"-less" meaning in English

See -less in All languages combined, or Wiktionary

Suffix

IPA: /ləs/, /lɪs/ Audio: LL-Q1860 (eng)-Vealhurl--less.wav [Southern-England]
Etymology: From Middle English -les, -leas, from Old English -lēas (“-less”), from lēas (“devoid of, loose from, false”), from Proto-West Germanic *laus, from Proto-Germanic *lausaz (“loose”). (Not related to less, which derives from *laisiz, *laisizô.) Cognate with Scots -less, West Frisian -leas, Saterland Frisian -loos, Dutch -loos (“-less”), Low German -los, German -los, Danish -løs, Swedish -lös, Icelandic -laus. More at lease (“false”). Etymology templates: {{inh|en|enm|-les}} Middle English -les, {{m|enm|-leas}} -leas, {{inh|en|ang|-lēas||-less}} Old English -lēas (“-less”), {{m|ang|lēas||devoid of, loose from, false}} lēas (“devoid of, loose from, false”), {{der|en|gmw-pro|*laus}} Proto-West Germanic *laus, {{der|en|gem-pro|*lausaz||loose}} Proto-Germanic *lausaz (“loose”), {{m|en|less}} less, {{m|gem-pro|*laisiz}} *laisiz, {{m|gem-pro|*laisizô}} *laisizô, {{cog|sco|-less}} Scots -less, {{cog|fy|-leas}} West Frisian -leas, {{cog|stq|-loos}} Saterland Frisian -loos, {{cog|nl|-loos||-less}} Dutch -loos (“-less”), {{cog|nds|-los}} Low German -los, {{cog|de|-los}} German -los, {{cog|da|-løs}} Danish -løs, {{cog|sv|-lös}} Swedish -lös, {{cog|is|-laus}} Icelandic -laus, {{m|en|lease||false}} lease (“false”) Head templates: {{head|en|suffix|cat2=|cat3=|head=|id=}} -less, {{en-suffix}} -less
  1. Lacking (something); without (something). Added usually to a noun to form an adjective signifying a lack of that noun. Tags: morpheme Synonyms: -lesse [obsolete] Synonyms (lacking): an-, ex-, -free Translations (lacking): ont- (Afrikaans), pa (Albanian), بِلَا (bilā) (Arabic), غَيْر ... (ḡayr ...) (Arabic), ան- (an-) (Armenian), -siz (Azerbaijani), -gabe (Basque), без- (bjez-) (Belarusian), -হীন (-hin) (Bengali), без (bez) (Bulgarian), sense (Catalan), walay (Cebuano), 無- (Chinese Mandarin), 无- (wú-) (Chinese Mandarin), bez- (Czech), -løs (Danish), -loos (Dutch), zonder (Dutch), -дыме (-dyme) (Eastern Mari), sen- (Esperanto), -ta (Estonian), -tu (Estonian), -leysur (Faroese), -ton (Finnish), -tön (Finnish), sans ... (French), sen (Galician), უ- (u-) (Georgian), უ- -ო (u- -o) (Georgian), არა- (ara-) (Georgian), -los (German), α- (a-) (Greek), αν- (an-) (Greek), -હીન (-hīn) (Gujarati), e- (Haitian Creole), אל ('ál-) (Hebrew), काटा दिया (kāṭā diyā) (Hindi), -talan (Hungarian), -telen (Hungarian), -atlan (Hungarian), -etlen (Hungarian), -tlan (Hungarian), -tlen (Hungarian), -hatatlan (Hungarian), -hetetlen (Hungarian), mentes (Hungarian), nélküli (Hungarian), -laus (Icelandic), -vana (Icelandic), sen- (Ido), enweghị (Igbo), nir- (Indonesian), gan (Irish), senza (Italian), in- (Italian), s- (Italian), dis- (Italian), -無し (-nashi) (alt: -なし) (Japanese), 無- (mu-) (alt: む-) (Japanese), -ない (-nai) (Japanese), 低- (tei-) (alt: てい-) (Japanese), -ವಿಲ್ಲದ (-villada) (Kannada), -сыз (-sız) (Kyrgyz), ບໍ່ມີ (bǭ mī) (Lao), sine (Latin), in- (Latin), ne- (Latin), se- (Latin), bez (Latvian), be- (Lithuanian), без- (bez-) (Macedonian), nir- (Malay), nis- (english: preceding vowels and letters k, t and c) (Malay), -гүй (-güj) (Mongolian), -न- (-na-) (Nepali), bê- (Northern Kurdish), -løs (Norwegian), بی (bi-) [prefix] (Persian), bez- (Polish), sem (Portuguese), des- (Portuguese), -ਹੀਨ (-hīn) (Punjabi), fără (Romanian), без(ъ)- (alt: bez(ʺ)-) (Russian), бес(ъ)- (alt: bes(ʺ)-) (Russian), gun (Scottish Gaelic), без- [Cyrillic] (Serbo-Croatian), bez- [Roman] (Serbo-Croatian), bez- (Slovak), brez (Slovene), sin (Spanish), des- (Spanish), bila (Swahili), -lös (Swedish), pugot ang (Tagalog), walang (Tagalog), -లేని (-lēni) (Telugu), -siz (Turkish), -sız (Turkish), -suz (Turkish), -süz (Turkish), без- (bez-) (Ukrainian), cây đinh không (Vietnamese), di- (Welsh), di (Welsh), -leas (West Frisian), ־לאָז (-loz) (Yiddish)

Download JSON data for -less meaning in English (13.5kB)

{
  "antonyms": [
    {
      "sense": "antonym(s) of \"lacking\"",
      "word": "-ed"
    },
    {
      "sense": "antonym(s) of \"lacking\"",
      "word": "-y"
    },
    {
      "english": "having in considerable amount",
      "sense": "antonym(s) of \"lacking\"",
      "word": "-some"
    },
    {
      "english": "having in abundance",
      "sense": "antonym(s) of \"lacking\"",
      "word": "-ful"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "enm",
        "3": "-les"
      },
      "expansion": "Middle English -les",
      "name": "inh"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "enm",
        "2": "-leas"
      },
      "expansion": "-leas",
      "name": "m"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "ang",
        "3": "-lēas",
        "4": "",
        "5": "-less"
      },
      "expansion": "Old English -lēas (“-less”)",
      "name": "inh"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "ang",
        "2": "lēas",
        "3": "",
        "4": "devoid of, loose from, false"
      },
      "expansion": "lēas (“devoid of, loose from, false”)",
      "name": "m"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "gmw-pro",
        "3": "*laus"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-West Germanic *laus",
      "name": "der"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "gem-pro",
        "3": "*lausaz",
        "4": "",
        "5": "loose"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-Germanic *lausaz (“loose”)",
      "name": "der"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "less"
      },
      "expansion": "less",
