See -st on Wiktionary
Download JSON data for -st meaning in All languages combined (35.6kB)
{
"etymology_number": 1,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "enm",
"3": "-st"
},
"expansion": "Middle English -st",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "-est#Etymology 2"
},
"expansion": "-est",
"name": "m"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Middle English -st; see -est.",
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "suffix",
"cat2": "",
"cat3": "",
"head": "",
"id": ""
},
"expansion": "-st",
"name": "head"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "-st",
"name": "en-suffix"
}
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "suffix",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "English links with manual fragments",
"parents": [
"Links with manual fragments",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Verb suffix for the second-person singular; Alternative form of -est"
],
"id": "en--st-en-suffix-aLD15WNg",
"links": [
[
"second-person singular",
"second-person singular"
],
[
"-est",
"-est#English"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(archaic) Verb suffix for the second-person singular; Alternative form of -est"
],
"tags": [
"archaic",
"morpheme"
]
}
],
"word": "-st"
}
{
"etymology_number": 2,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "first"
},
"expansion": "first",
"name": "m"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From the written form of first; see further etymology there.",
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "suffix",
"cat2": "",
"cat3": "",
"head": "",
"id": ""
},
"expansion": "-st",
"name": "head"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "-st",
"name": "en-suffix"
}
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "suffix",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "23 57 20",
"kind": "other",
"name": "English entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"coordinate_terms": [
{
"word": "-nd"
},
{
"word": "-rd"
},
{
"word": "-th"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"text": "the 21st century",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Marks ordinals written in digits when the final term of the spelled number is \"first\""
],
"id": "en--st-en-suffix-mfjHPkvG",
"tags": [
"morpheme"
],
"translations": [
{
"alt": "e.g. 1ste = erste",
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "first",
"word": "-st-"
},
{
"alt": "だい",
"code": "ja",
"lang": "Japanese",
"roman": "dai",
"sense": "first",
"word": "第"
},
{
"code": "pl",
"lang": "Polish",
"sense": "first",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "-szy"
},
{
"code": "sv",
"lang": "Swedish",
"sense": "first",
"word": "-a"
}
]
}
],
"word": "-st"
}
{
"etymology_number": 3,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "-s",
"3": "-t"
},
"expansion": "-s + -t",
"name": "compound"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "excrescent"
},
"expansion": "excrescent",
"name": "glossary"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "genitive"
},
"expansion": "genitive",
"name": "glossary"
}
],
"etymology_text": "-s + -t of excrescent suffixes, with -s sometimes genitive.",
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "suffix",
"cat2": "",
"cat3": "",
"head": "",
"id": ""
},
"expansion": "-st",
"name": "head"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "-st",
"name": "en-suffix"
}
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "suffix",
"senses": [
{
"derived": [
{
"word": "against"
},
{
"word": "alongst"
},
{
"word": "amongst"
},
{
"word": "beknownst"
},
{
"word": "midst"
},
{
"word": "unbeknownst"
},
{
"word": "whilst"
},
{
"word": "whomst"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"text": "among + -st → amongst",
"type": "example"
},
{
"text": "mid + -st → midst",
"type": "example"
},
{
"text": "while + -st → whilst",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Excrescent suffix (adding sound but largely not changing the meaning)."
],
"id": "en--st-en-suffix-SZOXY-Xc",
"links": [
[
"Excrescent",
"excrescent#English"
]
],
"tags": [
"morpheme"
]
}
],
"word": "-st"
}
{
"etymology_number": 1,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "nl",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*-ti"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *-ti",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "stem"
},
"expansion": "stem",
"name": "glossary"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "nl",
"2": "vorst",
"3": "",
"4": "frost"
},
"expansion": "vorst (“frost”)",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "got",
"2": "𐌰𐌽𐍃𐍄𐍃"
},
"expansion": "𐌰𐌽𐍃𐍄𐍃 (ansts)",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "got",
"2": "𐌿𐌽𐌽𐌰𐌽"
},
"expansion": "𐌿𐌽𐌽𐌰𐌽 (unnan)",
"name": "m"
}
],
"etymology_text": "The suffix -st consists of two parts: a suffix -t (Proto-Indo-European *-ti) and an inserted -s-. The -s- is the result of a wrong segmentation of stem and suffix of a noun in cases where the stem of the noun ended with -s-. For example: a word like Dutch vorst (“frost”) could be interpreted as vors+t or as vor+st. This suffix existed already in Gothic (𐌰𐌽𐍃𐍄𐍃 (ansts), from 𐌿𐌽𐌽𐌰𐌽 (unnan)).",
"forms": [
{
"form": "-sten",
"tags": [
"plural"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "nl",
"2": "suffix",
"3": "plural",
"4": "-sten",
"cat2": "noun-forming suffixes",
"g": "f"
},
"expansion": "-st f (plural -sten)",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Dutch",
"lang_code": "nl",
"pos": "suffix",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "74 26",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Dutch entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"appended to the stem of a verb, this suffix yields a verbal noun; it is similar in function to the Dutch suffix -ing"
],
"id": "en--st-nl-suffix-QSg85CzB",
"links": [
[
"verbal noun",
"verbal noun"
],
[
"-ing",
"-ing#Dutch"
]
],
"tags": [
"feminine",
"morpheme"
]
}
],
"word": "-st"
}
{
"etymology_number": 2,
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "nl",
"2": "suffix",
"cat2": "inflectional suffixes"
},
"expansion": "-st",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Dutch",
"lang_code": "nl",
"pos": "suffix",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Dutch links with redundant target parameters",
"parents": [
"Links with redundant target parameters",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"text": "vreemd (“strange”) → vreemdst (“strangest”)"
}
],
"glosses": [
"appended to an adjective this suffix forms the superlative"
],
"id": "en--st-nl-suffix-w86bn1fB",
"tags": [
"morpheme"
]
}
],
"word": "-st"
}
{
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "et",
"2": "suffix form"
},
"expansion": "-st",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Estonian",
"lang_code": "et",
"pos": "suffix",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Estonian entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w"
}
],
"form_of": [
{
"word": "-ne"
}
],
"glosses": [
"partitive singular of -ne"
],
"id": "en--st-et-suffix-V49NYtgJ",
"links": [
[
"-ne",
"-ne#Estonian"
]
],
"tags": [
"form-of",
"morpheme",
"partitive",
"singular"
]
}
],
"word": "-st"
}
{
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "fo",
"2": "non",
"3": "-sk"
},
"expansion": "Old Norse -sk",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "non",
"2": "sik"
},
"expansion": "sik",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "fo",
"2": "seg"
},
"expansion": "Faroese seg",
"name": "cog"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Old Norse -sk, reduced form of the reflexive pronoun sik (whence Faroese seg).",
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "fo",
"2": "suffix",
"sort": "st"
},
"expansion": "-st",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Faroese",
"lang_code": "fo",
"pos": "suffix",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Faroese entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Faroese terms with redundant sortkeys",
"parents": [
"Terms with redundant sortkeys",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w"
}
],
"derived": [
{
"word": "minnast"
}
],
"glosses": [
"turns verbs into middle voice verbs"
],
"id": "en--st-fo-suffix-PkLhFVJ3",
"links": [
[
"verbs",
"verbs"
],
[
"middle voice verb",
"middle voice verb"
]
],
"tags": [
"morpheme"
]
}
],
"word": "-st"
}
{
"etymology_number": 1,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "de",
"2": "gmh",
"3": "-est"
},
"expansion": "Middle High German -est",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "de",
"2": "gmh",
"3": "-es"
},
"expansion": "-es",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "gmh",
"2": "",
"3": "sizzes du → sizzestu → sizzest du",
"t": "do you sit"
},
"expansion": "sizzes du → sizzestu → sizzest du (“do you sit”)",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "de",
"2": "goh",
"3": "-"
},
"expansion": "Old High German",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "de",
"2": "gem-pro",
"3": "-"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "de",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "-"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European",
"name": "inh"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Middle High German -est, from older -es through rebracketing in inverted forms like sizzes du → sizzestu → sizzest du (“do you sit”). Further from a merger of various Old High German conjugation suffixes, from Proto-Germanic, from Proto-Indo-European.",
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "de",
"2": "suffix",
"cat2": "inflectional suffixes"
},
"expansion": "-st",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "German",
"lang_code": "de",
"pos": "suffix",
"senses": [
{
"examples": [
{
"text": "lachen (“to laugh”) + -st → du lachst (“you laugh, thou laughest”)",
"type": "example"
},
{
"text": "spielen (“to play”) + -st → du spielst (“you play, thou playest”)",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Verb suffix for the second-person singular."
