See pena on Wiktionary
Download JSON data for pena meaning in All languages combined (56.5kB)
{
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "mni",
"3": "ꯄꯦꯅꯥ"
},
"expansion": "Manipuri ꯄꯦꯅꯥ (penaa)",
"name": "bor"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Manipuri ꯄꯦꯅꯥ (penaa)",
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "pena",
"name": "en-proper noun"
}
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "name",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "English entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w"
}
],
"glosses": [
"A Meitei classical musical instrument."
],
"id": "en-pena-en-name-x0VvA-Kv",
"links": [
[
"Meitei",
"Meitei"
],
[
"classical music",
"classical music"
]
],
"wikipedia": [
"pena"
]
}
],
"word": "pena"
}
{
"derived": [
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"word": "ameritar la pena"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"word": "valir la pena"
}
],
"forms": [
{
"form": "penes",
"tags": [
"plural"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ast",
"2": "noun",
"3": "",
"4": "",
"5": "",
"6": "",
"7": "plural",
"8": "penes",
"f3accel-form": "p",
"g": "f",
"g2": "",
"head": ""
},
"expansion": "pena f (plural penes)",
"name": "head"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "f",
"2": "penes"
},
"expansion": "pena f (plural penes)",
"name": "ast-noun"
}
],
"lang": "Asturian",
"lang_code": "ast",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"glosses": [
"grief; sorrow"
],
"id": "en-pena-ast-noun-yHk5q-px",
"links": [
[
"grief",
"grief"
],
[
"sorrow",
"sorrow"
]
],
"tags": [
"feminine"
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"punishment"
],
"id": "en-pena-ast-noun-b7d48KWB",
"links": [
[
"punishment",
"punishment"
]
],
"tags": [
"feminine"
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "38 6 56",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Asturian entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"sentence (for a crime)"
],
"id": "en-pena-ast-noun-YbcsKjql",
"links": [
[
"sentence",
"sentence"
]
],
"tags": [
"feminine"
]
}
],
"wikipedia": [
"pena"
],
"word": "pena"
}
{
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "loanword",
"2": "Borrowed"
},
"expansion": "Borrowed",
"name": "glossary"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "bcl",
"2": "es",
"3": "pena",
"4": "",
"5": "",
"g": "",
"g2": "",
"g3": "",
"id": "",
"lit": "",
"nocat": "",
"pos": "",
"sc": "",
"sort": "",
"tr": "",
"ts": ""
},
"expansion": "Spanish pena",
"name": "bor"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "bcl",
"2": "es",
"3": "pena"
},
"expansion": "Borrowed from Spanish pena",
"name": "bor+"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Borrowed from Spanish pena.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "péna",
"tags": [
"canonical"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "péna",
"b": "+"
},
"expansion": "péna (Basahan spelling ᜉᜒᜈ)",
"name": "bcl-noun"
}
],
"hyphenation": [
"pe‧na"
],
"lang": "Bikol Central",
"lang_code": "bcl",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"glosses": [
"penalty"
],
"id": "en-pena-bcl-noun-3r~FQwMw",
"links": [
[
"penalty",
"penalty"
]
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "padusa"
}
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"prohibition; forbiddance"
],
"id": "en-pena-bcl-noun-WoaB1fDP",
"links": [
[
"prohibition",
"prohibition"
],
[
"forbiddance",
"forbiddance"
]
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "prohibisiyon"
},
{
"word": "pagbawal"
},
{
"word": "pangalad"
}
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ˈpena/"
},
{
"ipa": "[ˈpe.n̪a]"
}
],
"synonyms": [
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"tags": [
"verb"
],
"word": "penar"
}
],
"wikipedia": [
"pena"
],
"word": "pena"
}
{
"derived": [
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "ipena"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "magpena"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "penahan"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "loanword",
"2": "Borrowed"
},
"expansion": "Borrowed",
"name": "glossary"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "bcl",
"2": "es",
"3": "pena",
"4": "",
"5": "",
"g": "",
"g2": "",
"g3": "",
"id": "",
"lit": "",
"nocat": "",
"pos": "",
"sc": "",
"sort": "",
"tr": "",
"ts": ""
},
"expansion": "Spanish pena",
"name": "bor"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "bcl",
"2": "es",
"3": "pena"
},
"expansion": "Borrowed from Spanish pena",
"name": "bor+"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Borrowed from Spanish pena.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "péna",
"tags": [
"canonical"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "péna",
"b": "+"
},
"expansion": "péna (Basahan spelling ᜉᜒᜈ)",
"name": "bcl-verb"
}
],
"hyphenation": [
"pe‧na"
],
"lang": "Bikol Central",
"lang_code": "bcl",
"pos": "verb",
"senses": [
{
"glosses": [
"to penalize"
],
"id": "en-pena-bcl-verb-jgX65Vh9",
"links": [
[
"penalize",
"penalize"
]
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "padusa"
}
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"to prohibit, to forbid"
],
"id": "en-pena-bcl-verb-mpNs4NGY",
"links": [
[
"prohibit",
"prohibit"
],
[
"forbid",
"forbid"
]
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "prohibir"
}
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ˈpena/"
},
{
"ipa": "[ˈpe.n̪a]"
}
],
"synonyms": [
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"tags": [
"verb"
],
"word": "penar"
}
],
"wikipedia": [
"pena"
],
"word": "pena"
}
{
"derived": [
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "a penes"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "pena capital"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "penal"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "penar"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "valer la pena"
}
],
"etymology_number": 1,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "Inherited"
},
"expansion": "Inherited",
"name": "glossary"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ca",
"2": "roa-oca",
"3": "pena",
"4": "",
"5": "",
"g": "",
"g2": "",
"g3": "",
"id": "",
"lit": "",
"nocat": "",
"pos": "",
"sc": "",
"sort": "",
"tr": "",
"ts": ""
},
"expansion": "Old Catalan pena",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ca",
"2": "roa-oca",
"3": "pena"
},
"expansion": "Inherited from Old Catalan pena",
"name": "inh+"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ca",
"2": "la",
"3": "poena"
},
"expansion": "Latin poena",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ca",
"2": "grc",
"3": "ποινή"
},
"expansion": "Ancient Greek ποινή (poinḗ)",
"name": "der"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Inherited from Old Catalan pena, from Latin poena, from Ancient Greek ποινή (poinḗ).",
"forms": [
{
"form": "penes",
"tags": [
"plural"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "f"
},
"expansion": "pena f (plural penes)",
"name": "ca-noun"
}
],
"lang": "Catalan",
"lang_code": "ca",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"glosses": [
"punishment"
],
"id": "en-pena-ca-noun-b7d48KWB",
"links": [
[
"punishment",
"punishment"
]
],
"tags": [
"feminine"
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "topical",
"langcode": "ca",
"name": "Law",
"orig": "ca:Law",
"parents": [
"Justice",
"Society",
"All topics",
"Fundamental"
],
"source": "w"
}
],
"glosses": [
"penalty"
],
"id": "en-pena-ca-noun-3r~FQwMw",
"links": [
[
"law",
"law#English"
],
[
"penalty",
"penalty"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(law) penalty"
],
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"topics": [
"law"
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"grief, sorrow, pain"
],
"id": "en-pena-ca-noun-Xwa-dEIm",
"links": [
[
"grief",
"grief"
],
[
"sorrow",
"sorrow"
],
[
"pain",
"pain"
]
],
"tags": [
"feminine"
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"difficulty, trouble"
],
"id": "en-pena-ca-noun-7nnw7lRS",
"links": [
[
"difficulty",
"difficulty"
],
[
"trouble",
"trouble"
]
],
"tags": [
"feminine"
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"a shame, a pity"
],
"id": "en-pena-ca-noun-sMmkp5Bt",
"links": [
[
"shame",
"shame"
],
[
"pity",
"pity"
]
],
"tags": [
"feminine"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "[ˈpɛ.nə]",
"tags": [
"Central"
]
},
{
"ipa": "[ˈpe.nə]",
"tags": [
"Balearic"
]
},
{
"ipa": "[ˈpe.na]",
"tags": [
"Valencian"
]
}
],
"wikipedia": [
"pena"
],
"word": "pena"
}
{
"etymology_number": 2,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "Inherited"
},
"expansion": "Inherited",
"name": "glossary"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ca",
"2": "la",
"3": "pinna",
"4": "",
"5": "fin",
"g": "",
"g2": "",
"g3": "",
"id": "",
"lit": "",
"nocat": "",
"pos": "",
"sc": "",
"sort": "",
"tr": "",
"ts": ""
},
"expansion": "Latin pinna (“fin”)",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ca",
"2": "la",
"3": "pinna",
"4": "",
"5": "fin"
},
"expansion": "Inherited from Latin pinna (“fin”)",
"name": "inh+"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Inherited from Latin pinna (“fin”).",
"forms": [
{
"form": "penes",
"tags": [
"plural"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "f"
},
"expansion": "pena f (plural penes)",
"name": "ca-noun"
}
],
"lang": "Catalan",
"lang_code": "ca",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"glosses": [
"peen (of a hammer)"
],
"id": "en-pena-ca-noun-L3j0-4lg",
"links": [
[
"peen",
"peen"
]
],
"tags": [
"feminine"
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "topical",
"langcode": "ca",
"name": "Nautical",
"orig": "ca:Nautical",
"parents": [
"Transport",
"All topics",
"Fundamental"
],
"source": "w"
}
],
"glosses": [
"aft portion of the yard (spar used to attach a sail)"
],
"id": "en-pena-ca-noun-EOMssP7h",
"links": [
[
"nautical",
"nautical"
],
[
"aft",
"aft"
],
[
"yard",
"yard"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(nautical) aft portion of the yard (spar used to attach a sail)"
],
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"topics": [
"nautical",
"transport"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "[ˈpɛ.nə]",
"tags": [
"Central"
]
},
{
"ipa": "[ˈpə.nə]",
"tags": [
"Balearic"
]
},
{
"ipa": "[ˈpe.na]",
"tags": [
"Valencian"
]
}
],
"wikipedia": [
"pena"
],
"word": "pena"
}
{
"etymology_number": 3,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "Inherited"
},
"expansion": "Inherited",
"name": "glossary"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ca",
"2": "la",
"3": "pinna",
"4": "",
"5": "merlon",
"g": "",
"g2": "",
"g3": "",
"id": "",
"lit": "",
"nocat": "",
"pos": "",
"sc": "",
"sort": "",
"tr": "",
"ts": ""
},
"expansion": "Latin pinna (“merlon”)",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ca",
"2": "la",
"3": "pinna",
"t": "merlon"
},
"expansion": "Inherited from Latin pinna (“merlon”)",
"name": "inh+"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Inherited from Latin pinna (“merlon”).",
"forms": [
{
"form": "penes",
"tags": [
"plural"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "f"
},
"expansion": "pena f (plural penes)",
"name": "ca-noun"
}
],
"lang": "Catalan",
"lang_code": "ca",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"alt_of": [
{
"extra": "large rock",
"word": "penya"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Alternative form of penya (“large rock”)"
],
"id": "en-pena-ca-noun-42vPc1tM",
"links": [
[
"penya",
"penya#Catalan"
]
],
"tags": [
"alt-of",
"alternative",
"feminine"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "[ˈpɛ.nə]",
"tags": [
"Central"
]
},
{
"ipa": "[ˈpə.nə]",
"tags": [
"Balearic"
]
},
{
"ipa": "[ˈpe.na]",
"tags": [
"Valencian"
]
}
],
"wikipedia": [
"pena"
],
"word": "pena"
}
{
"etymology_number": 4,
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ca",
"2": "verb form"
},
"expansion": "pena",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Catalan",
"lang_code": "ca",
"pos": "verb",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "1 6 3 3 2 4 10 2 48 23",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Catalan entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"form_of": [
{
"word": "penar"
}
],
"glosses": [
"inflection of penar:\n## third-person singular present indicative\n## second-person singular imperative",
"third-person singular present indicative"
],
"id": "en-pena-ca-verb-v5oSZjyW",
"links": [
[
"penar",
"penar#Catalan"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"inflection of penar:\n"
],
"tags": [
"form-of",
"indicative",
"present",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form_of": [
{
"word": "penar"
}
],
"glosses": [
"inflection of penar:\n## third-person singular present indicative\n## second-person singular imperative",
"second-person singular imperative"
],
"id": "en-pena-ca-verb-3hQI35VS",
"links": [
[
"penar",
"penar#Catalan"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"inflection of penar:\n"
],
"tags": [
"form-of",
"imperative",
"second-person",
"singular"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "[ˈpɛ.nə]",
"tags": [
"Central"
]
},
{
"ipa": "[ˈpe.nə]",
"tags": [
"Balearic"
]
},
{
"ipa": "[ˈpe.na]",
"tags": [
"Valencian"
]
}
],
"wikipedia": [
"pena"
],
"word": "pena"
}
{
"etymology_number": 1,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gl",
"2": "roa-opt",
"3": "pena"
},
"expansion": "Old Galician-Portuguese pena",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "roa-opt",
"2": "pẽa"
},
"expansion": "pẽa",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "gl",
"2": "la",
"3": "poena"
},
"expansion": "Latin poena",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "gl",
"2": "grc",
"3": "ποινή",
"4": "",
"5": "penalty, fine, bloodmoney"
},
"expansion": "Ancient Greek ποινή (poinḗ, “penalty, fine, bloodmoney”)",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "gl",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*kʷoynéh₂"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *kʷoynéh₂",
"name": "der"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Old Galician-Portuguese pena (displacing pẽa), from Latin poena, from Ancient Greek ποινή (poinḗ, “penalty, fine, bloodmoney”), from Proto-Indo-European *kʷoynéh₂.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "penas",
"tags": [
"plural"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "f"
},
"expansion": "pena f (plural penas)",
"name": "gl-noun"
}
],
"lang": "Galician",
"lang_code": "gl",
"pos": "noun",
"related": [
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"english": "death penalty",
"word": "pena de morte"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "penar"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "penitencia"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "penitente"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "que pena"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "vale a pena"
}
],
"senses": [
{
"categories": [],
"examples": [
{
"english": "the bishop and this Fernando Bonome, for him and for his wife, compromised themselves, under a penalty of a thousand coins, to respect this agreement",
"ref": "1370, Enrique Cal Pardo, editor, Colección diplomática medieval do arquivo da catedral de Mondoñedo, Santiago: Consello da Cultura Galega, page 103",
"text": "o bispo et esse Ferrand Bonome por si et por sa moller se obligaron su pena de mill mor. da boa moneda para gardaren a vnna parte aa outra todas estas cousas",
"type": "quotation"
}
],
"glosses": [
"punishment, penalty"
],
"id": "en-pena-gl-noun-fWoxudRb",