      "name": "m"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "gem-pro",
        "2": "*laisiz"
      },
      "expansion": "*laisiz",
      "name": "m"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "gem-pro",
        "2": "*laisizô"
      },
      "expansion": "*laisizô",
      "name": "m"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "sco",
        "2": "-less"
      },
      "expansion": "Scots -less",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "fy",
        "2": "-leas"
      },
      "expansion": "West Frisian -leas",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "stq",
        "2": "-loos"
      },
      "expansion": "Saterland Frisian -loos",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "nl",
        "2": "-loos",
        "3": "",
        "4": "-less"
      },
      "expansion": "Dutch -loos (“-less”)",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "nds",
        "2": "-los"
      },
      "expansion": "Low German -los",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "de",
        "2": "-los"
      },
      "expansion": "German -los",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "da",
        "2": "-løs"
      },
      "expansion": "Danish -løs",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "sv",
        "2": "-lös"
      },
      "expansion": "Swedish -lös",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "is",
        "2": "-laus"
      },
      "expansion": "Icelandic -laus",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "lease",
        "3": "",
        "4": "false"
      },
      "expansion": "lease (“false”)",
      "name": "m"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_text": "From Middle English -les, -leas, from Old English -lēas (“-less”), from lēas (“devoid of, loose from, false”), from Proto-West Germanic *laus, from Proto-Germanic *lausaz (“loose”). (Not related to less, which derives from *laisiz, *laisizô.)\nCognate with Scots -less, West Frisian -leas, Saterland Frisian -loos, Dutch -loos (“-less”), Low German -los, German -los, Danish -løs, Swedish -lös, Icelandic -laus. More at lease (“false”).",
  "head_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "suffix",
        "cat2": "",
        "cat3": "",
        "head": "",
        "id": ""
      },
      "expansion": "-less",
      "name": "head"
    },
    {
      "args": {},
      "expansion": "-less",
      "name": "en-suffix"
    }
  ],
  "lang": "English",
  "lang_code": "en",
  "pos": "suffix",
  "senses": [
    {
      "categories": [
        {
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "English entries with incorrect language header",
          "parents": [
            "Entries with incorrect language header",
            "Entry maintenance"
          ],
          "source": "w"
        },
        {
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "English entries with language name categories using raw markup",
          "parents": [
            "Entries with language name categories using raw markup",
            "Entry maintenance"
          ],
          "source": "w"
        },
        {
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "English terms with non-redundant non-automated sortkeys",
          "parents": [
            "Terms with non-redundant non-automated sortkeys",
            "Entry maintenance"
          ],
          "source": "w"
        },
        {
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Pages with raw sortkeys",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w"
        },
        {
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Serbo-Croatian terms with redundant script codes",
          "parents": [
            "Terms with redundant script codes",
            "Entry maintenance"
          ],
          "source": "w"
        }
      ],
      "examples": [
        {
          "ref": "2013 September-October, Henry Petroski, “The Evolution of Eyeglasses”, in American Scientist",
          "text": "The ability of a segment of a glass sphere to magnify whatever is placed before it was known around the year 1000, when the spherical segment was called a reading stone, essentially what today we might term a frameless magnifying glass or plain glass paperweight.",
          "type": "quotation"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "Lacking (something); without (something). Added usually to a noun to form an adjective signifying a lack of that noun."
      ],
      "id": "en--less-en-suffix-aFUQSq7a",
      "links": [
        [
          "Lacking",
          "lacking"
        ],
        [
          "without",
          "without"
        ]
      ],
      "synonyms": [
        {
          "sense": "lacking",
          "word": "an-"
        },
        {
          "sense": "lacking",
          "word": "ex-"
        },
        {
          "sense": "lacking",
          "word": "-free"
        },
        {
          "tags": [
            "obsolete"
          ],
          "word": "-lesse"
        }
      ],
      "tags": [
        "morpheme"
      ],
      "translations": [
        {
          "code": "af",
          "lang": "Afrikaans",
          "sense": "lacking",
          "word": "ont-"
        },
        {
          "code": "sq",
          "lang": "Albanian",
          "sense": "lacking",
          "word": "pa"
        },
        {
          "code": "ar",
          "lang": "Arabic",
          "roman": "bilā",
          "sense": "lacking",
          "word": "بِلَا"
        },
        {
          "code": "ar",
          "lang": "Arabic",
          "roman": "ḡayr ...",
          "sense": "lacking",
          "word": "غَيْر ..."