],
"id": "en--st-de-suffix-pBHsDWTp",
"links": [
[
"second-person singular",
"second-person singular#English"
]
],
"tags": [
"morpheme"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/st/"
},
{
"ipa": "/t/"
},
{
"ipa": "/s/"
},
{
"ipa": "/ʃ/"
}
],
"word": "-st"
}
{
"etymology_number": 2,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "de",
"2": "gmh",
"3": "-est"
},
"expansion": "Middle High German -est",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "de",
"2": "goh",
"3": "-ist"
},
"expansion": "Old High German -ist",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "goh",
"2": "-ōst"
},
"expansion": "-ōst",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "de",
"2": "gem-pro",
"3": "*-istaz"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic *-istaz",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "gem-pro",
"2": "*-ōstaz"
},
"expansion": "*-ōstaz",
"name": "m"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Middle High German -est, from a merger of Old High German -ist and -ōst, from Proto-Germanic *-istaz and *-ōstaz.",
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "de",
"2": "suffix",
"cat2": "inflectional suffixes"
},
"expansion": "-st",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "German",
"lang_code": "de",
"pos": "suffix",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "German links with redundant target parameters",
"parents": [
"Links with redundant target parameters",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "German links with redundant wikilinks",
"parents": [
"Links with redundant wikilinks",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w"
},
{
"_dis": "37 63",
"kind": "other",
"name": "German entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"text": "klein (“small”) + -st → der kleinste (“the smallest”)",
"type": "example"
},
{
"text": "lang (“long”) + -st → der längste (“the longest”)",
"type": "example"
},
{
"text": "herzlich (“cordially”) + -st → am herzlichsten (“most cordially”)",
"type": "example"
},
{
"text": "schleunig (“speedily”) + -st → schleunigst (“straight away”)",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Forms superlatives of adjectives and adverbs, sometimes triggering umlaut."
],
"id": "en--st-de-suffix-hYxbBw-S",
"links": [
[
"umlaut",
"umlaut#English"
]
],
"tags": [
"morpheme"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/st/"
}
],
"word": "-st"
}
{
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "hu",
"2": "-s",
"3": "-t",
"nocat": "y",
"pos1": "adjective-forming suffix",
"pos2": "locative suffix"
},
"expansion": "-s (adjective-forming suffix) + -t (locative suffix)",
"name": "affix"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "hu",
"2": "-t"
},
"expansion": "-t",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "hu",
"2": "",
"3": "-st"
},
"expansion": "-st",
"name": "m"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From -s (adjective-forming suffix) + -t (locative suffix) in the Old Hungarian period. The adverbial sense of the locative suffix -t can be shown only in this -st morpheme.",
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "hu",
"2": "suffix"
},
"expansion": "-st",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Hungarian",
"lang_code": "hu",
"pos": "suffix",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Hungarian entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Forms an adverb of manner."
],
"id": "en--st-hu-suffix-cIJMH82c",
"links": [
[
"adverb",
"Appendix:Glossary#adverb"
]
],
"qualifier": "adverb-forming suffix",
"raw_glosses": [
"(adverb-forming suffix) Forms an adverb of manner."
],
"tags": [
"morpheme"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "[ʃt]"
}
],
"word": "-st"
}
{
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "is",
"2": "non",
"3": "-sk"
},
"expansion": "Old Norse -sk",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "non",
"2": "sik"
},
"expansion": "sik",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "is",
"2": "sig"
},
"expansion": "Icelandic sig",
"name": "cog"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Old Norse -sk, reduced form of the reflexive pronoun sik (whence Icelandic sig).",
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "is",
"2": "suffix",
"sort": "st"
},
"expansion": "-st",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Icelandic",
"lang_code": "is",
"pos": "suffix",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Icelandic entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Icelandic terms with redundant sortkeys",
"parents": [
"Terms with redundant sortkeys",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w"
}
],
"derived": [
{
"word": "berast"
},
{
"word": "biðjast"
},
{
"word": "bjóðast"
},
{
"word": "bregðast"
},
{
"word": "brjótast"
},
{
"word": "drepast"
},
{
"word": "elskast"
},
{
"word": "eyðast"
},
{
"word": "fást"
},
{
"word": "finnast"
},
{
"word": "gerast"
},
{
"word": "gleðjast"
},
{
"word": "haldast"
},
{
"word": "heilsast"
},
{
"word": "kveðjast"
},
{
"word": "kyssast"
},
{
"word": "látast"
},
{
"word": "leiðast"
},
{
"word": "líðast"
},
{
"word": "minnast"
},
{
"word": "segjast"
},
{
"word": "setjast"
},
{
"word": "sjást"
},
{
"word": "týnast"
},
{
"word": "tærast"
},
{
"word": "venjast"
},
{
"word": "virðast"
},
{
"word": "ætlast"
}
],
"glosses": [
"turns verbs into middle voice verbs"
],
"id": "en--st-is-suffix-PkLhFVJ3",
"links": [
[
"verbs",
"verbs"
],
[
"middle voice verb",
"middle voice verb"
]
],
"tags": [
"morpheme"
]
}
],
"word": "-st"
}
{
"etymology_number": 1,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "izh"
},
"expansion": "Uncertain",
"name": "unc"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "fi",
"2": "-sta"
},
"expansion": "Finnish -sta",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "urj-fin-pro",
"2": "*-stik"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Finnic *-stik",
"name": "ncog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "fi",
"2": "-sti"
},
"expansion": "Finnish -sti",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "et",
"2": "-sti"
},
"expansion": "Estonian -sti",
"name": "cog"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Uncertain:\n* Possibly identical to the elative marker (see below), exhibiting an archaic function of the elative, found also in archaic or dialectal Finnish -sta.\n* Alternatively, from Proto-Finnic *-stik, reanalysed as identical to the elative marker after vowel reduction. In this case akin to Finnish -sti and Estonian -sti.",
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "izh",
"2": "suffix",
"3": "",
"4": ""
},
"expansion": "-st",
"name": "head"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "-st",
"name": "izh-suffix"
}
],
"lang": "Ingrian",
"lang_code": "izh",
"pos": "suffix",
"senses": [
{
"derived": [
{
"word": "-staa"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Used to form adverbs of manner from adjectives; -ly"
],
"id": "en--st-izh-suffix-eOu5Gugn",
"links": [
[
"adverb",
"adverb#English"
],
[
"adjective",
"adjective#English"
],
[
"-ly",
"-ly"
]
],
"tags": [
"morpheme"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/-stɑ/",
"tags": [
"Ala-Laukaa"
]
},
{
"ipa": "[-s̠tɑ]",
"tags": [
"Ala-Laukaa"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/-stæ/",
"tags": [
"Ala-Laukaa"
]
},
{
"ipa": "[-s̠tæ]",
"tags": [
"Ala-Laukaa"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/-st/",
"tags": [
"Soikkola"
]
},
{
"ipa": "[-ʃt]",
"tags": [
"Soikkola"
]
}
],
"word": "-st"
}
{
"etymology_number": 2,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "elative"
},
"expansion": "",
"name": "anchor"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "izh",
"2": "urj-fin-pro",
"3": "*-sta"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Finnic *-sta",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "fi",
"2": "-sta"
},
"expansion": "Finnish -sta",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "et",
"2": "-st"
},
"expansion": "Estonian -st",
"name": "cog"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Proto-Finnic *-sta. Cognates include Finnish -sta and Estonian -st.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "izh-poss\n",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "-staan",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"possessive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-stamme",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"plural",
"possessive"
]
},
{
"form": "-staas",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"possessive",
"second-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-stanne",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"plural",
"possessive",
"second-person"
]
},
{
"form": "-staa",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"possessive",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "-stasse",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"plural",
"possessive",
"third-person"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "izh",
"2": "suffix",
"3": "",
"4": ""
},
"expansion": "-st",
"name": "head"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "-st",
"name": "izh-suffix"
}
],
"lang": "Ingrian",
"lang_code": "izh",
"pos": "suffix",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "9 91",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Ingrian entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Used to form the elative case; out of"
],
"id": "en--st-izh-suffix-KjknL6it",
"links": [
[
"elative case",
"elative case#English"
],
[
"out of",
"out of"
]
],
"tags": [
"morpheme"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/-stɑ/",
"tags": [
"Ala-Laukaa"
]
},
{
"ipa": "[-s̠tɑ]",
"tags": [
"Ala-Laukaa"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/-stæ/",
"tags": [
"Ala-Laukaa"
]
},
{
"ipa": "[-s̠tæ]",
"tags": [
"Ala-Laukaa"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/-st/",
"tags": [
"Soikkola"
]
},
{
"ipa": "[-ʃt]",
"tags": [
"Soikkola"
]
}
],
"word": "-st"
}
{
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "lb",
"2": "gmh",
"3": "-est"
},
"expansion": "Middle High German -est",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "lb",
"2": "goh",
"3": "-ist"
},
"expansion": "Old High German -ist",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "goh",
"2": "-ōst"
},
"expansion": "-ōst",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "lb",
"2": "gem-pro",
"3": "*-istaz"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic *-istaz",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "gem-pro",
"2": "*-ōstaz"
},
"expansion": "*-ōstaz",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "lb",
"2": "",
"3": "-scht"
},
"expansion": "-scht",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "lb",
"2": "bescht",
"t": "best"
},
"expansion": "bescht (“best”)",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "lb",
"2": "meescht",