"links": [
[
"punishment",
"punishment"
],
[
"penalty",
"penalty"
]
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "castigo"
}
],
"tags": [
"feminine"
]
},
{
"categories": [],
"examples": [
{
"english": "so that his soul would be blessed and wouldn't wander in pain",
"ref": "1370, Ramón Lorenzo, editor, Crónica troiana, A Coruña: Fundación Barrié, page 731",
"text": "en guisa que a sua alma ouuese bẽeyçóm et nõ andase en pena",
"type": "quotation"
}
],
"glosses": [
"pain; sadness"
],
"id": "en-pena-gl-noun-O~vHzM9w",
"links": [
[
"pain",
"pain"
],
[
"sadness",
"sadness"
]
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "dor"
},
{
"word": "tristura"
},
{
"word": "mágoa"
}
],
"tags": [
"feminine"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ˈpena̝/"
}
],
"wikipedia": [
"pena"
],
"word": "pena"
}
{
"derived": [
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"english": "to pluck, to peel",
"word": "depenar"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"english": "to pluck",
"word": "depenicar"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"english": "tuft, crest",
"word": "penacho"
}
],
"etymology_number": 2,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gl",
"2": "roa-opt",
"3": "pena"
},
"expansion": "Old Galician-Portuguese pena",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "gl",
"2": "la",
"3": "pinna",
"4": "",
"5": "feather, wing"
},
"expansion": "Latin pinna (“feather, wing”)",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "gl",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*péth₂r̥",
"4": "*péth₂r̥ ~ pth₂én-",
"5": "feather, wing"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *péth₂r̥ ~ pth₂én- (“feather, wing”)",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ine-pro",
"2": "*peth₂-",
"3": "",
"4": "to fly"
},
"expansion": "*peth₂- (“to fly”)",
"name": "m"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Old Galician-Portuguese pena, from Latin pinna (“feather, wing”), from Proto-Indo-European *péth₂r̥ ~ pth₂én- (“feather, wing”), from *peth₂- (“to fly”).",
"forms": [
{
"form": "penas",
"tags": [
"plural"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "f"
},
"expansion": "pena f (plural penas)",
"name": "gl-noun"
}
],
"lang": "Galician",
"lang_code": "gl",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"glosses": [
"vanes or blades of a water wheel"
],
"id": "en-pena-gl-noun-n~6Eb5jc",
"links": [
[
"vanes",
"vanes"
],
[
"blades",
"blades"
],
[
"water wheel",
"water wheel"
]
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "aspa"
}
],
"tags": [
"feminine"
]
},
{
"categories": [],
"examples": [
{
"english": "The raven speaks, listen everyone:\n\"I come with black wings\nCutting the winds from afar\nTo arrive to these feasts.\nToday Apolo turned\nWhite my black feathers\nFor singing, as the Swan,\nThe greatness of Fonseca.\"",
"ref": "1697, Juan Antonio Torrado, Fala o corvo",
"roman": "As grandezas de Fonseca.",
"text": "Fala o corbo, escoyten todos:\nEu veño con asas negras\nCortando os ventos de longe\nPara chegar à estas festas.\nOge Apolo me tornou\nEn brancas as negras penas,\nPara cantar como o Cisne",
"type": "quotation"
}
],
"glosses": [
"feather"
],
"id": "en-pena-gl-noun-tSEV6lU8",
"links": [
[
"feather",
"feather"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(archaic) feather"
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "pluma"
}
],
"tags": [
"archaic",
"feminine"
]
},
{
"categories": [],
"examples": [
{
"english": "all of that boiled together with a hen pelt",
"ref": "1409, J. L. Pensado Tomé, editor, Rufus, Jordanus: Tratado de Albeitaria, Santiago de Compostela: Centro Ramón Piñeiro, page 133",
"text": "coito todo ensenbra con pena de gallina",
"type": "quotation"
}
],
"glosses": [
"pelt"
],
"id": "en-pena-gl-noun-qCCqFaDu",
"links": [
[
"pelt",
"pelt"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(archaic) pelt"
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "pelica"
}
],
"tags": [
"archaic",
"feminine"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ˈpena̝/"
}
],
"wikipedia": [
"pena"
],
"word": "pena"
}
{
"derived": [
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "Pena"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "Pena Corveira"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "Penaboa"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "Penalba"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "Penalonga"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "Penamaior"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "Penamoura"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "Pendón"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "Peneda"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"english": "boulder, rocky outcrop",
"word": "penedo"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "Penedón"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "Penela"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "Penelas"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "Penido"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "Penouco"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "Penouta"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "Penouzos"
}
],
"etymology_number": 3,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gl",
"2": "roa-opt",
"3": "pena"
},
"expansion": "Old Galician-Portuguese pena",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "gl",
"2": "la",
"3": "pinna"
},
"expansion": "Latin pinna",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "gl",
"2": "cel-pro",
"3": "*kʷennom",
"4": "",
"5": "head"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Celtic *kʷennom (“head”)",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "pt",
"2": "penha"
},
"expansion": "Portuguese penha",
"name": "cog"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Old Galician-Portuguese pena (13th century, Cantigas de Santa Maria), either from Latin pinna (\"feather, wing\"; then \"merlon, fortress\"; then, hypothetically, \"rock\"), or from Proto-Celtic *kʷennom (“head”). Compare Portuguese penha.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "penas",
"tags": [
"plural"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "f"
},
"expansion": "pena f (plural penas)",
"name": "gl-noun"
}
],
"lang": "Galician",
"lang_code": "gl",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [],
"examples": [
{
"english": "there a rock stood, which was very flat at the top and which rose very high",
"ref": "1370, Ramón Lorenzo, editor, Crónica troiana, A Coruña: Fundación Barrié, page 688",
"text": "alý se leuãtara hũa pena, que era en çima moy chãa et moyto alta contra o çeo",
"type": "quotation"
}
],
"glosses": [
"boulder, rock"
],
"id": "en-pena-gl-noun-N3of31K-",
"links": [
[
"boulder",
"boulder"
],
[
"rock",
"rock"
]
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "penedo"
}
],
"tags": [
"feminine"
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "10 3 31 1 1 12 40",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Galician entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"hill, hillock; mountain"
],
"id": "en-pena-gl-noun-QAoSLDvX",
"links": [
[
"hill",
"hill"
],
[
"hillock",
"hillock"
],
[
"mountain",
"mountain"
]
],
"qualifier": "place names",
"raw_glosses": [
"(archaic, place names) hill, hillock; mountain"
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "cabeza"
}
],
"tags": [
"archaic",
"feminine"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ˈpena̝/"
}
],
"wikipedia": [
"Cantigas de Santa Maria",
"Diccionario crítico etimológico castellano e hispánico",
"pena"
],
"word": "pena"
}
{
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "pov",
"2": "pt",
"3": "pena"
},
"expansion": "Portuguese pena",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "kea",
"2": "péna"
},
"expansion": "Kabuverdianu péna",
"name": "cog"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Portuguese pena. Cognate with Kabuverdianu péna.",
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "pov",
"2": "noun"
},
"expansion": "pena",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Guinea-Bissau Creole",
"lang_code": "pov",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Guinea-Bissau Creole entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w"
}
],
"glosses": [
"feather"
],
"id": "en-pena-pov-noun-tSEV6lU8",
"links": [
[
"feather",
"feather"
]
],
"wikipedia": [
"pena"
]
}
],
"word": "pena"
}
{
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "id",
"2": "ms",
"3": "penna"
},
"expansion": "Malay penna",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "id",
"2": "pt",
"3": "pena",
"t": "quill"
},
"expansion": "Portuguese pena (“quill”)",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "id",
"2": "roa-opt",
"3": "pena"
},
"expansion": "Old Galician-Portuguese pena",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "id",
"2": "la",
"3": "penna"
},
"expansion": "Latin penna",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "pinna"
},
"expansion": "pinna",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "id",
"2": "itc-pro",
"3": "*petnā",
"4": "",
"5": "feather, wing"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Italic *petnā (“feather, wing”)",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "id",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*péth₂r̥",
"4": "*péth₂r̥ ~ pth₂én-",
"5": "feather, wing"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *péth₂r̥ ~ pth₂én- (“feather, wing”)",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ine-pro",
"2": "*peth₂-",
"3": "",
"4": "to fly"
},
"expansion": "*peth₂- (“to fly”)",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "id",
"2": "nl",
"3": "pen"
},
"expansion": "Dutch pen",
"name": "bor"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "id",
"2": "pen"
},
"expansion": "Doublet of pen",
"name": "doublet"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Malay penna, from Portuguese pena (“quill”), from Old Galician-Portuguese pena, from Latin penna and pinna, from Proto-Italic *petnā (“feather, wing”), from Proto-Indo-European *péth₂r̥ ~ pth₂én- (“feather, wing”), from *peth₂- (“to fly”). Influenced by Dutch pen. Doublet of pen.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "pèna",
"tags": [
"canonical"
]
},
{
"form": "penaku",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"possessive"
]
},
{
"form": "penamu",
"tags": [
"possessive",
"second-person"
]
},
{
"form": "penanya",
"tags": [
"possessive",
"third-person"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"head": "pèna"
},
"expansion": "pèna (first-person possessive penaku, second-person possessive penamu, third-person possessive penanya)",
"name": "id-noun"
}
],
"hyphenation": [
"pè‧na"
],
"lang": "Indonesian",
"lang_code": "id",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Indonesian entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Indonesian terms with redundant script codes",
"parents": [
"Terms with redundant script codes",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w"
}
],
"glosses": [
"pen (writing utensil)"
],
"id": "en-pena-id-noun-PI45UWY4",
"links": [
[
"pen",
"pen"
]
],
"synonyms": [
{
"tags": [
"nonstandard"
],
"word": "pen"
},
{
"word": "bolpen"
}
],
"wikipedia": [
"pena"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "[ˈpɛna]"
}
],
"word": "pena"
}
{
"derived": [
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "fare pena"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "istituto di pena"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "penare"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "prendersi la pena"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "valere la pena"
}
],
"etymology_number": 1,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "it",
"2": "la",
"3": "poena"
},
"expansion": "Latin poena",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "it",
"2": "grc",
"3": "ποινή"
},
"expansion": "Ancient Greek ποινή (poinḗ)",
"name": "der"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Latin poena, from Ancient Greek ποινή (poinḗ).",
"forms": [
{
"form": "pene",
"tags": [
"plural"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "f"
},
"expansion": "pena f (plural pene)",
"name": "it-noun"
}
],
"hyphenation": [
"pé‧na"
],
"lang": "Italian",
"lang_code": "it",
"pos": "noun",
"related": [
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "penale"
}
],
"senses": [
{
"glosses": [
"sorrow"
],
"id": "en-pena-it-noun-LNvdgpEH",
"links": [
[
"sorrow",
"sorrow"
]
],
"tags": [
"feminine"
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"trouble"
],
"id": "en-pena-it-noun-cTDfQzVe",
"links": [
[
"trouble",
"trouble"
]
],
"tags": [
"feminine"
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"worry, anxiety"
],
"id": "en-pena-it-noun-eZBxPYnw",
"links": [
[
"worry",
"worry"
],
[
"anxiety",
"anxiety"
]
],
"tags": [
"feminine"
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"pity"
],
"id": "en-pena-it-noun-jAcGwKjc",
"links": [
[
"pity",
"pity"
]
],
"tags": [
"feminine"
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"sentence, penalty, punishment"
],
"id": "en-pena-it-noun-MVexYdb5",
"links": [
[
"sentence",
"sentence"
],
[
"penalty",
"penalty"
],
[
"punishment",
"punishment"
]
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "castigo"
},
{
"word": "punizione"
}
],
"tags": [
"feminine"
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"pain"
],
"id": "en-pena-it-noun-XHjI5xYO",
"links": [
[
"pain",
"pain"
]
],
"tags": [
"feminine"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ˈpe.na/"
},
{
"rhymes": "-ena"
}
],
"wikipedia": [
"pena"
],
"word": "pena"
}
{
"etymology_number": 2,
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "it",
"2": "verb form"
},
"expansion": "pena",
"name": "head"
}
],
"hyphenation": [
"pé‧na"
],
"lang": "Italian",
"lang_code": "it",
"pos": "verb",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "3 4 4 3 11 1 62 12",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Italian entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"inflection of penare:",
"third-person singular present indicative"
],
"id": "en-pena-it-verb-cveyq8s-",
"links": [
[
"penare",
"penare#Italian"
]
],
"tags": [
"form-of",
"indicative",
"present",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"inflection of penare:",
"second-person singular imperative"
],
"id": "en-pena-it-verb-L-EpXMKK",
"links": [
[
"penare",
"penare#Italian"
]
],
"tags": [
"form-of",
"imperative",
"second-person",
"singular"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ˈpe.na/"
},
{
"rhymes": "-ena"
}
],
"wikipedia": [
"pena"
],
"word": "pena"
}
{
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "lld",
"2": "la",
"3": "poena"
},
"expansion": "Latin poena",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "lld",
"2": "grc",
"3": "ποινή"
},
"expansion": "Ancient Greek ποινή (poinḗ)",
"name": "der"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Latin poena, from Ancient Greek ποινή (poinḗ).",
"forms": [
{
"form": "penes",
"tags": [
"plural"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "lld",
"10": "",
"2": "noun",
"3": "",
"4": "",
"5": "plural",
"6": "penes",
"7": "",
"8": "",
"9": "",
"f2request": "1",
"g": "f",
"g2": ""
},
"expansion": "pena f (plural penes)",
"name": "head"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "f",
"2": "penes"
},
"expansion": "pena f (plural penes)",
"name": "lld-noun"
}
],
"lang": "Ladin",
"lang_code": "lld",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Ladin entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w"