        },
        {
          "code": "hy",
          "lang": "Armenian",
          "roman": "an-",
          "sense": "lacking",
          "word": "ան-"
        },
        {
          "code": "az",
          "lang": "Azerbaijani",
          "sense": "lacking",
          "word": "-siz"
        },
        {
          "code": "eu",
          "lang": "Basque",
          "sense": "lacking",
          "word": "-gabe"
        },
        {
          "code": "be",
          "lang": "Belarusian",
          "roman": "bjez-",
          "sense": "lacking",
          "word": "без-"
        },
        {
          "code": "bn",
          "lang": "Bengali",
          "roman": "-hin",
          "sense": "lacking",
          "word": "-হীন"
        },
        {
          "code": "bg",
          "lang": "Bulgarian",
          "roman": "bez",
          "sense": "lacking",
          "word": "без"
        },
        {
          "code": "ca",
          "lang": "Catalan",
          "sense": "lacking",
          "word": "sense"
        },
        {
          "code": "ceb",
          "lang": "Cebuano",
          "sense": "lacking",
          "word": "walay"
        },
        {
          "code": "cmn",
          "lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
          "sense": "lacking",
          "word": "無-"
        },
        {
          "code": "cmn",
          "lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
          "roman": "wú-",
          "sense": "lacking",
          "word": "无-"
        },
        {
          "code": "cs",
          "lang": "Czech",
          "sense": "lacking",
          "word": "bez-"
        },
        {
          "code": "da",
          "lang": "Danish",
          "sense": "lacking",
          "word": "-løs"
        },
        {
          "code": "nl",
          "lang": "Dutch",
          "sense": "lacking",
          "word": "-loos"
        },
        {
          "code": "nl",
          "lang": "Dutch",
          "sense": "lacking",
          "word": "zonder"
        },
        {
          "code": "eo",
          "lang": "Esperanto",
          "sense": "lacking",
          "word": "sen-"
        },
        {
          "code": "et",
          "lang": "Estonian",
          "sense": "lacking",
          "word": "-ta"
        },
        {
          "code": "et",
          "lang": "Estonian",
          "sense": "lacking",
          "word": "-tu"
        },
        {
          "code": "fo",
          "lang": "Faroese",
          "sense": "lacking",
          "word": "-leysur"
        },
        {
          "code": "fi",
          "lang": "Finnish",
          "sense": "lacking",
          "word": "-ton"
        },
        {
          "code": "fi",
          "lang": "Finnish",
          "sense": "lacking",
          "word": "-tön"
        },
        {
          "code": "fr",
          "lang": "French",
          "sense": "lacking",
          "word": "sans ..."
        },
        {
          "code": "gl",
          "lang": "Galician",
          "sense": "lacking",
          "word": "sen"
        },
        {
          "code": "ka",
          "lang": "Georgian",
          "roman": "u-",
          "sense": "lacking",
          "word": "უ-"
        },
        {
          "code": "ka",
          "lang": "Georgian",
          "roman": "u- -o",
          "sense": "lacking",
          "word": "უ- -ო"
        },
        {
          "code": "ka",
          "lang": "Georgian",
          "roman": "ara-",
          "sense": "lacking",
          "word": "არა-"
        },
        {
          "code": "de",
          "lang": "German",
          "sense": "lacking",
          "word": "-los"
        },
        {
          "code": "el",
          "lang": "Greek",
          "roman": "a-",
          "sense": "lacking",
          "word": "α-"
        },
        {
          "code": "el",
          "lang": "Greek",
          "roman": "an-",
          "sense": "lacking",
          "word": "αν-"
        },
        {
          "code": "gu",
          "lang": "Gujarati",
          "roman": "-hīn",
          "sense": "lacking",
          "word": "-હીન"
        },
        {
          "code": "ht",
          "lang": "Haitian Creole",
          "sense": "lacking",
          "word": "e-"
        },
        {
          "code": "he",
          "lang": "Hebrew",
          "roman": "'ál-",
          "sense": "lacking",
          "word": "אל"
        },
        {
          "code": "hi",
          "lang": "Hindi",
          "roman": "kāṭā diyā",
          "sense": "lacking",
          "word": "काटा दिया"
        },
        {
          "code": "hu",
          "lang": "Hungarian",
          "sense": "lacking",
          "word": "-talan"
        },
        {
          "code": "hu",
          "lang": "Hungarian",
          "sense": "lacking",
          "word": "-telen"
        },
        {
          "code": "hu",
          "lang": "Hungarian",
          "sense": "lacking",
          "word": "-atlan"
        },
        {
          "code": "hu",
          "lang": "Hungarian",
          "sense": "lacking",
          "word": "-etlen"
        },
        {
          "code": "hu",
          "lang": "Hungarian",
          "sense": "lacking",
          "word": "-tlan"
        },
        {
          "code": "hu",
          "lang": "Hungarian",
          "sense": "lacking",
          "word": "-tlen"
        },
        {
          "code": "hu",
          "lang": "Hungarian",
          "sense": "lacking",
          "word": "-hatatlan"
        },
        {
          "code": "hu",
          "lang": "Hungarian",
          "sense": "lacking",
          "word": "-hetetlen"
        },
        {
          "code": "hu",
          "lang": "Hungarian",
          "sense": "lacking",
          "word": "mentes"
        },
        {
          "code": "hu",
          "lang": "Hungarian",
          "sense": "lacking",
          "word": "nélküli"
        },
        {
          "code": "is",
          "lang": "Icelandic",
          "sense": "lacking",
          "word": "-laus"
        },
        {
          "code": "is",
          "lang": "Icelandic",
          "sense": "lacking",
          "word": "-vana"
        },
        {
          "code": "io",
          "lang": "Ido",
          "sense": "lacking",
          "word": "sen-"
        },
        {
          "code": "ig",
          "lang": "Igbo",
          "sense": "lacking",
          "word": "enweghị"
        },
        {
          "code": "id",
          "lang": "Indonesian",
          "sense": "lacking",
          "word": "nir-"
        },
        {
          "code": "ga",
          "lang": "Irish",
          "sense": "lacking",
          "word": "gan"
        },
        {
          "code": "it",
          "lang": "Italian",
          "sense": "lacking",
          "word": "senza"
        },
        {
          "code": "it",
          "lang": "Italian",
          "sense": "lacking",
          "word": "in-"
        },
        {
          "code": "it",
          "lang": "Italian",