"t": "most"
},
"expansion": "meescht (“most”)",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "lb",
"2": "",
"3": "-st"
},
"expansion": "-st",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "lb",
"2": "de",
"3": "-"
},
"expansion": "German",
"name": "der"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Middle High German -est, from Old High German -ist, -ōst, from Proto-Germanic *-istaz, *-ōstaz.\nThe expected form would be -scht as still in bescht (“best”) and meescht (“most”). The form -st is native in the northern third of Luxembourg and spread southwards, probably in part because the suffix is used in positions where /ʃ/ otherwise does not occur, and in part under the reinforcing influence of standard German.",
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "lb",
"2": "suffix"
},
"expansion": "-st",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Luxembourgish",
"lang_code": "lb",
"pos": "suffix",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Luxembourgish entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Forms the superlative of adjectives; -est"
],
"id": "en--st-lb-suffix-Ys5Scu-p",
"links": [
[
"-est",
"-est"
]
],
"tags": [
"morpheme"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/st/"
}
],
"word": "-st"
}
{
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "nl",
"2": "-st"
},
"expansion": "Dutch: -st",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Dutch: -st"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "dum",
"2": "odt",
"3": "-ist"
},
"expansion": "Old Dutch -ist",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "odt",
"2": "-ost"
},
"expansion": "-ost",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "dum",
"2": "gem-pro",
"3": "*-istaz"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic *-istaz",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "gem-pro",
"2": "*-ōstaz"
},
"expansion": "*-ōstaz",
"name": "m"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Old Dutch -ist, -ost, from Proto-Germanic *-istaz, *-ōstaz.",
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "dum",
"2": "suffix",
"sort": "st"
},
"expansion": "-st",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Middle Dutch",
"lang_code": "dum",
"pos": "suffix",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Middle Dutch entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Middle Dutch terms with redundant sortkeys",
"parents": [
"Terms with redundant sortkeys",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Forms the superlative of adjectives; -est"
],
"id": "en--st-dum-suffix-Ys5Scu-p",
"links": [
[
"-est",
"-est#English"
]
],
"related": [
{
"word": "-er"
}
],
"tags": [
"morpheme"
]
}
],
"word": "-st"
}
{
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "Hellenic:"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "grc",
"2": "-σα"
},
"expansion": "Ancient Greek: -σα (-sa)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Ancient Greek: -σα (-sa)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "itc-pro",
"2": "*-sai"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Italic: *-sai",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Italic: *-sai"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "",
"alt": "-sī"
},
"expansion": "Latin: -sī",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Latin: -sī"
}
],
"forms": [
{
"form": "(ḗ)-st",
"tags": [
"canonical"
]
},
{
"form": "perfective",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "ine-conj-pf",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "-sm̥",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"indicative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "ḗ-sm̥",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"indicative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"imperative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-soh₂",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"singular",
"subjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "ḗ-soh₂",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"singular",
"subjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "-syeh₁m̥",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"optative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "é-syeh₁m̥",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"optative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-s",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"indicative",
"second-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "ḗ-s",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"indicative",
"second-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-s",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"imperative",
"second-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "ḗ-s",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"imperative",
"second-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-sdʰi",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"imperative",
"second-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "é-sdʰi",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"imperative",
"second-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-sesi",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"second-person",
"singular",
"subjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "ḗ-sesi",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"second-person",
"singular",
"subjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "-syeh₁s",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"optative",
"second-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "é-syeh₁s",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"optative",
"second-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-st",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"indicative",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "ḗ-st",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"indicative",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "-stu",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"imperative",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "ḗ-stu",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"imperative",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "-seti",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"singular",
"subjunctive",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "ḗ-seti",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"singular",
"subjunctive",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "-syeh₁t",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"optative",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "é-syeh₁t",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"optative",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "-swe",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dual",
"first-person",
"indicative"
]
},
{
"form": "é-swe",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dual",
"first-person",
"indicative"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dual",
"first-person",
"imperative"
]
},
{
"form": "-sowos",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dual",
"first-person",
"subjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "ḗ-sowos",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dual",
"first-person",
"subjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "-sih₁we",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dual",
"first-person",
"optative"
]
},
{
"form": "é-sih₁we",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dual",
"first-person",
"optative"
]
},
{
"form": "-stom",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dual",
"indicative",
"second-person"
]
},
{
"form": "é-stom",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dual",
"indicative",
"second-person"
]
},
{
"form": "-stom",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dual",
"imperative",
"second-person"
]
},
{
"form": "é-stom",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dual",
"imperative",
"second-person"
]
},
{
"form": "-setes",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dual",
"second-person",
"subjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "ḗ-setes",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dual",
"second-person",
"subjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "-sih₁tom",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dual",
"optative",
"second-person"
]
},
{
"form": "é-sih₁tom",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dual",
"optative",
"second-person"
]
},
{
"form": "-stām",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dual",
"indicative",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "é-stām",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dual",
"indicative",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "-stām",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dual",
"imperative",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "é-stām",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dual",
"imperative",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "-setes",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dual",
"subjunctive",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "ḗ-setes",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dual",
"subjunctive",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "-sih₁tām",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dual",
"optative",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "é-sih₁tām",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dual",
"optative",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "-sme",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"indicative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "é-sme",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"indicative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"imperative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-somos",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"plural",
"subjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "ḗ-somos",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"plural",
"subjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "-sih₁me",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"optative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "é-sih₁me",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"optative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-ste",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"indicative",
"plural",
"second-person"
]
},
{
"form": "é-ste",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"indicative",
"plural",
"second-person"
]
},
{
"form": "-ste",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"imperative",
"plural",
"second-person"
]
},
{
"form": "é-ste",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"imperative",
"plural",