}
],
"glosses": [
"penalty, punishment"
],
"id": "en-pena-lld-noun-5CCwCDig",
"links": [
[
"penalty",
"penalty"
],
[
"punishment",
"punishment"
]
],
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"wikipedia": [
"pena"
]
}
],
"word": "pena"
}
{
"forms": [
{
"form": "pēna",
"tags": [
"canonical",
"feminine"
]
},
{
"form": "pēnae",
"tags": [
"genitive"
]
},
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "la-ndecl",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "pēna",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "pēnae",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "pēnae",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "pēnārum",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "pēnae",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "pēnīs",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "pēnam",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "pēnās",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "pēnā",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"ablative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "pēnīs",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"ablative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "pēna",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"singular",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "pēnae",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"plural",
"vocative"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "pēna<1>"
},
"expansion": "pēna f (genitive pēnae); first declension",
"name": "la-noun"
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "pēna<1>"
},
"name": "la-ndecl"
}
],
"lang": "Latin",
"lang_code": "la",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"alt_of": [
{
"word": "poena"
}
],
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Latin entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Latin feminine nouns in the first declension",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Alternative form of poena"
],
"id": "en-pena-la-noun-GlTx6iAn",
"links": [
[
"poena",
"poena#Latin"
]
],
"tags": [
"alt-of",
"alternative",
"declension-1"
],
"wikipedia": [
"pena"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ˈpeː.na/",
"tags": [
"Classical"
]
},
{
"ipa": "[ˈpeːnä]",
"tags": [
"Classical"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/ˈpe.na/",
"note": "modern Italianate Ecclesiastical"
},
{
"ipa": "[ˈpɛːnä]",
"note": "modern Italianate Ecclesiastical"
}
],
"word": "pena"
}
{
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "oc",
"2": "pena"
},
"expansion": "Occitan: pena",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Occitan: pena"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "pro",
"2": "la",
"3": "poena"
},
"expansion": "Latin poena",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "pro",
"2": "grc",
"3": "ποινή"
},
"expansion": "Ancient Greek ποινή (poinḗ)",
"name": "der"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Latin poena, from Ancient Greek ποινή (poinḗ).",
"forms": [
{
"form": "penas",
"tags": [
"oblique",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "pena",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "penas",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"plural"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "pro",
"2": "noun",
"3": "oblique plural",
"4": "penas",
"5": "nominative singular",
"6": "pena",
"7": "nominative plural",
"8": "penas",
"g": "f",
"g2": "",
"head": "",
"sort": ""
},
"expansion": "pena f (oblique plural penas, nominative singular pena, nominative plural penas)",
"name": "head"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "f"
},
"expansion": "pena f (oblique plural penas, nominative singular pena, nominative plural penas)",
"name": "pro-noun"
}
],
"lang": "Old Occitan",
"lang_code": "pro",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Old Occitan entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w"
}
],
"glosses": [
"pain; suffering"
],
"id": "en-pena-pro-noun-UF0GI7l6",
"links": [
[
"pain",
"pain"
],
[
"suffering",
"suffering"
]
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "dolor"
}
],
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"wikipedia": [
"pena"
]
}
],
"word": "pena"
}
{
"derived": [
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "penoso"
}
],
"etymology_number": 1,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "pt",
"2": "roa-opt",
"3": "pena"
},
"expansion": "Old Galician-Portuguese pena",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "roa-opt",
"2": "pẽa"
},
"expansion": "pẽa",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "pt",
"2": "la",
"3": "poena"
},
"expansion": "Latin poena",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "pt",
"2": "grc",
"3": "ποινή",
"4": "",
"5": "penalty, fine, bloodmoney"
},
"expansion": "Ancient Greek ποινή (poinḗ, “penalty, fine, bloodmoney”)",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "pt",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*kʷoynéh₂"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *kʷoynéh₂",
"name": "der"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Old Galician-Portuguese pena (displacing pẽa), from Latin poena, from Ancient Greek ποινή (poinḗ, “penalty, fine, bloodmoney”), from Proto-Indo-European *kʷoynéh₂.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "penas",
"tags": [
"plural"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "f"
},
"expansion": "pena f (plural penas)",
"name": "pt-noun"
}
],
"hyphenation": [
"pe‧na"
],
"lang": "Portuguese",
"lang_code": "pt",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"glosses": [
"punishment"
],
"id": "en-pena-pt-noun-b7d48KWB",
"links": [
[
"punishment",
"punishment"
]
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "castigo"
},
{
"word": "condenação"
}
],
"tags": [
"feminine"
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"pain; sadness"
],
"id": "en-pena-pt-noun-O~vHzM9w",
"links": [
[
"pain",
"pain"
],
[
"sadness",
"sadness"
]
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "dor"
},
{
"word": "tristeza"
}
],
"tags": [
"feminine"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ˈpẽ.nɐ/",
"tags": [
"Brazil"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/ˈpẽ.nɐ/",
"tags": [
"Brazil"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/ˈpe.na/",
"tags": [
"Southern-Brazil"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/ˈpe.nɐ/",
"tags": [
"Portugal"
]
},
{
"rhymes": "-enɐ"
},
{
"rhymes": "(Brazil) -ẽnɐ"
}
],
"wikipedia": [
"pena"
],
"word": "pena"
}
{
"etymology_number": 1,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "pt",
"2": "roa-opt",
"3": "pena"
},
"expansion": "Old Galician-Portuguese pena",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "roa-opt",
"2": "pẽa"
},
"expansion": "pẽa",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "pt",
"2": "la",
"3": "poena"
},
"expansion": "Latin poena",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "pt",
"2": "grc",
"3": "ποινή",
"4": "",
"5": "penalty, fine, bloodmoney"
},
"expansion": "Ancient Greek ποινή (poinḗ, “penalty, fine, bloodmoney”)",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "pt",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*kʷoynéh₂"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *kʷoynéh₂",
"name": "der"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Old Galician-Portuguese pena (displacing pẽa), from Latin poena, from Ancient Greek ποινή (poinḗ, “penalty, fine, bloodmoney”), from Proto-Indo-European *kʷoynéh₂.",
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "pt",
"2": "interjection",
"head": "pena",
"sort": ""
},
"expansion": "pena",
"name": "head"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "pena",
"name": "pt-interj"
}
],
"hyphenation": [
"pe‧na"
],
"lang": "Portuguese",
"lang_code": "pt",
"pos": "intj",
"senses": [
{
"glosses": [
"pity (what a shame, what a pity)"
],
"id": "en-pena-pt-intj-ldbplsmt",
"links": [
[
"pity",
"pity"
],
[
"what a shame",
"what a shame"
],
[
"what a pity",
"what a pity"
]
],
"related": [
{
"word": "penar"
},
{
"word": "penitência"
},
{
"word": "penitente"
},
{
"word": "vale a pena"
}
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ˈpẽ.nɐ/",
"tags": [
"Brazil"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/ˈpẽ.nɐ/",
"tags": [
"Brazil"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/ˈpe.na/",
"tags": [
"Southern-Brazil"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/ˈpe.nɐ/",
"tags": [
"Portugal"
]
},
{
"rhymes": "-enɐ"
},
{
"rhymes": "(Brazil) -ẽnɐ"
}
],
"wikipedia": [
"pena"
],
"word": "pena"
}
{
"derived": [
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"word": "penada"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"word": "Pena"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"word": "Penacova"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"word": "Penafiel"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"word": "Penalva"
}
],
"etymology_number": 2,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "pt",
"2": "roa-opt",
"3": "pena"
},
"expansion": "Old Galician-Portuguese pena",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "pt",
"2": "la",
"3": "penna"
},
"expansion": "Latin penna",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "pinna"
},
"expansion": "pinna",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "pt",
"2": "itc-pro",
"3": "*petnā",
"4": "",
"5": "feather, wing"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Italic *petnā (“feather, wing”)",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "pt",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*péth₂r̥",
"4": "*péth₂r̥ ~ pth₂én-",
"5": "feather, wing"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *péth₂r̥ ~ pth₂én- (“feather, wing”)",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ine-pro",
"2": "*peth₂-",
"3": "",
"4": "to fly"
},
"expansion": "*peth₂- (“to fly”)",
"name": "m"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Old Galician-Portuguese pena, from Latin penna and pinna, from Proto-Italic *petnā (“feather, wing”), from Proto-Indo-European *péth₂r̥ ~ pth₂én- (“feather, wing”), from *peth₂- (“to fly”).",
"forms": [
{
"form": "penas",
"tags": [
"plural"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "f"
},
"expansion": "pena f (plural penas)",
"name": "pt-noun"
}
],
"hyphenation": [
"pe‧na"
],
"lang": "Portuguese",
"lang_code": "pt",
"pos": "noun",
"related": [
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"word": "plumagem"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"word": "penugem"
}
],
"senses": [
{
"glosses": [
"feather"
],
"id": "en-pena-pt-noun-pt:feather",
"links": [
[
"feather",
"feather"
]
],
"senseid": [
"pt:feather"
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "pluma"
}
],
"tags": [
"feminine"
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"quill (pen made from a feather)"
],
"id": "en-pena-pt-noun-pt:quill",
"links": [
[
"quill",
"quill"
]
],
"senseid": [
"pt:quill"
],
"tags": [
"feminine"
]
},
{
"alt_of": [
{
"word": "penha"
}
],
"categories": [],
"glosses": [
"Alternative form of penha"
],
"id": "en-pena-pt-noun-e9DAlxWS",
"links": [
[
"penha",
"penha#Portuguese"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(dated) Alternative form of penha"
],
"tags": [
"alt-of",
"alternative",
"dated",
"feminine"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ˈpẽ.nɐ/",
"tags": [
"Brazil"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/ˈpẽ.nɐ/",
"tags": [
"Brazil"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/ˈpe.na/",
"tags": [
"Southern-Brazil"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/ˈpe.nɐ/",
"tags": [
"Portugal"
]
}
],
"wikipedia": [
"pena"
],
"word": "pena"
}
{
"etymology_number": 3,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "See the etymology of the corresponding lemma form.",
"name": "nonlemma"
}
],
"etymology_text": "See the etymology of the corresponding lemma form.",
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "pt",
"2": "verb form"
},
"expansion": "pena",
"name": "head"
}
],
"hyphenation": [
"pe‧na"
],
"lang": "Portuguese",
"lang_code": "pt",
"pos": "verb",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "26 0 13 0 6 1 36 17",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Portuguese entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"form_of": [
{
"word": "penar"
}
],
"glosses": [
"inflection of penar:\n## third-person singular present indicative\n## second-person singular imperative",
"third-person singular present indicative"
],
"id": "en-pena-pt-verb-v5oSZjyW",
"links": [
[
"penar",
"penar#Portuguese"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"inflection of penar:\n"
],
"tags": [
"form-of",
"indicative",
"present",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form_of": [
{
"word": "penar"
}
],
"glosses": [
"inflection of penar:\n## third-person singular present indicative\n## second-person singular imperative",
"second-person singular imperative"
],
"id": "en-pena-pt-verb-3hQI35VS",
"links": [
[
"penar",
"penar#Portuguese"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"inflection of penar:\n"
],
"tags": [
"form-of",
"imperative",
"second-person",
"singular"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ˈpẽ.nɐ/",
"tags": [
"Brazil"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/ˈpẽ.nɐ/",
"tags": [
"Brazil"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/ˈpe.na/",
"tags": [
"Southern-Brazil"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/ˈpɛ.nɐ/",
"tags": [
"Portugal"
]
},
{
"rhymes": "(Portugal) -ɛnɐ"
},
{
"rhymes": "(Brazil) -enɐ"
},
{
"rhymes": "(Brazil) -ẽnɐ"
}
],
"wikipedia": [
"pena"
],
"word": "pena"
}
{
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "Inherited"
},
"expansion": "Inherited",
"name": "glossary"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "sh",
"2": "sla-pro",
"3": "*pěna",
"4": "",
"5": "",
"g": "",
"g2": "",
"g3": "",
"id": "",
"lit": "",
"nocat": "",
"pos": "",
"sc": "",
"sort": "",
"tr": "",
"ts": ""
},
"expansion": "Proto-Slavic *pěna",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "sh",
"2": "sla-pro",
"3": "*pěna"
},
"expansion": "Inherited from Proto-Slavic *pěna",
"name": "inh+"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "sh",
"2": "ine-bsl-pro",
"3": "*(s)páināˀ"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Balto-Slavic *(s)páināˀ",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "sh",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*(s)poH(y)-"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *(s)poH(y)-",
"name": "inh"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Inherited from Proto-Slavic *pěna, from Proto-Balto-Slavic *(s)páināˀ, from Proto-Indo-European *(s)poH(y)-.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "pȅna",
"tags": [
"canonical",
"feminine"
]
},
{
"form": "пе̏на",
"tags": [
"Cyrillic"
]
},
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "sh-decl-noun\n",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "pȅna",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "pene",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "pene",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "pȇnā",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "peni",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "penama",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "penu",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "pene",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "peno",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"singular",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "pene",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"plural",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "peni",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"locative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "penama",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"locative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "penom",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "penama",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"plural"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"g": "f",
