alt": "いちばん, ichiban; placed before the adjective",
"code": "ja",
"lang": "Japanese",
"sense": "superlative of adjectives and adverbs",
"word": "一番"
},
{
"alt": "もっとも",
"code": "ja",
"lang": "Japanese",
"roman": "mottomo",
"sense": "superlative of adjectives and adverbs",
"word": "最も"
},
{
"alt": "さい",
"code": "ja",
"lang": "Japanese",
"roman": "sai-",
"sense": "superlative of adjectives and adverbs",
"tags": [
"Sino-Japanese",
"prefix"
],
"word": "最"
},
{
"code": "km",
"lang": "Khmer",
"roman": "…ciəng kei",
"sense": "superlative of adjectives and adverbs",
"word": "...ជាងគេ"
},
{
"code": "ko",
"lang": "Korean",
"roman": "gajang",
"sense": "superlative of adjectives and adverbs",
"word": "가장"
},
{
"alt": "第一",
"code": "ko",
"lang": "Korean",
"roman": "jeil",
"sense": "superlative of adjectives and adverbs",
"word": "제일"
},
{
"alt": "最",
"code": "ko",
"lang": "Korean",
"roman": "choe-",
"sense": "superlative of adjectives and adverbs",
"tags": [
"Sino-Korean",
"prefix"
],
"word": "최"
},
{
"code": "lo",
"lang": "Lao",
"roman": "...thī sut",
"sense": "superlative of adjectives and adverbs",
"word": "...ທີ່ສຸດ"
},
{
"code": "lv",
"lang": "Latvian",
"sense": "superlative of adjectives and adverbs",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "-ākais"
},
{
"code": "lv",
"lang": "Latvian",
"sense": "superlative of adjectives and adverbs",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "-ākā"
},
{
"code": "ms",
"lang": "Malay",
"sense": "superlative of adjectives and adverbs",
"word": "ter-"
},
{
"code": "mn",
"lang": "Mongolian",
"roman": "xamgyn",
"sense": "superlative of adjectives and adverbs",
"word": "хамгын"
},
{
"code": "nb",
"lang": "Norwegian Bokmål",
"sense": "superlative of adjectives and adverbs",
"word": "-est"
},
{
"code": "nb",
"lang": "Norwegian Bokmål",
"note": "before most long adjectives or adverbs",
"sense": "superlative of adjectives and adverbs",
"word": "mest"
},
{
"code": "nn",
"lang": "Norwegian Nynorsk",
"sense": "superlative of adjectives and adverbs",
"word": "-ast"
},
{
"code": "nn",
"lang": "Norwegian Nynorsk",
"note": "before most long adjectives or adverbs",
"sense": "superlative of adjectives and adverbs",
"word": "mest"
},
{
"code": "pl",
"lang": "Polish",
"sense": "superlative of adjectives and adverbs",
"word": "naj-"
},
{
"code": "pl",
"lang": "Polish",
"note": "before the adjective or adverb",
"sense": "superlative of adjectives and adverbs",
"word": "najbardziej"
},
{
"code": "pt",
"lang": "Portuguese",
"note": "mais used with definite article",
"sense": "superlative of adjectives and adverbs"
},
{
"code": "ro",
"lang": "Romanian",
"note": "before the adjective or adverb, after the demonstrative article",
"sense": "superlative of adjectives and adverbs",
"word": "mai"
},
{
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "nai-",
"sense": "superlative of adjectives and adverbs",
"tags": [
"prefix",
"with-comparative"
],
"word": "наи-"
},
{
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"note": "before adjectives in the normal form",
"roman": "sámyj",
"sense": "superlative of adjectives and adverbs",
"word": "са́мый"
},
{
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"note": "before adjectives in the normal form",
"roman": "naibóleje",
"sense": "superlative of adjectives and adverbs",
"word": "наибо́лее"
},
{
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "-éjšij",
"sense": "superlative of adjectives and adverbs",
"word": "-е́йший"
},
{
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"note": "-а́йший (-ájšij) (suffixes follow an adjective form)",
"sense": "superlative of adjectives and adverbs"
},
{
"code": "sh",
"lang": "Serbo-Croatian",
"sense": "superlative of adjectives and adverbs",
"tags": [
"Cyrillic"
],
"word": "нај-"
},
{
"code": "sh",
"lang": "Serbo-Croatian",
"sense": "superlative of adjectives and adverbs",
"tags": [
"Roman"
],
"word": "naj-"
},
{
"code": "sk",
"lang": "Slovak",
"sense": "superlative of adjectives and adverbs",
"word": "naj-"
},
{
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"note": "before the adjective or adverb, after the definite article",
"sense": "superlative of adjectives and adverbs",
"word": "más"
},
{
"alt": "1",
"code": "sv",
"lang": "Swedish",
"sense": "superlative of adjectives and adverbs",
"word": "-ast"
},
{
"alt": "1",
"code": "sv",
"lang": "Swedish",
"note": "before the adjective or adverb",
"sense": "superlative of adjectives and adverbs",
"word": "mest"
},
{
"code": "th",
"lang": "Thai",
"roman": "...tîi-sùt",
"sense": "superlative of adjectives and adverbs",
"word": "...ที่สุด"
},
{
"code": "tr",
"lang": "Turkish",
"sense": "superlative of adjectives and adverbs",
"word": "en"
},
{
"alt": "一",
"code": "vi",
"lang": "Vietnamese",
"sense": "superlative of adjectives and adverbs",
"word": "... nhất"
},
{
"code": "cy",
"lang": "Welsh",
"sense": "superlative of adjectives and adverbs",
"word": "-af"
},
{
"code": "yo",