          "sense": "lacking",
          "word": "s-"
        },
        {
          "code": "it",
          "lang": "Italian",
          "sense": "lacking",
          "word": "dis-"
        },
        {
          "alt": "-なし",
          "code": "ja",
          "lang": "Japanese",
          "roman": "-nashi",
          "sense": "lacking",
          "word": "-無し"
        },
        {
          "alt": "む-",
          "code": "ja",
          "lang": "Japanese",
          "roman": "mu-",
          "sense": "lacking",
          "word": "無-"
        },
        {
          "code": "ja",
          "lang": "Japanese",
          "roman": "-nai",
          "sense": "lacking",
          "word": "-ない"
        },
        {
          "alt": "てい-",
          "code": "ja",
          "lang": "Japanese",
          "roman": "tei-",
          "sense": "lacking",
          "word": "低-"
        },
        {
          "code": "kn",
          "lang": "Kannada",
          "roman": "-villada",
          "sense": "lacking",
          "word": "-ವಿಲ್ಲದ"
        },
        {
          "code": "kmr",
          "lang": "Northern Kurdish",
          "sense": "lacking",
          "word": "bê-"
        },
        {
          "code": "ky",
          "lang": "Kyrgyz",
          "roman": "-sız",
          "sense": "lacking",
          "word": "-сыз"
        },
        {
          "code": "lo",
          "lang": "Lao",
          "roman": "bǭ mī",
          "sense": "lacking",
          "word": "ບໍ່ມີ"
        },
        {
          "code": "la",
          "lang": "Latin",
          "sense": "lacking",
          "word": "sine"
        },
        {
          "code": "la",
          "lang": "Latin",
          "sense": "lacking",
          "word": "in-"
        },
        {
          "code": "la",
          "lang": "Latin",
          "sense": "lacking",
          "word": "ne-"
        },
        {
          "code": "la",
          "lang": "Latin",
          "sense": "lacking",
          "word": "se-"
        },
        {
          "code": "lv",
          "lang": "Latvian",
          "sense": "lacking",
          "word": "bez"
        },
        {
          "code": "lt",
          "lang": "Lithuanian",
          "sense": "lacking",
          "word": "be-"
        },
        {
          "code": "mk",
          "lang": "Macedonian",
          "roman": "bez-",
          "sense": "lacking",
          "word": "без-"
        },
        {
          "code": "ms",
          "lang": "Malay",
          "sense": "lacking",
          "word": "nir-"
        },
        {
          "code": "ms",
          "english": "preceding vowels and letters k, t and c",
          "lang": "Malay",
          "sense": "lacking",
          "word": "nis-"
        },
        {
          "code": "mhr",
          "lang": "Eastern Mari",
          "roman": "-dyme",
          "sense": "lacking",
          "word": "-дыме"
        },
        {
          "code": "mn",
          "lang": "Mongolian",
          "roman": "-güj",
          "sense": "lacking",
          "word": "-гүй"
        },
        {
          "code": "ne",
          "lang": "Nepali",
          "roman": "-na-",
          "sense": "lacking",
          "word": "-न-"
        },
        {
          "code": "no",
          "lang": "Norwegian",
          "sense": "lacking",
          "word": "-løs"
        },
        {
          "code": "fa",
          "lang": "Persian",
          "roman": "bi-",
          "sense": "lacking",
          "tags": [
            "prefix"
          ],
          "word": "بی"
        },
        {
          "code": "pl",
          "lang": "Polish",
          "sense": "lacking",
          "word": "bez-"
        },
        {
          "code": "pt",
          "lang": "Portuguese",
          "sense": "lacking",
          "word": "sem"
        },
        {
          "code": "pt",
          "lang": "Portuguese",
          "sense": "lacking",
          "word": "des-"
        },
        {
          "code": "pa",
          "lang": "Punjabi",
          "roman": "-hīn",
          "sense": "lacking",
          "word": "-ਹੀਨ"
        },
        {
          "code": "ro",
          "lang": "Romanian",
          "sense": "lacking",
          "word": "fără"
        },
        {
          "alt": "bez(ʺ)-",
          "code": "ru",
          "lang": "Russian",
          "sense": "lacking",
          "word": "без(ъ)-"
        },
        {
          "alt": "bes(ʺ)-",
          "code": "ru",
          "lang": "Russian",
          "sense": "lacking",
          "word": "бес(ъ)-"
        },
        {
          "code": "gd",
          "lang": "Scottish Gaelic",
          "sense": "lacking",
          "word": "gun"
        },
        {
          "code": "sh",
          "lang": "Serbo-Croatian",
          "sense": "lacking",
          "tags": [
            "Cyrillic"
          ],
          "word": "без-"
        },
        {
          "code": "sh",
          "lang": "Serbo-Croatian",
          "sense": "lacking",
          "tags": [
            "Roman"
          ],
          "word": "bez-"
        },
        {
          "code": "sk",
          "lang": "Slovak",
          "sense": "lacking",
          "word": "bez-"
        },
        {
          "code": "sl",
          "lang": "Slovene",
          "sense": "lacking",
          "word": "brez"
        },
        {
          "code": "es",
          "lang": "Spanish",
          "sense": "lacking",
          "word": "sin"
        },
        {
          "code": "es",
          "lang": "Spanish",
          "sense": "lacking",
          "word": "des-"
        },
        {
          "code": "sw",
          "lang": "Swahili",
          "sense": "lacking",
          "word": "bila"
        },
        {
          "code": "sv",
          "lang": "Swedish",
          "sense": "lacking",
          "word": "-lös"
        },
        {
          "code": "tl",
          "lang": "Tagalog",
          "sense": "lacking",
          "word": "pugot ang"
        },
        {
          "code": "tl",
          "lang": "Tagalog",
          "sense": "lacking",
          "word": "walang"
        },
        {
          "code": "te",
          "lang": "Telugu",
          "roman": "-lēni",
          "sense": "lacking",
          "word": "-లేని"
        },
        {
          "code": "tr",
          "lang": "Turkish",
          "sense": "lacking",
          "word": "-siz"
        },
        {
          "code": "tr",
          "lang": "Turkish",
          "sense": "lacking",
          "word": "-sız"
        },
        {
          "code": "tr",
          "lang": "Turkish",
          "sense": "lacking",
          "word": "-suz"
        },
        {
          "code": "tr",
          "lang": "Turkish",
          "sense": "lacking",
          "word": "-süz"
        },
        {
          "code": "uk",
          "lang": "Ukrainian",
          "roman": "bez-",
          "sense": "lacking",
          "word": "без-"
        },
        {
          "code": "vi",
          "lang": "Vietnamese",