"head": "pȅna"
},
"expansion": "pȅna f (Cyrillic spelling пе̏на)",
"name": "sh-noun"
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "pȅna",
"10": "pene",
"11": "peni",
"12": "penama",
"13": "penom",
"14": "penama",
"2": "pene",
"3": "pene",
"4": "pȇnā",
"5": "peni",
"6": "penama",
"7": "penu",
"8": "pene",
"9": "peno"
},
"name": "sh-decl-noun"
}
],
"lang": "Serbo-Croatian",
"lang_code": "sh",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Serbo-Croatian entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w"
}
],
"glosses": [
"foam"
],
"id": "en-pena-sh-noun-jMLNeXhb",
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[
"foam",
"foam"
]
],
"synonyms": [
{
"tags": [
"Ikavian"
],
"word": "pȉna"
},
{
"tags": [
"Ijekavian"
],
"word": "pjȅna"
}
],
"wikipedia": [
"pena"
]
}
],
"word": "pena"
}
{
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "Inherited"
},
"expansion": "Inherited",
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},
{
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"5": "",
"g": "",
"g2": "",
"g3": "",
"id": "",
"lit": "",
"nocat": "",
"pos": "",
"sc": "",
"sort": "",
"tr": "",
"ts": ""
},
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{
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}
],
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{
"form": "peny",
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"genitive",
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]
},
{
"form": "peny",
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"nominative",
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},
{
"form": "pien",
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"genitive",
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]
},
{
"form": "žena",
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"declension-pattern-of"
]
},
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
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"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "sk-decl-noun",
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"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "pena",
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]
},
{
"form": "peny",
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"nominative",
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},
{
"form": "peny",
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},
{
"form": "pien",
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"genitive",
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]
},
{
"form": "pene",
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"dative",
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]
},
{
"form": "penám",
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"dative",
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]
},
{
"form": "penu",
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"accusative",
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]
},
{
"form": "peny",
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"accusative",
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]
},
{
"form": "pene",
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"locative",
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]
},
{
"form": "penách",
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"locative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "penou",
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"instrumental",
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]
},
{
"form": "penami",
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"instrumental",
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]
}
],
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{
"args": {
"1": "f",
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"gen": "peny",
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}
],
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{
"args": {
"1": "pena",
"10": "peny",
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],
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{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
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"Entries with incorrect language header",
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],
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],
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{
"word": "penový"
},
{
"word": "pienka"
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"foam"
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[
"foam",
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]
],
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"feminine"
],
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"pena"
]
}
],
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{
"ipa": "[ˈpena]"
}
],
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}
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{
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},
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}
],
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{
"form": "pẹ́na",
"tags": [
"canonical",
"feminine"
]
},
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "inflection",
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"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "sl-decl-noun-f",
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"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "The diacritics used in this section of the entry are non-tonal. If you are a native tonal speaker",
"source": "inflection"
},
{
"form": "please help by adding the tonal marks.",
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},
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
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"table-tags"
]
},
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"form": "sl-decl-noun-f",
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"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "a-stem",
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"tags": [
"class"
]
},
{
"form": "péna",
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"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
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"tags": [
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
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"tags": [
"dative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
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"accusative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "péni",
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"locative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "péno",
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"instrumental",
"singular"
]
}
],
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{
"args": {
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},
"expansion": "pẹ́na f",
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],
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"args": {
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},
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],
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{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
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"Entries with incorrect language header",
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}
],
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"foam"
],
"id": "en-pena-sl-noun-jMLNeXhb",
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[
"foam",
"foam"
]
],
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"pena"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/pèːna/"
}
],
"word": "pena"
}
{
"derived": [
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "a duras penas"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "a penas"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "ahogar las penas"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "alma en pena"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "apenar"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "dar pena"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "de pena"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "hecho una pena"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "ni pena ni gloria"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "pena de la vida"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "pena de muerte"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "pena máxima"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "penar"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "penoso"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "qué pena me das"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "siervo de la pena"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "sin pena ni gloria"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "so pena de"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "valer la pena"
}
],
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{
"args": {
"1": "Inherited"
},
"expansion": "Inherited",
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},
{
"args": {
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"4": "",
"5": "",
"g": "",
"g2": "",
"g3": "",
"id": "",
"lit": "",
"nocat": "",
"pos": "",
"sc": "",
"sort": "",
"tr": "",
"ts": ""
},
"expansion": "Old Spanish pena",
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},
{
"args": {
"1": "es",
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},
"expansion": "Inherited from Old Spanish pena",
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},
{
"args": {
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},
{
"args": {
"1": "es",
"2": "grc",
"3": "ποινή"
},
"expansion": "Ancient Greek ποινή (poinḗ)",
"name": "der"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Inherited from Old Spanish pena, from Latin poena, from Ancient Greek ποινή (poinḗ).",
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{
"form": "penas",
"tags": [
"plural"
]
}
],
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{
"args": {
"1": "f"
},
"expansion": "pena f (plural penas)",
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}
],
"hyphenation": [
"pe‧na"
],
"lang": "Spanish",
"lang_code": "es",
"pos": "noun",
"related": [
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "penal"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "penitencia"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "penitente"
}
],
"senses": [
{
"glosses": [
"punishment"
],
"id": "en-pena-es-noun-b7d48KWB",
"links": [
[
"punishment",
"punishment"
]
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "castigo"
},
{
"word": "condena"
}
],
"tags": [
"feminine"
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "1 27 12 1 26 23 10",
"kind": "topical",
"langcode": "es",
"name": "Emotions",
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"Mind",
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"All topics",
"Fundamental"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"pain, sadness"
],
"id": "en-pena-es-noun-Fmgassh-",
"links": [
[
"pain",
"pain"
],
[
"sadness",
"sadness"
]
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "dolor"
},
{
"word": "tristeza"
}
],
"tags": [
"feminine"
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "1 27 12 1 26 23 10",
"kind": "topical",
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],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"trouble"
],
"id": "en-pena-es-noun-cTDfQzVe",
"links": [
[
"trouble",
"trouble"
]
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "problema"
},
{
"word": "dificultad"
}
],
"tags": [
"feminine"
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"pity"
],
"id": "en-pena-es-noun-jAcGwKjc",
"links": [
[
"pity",
"pity"
]
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "lástima"
}
],
"tags": [
"feminine"
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Latin American Spanish",
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"source": "w"
},
{
"_dis": "1 27 12 1 26 23 10",
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"Mind",
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"All topics",
"Fundamental"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"embarrassment"
],
"id": "en-pena-es-noun-hXcDme1T",
"links": [
[
"embarrassment",
"embarrassment"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(Latin America) embarrassment"
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "vergüenza"
},
{
"word": "palta"
}
],
"tags": [
"Latin-America",
"feminine"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ˈpena/"
},
{
"ipa": "[ˈpe.na]"
},
{
"rhymes": "-ena"
}
],
"wikipedia": [
"pena"
],
"word": "pena"
}
{
"etymology_number": 2,
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{
"args": {
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"2": "verb form"
},
"expansion": "pena",
"name": "head"
}
],
"hyphenation": [
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],
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{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "0 14 20 2 2 42 20",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Spanish entries with incorrect language header",
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{
"_dis": "1 27 12 1 26 23 10",
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],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"form_of": [
{
"word": "penar"
}
],
"glosses": [
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"third-person singular present indicative"
],
"id": "en-pena-es-verb-v5oSZjyW",
"links": [
[
"penar",
"penar#Spanish"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
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],
"tags": [
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"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form_of": [
{
"word": "penar"
}
],
"glosses": [
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],
"id": "en-pena-es-verb-3hQI35VS",
"links": [
[
"penar",
"penar#Spanish"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"inflection of penar:\n"
],
"tags": [
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"imperative",
"second-person",
"singular"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ˈpena/"
},
{
"ipa": "[ˈpe.na]"
},
{
"rhymes": "-ena"
}
],
"wikipedia": [
"pena"
],
"word": "pena"
}
{
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "loanword",
"2": "Borrowed"
},
"expansion": "Borrowed",
"name": "glossary"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "tl",
"2": "es",
"3": "pena",
"4": "",
"5": "",
"g": "",
"g2": "",
"g3": "",
"id": "",
"lit": "",
"nocat": "",
"pos": "",
"sc": "",
"sort": "",
"tr": "",
"ts": ""
},
"expansion": "Spanish pena",
"name": "bor"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "tl",
"2": "es",
"3": "pena"
},
"expansion": "Borrowed from Spanish pena",