"second-person"
]
},
{
"form": "-sete",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"plural",
"second-person",
"subjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "ḗ-sete",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"plural",
"second-person",
"subjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "-sih₁te",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"optative",
"plural",
"second-person"
]
},
{
"form": "é-sih₁te",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"optative",
"plural",
"second-person"
]
},
{
"form": "-sn̥t",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"indicative",
"plural",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "é-sn̥t",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"indicative",
"plural",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "-sn̥tu",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"imperative",
"plural",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "é-sn̥tu",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"imperative",
"plural",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "-sonti",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"plural",
"subjunctive",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "ḗ-sonti",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"plural",
"subjunctive",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "-sih₁n̥t",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"optative",
"plural",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "é-sih₁n̥t",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"optative",
"plural",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "-sn̥ts",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"indicative",
"participle"
]
},
{
"form": "é-sn̥ts",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"indicative",
"participle"
]
},
{
"form": "-sh₂e",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"indicative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "é-sh₂e",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"indicative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-soh₂er",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"singular",
"subjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "ḗ-soh₂er",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"singular",
"subjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "-sih₁h₂e",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"optative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "é-sih₁h₂e",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"optative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-sth₂e",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"indicative",
"second-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "é-sth₂e",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"indicative",
"second-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-so",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"imperative",
"second-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "é-so",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"imperative",
"second-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-seth₂er",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"second-person",
"singular",
"subjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "ḗ-seth₂er",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"second-person",
"singular",
"subjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "-sih₁th₂e",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"optative",
"second-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "é-sih₁th₂e",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"optative",
"second-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-sto",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"indicative",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "é-sto",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"indicative",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "-so",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"indicative",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "é-so",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"indicative",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"imperative",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "-setor",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"singular",
"subjunctive",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "ḗ-setor",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"singular",
"subjunctive",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "-sih₁to",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"optative",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "é-sih₁to",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"optative",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "-sih₁o",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"optative",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "é-sih₁o",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"optative",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "-swedʰh₂",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dual",
"first-person",
"indicative"
]
},
{
"form": "é-swedʰh₂",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dual",
"first-person",
"indicative"
]
},
{
"form": "-sowosdʰh₂",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dual",
"first-person",
"subjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "ḗ-sowosdʰh₂",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dual",
"first-person",
"subjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "-sih₁wedʰh₂",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dual",
"first-person",
"optative"
]
},
{
"form": "é-sih₁wedʰh₂",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dual",
"first-person",
"optative"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dual",
"indicative",
"second-person"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dual",
"imperative",
"second-person"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dual",
"second-person",
"subjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dual",
"optative",
"second-person"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dual",
"indicative",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dual",
"imperative",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dual",
"subjunctive",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dual",
"optative",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "-smedʰh₂",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"indicative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "é-smedʰh₂",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"indicative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-somosdʰh₂",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"plural",
"subjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "ḗ-somosdʰh₂",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"plural",
"subjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "-sih₁medʰh₂",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"optative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "é-sih₁medʰh₂",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"optative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-sdʰh₂we",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"indicative",
"plural",
"second-person"
]
},
{
"form": "é-sdʰh₂we",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"indicative",
"plural",
"second-person"
]
},
{
"form": "-sdʰh₂we",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"imperative",
"plural",
"second-person"
]
},
{
"form": "é-sdʰh₂we",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"imperative",
"plural",
"second-person"
]
},
{
"form": "-sedʰh₂we",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"plural",
"second-person",
"subjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "ḗ-sedʰh₂we",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"plural",
"second-person",
"subjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "-sih₁dʰh₂we",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"optative",
"plural",
"second-person"
]
},
{
"form": "é-sih₁dʰh₂we",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"optative",
"plural",
"second-person"
]
},
{
"form": "-sro",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"indicative",
"plural",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "é-sro",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"indicative",
"plural",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "-sn̥to",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"indicative",
"plural",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "é-sn̥to",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"indicative",
"plural",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"imperative",
"plural",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "-soror",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"plural",
"subjunctive",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "ḗ-soror",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"plural",
"subjunctive",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "-sontor",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"plural",
"subjunctive",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "ḗ-sontor",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"plural",
"subjunctive",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "-sih₁ro",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"optative",
"plural",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "é-sih₁ro",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"optative",
"plural",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "-sih₁n̥to",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"optative",
"plural",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "é-sih₁n̥to",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"optative",
"plural",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "-sm̥h₁nos",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"indicative",
"participle"
]
},
{
"form": "é-sm̥h₁nos",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"indicative",
"participle"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ine-pro",
"2": "suffix",
"cat2": "verb-forming suffixes",
"head": "*(ḗ)-st"
},
"expansion": "*(ḗ)-st",
"name": "head"
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "(ḗ)-s",
"2": "(é)-s"
},
"name": "ine-conj-pf"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-Indo-European",
"lang_code": "ine-pro",
"original_title": "Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/-st",
"pos": "suffix",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Proto-Indo-European entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Forms perfective verbs from roots."