          "sense": "lacking",
          "word": "cây đinh không"
        },
        {
          "code": "cy",
          "lang": "Welsh",
          "sense": "lacking",
          "word": "di-"
        },
        {
          "code": "cy",
          "lang": "Welsh",
          "sense": "lacking",
          "word": "di"
        },
        {
          "code": "fy",
          "lang": "West Frisian",
          "sense": "lacking",
          "word": "-leas"
        },
        {
          "code": "yi",
          "lang": "Yiddish",
          "roman": "-loz",
          "sense": "lacking",
          "word": "־לאָז"
        }
      ]
    }
  ],
  "sounds": [
    {
      "ipa": "/ləs/"
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/lɪs/"
    },
    {
      "audio": "LL-Q1860 (eng)-Vealhurl--less.wav",
      "mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/be/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl--less.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl--less.wav.mp3",
      "ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/be/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl--less.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl--less.wav.ogg",
      "tags": [
        "Southern-England"
      ],
      "text": "Audio (Southern England)"
    }
  ],
  "word": "-less"
}
{
  "antonyms": [
    {
      "sense": "antonym(s) of \"lacking\"",
      "word": "-ed"
    },
    {
      "sense": "antonym(s) of \"lacking\"",
      "word": "-y"
    },
    {
      "english": "having in considerable amount",
      "sense": "antonym(s) of \"lacking\"",
      "word": "-some"
    },
    {
      "english": "having in abundance",
      "sense": "antonym(s) of \"lacking\"",
      "word": "-ful"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "enm",
        "3": "-les"
      },
      "expansion": "Middle English -les",
      "name": "inh"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "enm",
        "2": "-leas"
      },
      "expansion": "-leas",
      "name": "m"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "ang",
        "3": "-lēas",
        "4": "",
        "5": "-less"
      },
      "expansion": "Old English -lēas (“-less”)",
      "name": "inh"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "ang",
        "2": "lēas",
        "3": "",
        "4": "devoid of, loose from, false"
      },
      "expansion": "lēas (“devoid of, loose from, false”)",
      "name": "m"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "gmw-pro",
        "3": "*laus"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-West Germanic *laus",
      "name": "der"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "gem-pro",
        "3": "*lausaz",
        "4": "",
        "5": "loose"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-Germanic *lausaz (“loose”)",
      "name": "der"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "less"
      },
      "expansion": "less",
      "name": "m"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "gem-pro",
        "2": "*laisiz"
      },
      "expansion": "*laisiz",
      "name": "m"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "gem-pro",
        "2": "*laisizô"
      },
      "expansion": "*laisizô",
      "name": "m"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "sco",
        "2": "-less"
      },
      "expansion": "Scots -less",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "fy",
        "2": "-leas"
      },
      "expansion": "West Frisian -leas",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "stq",
        "2": "-loos"
      },
      "expansion": "Saterland Frisian -loos",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "nl",
        "2": "-loos",
        "3": "",
        "4": "-less"
      },
      "expansion": "Dutch -loos (“-less”)",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "nds",
        "2": "-los"
      },
      "expansion": "Low German -los",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "de",
        "2": "-los"
      },
      "expansion": "German -los",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "da",
        "2": "-løs"
      },
      "expansion": "Danish -løs",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "sv",
        "2": "-lös"
      },
      "expansion": "Swedish -lös",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "is",
        "2": "-laus"
      },
      "expansion": "Icelandic -laus",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "lease",
        "3": "",
        "4": "false"
      },
      "expansion": "lease (“false”)",
      "name": "m"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_text": "From Middle English -les, -leas, from Old English -lēas (“-less”), from lēas (“devoid of, loose from, false”), from Proto-West Germanic *laus, from Proto-Germanic *lausaz (“loose”). (Not related to less, which derives from *laisiz, *laisizô.)\nCognate with Scots -less, West Frisian -leas, Saterland Frisian -loos, Dutch -loos (“-less”), Low German -los, German -los, Danish -løs, Swedish -lös, Icelandic -laus. More at lease (“false”).",
  "head_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "suffix",
        "cat2": "",
        "cat3": "",
        "head": "",
        "id": ""
      },
      "expansion": "-less",
      "name": "head"
    },
    {
      "args": {},
      "expansion": "-less",
      "name": "en-suffix"
    }
  ],
  "lang": "English",
  "lang_code": "en",
  "pos": "suffix",
  "senses": [
    {
      "categories": [
        "English 1-syllable words",
        "English entries with incorrect language header",
        "English entries with language name categories using raw markup",
        "English lemmas",
        "English productive suffixes",
        "English suffixes",
        "English terms derived from Middle English",
        "English terms derived from Old English",
        "English terms derived from Proto-Germanic",
        "English terms derived from Proto-West Germanic",
        "English terms inherited from Middle English",
        "English terms inherited from Old English",
        "English terms with IPA pronunciation",
        "English terms with audio links",
        "English terms with non-redundant non-automated sortkeys",
        "English terms with quotations",
        "Pages with raw sortkeys",
        "Serbo-Croatian terms with redundant script codes"
      ],
      "examples": [
        {
          "ref": "2013 September-October, Henry Petroski, “The Evolution of Eyeglasses”, in American Scientist",
          "text": "The ability of a segment of a glass sphere to magnify whatever is placed before it was known around the year 1000, when the spherical segment was called a reading stone, essentially what today we might term a frameless magnifying glass or plain glass paperweight.",
          "type": "quotation"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "Lacking (something); without (something). Added usually to a noun to form an adjective signifying a lack of that noun."