"lang": "Yoruba",
"sense": "superlative of adjectives and adverbs",
"word": "-olo"
}
],
"word": "-est"
}
{
"categories": [
"English 1-syllable words",
"English archaic terms",
"English entries with incorrect language header",
"English entries with language name categories using raw markup",
"English inflectional suffixes",
"English lemmas",
"English suffixes",
"English terms derived from Middle English",
"English terms derived from Old English",
"English terms derived from Proto-Germanic",
"English terms derived from Proto-Indo-European",
"English terms inherited from Middle English",
"English terms inherited from Old English",
"English terms inherited from Proto-Germanic",
"English terms inherited from Proto-Indo-European",
"English terms with IPA pronunciation",
"English terms with audio links",
"English terms with redundant sortkeys",
"Pages with raw sortkeys",
"Rhymes:English/əst",
"Rhymes:English/əst/1 syllable",
"Rhymes:English/ɪst",
"Rhymes:English/ɪst/1 syllable"
],
"etymology_number": 2,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "enm",
"3": "-est, -st"
},
"expansion": "Middle English -est, -st",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "ang",
"3": "-est, -ast, -st"
},
"expansion": "Old English -est, -ast, -st",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "gem-pro",
"3": "*-zi"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic *-zi",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*-si"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *-si",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "thou"
},
"expansion": "thou",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "de",
"2": "-st"
},
"expansion": "German -st",
"name": "cog"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Middle English -est, -st, from Old English -est, -ast, -st, ultimately from Proto-Germanic *-zi, from Proto-Indo-European *-si. The -t was by transfer from inverted order where thou followed the verb, which also occurred in most dialects of Middle Dutch and Middle High German (compare modern German -st).",
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "suffix",
"cat2": "inflectional suffixes",
"cat3": "",
"head": "",
"id": ""
},
"expansion": "-est",
"name": "head"
},
{
"args": {
"cat2": "inflectional suffixes"
},
"expansion": "-est",
"name": "en-suffix"
}
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "suffix",
"related": [
{
"word": "-eth"
},
{
"word": "thou"
}
],
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"English dialectal terms",
"English terms with archaic senses"
],
"examples": [
{
"text": "goest, makest, wentest, madest"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Used to form the second-person singular present tense and past tense of verbs. (if thou is the subject; not used with you)"
],
"links": [
[
"second-person",
"Appendix:Glossary#second person"
],
[
"singular",
"Appendix:Glossary#singular"
],
[
"present tense",
"Appendix:Glossary#present tense"
],
[
"past tense",
"Appendix:Glossary#past tense"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(archaic, dialectal) Used to form the second-person singular present tense and past tense of verbs. (if thou is the subject; not used with you)"
],
"tags": [
"archaic",
"dialectal",
"morpheme"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ɪst/",
"tags": [
"UK",
"US"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/əst/",
"tags": [
"General-Australian"
]
},
{
"rhymes": "-ɪst"
},
{
"rhymes": "-əst"
},
{
"audio": "LL-Q1860 (eng)-Vealhurl--est.wav",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/07/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl--est.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl--est.wav.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/07/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl--est.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl--est.wav.ogg",
"tags": [
"Southern-England"
],
"text": "Audio (Southern England)"
},
{
"enpr": "ĭst",
"tags": [
"General-Australian"
]
},
{
"enpr": "əst",
"tags": [
"General-Australian"
]
}
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "-'st"
},
{
"word": "-st"
}
],
"translations": [
{
"code": "cs",
"lang": "Czech",
"sense": "second-person singular present tense of verbs",
"word": "-eš"
},
{
"code": "cs",
"lang": "Czech",
"sense": "second-person singular present tense of verbs",
"word": "-íš"
},
{
"code": "cs",
"lang": "Czech",
"sense": "second-person singular present tense of verbs",
"word": "-áš"
},
{
"code": "nl",
"lang": "Dutch",
"sense": "second-person singular present tense of verbs",
"word": "-t"
},
{
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "second-person singular present tense of verbs",
"word": "-t"
},
{
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"note": "for regular -er verbs",
"sense": "second-person singular present tense of verbs",
"word": "-es"
},
{