],
"id": "en--st-ine-pro-suffix-5yaNyI2T",
"tags": [
"morpheme",
"reconstruction"
]
}
],
"word": "-st"
}
{
"categories": [
"Dutch entries with incorrect language header",
"Dutch feminine suffixes",
"Dutch inflectional suffixes",
"Dutch lemmas",
"Dutch noun-forming suffixes",
"Dutch suffixes",
"Dutch terms derived from Proto-Indo-European"
],
"etymology_number": 1,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "nl",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*-ti"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *-ti",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "stem"
},
"expansion": "stem",
"name": "glossary"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "nl",
"2": "vorst",
"3": "",
"4": "frost"
},
"expansion": "vorst (“frost”)",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "got",
"2": "𐌰𐌽𐍃𐍄𐍃"
},
"expansion": "𐌰𐌽𐍃𐍄𐍃 (ansts)",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "got",
"2": "𐌿𐌽𐌽𐌰𐌽"
},
"expansion": "𐌿𐌽𐌽𐌰𐌽 (unnan)",
"name": "m"
}
],
"etymology_text": "The suffix -st consists of two parts: a suffix -t (Proto-Indo-European *-ti) and an inserted -s-. The -s- is the result of a wrong segmentation of stem and suffix of a noun in cases where the stem of the noun ended with -s-. For example: a word like Dutch vorst (“frost”) could be interpreted as vors+t or as vor+st. This suffix existed already in Gothic (𐌰𐌽𐍃𐍄𐍃 (ansts), from 𐌿𐌽𐌽𐌰𐌽 (unnan)).",
"forms": [
{
"form": "-sten",
"tags": [
"plural"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "nl",
"2": "suffix",
"3": "plural",
"4": "-sten",
"cat2": "noun-forming suffixes",
"g": "f"
},
"expansion": "-st f (plural -sten)",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Dutch",
"lang_code": "nl",
"pos": "suffix",
"senses": [
{
"glosses": [
"appended to the stem of a verb, this suffix yields a verbal noun; it is similar in function to the Dutch suffix -ing"
],
"links": [
[
"verbal noun",
"verbal noun"
],
[
"-ing",
"-ing#Dutch"
]
],
"tags": [
"feminine",
"morpheme"
]
}
],
"word": "-st"
}
{
"categories": [
"Dutch entries with incorrect language header",
"Dutch inflectional suffixes",
"Dutch lemmas",
"Dutch suffixes"
],
"etymology_number": 2,
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "nl",
"2": "suffix",
"cat2": "inflectional suffixes"
},
"expansion": "-st",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Dutch",
"lang_code": "nl",
"pos": "suffix",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"Dutch links with redundant target parameters"
],
"examples": [
{
"text": "vreemd (“strange”) → vreemdst (“strangest”)"
}
],
"glosses": [
"appended to an adjective this suffix forms the superlative"
],
"tags": [
"morpheme"
]
}
],
"word": "-st"
}
{
"categories": [
"English compound terms",
"English entries with incorrect language header",
"English lemmas",
"English links with manual fragments",
"English suffixes",
"English terms derived from Middle English",
"English terms inherited from Middle English"
],
"etymology_number": 1,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "enm",
"3": "-st"
},
"expansion": "Middle English -st",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "-est#Etymology 2"
},
"expansion": "-est",
"name": "m"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Middle English -st; see -est.",
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "suffix",
"cat2": "",
"cat3": "",
"head": "",
"id": ""
},
"expansion": "-st",
"name": "head"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "-st",
"name": "en-suffix"
}
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "suffix",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"English terms with archaic senses"
],
"glosses": [
"Verb suffix for the second-person singular; Alternative form of -est"
],
"links": [
[
"second-person singular",
"second-person singular"
],
[
"-est",
"-est#English"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(archaic) Verb suffix for the second-person singular; Alternative form of -est"
],
"tags": [
"archaic",
"morpheme"
]
}
],
"word": "-st"
}
{
"categories": [
"English compound terms",
"English entries with incorrect language header",
"English lemmas",
"English suffixes"
],
"coordinate_terms": [
{
"word": "-nd"
},
{
"word": "-rd"
},
{
"word": "-th"
}
],
"etymology_number": 2,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "first"
},
"expansion": "first",
"name": "m"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From the written form of first; see further etymology there.",
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "suffix",
"cat2": "",
"cat3": "",
"head": "",
"id": ""
},
"expansion": "-st",
"name": "head"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "-st",
"name": "en-suffix"
}
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "suffix",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"English terms with usage examples"
],
"examples": [
{
"text": "the 21st century",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Marks ordinals written in digits when the final term of the spelled number is \"first\""
],
"tags": [
"morpheme"
]
}
],
"translations": [
{
"alt": "e.g. 1ste = erste",
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "first",
"word": "-st-"
},
{
"alt": "だい",
"code": "ja",
"lang": "Japanese",
"roman": "dai",
"sense": "first",
"word": "第"
},
{
"code": "pl",
"lang": "Polish",
"sense": "first",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "-szy"
},
{
"code": "sv",
"lang": "Swedish",
"sense": "first",
"word": "-a"
}
],
"word": "-st"
}
{
"categories": [
"English compound terms",
"English entries with incorrect language header",
"English lemmas",
"English suffixes"
],
"derived": [
{
"word": "against"
},
{
"word": "alongst"
},
{
"word": "amongst"
},
{
"word": "beknownst"
},
{
"word": "midst"
},
{
"word": "unbeknownst"
},
{
"word": "whilst"
},
{
"word": "whomst"
}
],
"etymology_number": 3,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "-s",
"3": "-t"
},
"expansion": "-s + -t",
"name": "compound"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "excrescent"
},
"expansion": "excrescent",
"name": "glossary"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "genitive"
},
"expansion": "genitive",
"name": "glossary"
}
],
"etymology_text": "-s + -t of excrescent suffixes, with -s sometimes genitive.",
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "suffix",
"cat2": "",
"cat3": "",
"head": "",
"id": ""
},
"expansion": "-st",
"name": "head"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "-st",
"name": "en-suffix"
}
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "suffix",
"senses": [
{
"examples": [
{
"text": "among + -st → amongst",
"type": "example"
},
{
"text": "mid + -st → midst",
"type": "example"
},
{
"text": "while + -st → whilst",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Excrescent suffix (adding sound but largely not changing the meaning)."
],
"links": [
[
"Excrescent",
"excrescent#English"
]
],
"tags": [
"morpheme"
]
}
],
"word": "-st"
}
{
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "et",
"2": "suffix form"
},
"expansion": "-st",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Estonian",
"lang_code": "et",
"pos": "suffix",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"Estonian entries with incorrect language header",
"Estonian non-lemma forms",
"Estonian suffix forms"
],
"form_of": [
{
"word": "-ne"
}
],
"glosses": [
"partitive singular of -ne"
],
"links": [
[
"-ne",
"-ne#Estonian"
]
],
"tags": [
"form-of",
"morpheme",
"partitive",
"singular"
]
}
],
"word": "-st"
}
{
"derived": [
{
"word": "minnast"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "fo",
"2": "non",
"3": "-sk"
},
"expansion": "Old Norse -sk",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "non",
"2": "sik"
},
"expansion": "sik",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "fo",
"2": "seg"
},
"expansion": "Faroese seg",
"name": "cog"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Old Norse -sk, reduced form of the reflexive pronoun sik (whence Faroese seg).",
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "fo",
"2": "suffix",
"sort": "st"
},
"expansion": "-st",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Faroese",
"lang_code": "fo",
"pos": "suffix",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"Faroese entries with incorrect language header",
"Faroese lemmas",
"Faroese suffixes",
"Faroese terms derived from Old Norse",
"Faroese terms inherited from Old Norse",
"Faroese terms with redundant sortkeys"
],
"glosses": [
"turns verbs into middle voice verbs"
],
"links": [
[
"verbs",
"verbs"
],
[
"middle voice verb",
"middle voice verb"
]
],
"tags": [
"morpheme"
]
}
],
"word": "-st"
}
{
"categories": [
"German entries with incorrect language header",
"German inflectional suffixes",
"German lemmas",
"German suffixes",
"German terms derived from Middle High German",
"German terms derived from Old High German",
"German terms derived from Proto-Germanic",
"German terms derived from Proto-Indo-European",
"German terms inherited from Middle High German",
"German terms inherited from Old High German",
"German terms inherited from Proto-Germanic",
"German terms inherited from Proto-Indo-European",
"German terms with IPA pronunciation"
],
"etymology_number": 1,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "de",
"2": "gmh",
"3": "-est"
},
"expansion": "Middle High German -est",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "de",
"2": "gmh",
"3": "-es"
},
"expansion": "-es",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "gmh",
"2": "",
"3": "sizzes du → sizzestu → sizzest du",
"t": "do you sit"
},
"expansion": "sizzes du → sizzestu → sizzest du (“do you sit”)",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "de",
"2": "goh",
"3": "-"
},
"expansion": "Old High German",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "de",
"2": "gem-pro",
"3": "-"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "de",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "-"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European",
"name": "inh"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Middle High German -est, from older -es through rebracketing in inverted forms like sizzes du → sizzestu → sizzest du (“do you sit”). Further from a merger of various Old High German conjugation suffixes, from Proto-Germanic, from Proto-Indo-European.",
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "de",
"2": "suffix",
"cat2": "inflectional suffixes"
},
"expansion": "-st",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "German",
"lang_code": "de",
"pos": "suffix",
"senses": [
{
"examples": [
{
"text": "lachen (“to laugh”) + -st → du lachst (“you laugh, thou laughest”)",
"type": "example"
},
{
"text": "spielen (“to play”) + -st → du spielst (“you play, thou playest”)",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Verb suffix for the second-person singular."