"name": "bor+"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Borrowed from Spanish pena.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "ᜉᜒᜈ",
"tags": [
"Baybayin"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"b": "+"
},
"expansion": "pena (Baybayin spelling ᜉᜒᜈ)",
"name": "tl-noun"
}
],
"hyphenation": [
"pe‧na"
],
"lang": "Tagalog",
"lang_code": "tl",
"pos": "noun",
"related": [
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"word": "penal"
}
],
"senses": [
{
"glosses": [
"punishment"
],
"id": "en-pena-tl-noun-b7d48KWB",
"links": [
[
"punishment",
"punishment"
]
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "kastigo"
},
{
"word": "parusa"
}
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "7 54 39",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Tagalog entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
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"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "10 51 39",
"kind": "other",
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"parents": [],
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},
{
"_dis": "10 47 43",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Tagalog terms with missing Baybayin script entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"penalty; fine"
],
"id": "en-pena-tl-noun-OqTC2Em8",
"links": [
[
"penalty",
"penalty"
],
[
"fine",
"fine"
]
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "10 47 43",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Tagalog terms with missing Baybayin script entries",
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"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "16 14 71",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Tagalog terms without tl-pr template",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"pain; sorrow; grief"
],
"id": "en-pena-tl-noun-7-hOUwE3",
"links": [
[
"pain",
"pain"
],
[
"sorrow",
"sorrow"
],
[
"grief",
"grief"
]
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ˈpena/"
},
{
"ipa": "[ˈpɛ.nɐ]"
}
],
"wikipedia": [
"pena"
],
"word": "pena"
}
{
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "tr",
"2": "it",
"3": "penna"
},
"expansion": "Italian penna",
"name": "bor"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Italian penna.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "penayı",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"definite"
]
},
{
"form": "penalar",
"tags": [
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "tr-infl-noun-v",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "pena",
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"tags": [
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "penalar",
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"tags": [
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "penayı",
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"tags": [
"accusative",
"definite",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "penaları",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"definite",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "penaya",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "penalara",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "penada",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"locative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "penalarda",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"locative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "penadan",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"ablative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "penalardan",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"ablative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "penanın",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "penaların",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"plural"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
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{
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"Nature",
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[
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"music"
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[
"plectrum",
"plectrum"
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{
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{
"word": "çalgıç"
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{
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"lifestyle",
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{
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{
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"hardly",
"hardly"
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{
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[
"pen",
"pen#Volapük"
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{
"word": "ameritar la pena"
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{
"word": "valir la pena"
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{
"form": "penes",
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}
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{
"args": {
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{
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"grief; sorrow"
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[
"sorrow",
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{
"glosses": [
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[
"punishment",
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"feminine"
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{
"glosses": [
"sentence (for a crime)"
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[
"sentence",
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],
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"feminine"
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}
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{
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"penalty"
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[
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{
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{
"word": "pagbawal"
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{
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{
"ipa": "[ˈpe.n̪a]"
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{
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{
"word": "a penes"
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{
"word": "pena capital"
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{
"word": "penal"
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{
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],
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"form": "penes",
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}
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[
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{
"glosses": [
"difficulty, trouble"
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[
"difficulty",
"difficulty"
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[
"trouble",
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"tags": [
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},
{
"glosses": [
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[
"pity",
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"feminine"
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}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "[ˈpɛ.nə]",
"tags": [
"Central"
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},
{
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"Balearic"
]
},
{
"ipa": "[ˈpe.na]",
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"Valencian"
]
}
],
"wikipedia": [
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{
"categories": [
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"lit": "",
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},
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],
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}
],
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"glosses": [
"peen (of a hammer)"
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[
"peen",
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]
],
"tags": [
"feminine"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"ca:Nautical"
],
"glosses": [
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[
"nautical",
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[
"aft",
"aft"
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[
"yard",
"yard"
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],
"raw_glosses": [
"(nautical) aft portion of the yard (spar used to attach a sail)"
],
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"topics": [
"nautical",
"transport"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "[ˈpɛ.nə]",
"tags": [
"Central"
]
},
{
"ipa": "[ˈpə.nə]",
"tags": [
"Balearic"
]
},
{
"ipa": "[ˈpe.na]",
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"Valencian"
]
}
],
"wikipedia": [
"pena"
],
"word": "pena"
}
{
"categories": [
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"Catalan terms inherited from Latin",
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],
"etymology_number": 3,
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"args": {
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},
"expansion": "Inherited",
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"args": {
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"g2": "",
"g3": "",
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"lit": "",
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"pos": "",
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},
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},
{
"args": {
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"t": "merlon"
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}
],
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{
"form": "penes",
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"plural"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "f"
},
"expansion": "pena f (plural penes)",
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],
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"senses": [
{
"alt_of": [
{
"extra": "large rock",
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}
],
"glosses": [
"Alternative form of penya (“large rock”)"
],
"links": [
[
"penya",
"penya#Catalan"
]
],
"tags": [
"alt-of",
"alternative",
"feminine"
]
}
],
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{
"ipa": "[ˈpɛ.nə]",
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"Central"
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},
{
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"Balearic"
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},
{
"ipa": "[ˈpe.na]",
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}
],
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}
{
"categories": [
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],
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{
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],
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],
"links": [
[
"penar",
"penar#Catalan"
]
],
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],
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"present",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form_of": [
{
"word": "penar"
}
],
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],
"links": [
[
"penar",
"penar#Catalan"
]
],
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],
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"imperative",
"second-person",
"singular"
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}
],
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{
"ipa": "[ˈpɛ.nə]",
"tags": [
"Central"
]
},
{
"ipa": "[ˈpe.nə]",
"tags": [
"Balearic"
]
},
{
"ipa": "[ˈpe.na]",
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"Valencian"
]
}
],
"wikipedia": [
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],
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}
{
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{
"args": {
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},
"expansion": "Manipuri ꯄꯦꯅꯥ (penaa)",
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}
],
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{
"args": {},
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}
],
"lang": "English",
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"categories": [
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"English lemmas",
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"English terms borrowed from Manipuri",
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"English uncountable nouns"
],
"glosses": [
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],
"links": [
[
"Meitei",
"Meitei"
],
[
"classical music",
"classical music"
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],
"wikipedia": [
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]
}
],
"word": "pena"
}
{
"categories": [
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"Galician terms derived from Ancient Greek",
"Galician terms derived from Latin",
"Galician terms derived from Old Galician-Portuguese",
"Galician terms derived from Proto-Celtic",
"Galician terms derived from Proto-Indo-European",
"Galician terms inherited from Latin",
"Galician terms inherited from Old Galician-Portuguese",
"Galician terms with IPA pronunciation"
],
"etymology_number": 1,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gl",
"2": "roa-opt",
"3": "pena"
},
"expansion": "Old Galician-Portuguese pena",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "roa-opt",
"2": "pẽa"
},
"expansion": "pẽa",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "gl",
"2": "la",
"3": "poena"
},
"expansion": "Latin poena",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "gl",
"2": "grc",
"3": "ποινή",
"4": "",
"5": "penalty, fine, bloodmoney"
},
"expansion": "Ancient Greek ποινή (poinḗ, “penalty, fine, bloodmoney”)",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "gl",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*kʷoynéh₂"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *kʷoynéh₂",
"name": "der"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Old Galician-Portuguese pena (displacing pẽa), from Latin poena, from Ancient Greek ποινή (poinḗ, “penalty, fine, bloodmoney”), from Proto-Indo-European *kʷoynéh₂.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "penas",
"tags": [
"plural"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "f"
},
"expansion": "pena f (plural penas)",
"name": "gl-noun"
}
],
"lang": "Galician",
"lang_code": "gl",
"pos": "noun",
"related": [
{
"english": "death penalty",
"word": "pena de morte"
},
{
"word": "penar"
},
{
"word": "penitencia"
},
{
"word": "penitente"
},
{
"word": "que pena"
},
{
"word": "vale a pena"
}
],
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"Galician terms with quotations"
],
"examples": [
{
"english": "the bishop and this Fernando Bonome, for him and for his wife, compromised themselves, under a penalty of a thousand coins, to respect this agreement",
"ref": "1370, Enrique Cal Pardo, editor, Colección diplomática medieval do arquivo da catedral de Mondoñedo, Santiago: Consello da Cultura Galega, page 103",
"text": "o bispo et esse Ferrand Bonome por si et por sa moller se obligaron su pena de mill mor. da boa moneda para gardaren a vnna parte aa outra todas estas cousas",
"type": "quotation"
}
],
"glosses": [
"punishment, penalty"
],
"links": [
[
"punishment",
"punishment"
],
[
"penalty",
"penalty"
]