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"note": "for regular -ir verb",
"sense": "second-person singular present tense of verbs",
"word": "-is"
},
{
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"note": "for most -re verbs",
"sense": "second-person singular present tense of verbs",
"word": "-s"
},
{
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "second-person singular present tense of verbs",
"word": "-st"
},
{
"code": "hu",
"lang": "Hungarian",
"sense": "second-person singular present tense of verbs",
"word": "-sz"
},
{
"code": "hu",
"lang": "Hungarian",
"sense": "second-person singular present tense of verbs",
"word": "-d"
},
{
"code": "hu",
"lang": "Hungarian",
"sense": "second-person singular present tense of verbs",
"word": "-l"
},
{
"code": "ga",
"lang": "Irish",
"note": "broad synthetic form, 1st conjugation",
"sense": "second-person singular present tense of verbs",
"word": "-air"
},
{
"code": "ga",
"lang": "Irish",
"note": "slender synthetic form, 1st conjugation",
"sense": "second-person singular present tense of verbs",
"word": "-ir"
},
{
"code": "ga",
"lang": "Irish",
"note": "broad synthetic form, 2nd conjugation",
"sense": "second-person singular present tense of verbs",
"word": "-aír"
},
{
"code": "ga",
"lang": "Irish",
"note": "slender synthetic form, 2nd conjugation",
"sense": "second-person singular present tense of verbs",
"word": "-ír"
},
{
"code": "it",
"lang": "Italian",
"roman": "for regular -are and -ere verbs and for those -ire verbs that don't take -isc-",
"sense": "second-person singular present tense of verbs",
"word": "-i"
},
{
"code": "la",
"lang": "Latin",
"sense": "second-person singular present tense of verbs",
"word": "-as"
},
{
"code": "la",
"lang": "Latin",
"sense": "second-person singular present tense of verbs",
"word": "-es"
},
{
"code": "la",
"lang": "Latin",
"sense": "second-person singular present tense of verbs",
"word": "-is"
},
{
"code": "la",
"lang": "Latin",
"sense": "second-person singular present tense of verbs",
"word": "-s"
},
{
"code": "pl",
"lang": "Polish",
"sense": "second-person singular present tense of verbs",
"word": "-esz"
},
{
"code": "pl",
"lang": "Polish",
"sense": "second-person singular present tense of verbs",
"word": "-isz"
},
{
"code": "pl",
"lang": "Polish",
"sense": "second-person singular present tense of verbs",
"word": "-ysz"
},
{
"code": "pl",
"lang": "Polish",
"sense": "second-person singular present tense of verbs",
"word": "-asz"
},
{
"code": "pt",
"lang": "Portuguese",
"note": "1st conjugation",
"sense": "second-person singular present tense of verbs",
"word": "-as"
},
{
"code": "pt",
"lang": "Portuguese",
"note": "2nd and 3rd conjugation",
"sense": "second-person singular present tense of verbs",
"word": "-es"
},
{
"code": "ro",
"lang": "Romanian",
"note": "most verbs",
"sense": "second-person singular present tense of verbs",
"word": "-i"
},
{
"code": "ro",
"lang": "Romanian",
"note": "some 1st conjugation verbs",
"sense": "second-person singular present tense of verbs",
"word": "-ezi"
},
{
"code": "ro",
"lang": "Romanian",
"note": "some 4th conjugation verbs",
"sense": "second-person singular present tense of verbs",
"word": "-ești"
},
{
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "-ešʹ",
"sense": "second-person singular present tense of verbs",
"word": "-ешь"
},
{
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "-jóšʹ",
"sense": "second-person singular present tense of verbs",
"word": "-ёшь"
},
{
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "-išʹ",
"sense": "second-person singular present tense of verbs",
"word": "-ишь"
},
{
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "-ašʹ",
"sense": "second-person singular present tense of verbs",
"word": "-ашь"
},
{
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "second-person singular present tense of verbs",
"word": "-as"
},
{
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "second-person singular present tense of verbs",
"word": "-es"
}
],
"word": "-est"
}
{
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "hu",
"2": "-es",
"3": "-t",
"nocat": "y",
"pos1": "adjective-forming suffix",
"pos2": "adverb-forming suffix"
},
"expansion": "-es (adjective-forming suffix) + -t (adverb-forming suffix)",
"name": "af"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From -es (adjective-forming suffix) + -t (adverb-forming suffix).",
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "hu",
"2": "suffix"
},
"expansion": "-est",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Hungarian",
"lang_code": "hu",
"pos": "suffix",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"Hungarian entries with incorrect language header",
"Hungarian lemmas",
"Hungarian suffixes",
"Hungarian terms with IPA pronunciation",
"Pages with raw sortkeys"
],
"examples": [
{
"text": "öröm (“joy”) + -est → örömest (“with joy”)",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Added to a word to form an adverb."