],
"links": [
[
"second-person singular",
"second-person singular#English"
]
],
"tags": [
"morpheme"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/st/"
},
{
"ipa": "/t/"
},
{
"ipa": "/s/"
},
{
"ipa": "/ʃ/"
}
],
"word": "-st"
}
{
"categories": [
"German entries with incorrect language header",
"German inflectional suffixes",
"German lemmas",
"German suffixes",
"German terms derived from Middle High German",
"German terms derived from Old High German",
"German terms derived from Proto-Germanic",
"German terms inherited from Middle High German",
"German terms inherited from Old High German",
"German terms inherited from Proto-Germanic",
"German terms with IPA pronunciation"
],
"etymology_number": 2,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "de",
"2": "gmh",
"3": "-est"
},
"expansion": "Middle High German -est",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "de",
"2": "goh",
"3": "-ist"
},
"expansion": "Old High German -ist",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "goh",
"2": "-ōst"
},
"expansion": "-ōst",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "de",
"2": "gem-pro",
"3": "*-istaz"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic *-istaz",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "gem-pro",
"2": "*-ōstaz"
},
"expansion": "*-ōstaz",
"name": "m"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Middle High German -est, from a merger of Old High German -ist and -ōst, from Proto-Germanic *-istaz and *-ōstaz.",
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "de",
"2": "suffix",
"cat2": "inflectional suffixes"
},
"expansion": "-st",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "German",
"lang_code": "de",
"pos": "suffix",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"German links with redundant target parameters",
"German links with redundant wikilinks"
],
"examples": [
{
"text": "klein (“small”) + -st → der kleinste (“the smallest”)",
"type": "example"
},
{
"text": "lang (“long”) + -st → der längste (“the longest”)",
"type": "example"
},
{
"text": "herzlich (“cordially”) + -st → am herzlichsten (“most cordially”)",
"type": "example"
},
{
"text": "schleunig (“speedily”) + -st → schleunigst (“straight away”)",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Forms superlatives of adjectives and adverbs, sometimes triggering umlaut."
],
"links": [
[
"umlaut",
"umlaut#English"
]
],
"tags": [
"morpheme"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/st/"
}
],
"word": "-st"
}
{
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "hu",
"2": "-s",
"3": "-t",
"nocat": "y",
"pos1": "adjective-forming suffix",
"pos2": "locative suffix"
},
"expansion": "-s (adjective-forming suffix) + -t (locative suffix)",
"name": "affix"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "hu",
"2": "-t"
},
"expansion": "-t",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "hu",
"2": "",
"3": "-st"
},
"expansion": "-st",
"name": "m"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From -s (adjective-forming suffix) + -t (locative suffix) in the Old Hungarian period. The adverbial sense of the locative suffix -t can be shown only in this -st morpheme.",
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "hu",
"2": "suffix"
},
"expansion": "-st",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Hungarian",
"lang_code": "hu",
"pos": "suffix",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"Hungarian entries with incorrect language header",
"Hungarian lemmas",
"Hungarian suffixes",
"Hungarian terms with IPA pronunciation"
],
"glosses": [
"Forms an adverb of manner."
],
"links": [
[
"adverb",
"Appendix:Glossary#adverb"
]
],
"qualifier": "adverb-forming suffix",
"raw_glosses": [
"(adverb-forming suffix) Forms an adverb of manner."
],
"tags": [
"morpheme"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "[ʃt]"
}
],
"word": "-st"
}
{
"derived": [
{
"word": "berast"
},
{
"word": "biðjast"
},
{
"word": "bjóðast"
},
{
"word": "bregðast"
},
{
"word": "brjótast"
},
{
"word": "drepast"
},
{
"word": "elskast"
},
{
"word": "eyðast"
},
{
"word": "fást"
},
{
"word": "finnast"
},
{
"word": "gerast"
},
{
"word": "gleðjast"
},
{
"word": "haldast"
},
{
"word": "heilsast"
},
{
"word": "kveðjast"
},
{
"word": "kyssast"
},
{
"word": "látast"
},
{
"word": "leiðast"
},
{
"word": "líðast"
},
{
"word": "minnast"
},
{
"word": "segjast"
},
{
"word": "setjast"
},
{
"word": "sjást"
},
{
"word": "týnast"
},
{
"word": "tærast"
},
{
"word": "venjast"
},
{
"word": "virðast"
},
{
"word": "ætlast"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "is",
"2": "non",
"3": "-sk"
},
"expansion": "Old Norse -sk",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "non",
"2": "sik"
},
"expansion": "sik",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "is",
"2": "sig"
},
"expansion": "Icelandic sig",
"name": "cog"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Old Norse -sk, reduced form of the reflexive pronoun sik (whence Icelandic sig).",
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "is",
"2": "suffix",
"sort": "st"
},
"expansion": "-st",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Icelandic",
"lang_code": "is",
"pos": "suffix",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"Icelandic entries with incorrect language header",
"Icelandic lemmas",
"Icelandic suffixes",
"Icelandic terms derived from Old Norse",
"Icelandic terms inherited from Old Norse",
"Icelandic terms with redundant sortkeys"
],
"glosses": [
"turns verbs into middle voice verbs"
],
"links": [
[
"verbs",
"verbs"
],
[
"middle voice verb",
"middle voice verb"
]
],
"tags": [
"morpheme"
]
}
],
"word": "-st"
}
{
"categories": [
"Ingrian entries with incorrect language header",
"Ingrian lemmas",
"Ingrian suffixes",
"Ingrian terms derived from Proto-Finnic",
"Ingrian terms inherited from Proto-Finnic",
"Ingrian terms with IPA pronunciation",
"Ingrian terms with unknown etymologies"
],
"derived": [
{
"word": "-staa"
}
],
"etymology_number": 1,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "izh"
},
"expansion": "Uncertain",
"name": "unc"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "fi",
"2": "-sta"
},
"expansion": "Finnish -sta",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "urj-fin-pro",
"2": "*-stik"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Finnic *-stik",
"name": "ncog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "fi",
"2": "-sti"
},
"expansion": "Finnish -sti",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "et",
"2": "-sti"
},
"expansion": "Estonian -sti",
"name": "cog"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Uncertain:\n* Possibly identical to the elative marker (see below), exhibiting an archaic function of the elative, found also in archaic or dialectal Finnish -sta.\n* Alternatively, from Proto-Finnic *-stik, reanalysed as identical to the elative marker after vowel reduction. In this case akin to Finnish -sti and Estonian -sti.",
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "izh",
"2": "suffix",
"3": "",
"4": ""
},
"expansion": "-st",
"name": "head"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "-st",
"name": "izh-suffix"
}
],
"lang": "Ingrian",
"lang_code": "izh",
"pos": "suffix",
"senses": [
{
"glosses": [
"Used to form adverbs of manner from adjectives; -ly"
],
"links": [
[
"adverb",
"adverb#English"
],
[
"adjective",
"adjective#English"
],
[
"-ly",
"-ly"
]
],
"tags": [
"morpheme"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/-stɑ/",
"tags": [
"Ala-Laukaa"
]
},
{
"ipa": "[-s̠tɑ]",
"tags": [
"Ala-Laukaa"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/-stæ/",
"tags": [
"Ala-Laukaa"
]
},
{
"ipa": "[-s̠tæ]",
"tags": [
"Ala-Laukaa"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/-st/",
"tags": [
"Soikkola"
]
},
{
"ipa": "[-ʃt]",
"tags": [
"Soikkola"
]
}
],
"word": "-st"
}
{
"categories": [
"Ingrian entries with incorrect language header",
"Ingrian lemmas",
"Ingrian suffixes",
"Ingrian terms derived from Proto-Finnic",
"Ingrian terms inherited from Proto-Finnic",
"Ingrian terms with IPA pronunciation"
],
"etymology_number": 2,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "elative"
},
"expansion": "",
"name": "anchor"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "izh",
"2": "urj-fin-pro",
"3": "*-sta"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Finnic *-sta",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "fi",
"2": "-sta"
},
"expansion": "Finnish -sta",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "et",
"2": "-st"
},
"expansion": "Estonian -st",
"name": "cog"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Proto-Finnic *-sta. Cognates include Finnish -sta and Estonian -st.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "izh-poss\n",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "-staan",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"possessive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-stamme",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"plural",
"possessive"
]
},
{
"form": "-staas",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"possessive",
"second-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-stanne",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"plural",
"possessive",
"second-person"
]
},
{
"form": "-staa",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"possessive",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "-stasse",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"plural",
"possessive",
"third-person"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "izh",
"2": "suffix",
"3": "",
"4": ""
},
"expansion": "-st",
"name": "head"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "-st",
"name": "izh-suffix"
}
],
"lang": "Ingrian",
"lang_code": "izh",
"pos": "suffix",
"senses": [
{
"glosses": [
"Used to form the elative case; out of"
],
"links": [
[
"elative case",
"elative case#English"
],
[
"out of",
"out of"
]
],
"tags": [
"morpheme"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/-stɑ/",
"tags": [
"Ala-Laukaa"
]
},
{
"ipa": "[-s̠tɑ]",
"tags": [
"Ala-Laukaa"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/-stæ/",
"tags": [
"Ala-Laukaa"
]
},
{
"ipa": "[-s̠tæ]",
"tags": [
"Ala-Laukaa"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/-st/",
"tags": [
"Soikkola"
]
},
{
"ipa": "[-ʃt]",
"tags": [
"Soikkola"
]
}
],
"word": "-st"
}
{
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "lb",
"2": "gmh",
"3": "-est"
},
"expansion": "Middle High German -est",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "lb",
"2": "goh",
"3": "-ist"
},
"expansion": "Old High German -ist",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "goh",
"2": "-ōst"
},
"expansion": "-ōst",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "lb",
"2": "gem-pro",
"3": "*-istaz"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic *-istaz",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "gem-pro",
"2": "*-ōstaz"
},
"expansion": "*-ōstaz",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "lb",
"2": "",
"3": "-scht"
},
"expansion": "-scht",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "lb",
"2": "bescht",
"t": "best"
},
"expansion": "bescht (“best”)",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "lb",
"2": "meescht",
"t": "most"
},
"expansion": "meescht (“most”)",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "lb",
"2": "",
"3": "-st"
},