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "castigo"
}
],
"tags": [
"feminine"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"Galician terms with quotations",
"Quotation templates to be cleaned"
],
"examples": [
{
"english": "so that his soul would be blessed and wouldn't wander in pain",
"ref": "1370, Ramón Lorenzo, editor, Crónica troiana, A Coruña: Fundación Barrié, page 731",
"text": "en guisa que a sua alma ouuese bẽeyçóm et nõ andase en pena",
"type": "quotation"
}
],
"glosses": [
"pain; sadness"
],
"links": [
[
"pain",
"pain"
],
[
"sadness",
"sadness"
]
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "dor"
},
{
"word": "tristura"
},
{
"word": "mágoa"
}
],
"tags": [
"feminine"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ˈpena̝/"
}
],
"wikipedia": [
"pena"
],
"word": "pena"
}
{
"categories": [
"Galician countable nouns",
"Galician entries with incorrect language header",
"Galician feminine nouns",
"Galician lemmas",
"Galician nouns",
"Galician terms derived from Latin",
"Galician terms derived from Old Galician-Portuguese",
"Galician terms derived from Proto-Celtic",
"Galician terms derived from Proto-Indo-European",
"Galician terms inherited from Latin",
"Galician terms inherited from Old Galician-Portuguese",
"Galician terms inherited from Proto-Indo-European",
"Galician terms with IPA pronunciation"
],
"derived": [
{
"english": "to pluck, to peel",
"word": "depenar"
},
{
"english": "to pluck",
"word": "depenicar"
},
{
"english": "tuft, crest",
"word": "penacho"
}
],
"etymology_number": 2,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gl",
"2": "roa-opt",
"3": "pena"
},
"expansion": "Old Galician-Portuguese pena",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "gl",
"2": "la",
"3": "pinna",
"4": "",
"5": "feather, wing"
},
"expansion": "Latin pinna (“feather, wing”)",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "gl",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*péth₂r̥",
"4": "*péth₂r̥ ~ pth₂én-",
"5": "feather, wing"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *péth₂r̥ ~ pth₂én- (“feather, wing”)",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ine-pro",
"2": "*peth₂-",
"3": "",
"4": "to fly"
},
"expansion": "*peth₂- (“to fly”)",
"name": "m"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Old Galician-Portuguese pena, from Latin pinna (“feather, wing”), from Proto-Indo-European *péth₂r̥ ~ pth₂én- (“feather, wing”), from *peth₂- (“to fly”).",
"forms": [
{
"form": "penas",
"tags": [
"plural"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "f"
},
"expansion": "pena f (plural penas)",
"name": "gl-noun"
}
],
"lang": "Galician",
"lang_code": "gl",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"glosses": [
"vanes or blades of a water wheel"
],
"links": [
[
"vanes",
"vanes"
],
[
"blades",
"blades"
],
[
"water wheel",
"water wheel"
]
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "aspa"
}
],
"tags": [
"feminine"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"Galician terms with archaic senses",
"Galician terms with quotations",
"Quotation templates to be cleaned"
],
"examples": [
{
"english": "The raven speaks, listen everyone:\n\"I come with black wings\nCutting the winds from afar\nTo arrive to these feasts.\nToday Apolo turned\nWhite my black feathers\nFor singing, as the Swan,\nThe greatness of Fonseca.\"",
"ref": "1697, Juan Antonio Torrado, Fala o corvo",
"roman": "As grandezas de Fonseca.",
"text": "Fala o corbo, escoyten todos:\nEu veño con asas negras\nCortando os ventos de longe\nPara chegar à estas festas.\nOge Apolo me tornou\nEn brancas as negras penas,\nPara cantar como o Cisne",
"type": "quotation"
}
],
"glosses": [
"feather"
],
"links": [
[
"feather",
"feather"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(archaic) feather"
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "pluma"
}
],
"tags": [
"archaic",
"feminine"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"Galician terms with archaic senses",
"Galician terms with quotations"
],
"examples": [
{
"english": "all of that boiled together with a hen pelt",
"ref": "1409, J. L. Pensado Tomé, editor, Rufus, Jordanus: Tratado de Albeitaria, Santiago de Compostela: Centro Ramón Piñeiro, page 133",
"text": "coito todo ensenbra con pena de gallina",
"type": "quotation"
}
],
"glosses": [
"pelt"
],
"links": [
[
"pelt",
"pelt"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(archaic) pelt"
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "pelica"
}
],
"tags": [
"archaic",
"feminine"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ˈpena̝/"
}
],
"wikipedia": [
"pena"
],
"word": "pena"
}
{
"categories": [
"Galician countable nouns",
"Galician entries with incorrect language header",
"Galician feminine nouns",
"Galician lemmas",
"Galician nouns",
"Galician terms derived from Latin",
"Galician terms derived from Old Galician-Portuguese",
"Galician terms derived from Proto-Celtic",
"Galician terms inherited from Latin",
"Galician terms inherited from Old Galician-Portuguese",
"Galician terms with IPA pronunciation"
],
"derived": [
{
"word": "Pena"
},
{
"word": "Pena Corveira"
},
{
"word": "Penaboa"
},
{
"word": "Penalba"
},
{
"word": "Penalonga"
},
{
"word": "Penamaior"
},
{
"word": "Penamoura"
},
{
"word": "Pendón"
},
{
"word": "Peneda"
},
{
"english": "boulder, rocky outcrop",
"word": "penedo"
},
{
"word": "Penedón"
},
{
"word": "Penela"
},
{
"word": "Penelas"
},
{
"word": "Penido"
},
{
"word": "Penouco"
},
{
"word": "Penouta"
},
{
"word": "Penouzos"
}
],
"etymology_number": 3,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gl",
"2": "roa-opt",
"3": "pena"
},
"expansion": "Old Galician-Portuguese pena",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "gl",
"2": "la",
"3": "pinna"
},
"expansion": "Latin pinna",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "gl",
"2": "cel-pro",
"3": "*kʷennom",
"4": "",
"5": "head"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Celtic *kʷennom (“head”)",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "pt",
"2": "penha"
},
"expansion": "Portuguese penha",
"name": "cog"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Old Galician-Portuguese pena (13th century, Cantigas de Santa Maria), either from Latin pinna (\"feather, wing\"; then \"merlon, fortress\"; then, hypothetically, \"rock\"), or from Proto-Celtic *kʷennom (“head”). Compare Portuguese penha.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "penas",
"tags": [
"plural"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "f"
},
"expansion": "pena f (plural penas)",
"name": "gl-noun"
}
],
"lang": "Galician",
"lang_code": "gl",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"Galician terms with quotations",
"Quotation templates to be cleaned"
],
"examples": [
{
"english": "there a rock stood, which was very flat at the top and which rose very high",
"ref": "1370, Ramón Lorenzo, editor, Crónica troiana, A Coruña: Fundación Barrié, page 688",
"text": "alý se leuãtara hũa pena, que era en çima moy chãa et moyto alta contra o çeo",
"type": "quotation"
}
],
"glosses": [
"boulder, rock"
],
"links": [
[
"boulder",
"boulder"
],
[
"rock",
"rock"
]
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "penedo"
}
],
"tags": [
"feminine"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"Galician terms with archaic senses"
],
"glosses": [
"hill, hillock; mountain"
],
"links": [
[
"hill",
"hill"
],
[
"hillock",
"hillock"
],
[
"mountain",
"mountain"
]
],
"qualifier": "place names",
"raw_glosses": [
"(archaic, place names) hill, hillock; mountain"
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "cabeza"
}
],
"tags": [
"archaic",
"feminine"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ˈpena̝/"
}
],
"wikipedia": [
"Cantigas de Santa Maria",
"Diccionario crítico etimológico castellano e hispánico",
"pena"
],
"word": "pena"
}
{
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "pov",
"2": "pt",
"3": "pena"
},
"expansion": "Portuguese pena",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "kea",
"2": "péna"
},
"expansion": "Kabuverdianu péna",
"name": "cog"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Portuguese pena. Cognate with Kabuverdianu péna.",
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "pov",
"2": "noun"
},
"expansion": "pena",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Guinea-Bissau Creole",
"lang_code": "pov",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"Guinea-Bissau Creole entries with incorrect language header",
"Guinea-Bissau Creole lemmas",
"Guinea-Bissau Creole nouns",
"Guinea-Bissau Creole terms derived from Portuguese"
],
"glosses": [
"feather"
],
"links": [
[
"feather",
"feather"
]
],
"wikipedia": [
"pena"
]
}
],
"word": "pena"
}
{
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "id",
"2": "ms",
"3": "penna"
},
"expansion": "Malay penna",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "id",
"2": "pt",
"3": "pena",
"t": "quill"
},
"expansion": "Portuguese pena (“quill”)",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "id",
"2": "roa-opt",
"3": "pena"
},
"expansion": "Old Galician-Portuguese pena",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "id",
"2": "la",
"3": "penna"
},
"expansion": "Latin penna",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "pinna"
},
"expansion": "pinna",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "id",
"2": "itc-pro",
"3": "*petnā",
"4": "",
"5": "feather, wing"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Italic *petnā (“feather, wing”)",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "id",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*péth₂r̥",
"4": "*péth₂r̥ ~ pth₂én-",
"5": "feather, wing"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *péth₂r̥ ~ pth₂én- (“feather, wing”)",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ine-pro",
"2": "*peth₂-",
"3": "",
"4": "to fly"
},
"expansion": "*peth₂- (“to fly”)",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "id",
"2": "nl",
"3": "pen"
},
"expansion": "Dutch pen",
"name": "bor"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "id",
"2": "pen"
},
"expansion": "Doublet of pen",
"name": "doublet"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Malay penna, from Portuguese pena (“quill”), from Old Galician-Portuguese pena, from Latin penna and pinna, from Proto-Italic *petnā (“feather, wing”), from Proto-Indo-European *péth₂r̥ ~ pth₂én- (“feather, wing”), from *peth₂- (“to fly”). Influenced by Dutch pen. Doublet of pen.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "pèna",
"tags": [
"canonical"
]
},
{
"form": "penaku",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"possessive"
]
},
{
"form": "penamu",
"tags": [
"possessive",
"second-person"
]
},
{
"form": "penanya",
"tags": [
"possessive",
"third-person"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"head": "pèna"
},
"expansion": "pèna (first-person possessive penaku, second-person possessive penamu, third-person possessive penanya)",
"name": "id-noun"
}
],
"hyphenation": [
"pè‧na"
],
"lang": "Indonesian",
"lang_code": "id",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"Indonesian doublets",
"Indonesian entries with incorrect language header",
"Indonesian lemmas",
"Indonesian nouns",
"Indonesian terms borrowed from Dutch",
"Indonesian terms derived from Dutch",
"Indonesian terms derived from Latin",
"Indonesian terms derived from Malay",
"Indonesian terms derived from Old Galician-Portuguese",
"Indonesian terms derived from Portuguese",
"Indonesian terms derived from Proto-Indo-European",
"Indonesian terms derived from Proto-Italic",
"Indonesian terms inherited from Malay",
"Indonesian terms with IPA pronunciation",
"Indonesian terms with redundant script codes",
"Requests for plural forms in Indonesian entries"
],
"glosses": [
"pen (writing utensil)"
],
"links": [
[
"pen",
"pen"
]
],
"wikipedia": [
"pena"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "[ˈpɛna]"
}
],
"synonyms": [
{
"tags": [
"nonstandard"
],
"word": "pen"
},
{
"word": "bolpen"
}
],
"word": "pena"
}
{
"categories": [
"Italian 2-syllable words",
"Italian countable nouns",
"Italian entries with incorrect language header",
"Italian feminine nouns",
"Italian lemmas",
"Italian non-lemma forms",
"Italian nouns",
"Italian terms derived from Ancient Greek",
"Italian terms derived from Latin",
"Italian terms inherited from Latin",
"Italian terms with IPA pronunciation",
"Italian verb forms",
"Rhymes:Italian/ena",
"Rhymes:Italian/ena/2 syllables"
],
"derived": [
{
"word": "fare pena"
},
{
"word": "istituto di pena"
},
{
"word": "penare"
},
{
"word": "prendersi la pena"
},
{
"word": "valere la pena"
}
],
"etymology_number": 1,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "it",
"2": "la",
"3": "poena"
},
"expansion": "Latin poena",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "it",
"2": "grc",
"3": "ποινή"
},
"expansion": "Ancient Greek ποινή (poinḗ)",
"name": "der"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Latin poena, from Ancient Greek ποινή (poinḗ).",
"forms": [
{
"form": "pene",
"tags": [
"plural"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "f"
},
"expansion": "pena f (plural pene)",
"name": "it-noun"
}
],
"hyphenation": [
"pé‧na"
],
"lang": "Italian",
"lang_code": "it",
"pos": "noun",
"related": [
{
"word": "penale"
}
],
"senses": [
{
"glosses": [
"sorrow"
],
"links": [
[
"sorrow",
"sorrow"
]
],
"tags": [
"feminine"
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"trouble"
],
"links": [
[
"trouble",
"trouble"
]
],
"tags": [
"feminine"
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"worry, anxiety"
],
"links": [
[
"worry",
"worry"
],
[
"anxiety",
"anxiety"
]
],
"tags": [
"feminine"
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"pity"
],
"links": [
[
"pity",
"pity"
]
],
"tags": [
"feminine"
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"sentence, penalty, punishment"
],
"links": [
[
"sentence",
"sentence"
],
[
"penalty",
"penalty"
],
[
"punishment",
"punishment"
]
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "castigo"
},
{
"word": "punizione"
}
],
"tags": [
"feminine"
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"pain"
],
"links": [
[
"pain",
"pain"
]
],
"tags": [
"feminine"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ˈpe.na/"
},
{
"rhymes": "-ena"
}
],
"wikipedia": [
"pena"
],
"word": "pena"
}
{
"categories": [
"Italian 2-syllable words",
"Italian entries with incorrect language header",
"Italian non-lemma forms",
"Italian terms with IPA pronunciation",
"Italian verb forms",
"Rhymes:Italian/ena",
"Rhymes:Italian/ena/2 syllables"
],
"etymology_number": 2,
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "it",
"2": "verb form"
},
"expansion": "pena",
"name": "head"
}
],
"hyphenation": [
"pé‧na"
],
"lang": "Italian",
"lang_code": "it",
"pos": "verb",
"senses": [
{
"glosses": [
"inflection of penare:",
"third-person singular present indicative"
],
"links": [
[
"penare",
"penare#Italian"
]
],
"tags": [
"form-of",
"indicative",
"present",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"inflection of penare:",
"second-person singular imperative"
],
"links": [
[
"penare",
"penare#Italian"
]
],
"tags": [
"form-of",
"imperative",
"second-person",
"singular"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ˈpe.na/"
},
{
"rhymes": "-ena"
}
],
"wikipedia": [
"pena"
],
"word": "pena"
}
{
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "lld",
"2": "la",
"3": "poena"
},
"expansion": "Latin poena",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "lld",
"2": "grc",
"3": "ποινή"
},
"expansion": "Ancient Greek ποινή (poinḗ)",