      ],
      "links": [
        [
          "Lacking",
          "lacking"
        ],
        [
          "without",
          "without"
        ]
      ],
      "tags": [
        "morpheme"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "sounds": [
    {
      "ipa": "/ləs/"
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/lɪs/"
    },
    {
      "audio": "LL-Q1860 (eng)-Vealhurl--less.wav",
      "mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/be/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl--less.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl--less.wav.mp3",
      "ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/be/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl--less.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl--less.wav.ogg",
      "tags": [
        "Southern-England"
      ],
      "text": "Audio (Southern England)"
    }
  ],
  "synonyms": [
    {
      "sense": "lacking",
      "word": "an-"
    },
    {
      "sense": "lacking",
      "word": "ex-"
    },
    {
      "sense": "lacking",
      "word": "-free"
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "obsolete"
      ],
      "word": "-lesse"
    }
  ],
  "translations": [
    {
      "code": "af",
      "lang": "Afrikaans",
      "sense": "lacking",
      "word": "ont-"
    },
    {
      "code": "sq",
      "lang": "Albanian",
      "sense": "lacking",
      "word": "pa"
    },
    {
      "code": "ar",
      "lang": "Arabic",
      "roman": "bilā",
      "sense": "lacking",
      "word": "بِلَا"
    },
    {
      "code": "ar",
      "lang": "Arabic",
      "roman": "ḡayr ...",
      "sense": "lacking",
      "word": "غَيْر ..."
    },
    {
      "code": "hy",
      "lang": "Armenian",
      "roman": "an-",
      "sense": "lacking",
      "word": "ան-"
    },
    {
      "code": "az",
      "lang": "Azerbaijani",
      "sense": "lacking",
      "word": "-siz"
    },
    {
      "code": "eu",
      "lang": "Basque",
      "sense": "lacking",
      "word": "-gabe"
    },
    {
      "code": "be",
      "lang": "Belarusian",
      "roman": "bjez-",
      "sense": "lacking",
      "word": "без-"
    },
    {
      "code": "bn",
      "lang": "Bengali",
      "roman": "-hin",
      "sense": "lacking",
      "word": "-হীন"
    },
    {
      "code": "bg",
      "lang": "Bulgarian",
      "roman": "bez",
      "sense": "lacking",
      "word": "без"
    },
    {
      "code": "ca",
      "lang": "Catalan",
      "sense": "lacking",
      "word": "sense"
    },
    {
      "code": "ceb",
      "lang": "Cebuano",
      "sense": "lacking",
      "word": "walay"
    },
    {
      "code": "cmn",
      "lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
      "sense": "lacking",
      "word": "無-"
    },
    {
      "code": "cmn",
      "lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
      "roman": "wú-",
      "sense": "lacking",
      "word": "无-"
    },
    {
      "code": "cs",
      "lang": "Czech",
      "sense": "lacking",
      "word": "bez-"
    },
    {
      "code": "da",
      "lang": "Danish",
      "sense": "lacking",
      "word": "-løs"
    },
    {
      "code": "nl",
      "lang": "Dutch",
      "sense": "lacking",
      "word": "-loos"
    },
    {
      "code": "nl",
      "lang": "Dutch",
      "sense": "lacking",
      "word": "zonder"
    },
    {
      "code": "eo",
      "lang": "Esperanto",
      "sense": "lacking",
      "word": "sen-"
    },
    {
      "code": "et",
      "lang": "Estonian",
      "sense": "lacking",
      "word": "-ta"
    },
    {
      "code": "et",
      "lang": "Estonian",
      "sense": "lacking",
      "word": "-tu"
    },
    {
      "code": "fo",
      "lang": "Faroese",
      "sense": "lacking",
      "word": "-leysur"
    },
    {
      "code": "fi",
      "lang": "Finnish",
      "sense": "lacking",
      "word": "-ton"
    },
    {
      "code": "fi",
      "lang": "Finnish",
      "sense": "lacking",
      "word": "-tön"
    },
    {
      "code": "fr",
      "lang": "French",
      "sense": "lacking",
      "word": "sans ..."