"expansion": "-st",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "lb",
"2": "de",
"3": "-"
},
"expansion": "German",
"name": "der"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Middle High German -est, from Old High German -ist, -ōst, from Proto-Germanic *-istaz, *-ōstaz.\nThe expected form would be -scht as still in bescht (“best”) and meescht (“most”). The form -st is native in the northern third of Luxembourg and spread southwards, probably in part because the suffix is used in positions where /ʃ/ otherwise does not occur, and in part under the reinforcing influence of standard German.",
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "lb",
"2": "suffix"
},
"expansion": "-st",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Luxembourgish",
"lang_code": "lb",
"pos": "suffix",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"Luxembourgish entries with incorrect language header",
"Luxembourgish lemmas",
"Luxembourgish suffixes",
"Luxembourgish terms derived from German",
"Luxembourgish terms derived from Middle High German",
"Luxembourgish terms derived from Old High German",
"Luxembourgish terms derived from Proto-Germanic",
"Luxembourgish terms inherited from Middle High German",
"Luxembourgish terms inherited from Old High German",
"Luxembourgish terms inherited from Proto-Germanic",
"Luxembourgish terms with IPA pronunciation"
],
"glosses": [
"Forms the superlative of adjectives; -est"
],
"links": [
[
"-est",
"-est"
]
],
"tags": [
"morpheme"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/st/"
}
],
"word": "-st"
}
{
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "nl",
"2": "-st"
},
"expansion": "Dutch: -st",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Dutch: -st"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "dum",
"2": "odt",
"3": "-ist"
},
"expansion": "Old Dutch -ist",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "odt",
"2": "-ost"
},
"expansion": "-ost",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "dum",
"2": "gem-pro",
"3": "*-istaz"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic *-istaz",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "gem-pro",
"2": "*-ōstaz"
},
"expansion": "*-ōstaz",
"name": "m"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Old Dutch -ist, -ost, from Proto-Germanic *-istaz, *-ōstaz.",
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "dum",
"2": "suffix",
"sort": "st"
},
"expansion": "-st",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Middle Dutch",
"lang_code": "dum",
"pos": "suffix",
"related": [
{
"word": "-er"
}
],
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"Middle Dutch adjective superlative forms",
"Middle Dutch entries with incorrect language header",
"Middle Dutch lemmas",
"Middle Dutch suffixes",
"Middle Dutch terms derived from Old Dutch",
"Middle Dutch terms derived from Proto-Germanic",
"Middle Dutch terms inherited from Old Dutch",
"Middle Dutch terms inherited from Proto-Germanic",
"Middle Dutch terms with redundant sortkeys"
],
"glosses": [
"Forms the superlative of adjectives; -est"
],
"links": [
[
"-est",
"-est#English"
]
],
"tags": [
"morpheme"
]
}
],
"word": "-st"
}
{
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "Hellenic:"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "grc",
"2": "-σα"
},
"expansion": "Ancient Greek: -σα (-sa)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Ancient Greek: -σα (-sa)"
},
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "itc-pro",
"2": "*-sai"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Italic: *-sai",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Proto-Italic: *-sai"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "",
"alt": "-sī"
},
"expansion": "Latin: -sī",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Latin: -sī"
}
],
"forms": [
{
"form": "(ḗ)-st",
"tags": [
"canonical"
]
},
{
"form": "perfective",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "ine-conj-pf",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "-sm̥",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"indicative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "ḗ-sm̥",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"indicative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"imperative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-soh₂",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"singular",
"subjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "ḗ-soh₂",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"singular",
"subjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "-syeh₁m̥",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"optative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "é-syeh₁m̥",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"optative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-s",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"indicative",
"second-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "ḗ-s",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"indicative",
"second-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-s",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"imperative",
"second-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "ḗ-s",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"imperative",
"second-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-sdʰi",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"imperative",
"second-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "é-sdʰi",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"imperative",
"second-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-sesi",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"second-person",
"singular",
"subjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "ḗ-sesi",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"second-person",
"singular",
"subjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "-syeh₁s",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"optative",
"second-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "é-syeh₁s",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"optative",
"second-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-st",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"indicative",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "ḗ-st",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"indicative",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "-stu",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"imperative",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "ḗ-stu",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"imperative",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "-seti",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"singular",
"subjunctive",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "ḗ-seti",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"singular",
"subjunctive",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "-syeh₁t",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"optative",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "é-syeh₁t",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"optative",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "-swe",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dual",
"first-person",
"indicative"
]
},
{
"form": "é-swe",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dual",
"first-person",
"indicative"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dual",
"first-person",
"imperative"
]
},
{
"form": "-sowos",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dual",
"first-person",
"subjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "ḗ-sowos",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dual",
"first-person",
"subjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "-sih₁we",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dual",
"first-person",
"optative"
]
},
{
"form": "é-sih₁we",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dual",
"first-person",
"optative"
]
},
{
"form": "-stom",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dual",
"indicative",
"second-person"
]
},
{
"form": "é-stom",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dual",
"indicative",
"second-person"
]
},
{
"form": "-stom",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dual",
"imperative",
"second-person"
]
},
{
"form": "é-stom",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dual",
"imperative",
"second-person"
]
},
{
"form": "-setes",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dual",
"second-person",
"subjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "ḗ-setes",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dual",
"second-person",
"subjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "-sih₁tom",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dual",
"optative",
"second-person"
]
},
{
"form": "é-sih₁tom",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dual",
"optative",
"second-person"
]
},
{
"form": "-stām",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dual",
"indicative",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "é-stām",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dual",
"indicative",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "-stām",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dual",
"imperative",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "é-stām",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dual",
"imperative",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "-setes",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dual",
"subjunctive",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "ḗ-setes",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dual",
"subjunctive",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "-sih₁tām",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dual",
"optative",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "é-sih₁tām",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dual",
"optative",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "-sme",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"indicative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "é-sme",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"indicative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"imperative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-somos",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"plural",
"subjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "ḗ-somos",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"plural",
"subjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "-sih₁me",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"optative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "é-sih₁me",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"optative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-ste",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"indicative",
"plural",
"second-person"
]
},
{
"form": "é-ste",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"indicative",
"plural",
"second-person"
]
},
{
"form": "-ste",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"imperative",
"plural",
"second-person"
]
},
{
"form": "é-ste",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"imperative",
"plural",
"second-person"
]
},
{