],
"links": [
[
"adverb",
"Appendix:Glossary#adverb"
]
],
"qualifier": "adverb-forming suffix",
"raw_glosses": [
"(adverb-forming suffix) Added to a word to form an adverb."
],
"tags": [
"morpheme"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "[ɛʃt]"
}
],
"word": "-est"
}
{
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "suffix"
},
"expansion": "-est",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Middle English",
"lang_code": "enm",
"pos": "suffix",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"Middle English entries with incorrect language header",
"Middle English lemmas",
"Middle English suffixes",
"Pages with raw sortkeys"
],
"glosses": [
"Used to form the second-person singular present indicative of verbs."
],
"links": [
[
"second-person singular",
"second-person singular#English"
],
[
"present indicative",
"present indicative#English"
]
],
"tags": [
"morpheme"
]
}
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "-ist"
}
],
"word": "-est"
}
{
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ang",
"2": "gem-pro",
"3": "*-ustaz"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic *-ustaz",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "gem-pro",
"2": "*-istaz"
},
"expansion": "*-istaz",
"name": "m"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Proto-Germanic *-ustaz, *-istaz.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "strong",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "ang-decl-noun-o-f",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "ō-stem",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"class"
]
},
{
"form": "-est",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-esta",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-este",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-este",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-esta",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-este",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-este",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-esta",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-este",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-estum",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"plural"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ang",
"2": "suffix",
"cat2": "",
"head": "",
"head2": "",
"sort": ""
},
"expansion": "-est",
"name": "head"
},
{
"args": {
"g": "f"
},
"expansion": "-est",
"name": "ang-suffix"
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "-est"
},
"name": "ang-decl-noun-o-f"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "-est",
"2": "-esta,-este",
"3": "-este",
"4": "-esta,-este",
"5": "-este",
"6": "-esta",
"7": "-este",
"8": "-estum",
"num": "",
"title": "",
"type": "strong ō-stem"
},
"name": "ang-decl-noun"
}
],
"lang": "Old English",
"lang_code": "ang",
"pos": "suffix",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"Old English entries with incorrect language header",
"Old English lemmas",
"Old English suffixes",
"Old English terms derived from Proto-Germanic",
"Old English terms inherited from Proto-Germanic",
"Old English terms with IPA pronunciation",
"Old English terms with usage examples",
"Old English ō-stem nouns",
"Pages with raw sortkeys"
],
"examples": [
{
"english": "earnest",
"text": "eornost",
"type": "example"
},
{
"english": "service",
"text": "þēnest",
"type": "example"
},
{
"english": "haste",
"text": "ofost",
"type": "example"
},
{
"english": "battle, combat",
"text": "orrest",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"suffix forming feminine nouns, originally from verbs"
],
"tags": [
"morpheme"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/est/"
}
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "-ost"
},
{
"word": "-ust"
}
],
"word": "-est"
}
{
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "cy",
"2": "suffix"
},
"expansion": "-est",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Welsh",
"lang_code": "cy",
"pos": "suffix",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"Pages with raw sortkeys",
"Welsh colloquialisms",
"Welsh entries with incorrect language header",
"Welsh lemmas",
"Welsh suffixes",
"Welsh terms with IPA pronunciation"
],
"glosses": [
"verb suffix for the second-person singular preterite"
],
"links": [
[
"second-person",
"second person#English"
],
[
"singular",
"singular#English"
],
[
"preterite",
"preterite#English"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(colloquial) verb suffix for the second-person singular preterite"
],
"tags": [
"colloquial",
"morpheme"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ɛsd/"
},
{
"ipa": "[ɛst]"
}
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "-aist"
}
],
"word": "-est"
}
{
"called_from": "translations/324",
"msg": "possible sense number in translation item: Swedish: -ast (sv) (1), mest (sv) (before the adjective or adverb) (1)",
"path": [
"-est"
],
"section": "English",
"subsection": "suffix",
"title": "-est",
"trace": ""
}
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable All languages combined dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2024-05-06 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2024-05-02 using wiktextract (f4fd8c9 and c9440ce). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.