    },
    {
      "code": "gl",
      "lang": "Galician",
      "sense": "lacking",
      "word": "sen"
    },
    {
      "code": "ka",
      "lang": "Georgian",
      "roman": "u-",
      "sense": "lacking",
      "word": "უ-"
    },
    {
      "code": "ka",
      "lang": "Georgian",
      "roman": "u- -o",
      "sense": "lacking",
      "word": "უ- -ო"
    },
    {
      "code": "ka",
      "lang": "Georgian",
      "roman": "ara-",
      "sense": "lacking",
      "word": "არა-"
    },
    {
      "code": "de",
      "lang": "German",
      "sense": "lacking",
      "word": "-los"
    },
    {
      "code": "el",
      "lang": "Greek",
      "roman": "a-",
      "sense": "lacking",
      "word": "α-"
    },
    {
      "code": "el",
      "lang": "Greek",
      "roman": "an-",
      "sense": "lacking",
      "word": "αν-"
    },
    {
      "code": "gu",
      "lang": "Gujarati",
      "roman": "-hīn",
      "sense": "lacking",
      "word": "-હીન"
    },
    {
      "code": "ht",
      "lang": "Haitian Creole",
      "sense": "lacking",
      "word": "e-"
    },
    {
      "code": "he",
      "lang": "Hebrew",
      "roman": "'ál-",
      "sense": "lacking",
      "word": "אל"
    },
    {
      "code": "hi",
      "lang": "Hindi",
      "roman": "kāṭā diyā",
      "sense": "lacking",
      "word": "काटा दिया"
    },
    {
      "code": "hu",
      "lang": "Hungarian",
      "sense": "lacking",
      "word": "-talan"
    },
    {
      "code": "hu",
      "lang": "Hungarian",
      "sense": "lacking",
      "word": "-telen"
    },
    {
      "code": "hu",
      "lang": "Hungarian",
      "sense": "lacking",
      "word": "-atlan"
    },
    {
      "code": "hu",
      "lang": "Hungarian",
      "sense": "lacking",
      "word": "-etlen"
    },
    {
      "code": "hu",
      "lang": "Hungarian",
      "sense": "lacking",
      "word": "-tlan"
    },
    {
      "code": "hu",
      "lang": "Hungarian",
      "sense": "lacking",
      "word": "-tlen"
    },
    {
      "code": "hu",
      "lang": "Hungarian",
      "sense": "lacking",
      "word": "-hatatlan"
    },
    {
      "code": "hu",
      "lang": "Hungarian",
      "sense": "lacking",
      "word": "-hetetlen"
    },
    {
      "code": "hu",
      "lang": "Hungarian",
      "sense": "lacking",
      "word": "mentes"
    },
    {
      "code": "hu",
      "lang": "Hungarian",
      "sense": "lacking",
      "word": "nélküli"
    },
    {
      "code": "is",
      "lang": "Icelandic",
      "sense": "lacking",
      "word": "-laus"
    },
    {
      "code": "is",
      "lang": "Icelandic",
      "sense": "lacking",
      "word": "-vana"
    },
    {
      "code": "io",
      "lang": "Ido",
      "sense": "lacking",
      "word": "sen-"
    },
    {
      "code": "ig",
      "lang": "Igbo",
      "sense": "lacking",
      "word": "enweghị"
    },
    {
      "code": "id",
      "lang": "Indonesian",
      "sense": "lacking",
      "word": "nir-"
    },
    {
      "code": "ga",
      "lang": "Irish",
      "sense": "lacking",
      "word": "gan"
    },
    {
      "code": "it",
      "lang": "Italian",
      "sense": "lacking",
      "word": "senza"
    },
    {
      "code": "it",
      "lang": "Italian",
      "sense": "lacking",
      "word": "in-"
    },
    {
      "code": "it",
      "lang": "Italian",
      "sense": "lacking",
      "word": "s-"
    },
    {
      "code": "it",
      "lang": "Italian",
      "sense": "lacking",
      "word": "dis-"
    },
    {
      "alt": "-なし",
      "code": "ja",
      "lang": "Japanese",
      "roman": "-nashi",
      "sense": "lacking",
      "word": "-無し"
    },
    {
      "alt": "む-",
      "code": "ja",
      "lang": "Japanese",
      "roman": "mu-",
      "sense": "lacking",
      "word": "無-"
    },
    {
      "code": "ja",
      "lang": "Japanese",
      "roman": "-nai",
      "sense": "lacking",
      "word": "-ない"
    },
    {
      "alt": "てい-",
      "code": "ja",
      "lang": "Japanese",
      "roman": "tei-",
      "sense": "lacking",
      "word": "低-"
    },
    {
      "code": "kn",
      "lang": "Kannada",
      "roman": "-villada",
      "sense": "lacking",
      "word": "-ವಿಲ್ಲದ"
    },
    {
      "code": "kmr",
      "lang": "Northern Kurdish",
      "sense": "lacking",
      "word": "bê-"
    },
    {
      "code": "ky",
      "lang": "Kyrgyz",
      "roman": "-sız",
      "sense": "lacking",
      "word": "-сыз"
    },
    {
      "code": "lo",
      "lang": "Lao",
      "roman": "bǭ mī",
      "sense": "lacking",
      "word": "ບໍ່ມີ"
    },
    {
      "code": "la",
      "lang": "Latin",
      "sense": "lacking",
      "word": "sine"
    },
    {
      "code": "la",
      "lang": "Latin",
      "sense": "lacking",
      "word": "in-"
    },
    {
      "code": "la",
      "lang": "Latin",
      "sense": "lacking",
      "word": "ne-"
    },
    {
      "code": "la",
      "lang": "Latin",
      "sense": "lacking",
      "word": "se-"
    },