"name": "der"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Latin poena, from Ancient Greek ποινή (poinḗ).",
"forms": [
{
"form": "penes",
"tags": [
"plural"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "lld",
"10": "",
"2": "noun",
"3": "",
"4": "",
"5": "plural",
"6": "penes",
"7": "",
"8": "",
"9": "",
"f2request": "1",
"g": "f",
"g2": ""
},
"expansion": "pena f (plural penes)",
"name": "head"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "f",
"2": "penes"
},
"expansion": "pena f (plural penes)",
"name": "lld-noun"
}
],
"lang": "Ladin",
"lang_code": "lld",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"Ladin entries with incorrect language header",
"Ladin feminine nouns",
"Ladin lemmas",
"Ladin nouns",
"Ladin terms derived from Ancient Greek",
"Ladin terms derived from Latin",
"Ladin terms inherited from Latin"
],
"glosses": [
"penalty, punishment"
],
"links": [
[
"penalty",
"penalty"
],
[
"punishment",
"punishment"
]
],
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"wikipedia": [
"pena"
]
}
],
"word": "pena"
}
{
"forms": [
{
"form": "pēna",
"tags": [
"canonical",
"feminine"
]
},
{
"form": "pēnae",
"tags": [
"genitive"
]
},
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "la-ndecl",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "pēna",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "pēnae",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "pēnae",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "pēnārum",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "pēnae",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "pēnīs",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "pēnam",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "pēnās",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "pēnā",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"ablative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "pēnīs",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"ablative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "pēna",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"singular",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "pēnae",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"plural",
"vocative"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "pēna<1>"
},
"expansion": "pēna f (genitive pēnae); first declension",
"name": "la-noun"
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "pēna<1>"
},
"name": "la-ndecl"
}
],
"lang": "Latin",
"lang_code": "la",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"alt_of": [
{
"word": "poena"
}
],
"categories": [
"Latin 2-syllable words",
"Latin entries with incorrect language header",
"Latin feminine nouns",
"Latin feminine nouns in the first declension",
"Latin first declension nouns",
"Latin lemmas",
"Latin nouns",
"Latin terms with IPA pronunciation"
],
"glosses": [
"Alternative form of poena"
],
"links": [
[
"poena",
"poena#Latin"
]
],
"tags": [
"alt-of",
"alternative",
"declension-1"
],
"wikipedia": [
"pena"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ˈpeː.na/",
"tags": [
"Classical"
]
},
{
"ipa": "[ˈpeːnä]",
"tags": [
"Classical"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/ˈpe.na/",
"note": "modern Italianate Ecclesiastical"
},
{
"ipa": "[ˈpɛːnä]",
"note": "modern Italianate Ecclesiastical"
}
],
"word": "pena"
}
{
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "oc",
"2": "pena"
},
"expansion": "Occitan: pena",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Occitan: pena"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "pro",
"2": "la",
"3": "poena"
},
"expansion": "Latin poena",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "pro",
"2": "grc",
"3": "ποινή"
},
"expansion": "Ancient Greek ποινή (poinḗ)",
"name": "der"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Latin poena, from Ancient Greek ποινή (poinḗ).",
"forms": [
{
"form": "penas",
"tags": [
"oblique",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "pena",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "penas",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"plural"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "pro",
"2": "noun",
"3": "oblique plural",
"4": "penas",
"5": "nominative singular",
"6": "pena",
"7": "nominative plural",
"8": "penas",
"g": "f",
"g2": "",
"head": "",
"sort": ""
},
"expansion": "pena f (oblique plural penas, nominative singular pena, nominative plural penas)",
"name": "head"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "f"
},
"expansion": "pena f (oblique plural penas, nominative singular pena, nominative plural penas)",
"name": "pro-noun"
}
],
"lang": "Old Occitan",
"lang_code": "pro",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"Old Occitan entries with incorrect language header",
"Old Occitan feminine nouns",
"Old Occitan lemmas",
"Old Occitan nouns",
"Old Occitan terms derived from Ancient Greek",
"Old Occitan terms derived from Latin",
"Old Occitan terms inherited from Latin"
],
"glosses": [
"pain; suffering"
],
"links": [
[
"pain",
"pain"
],
[
"suffering",
"suffering"
]
],
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"wikipedia": [
"pena"
]
}
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "dolor"
}
],
"word": "pena"
}
{
"categories": [
"Portuguese 2-syllable words",
"Portuguese countable nouns",
"Portuguese entries with incorrect language header",
"Portuguese feminine nouns",
"Portuguese interjections",
"Portuguese lemmas",
"Portuguese non-lemma forms",
"Portuguese nouns",
"Portuguese terms derived from Ancient Greek",
"Portuguese terms derived from Latin",
"Portuguese terms derived from Old Galician-Portuguese",
"Portuguese terms derived from Proto-Indo-European",
"Portuguese terms inherited from Latin",
"Portuguese terms inherited from Old Galician-Portuguese",
"Portuguese terms with IPA pronunciation",
"Portuguese terms with redundant head parameter",
"Portuguese verb forms",
"Rhymes:Portuguese/enɐ",
"Rhymes:Portuguese/enɐ/2 syllables",
"Rhymes:Portuguese/ɛnɐ",
"Rhymes:Portuguese/ɛnɐ/2 syllables",
"Rhymes:Portuguese/ẽnɐ",
"Rhymes:Portuguese/ẽnɐ/2 syllables"
],
"derived": [
{
"word": "penoso"
}
],
"etymology_number": 1,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "pt",
"2": "roa-opt",
"3": "pena"
},
"expansion": "Old Galician-Portuguese pena",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "roa-opt",
"2": "pẽa"
},
"expansion": "pẽa",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "pt",
"2": "la",
"3": "poena"
},
"expansion": "Latin poena",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "pt",
"2": "grc",
"3": "ποινή",
"4": "",
"5": "penalty, fine, bloodmoney"
},
"expansion": "Ancient Greek ποινή (poinḗ, “penalty, fine, bloodmoney”)",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "pt",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*kʷoynéh₂"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *kʷoynéh₂",
"name": "der"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Old Galician-Portuguese pena (displacing pẽa), from Latin poena, from Ancient Greek ποινή (poinḗ, “penalty, fine, bloodmoney”), from Proto-Indo-European *kʷoynéh₂.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "penas",
"tags": [
"plural"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "f"
},
"expansion": "pena f (plural penas)",
"name": "pt-noun"
}
],
"hyphenation": [
"pe‧na"
],
"lang": "Portuguese",
"lang_code": "pt",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"glosses": [
"punishment"
],
"links": [
[
"punishment",
"punishment"
]
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "castigo"
},
{
"word": "condenação"
}
],
"tags": [
"feminine"
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"pain; sadness"
],
"links": [
[
"pain",
"pain"
],
[
"sadness",
"sadness"
]
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "dor"
},
{
"word": "tristeza"
}
],
"tags": [
"feminine"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ˈpẽ.nɐ/",
"tags": [
"Brazil"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/ˈpẽ.nɐ/",
"tags": [
"Brazil"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/ˈpe.na/",
"tags": [
"Southern-Brazil"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/ˈpe.nɐ/",
"tags": [
"Portugal"
]
},
{
"rhymes": "-enɐ"
},
{
"rhymes": "(Brazil) -ẽnɐ"
}
],
"wikipedia": [
"pena"
],
"word": "pena"
}
{
"categories": [
"Portuguese 2-syllable words",
"Portuguese countable nouns",
"Portuguese entries with incorrect language header",
"Portuguese feminine nouns",
"Portuguese interjections",
"Portuguese lemmas",
"Portuguese non-lemma forms",
"Portuguese nouns",
"Portuguese terms derived from Ancient Greek",
"Portuguese terms derived from Latin",
"Portuguese terms derived from Old Galician-Portuguese",
"Portuguese terms derived from Proto-Indo-European",
"Portuguese terms inherited from Latin",
"Portuguese terms inherited from Old Galician-Portuguese",
"Portuguese terms with IPA pronunciation",
"Portuguese terms with redundant head parameter",
"Portuguese verb forms",
"Rhymes:Portuguese/enɐ",
"Rhymes:Portuguese/enɐ/2 syllables",
"Rhymes:Portuguese/ɛnɐ",
"Rhymes:Portuguese/ɛnɐ/2 syllables",
"Rhymes:Portuguese/ẽnɐ",
"Rhymes:Portuguese/ẽnɐ/2 syllables"
],
"etymology_number": 1,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "pt",
"2": "roa-opt",
"3": "pena"
},
"expansion": "Old Galician-Portuguese pena",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "roa-opt",
"2": "pẽa"
},
"expansion": "pẽa",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "pt",
"2": "la",
"3": "poena"
},
"expansion": "Latin poena",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "pt",
"2": "grc",
"3": "ποινή",
"4": "",
"5": "penalty, fine, bloodmoney"
},
"expansion": "Ancient Greek ποινή (poinḗ, “penalty, fine, bloodmoney”)",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "pt",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*kʷoynéh₂"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *kʷoynéh₂",
"name": "der"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Old Galician-Portuguese pena (displacing pẽa), from Latin poena, from Ancient Greek ποινή (poinḗ, “penalty, fine, bloodmoney”), from Proto-Indo-European *kʷoynéh₂.",
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "pt",
"2": "interjection",
"head": "pena",
"sort": ""
},
"expansion": "pena",
"name": "head"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "pena",
"name": "pt-interj"
}
],
"hyphenation": [
"pe‧na"
],
"lang": "Portuguese",
"lang_code": "pt",
"pos": "intj",
"related": [
{
"word": "penar"
},
{
"word": "penitência"
},
{
"word": "penitente"
},
{
"word": "vale a pena"
}
],
"senses": [
{
"glosses": [
"pity (what a shame, what a pity)"
],
"links": [
[
"pity",
"pity"
],
[
"what a shame",
"what a shame"
],
[
"what a pity",
"what a pity"
]
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ˈpẽ.nɐ/",
"tags": [
"Brazil"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/ˈpẽ.nɐ/",
"tags": [
"Brazil"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/ˈpe.na/",
"tags": [
"Southern-Brazil"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/ˈpe.nɐ/",
"tags": [
"Portugal"
]
},
{
"rhymes": "-enɐ"
},
{
"rhymes": "(Brazil) -ẽnɐ"
}
],
"wikipedia": [
"pena"
],
"word": "pena"
}
{
"categories": [
"Portuguese 2-syllable words",
"Portuguese countable nouns",
"Portuguese entries with incorrect language header",
"Portuguese feminine nouns",
"Portuguese lemmas",
"Portuguese non-lemma forms",
"Portuguese nouns",
"Portuguese terms derived from Latin",
"Portuguese terms derived from Old Galician-Portuguese",
"Portuguese terms derived from Proto-Indo-European",
"Portuguese terms derived from Proto-Italic",
"Portuguese terms inherited from Latin",
"Portuguese terms inherited from Old Galician-Portuguese",
"Portuguese terms inherited from Proto-Indo-European",
"Portuguese terms inherited from Proto-Italic",
"Portuguese terms with IPA pronunciation",
"Portuguese verb forms",
"Rhymes:Portuguese/enɐ",
"Rhymes:Portuguese/enɐ/2 syllables",
"Rhymes:Portuguese/ɛnɐ",
"Rhymes:Portuguese/ɛnɐ/2 syllables",
"Rhymes:Portuguese/ẽnɐ",
"Rhymes:Portuguese/ẽnɐ/2 syllables"
],
"derived": [
{
"word": "penada"
},
{
"word": "Pena"
},
{
"word": "Penacova"
},
{
"word": "Penafiel"
},
{
"word": "Penalva"
}
],
"etymology_number": 2,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "pt",
"2": "roa-opt",
"3": "pena"
},
"expansion": "Old Galician-Portuguese pena",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "pt",
"2": "la",
"3": "penna"
},
"expansion": "Latin penna",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "pinna"
},
"expansion": "pinna",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "pt",
"2": "itc-pro",
"3": "*petnā",
"4": "",
"5": "feather, wing"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Italic *petnā (“feather, wing”)",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "pt",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*péth₂r̥",
"4": "*péth₂r̥ ~ pth₂én-",
"5": "feather, wing"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *péth₂r̥ ~ pth₂én- (“feather, wing”)",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ine-pro",
"2": "*peth₂-",
"3": "",
"4": "to fly"
},
"expansion": "*peth₂- (“to fly”)",
"name": "m"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Old Galician-Portuguese pena, from Latin penna and pinna, from Proto-Italic *petnā (“feather, wing”), from Proto-Indo-European *péth₂r̥ ~ pth₂én- (“feather, wing”), from *peth₂- (“to fly”).",
"forms": [
{
"form": "penas",
"tags": [
"plural"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "f"
},
"expansion": "pena f (plural penas)",
"name": "pt-noun"
}
],
"hyphenation": [
"pe‧na"
],
"lang": "Portuguese",
"lang_code": "pt",
"pos": "noun",
"related": [
{
"word": "plumagem"
},
{
"word": "penugem"
}
],
"senses": [
{
"glosses": [
"feather"
],
"links": [
[
"feather",
"feather"
]
],
"senseid": [
"pt:feather"
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "pluma"
}
],
"tags": [
"feminine"
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"quill (pen made from a feather)"
],
"links": [
[
"quill",
"quill"
]
],
"senseid": [
"pt:quill"
],
"tags": [
"feminine"
]
},
{
"alt_of": [
{
"word": "penha"
}
],
"categories": [
"Portuguese dated terms"
],
"glosses": [
"Alternative form of penha"
],
"links": [
[
"penha",
"penha#Portuguese"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(dated) Alternative form of penha"
],
"tags": [
"alt-of",
"alternative",
"dated",
"feminine"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ˈpẽ.nɐ/",
"tags": [
"Brazil"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/ˈpẽ.nɐ/",
"tags": [
"Brazil"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/ˈpe.na/",
"tags": [
"Southern-Brazil"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/ˈpe.nɐ/",
"tags": [
"Portugal"
]
}
],
"wikipedia": [
"pena"
],
"word": "pena"
}
{
"categories": [
"Portuguese 2-syllable words",
"Portuguese entries with incorrect language header",
"Portuguese non-lemma forms",
"Portuguese terms with IPA pronunciation",
"Portuguese verb forms",
"Rhymes:Portuguese/enɐ",
"Rhymes:Portuguese/enɐ/2 syllables",
"Rhymes:Portuguese/ɛnɐ",
"Rhymes:Portuguese/ɛnɐ/2 syllables",
"Rhymes:Portuguese/ẽnɐ",
"Rhymes:Portuguese/ẽnɐ/2 syllables"
],
"etymology_number": 3,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "See the etymology of the corresponding lemma form.",
"name": "nonlemma"
}
],
"etymology_text": "See the etymology of the corresponding lemma form.",
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "pt",
"2": "verb form"
},
"expansion": "pena",
"name": "head"
}
],
"hyphenation": [
"pe‧na"
],
"lang": "Portuguese",
"lang_code": "pt",
"pos": "verb",
"senses": [
{
"form_of": [
{
"word": "penar"
}
],