"form": "-sete",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"plural",
"second-person",
"subjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "ḗ-sete",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"plural",
"second-person",
"subjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "-sih₁te",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"optative",
"plural",
"second-person"
]
},
{
"form": "é-sih₁te",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"optative",
"plural",
"second-person"
]
},
{
"form": "-sn̥t",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"indicative",
"plural",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "é-sn̥t",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"indicative",
"plural",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "-sn̥tu",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"imperative",
"plural",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "é-sn̥tu",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"imperative",
"plural",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "-sonti",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"plural",
"subjunctive",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "ḗ-sonti",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"plural",
"subjunctive",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "-sih₁n̥t",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"optative",
"plural",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "é-sih₁n̥t",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"optative",
"plural",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "-sn̥ts",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"indicative",
"participle"
]
},
{
"form": "é-sn̥ts",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"indicative",
"participle"
]
},
{
"form": "-sh₂e",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"indicative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "é-sh₂e",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"indicative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-soh₂er",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"singular",
"subjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "ḗ-soh₂er",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"singular",
"subjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "-sih₁h₂e",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"optative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "é-sih₁h₂e",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"optative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-sth₂e",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"indicative",
"second-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "é-sth₂e",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"indicative",
"second-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-so",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"imperative",
"second-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "é-so",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"imperative",
"second-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-seth₂er",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"second-person",
"singular",
"subjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "ḗ-seth₂er",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"second-person",
"singular",
"subjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "-sih₁th₂e",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"optative",
"second-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "é-sih₁th₂e",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"optative",
"second-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-sto",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"indicative",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "é-sto",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"indicative",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "-so",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"indicative",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "é-so",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"indicative",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"imperative",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "-setor",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"singular",
"subjunctive",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "ḗ-setor",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"singular",
"subjunctive",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "-sih₁to",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"optative",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "é-sih₁to",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"optative",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "-sih₁o",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"optative",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "é-sih₁o",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"optative",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "-swedʰh₂",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dual",
"first-person",
"indicative"
]
},
{
"form": "é-swedʰh₂",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dual",
"first-person",
"indicative"
]
},
{
"form": "-sowosdʰh₂",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dual",
"first-person",
"subjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "ḗ-sowosdʰh₂",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dual",
"first-person",
"subjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "-sih₁wedʰh₂",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dual",
"first-person",
"optative"
]
},
{
"form": "é-sih₁wedʰh₂",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dual",
"first-person",
"optative"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dual",
"indicative",
"second-person"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dual",
"imperative",
"second-person"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dual",
"second-person",
"subjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dual",
"optative",
"second-person"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dual",
"indicative",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dual",
"imperative",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dual",
"subjunctive",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dual",
"optative",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "-smedʰh₂",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"indicative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "é-smedʰh₂",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"indicative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-somosdʰh₂",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"plural",
"subjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "ḗ-somosdʰh₂",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"plural",
"subjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "-sih₁medʰh₂",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"optative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "é-sih₁medʰh₂",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"optative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-sdʰh₂we",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"indicative",
"plural",
"second-person"
]
},
{
"form": "é-sdʰh₂we",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"indicative",
"plural",
"second-person"
]
},
{
"form": "-sdʰh₂we",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"imperative",
"plural",
"second-person"
]
},
{
"form": "é-sdʰh₂we",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"imperative",
"plural",
"second-person"
]
},
{
"form": "-sedʰh₂we",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"plural",
"second-person",
"subjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "ḗ-sedʰh₂we",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"plural",
"second-person",
"subjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "-sih₁dʰh₂we",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"optative",
"plural",
"second-person"
]
},
{
"form": "é-sih₁dʰh₂we",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"optative",
"plural",
"second-person"
]
},
{
"form": "-sro",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"indicative",
"plural",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "é-sro",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"indicative",
"plural",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "-sn̥to",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"indicative",
"plural",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "é-sn̥to",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"indicative",
"plural",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"imperative",
"plural",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "-soror",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"plural",
"subjunctive",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "ḗ-soror",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"plural",
"subjunctive",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "-sontor",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"plural",
"subjunctive",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "ḗ-sontor",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"plural",
"subjunctive",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "-sih₁ro",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"optative",
"plural",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "é-sih₁ro",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"optative",
"plural",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "-sih₁n̥to",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"optative",
"plural",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "é-sih₁n̥to",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"optative",
"plural",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "-sm̥h₁nos",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"indicative",
"participle"
]
},
{
"form": "é-sm̥h₁nos",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"indicative",
"participle"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ine-pro",
"2": "suffix",
"cat2": "verb-forming suffixes",
"head": "*(ḗ)-st"
},
"expansion": "*(ḗ)-st",
"name": "head"
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "(ḗ)-s",
"2": "(é)-s"
},
"name": "ine-conj-pf"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-Indo-European",
"lang_code": "ine-pro",
"original_title": "Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/-st",
"pos": "suffix",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"Proto-Indo-European entries with incorrect language header",
"Proto-Indo-European lemmas",
"Proto-Indo-European s-aorist verbs",
"Proto-Indo-European suffixes",
"Proto-Indo-European verb-forming suffixes"
],
"glosses": [
"Forms perfective verbs from roots."
],
"tags": [
"morpheme",
"reconstruction"
]
}
],
"word": "-st"
}
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable All languages combined dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2024-05-05 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2024-05-02 using wiktextract (f4fd8c9 and c9440ce). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.