    {
      "code": "lv",
      "lang": "Latvian",
      "sense": "lacking",
      "word": "bez"
    },
    {
      "code": "lt",
      "lang": "Lithuanian",
      "sense": "lacking",
      "word": "be-"
    },
    {
      "code": "mk",
      "lang": "Macedonian",
      "roman": "bez-",
      "sense": "lacking",
      "word": "без-"
    },
    {
      "code": "ms",
      "lang": "Malay",
      "sense": "lacking",
      "word": "nir-"
    },
    {
      "code": "ms",
      "english": "preceding vowels and letters k, t and c",
      "lang": "Malay",
      "sense": "lacking",
      "word": "nis-"
    },
    {
      "code": "mhr",
      "lang": "Eastern Mari",
      "roman": "-dyme",
      "sense": "lacking",
      "word": "-дыме"
    },
    {
      "code": "mn",
      "lang": "Mongolian",
      "roman": "-güj",
      "sense": "lacking",
      "word": "-гүй"
    },
    {
      "code": "ne",
      "lang": "Nepali",
      "roman": "-na-",
      "sense": "lacking",
      "word": "-न-"
    },
    {
      "code": "no",
      "lang": "Norwegian",
      "sense": "lacking",
      "word": "-løs"
    },
    {
      "code": "fa",
      "lang": "Persian",
      "roman": "bi-",
      "sense": "lacking",
      "tags": [
        "prefix"
      ],
      "word": "بی"
    },
    {
      "code": "pl",
      "lang": "Polish",
      "sense": "lacking",
      "word": "bez-"
    },
    {
      "code": "pt",
      "lang": "Portuguese",
      "sense": "lacking",
      "word": "sem"
    },
    {
      "code": "pt",
      "lang": "Portuguese",
      "sense": "lacking",
      "word": "des-"
    },
    {
      "code": "pa",
      "lang": "Punjabi",
      "roman": "-hīn",
      "sense": "lacking",
      "word": "-ਹੀਨ"
    },
    {
      "code": "ro",
      "lang": "Romanian",
      "sense": "lacking",
      "word": "fără"
    },
    {
      "alt": "bez(ʺ)-",
      "code": "ru",
      "lang": "Russian",
      "sense": "lacking",
      "word": "без(ъ)-"
    },
    {
      "alt": "bes(ʺ)-",
      "code": "ru",
      "lang": "Russian",
      "sense": "lacking",
      "word": "бес(ъ)-"
    },
    {
      "code": "gd",
      "lang": "Scottish Gaelic",
      "sense": "lacking",
      "word": "gun"
    },
    {
      "code": "sh",
      "lang": "Serbo-Croatian",
      "sense": "lacking",
      "tags": [
        "Cyrillic"
      ],
      "word": "без-"
    },
    {
      "code": "sh",
      "lang": "Serbo-Croatian",
      "sense": "lacking",
      "tags": [
        "Roman"
      ],
      "word": "bez-"
    },
    {
      "code": "sk",
      "lang": "Slovak",
      "sense": "lacking",
      "word": "bez-"
    },
    {
      "code": "sl",
      "lang": "Slovene",
      "sense": "lacking",
      "word": "brez"
    },
    {
      "code": "es",
      "lang": "Spanish",
      "sense": "lacking",
      "word": "sin"
    },
    {
      "code": "es",
      "lang": "Spanish",
      "sense": "lacking",
      "word": "des-"
    },
    {
      "code": "sw",
      "lang": "Swahili",
      "sense": "lacking",
      "word": "bila"
    },
    {
      "code": "sv",
      "lang": "Swedish",
      "sense": "lacking",
      "word": "-lös"
    },
    {
      "code": "tl",
      "lang": "Tagalog",
      "sense": "lacking",
      "word": "pugot ang"
    },
    {
      "code": "tl",
      "lang": "Tagalog",
      "sense": "lacking",
      "word": "walang"
    },
    {
      "code": "te",
      "lang": "Telugu",
      "roman": "-lēni",
      "sense": "lacking",
      "word": "-లేని"
    },
    {
      "code": "tr",
      "lang": "Turkish",
      "sense": "lacking",
      "word": "-siz"
    },
    {
      "code": "tr",
      "lang": "Turkish",
      "sense": "lacking",
      "word": "-sız"
    },
    {
      "code": "tr",
      "lang": "Turkish",
      "sense": "lacking",
      "word": "-suz"
    },
    {
      "code": "tr",
      "lang": "Turkish",
      "sense": "lacking",
      "word": "-süz"
    },
    {
      "code": "uk",
      "lang": "Ukrainian",
      "roman": "bez-",
      "sense": "lacking",
      "word": "без-"
    },
    {
      "code": "vi",
      "lang": "Vietnamese",
      "sense": "lacking",
      "word": "cây đinh không"
    },
    {
      "code": "cy",
      "lang": "Welsh",
      "sense": "lacking",
      "word": "di-"
    },
    {
      "code": "cy",
      "lang": "Welsh",
      "sense": "lacking",
      "word": "di"
    },
    {
      "code": "fy",
      "lang": "West Frisian",
      "sense": "lacking",
      "word": "-leas"
    },
    {
      "code": "yi",
      "lang": "Yiddish",
      "roman": "-loz",
      "sense": "lacking",
      "word": "־לאָז"
    }
  ],
  "word": "-less"
}

This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable English dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2024-04-24 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2024-04-21 using wiktextract (82c8ff9 and f4967a5). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.

If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.