"glosses": [
"inflection of penar:\n## third-person singular present indicative\n## second-person singular imperative",
"third-person singular present indicative"
],
"links": [
[
"penar",
"penar#Portuguese"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"inflection of penar:\n"
],
"tags": [
"form-of",
"indicative",
"present",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form_of": [
{
"word": "penar"
}
],
"glosses": [
"inflection of penar:\n## third-person singular present indicative\n## second-person singular imperative",
"second-person singular imperative"
],
"links": [
[
"penar",
"penar#Portuguese"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"inflection of penar:\n"
],
"tags": [
"form-of",
"imperative",
"second-person",
"singular"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ˈpẽ.nɐ/",
"tags": [
"Brazil"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/ˈpẽ.nɐ/",
"tags": [
"Brazil"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/ˈpe.na/",
"tags": [
"Southern-Brazil"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/ˈpɛ.nɐ/",
"tags": [
"Portugal"
]
},
{
"rhymes": "(Portugal) -ɛnɐ"
},
{
"rhymes": "(Brazil) -enɐ"
},
{
"rhymes": "(Brazil) -ẽnɐ"
}
],
"wikipedia": [
"pena"
],
"word": "pena"
}
{
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "Inherited"
},
"expansion": "Inherited",
"name": "glossary"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "sh",
"2": "sla-pro",
"3": "*pěna",
"4": "",
"5": "",
"g": "",
"g2": "",
"g3": "",
"id": "",
"lit": "",
"nocat": "",
"pos": "",
"sc": "",
"sort": "",
"tr": "",
"ts": ""
},
"expansion": "Proto-Slavic *pěna",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "sh",
"2": "sla-pro",
"3": "*pěna"
},
"expansion": "Inherited from Proto-Slavic *pěna",
"name": "inh+"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "sh",
"2": "ine-bsl-pro",
"3": "*(s)páināˀ"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Balto-Slavic *(s)páināˀ",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "sh",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*(s)poH(y)-"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *(s)poH(y)-",
"name": "inh"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Inherited from Proto-Slavic *pěna, from Proto-Balto-Slavic *(s)páināˀ, from Proto-Indo-European *(s)poH(y)-.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "pȅna",
"tags": [
"canonical",
"feminine"
]
},
{
"form": "пе̏на",
"tags": [
"Cyrillic"
]
},
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "sh-decl-noun\n",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "pȅna",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "pene",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "pene",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "pȇnā",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "peni",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "penama",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "penu",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "pene",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "peno",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"singular",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "pene",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"plural",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "peni",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"locative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "penama",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"locative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "penom",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "penama",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"plural"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"g": "f",
"head": "pȅna"
},
"expansion": "pȅna f (Cyrillic spelling пе̏на)",
"name": "sh-noun"
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "pȅna",
"10": "pene",
"11": "peni",
"12": "penama",
"13": "penom",
"14": "penama",
"2": "pene",
"3": "pene",
"4": "pȇnā",
"5": "peni",
"6": "penama",
"7": "penu",
"8": "pene",
"9": "peno"
},
"name": "sh-decl-noun"
}
],
"lang": "Serbo-Croatian",
"lang_code": "sh",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"Serbo-Croatian entries with incorrect language header",
"Serbo-Croatian feminine nouns",
"Serbo-Croatian lemmas",
"Serbo-Croatian nouns",
"Serbo-Croatian terms derived from Proto-Balto-Slavic",
"Serbo-Croatian terms derived from Proto-Indo-European",
"Serbo-Croatian terms derived from Proto-Slavic",
"Serbo-Croatian terms inherited from Proto-Balto-Slavic",
"Serbo-Croatian terms inherited from Proto-Indo-European",
"Serbo-Croatian terms inherited from Proto-Slavic"
],
"glosses": [
"foam"
],
"links": [
[
"foam",
"foam"
]
],
"wikipedia": [
"pena"
]
}
],
"synonyms": [
{
"tags": [
"Ikavian"
],
"word": "pȉna"
},
{
"tags": [
"Ijekavian"
],
"word": "pjȅna"
}
],
"word": "pena"
}
{
"derived": [
{
"word": "penový"
},
{
"word": "pienka"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "Inherited"
},
"expansion": "Inherited",
"name": "glossary"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "sk",
"2": "sla-pro",
"3": "*pěna",
"4": "",
"5": "",
"g": "",
"g2": "",
"g3": "",
"id": "",
"lit": "",
"nocat": "",
"pos": "",
"sc": "",
"sort": "",
"tr": "",
"ts": ""
},
"expansion": "Proto-Slavic *pěna",
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},
{
"args": {
"1": "sk",
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"3": "*pěna"
},
"expansion": "Inherited from Proto-Slavic *pěna",
"name": "inh+"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Inherited from Proto-Slavic *pěna.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "peny",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "peny",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "pien",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "žena",
"tags": [
"declension-pattern-of"
]
},
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "sk-decl-noun",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "pena",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "peny",
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"tags": [
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "peny",
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"tags": [
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "pien",
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"tags": [
"genitive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "pene",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "penám",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "penu",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "peny",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "pene",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"locative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "penách",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"locative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "penou",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "penami",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"plural"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "f",
"decl": "žena",
"gen": "peny",
"genpl": "pien",
"pl": "peny"
},
"expansion": "pena f (genitive singular peny, nominative plural peny, genitive plural pien, declension pattern of žena)",
"name": "sk-noun"
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "pena",
"10": "peny",
"11": "penách",
"12": "penami",
"2": "peny",
"3": "pene",
"4": "penu",
"5": "pene",
"6": "penou",
"7": "peny",
"8": "pien",
"9": "penám"
},
"name": "sk-decl-noun"
}
],
"lang": "Slovak",
"lang_code": "sk",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"Slovak entries with incorrect language header",
"Slovak feminine nouns",
"Slovak lemmas",
"Slovak nouns",
"Slovak terms derived from Proto-Slavic",
"Slovak terms inherited from Proto-Slavic",
"Slovak terms with IPA pronunciation"
],
"glosses": [
"foam"
],
"links": [
[
"foam",
"foam"
]
],
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"wikipedia": [
"pena"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "[ˈpena]"
}
],
"word": "pena"
}
{
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sl",
"2": "sla-pro",
"3": "*pěna"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Slavic *pěna",
"name": "inh"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Proto-Slavic *pěna.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "pẹ́na",
"tags": [
"canonical",
"feminine"
]
},
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "sl-decl-noun-f",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "The diacritics used in this section of the entry are non-tonal. If you are a native tonal speaker",
"source": "inflection"
},
{
"form": "please help by adding the tonal marks.",
"source": "inflection"
},
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "sl-decl-noun-f",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "a-stem",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"class"
]
},
{
"form": "péna",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "péni",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"locative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "péno",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"singular"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "pẹ́na",
"2": "f"
},
"expansion": "pẹ́na f",
"name": "sl-noun"
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "pén",
"n": "sg"
},
"name": "sl-decl-noun-f"
}
],
"lang": "Slovene",
"lang_code": "sl",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"Slovene 2-syllable words",
"Slovene entries with incorrect language header",
"Slovene feminine a-stem nouns",
"Slovene feminine nouns",
"Slovene lemmas",
"Slovene nouns",
"Slovene terms derived from Proto-Slavic",
"Slovene terms inherited from Proto-Slavic",
"Slovene terms with IPA pronunciation"
],
"glosses": [
"foam"
],
"links": [
[
"foam",
"foam"
]
],
"wikipedia": [
"pena"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/pèːna/"
}
],
"word": "pena"
}
{
"categories": [
"Rhymes:Spanish/ena",
"Rhymes:Spanish/ena/2 syllables",
"Spanish 2-syllable words",
"Spanish countable nouns",
"Spanish entries with incorrect language header",
"Spanish feminine nouns",
"Spanish lemmas",
"Spanish non-lemma forms",
"Spanish nouns",
"Spanish terms derived from Ancient Greek",
"Spanish terms derived from Latin",
"Spanish terms derived from Old Spanish",
"Spanish terms inherited from Latin",
"Spanish terms inherited from Old Spanish",
"Spanish terms with IPA pronunciation",
"Spanish terms with audio links",
"Spanish verb forms",
"es:Emotions"
],
"derived": [
{
"word": "a duras penas"
},
{
"word": "a penas"
},
{
"word": "ahogar las penas"
},
{
"word": "alma en pena"
},
{
"word": "apenar"
},
{
"word": "dar pena"
},
{
"word": "de pena"
},
{
"word": "hecho una pena"
},
{
"word": "ni pena ni gloria"
},
{
"word": "pena de la vida"
},
{
"word": "pena de muerte"
},
{
"word": "pena máxima"
},
{
"word": "penar"
},
{
"word": "penoso"
},
{
"word": "qué pena me das"
},
{
"word": "siervo de la pena"
},
{
"word": "sin pena ni gloria"
},
{
"word": "so pena de"
},
{
"word": "valer la pena"
}
],
"etymology_number": 1,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "Inherited"
},
"expansion": "Inherited",
"name": "glossary"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "es",
"2": "osp",
"3": "pena",
"4": "",
"5": "",
"g": "",
"g2": "",
"g3": "",
"id": "",
"lit": "",
"nocat": "",
"pos": "",
"sc": "",
"sort": "",
"tr": "",
"ts": ""
},
"expansion": "Old Spanish pena",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "es",
"2": "osp",
"3": "pena"
},
"expansion": "Inherited from Old Spanish pena",
"name": "inh+"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "es",
"2": "la",
"3": "poena"
},
"expansion": "Latin poena",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "es",
"2": "grc",
"3": "ποινή"
},
"expansion": "Ancient Greek ποινή (poinḗ)",
"name": "der"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Inherited from Old Spanish pena, from Latin poena, from Ancient Greek ποινή (poinḗ).",
"forms": [
{
"form": "penas",
"tags": [
"plural"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "f"
},
"expansion": "pena f (plural penas)",
"name": "es-noun"
}
],
"hyphenation": [
"pe‧na"
],
"lang": "Spanish",
"lang_code": "es",
"pos": "noun",
"related": [
{
"word": "penal"
},
{
"word": "penitencia"
},
{
"word": "penitente"
}
],
"senses": [
{
"glosses": [
"punishment"
],
"links": [
[
"punishment",
"punishment"
]
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "castigo"
},
{
"word": "condena"
}
],
"tags": [
"feminine"
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"pain, sadness"
],
"links": [
[
"pain",
"pain"
],
[
"sadness",
"sadness"
]
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "dolor"
},
{
"word": "tristeza"
}
],
"tags": [
"feminine"
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"trouble"
],
"links": [
[
"trouble",
"trouble"
]
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "problema"
},
{
"word": "dificultad"
}
],
"tags": [
"feminine"
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"pity"
],
"links": [
[
"pity",
"pity"
]
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "lástima"
}
],
"tags": [
"feminine"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"Latin American Spanish"
],
"glosses": [
"embarrassment"
],
"links": [
[
"embarrassment",
"embarrassment"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(Latin America) embarrassment"
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "vergüenza"
},
{
"word": "palta"
}
],
"tags": [
"Latin-America",
"feminine"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ˈpena/"
},
{
"ipa": "[ˈpe.na]"
},
{
"rhymes": "-ena"
}
],
"wikipedia": [
"pena"
],
"word": "pena"
}
{
"categories": [
"Rhymes:Spanish/ena",
"Rhymes:Spanish/ena/2 syllables",
"Spanish 2-syllable words",
"Spanish entries with incorrect language header",
"Spanish non-lemma forms",
"Spanish terms with IPA pronunciation",
"Spanish terms with audio links",
"Spanish verb forms",
"es:Emotions"
],
"etymology_number": 2,
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{
"args": {
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"2": "verb form"
},
"expansion": "pena",
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}
],
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],
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"lang_code": "es",
"pos": "verb",
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{
"form_of": [
{
"word": "penar"
}
],
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"third-person singular present indicative"
],
"links": [
[
"penar",
"penar#Spanish"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"inflection of penar:\n"
],
"tags": [
"form-of",
"indicative",
"present",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form_of": [
{
"word": "penar"
}
],
"glosses": [
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],
"links": [
[
"penar",
"penar#Spanish"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"inflection of penar:\n"
],
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"imperative",
"second-person",
"singular"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ˈpena/"
},
{
"ipa": "[ˈpe.na]"
},
{
"rhymes": "-ena"
}
],
"wikipedia": [
"pena"
],
"word": "pena"
}
{
"categories": [
"Tagalog 2-syllable words",
"Tagalog entries with incorrect language header",
"Tagalog lemmas",
"Tagalog nouns",
"Tagalog terms borrowed from Spanish",
"Tagalog terms derived from Spanish",
"Tagalog terms with Baybayin script",
"Tagalog terms with IPA pronunciation",
"Tagalog terms with missing Baybayin script entries",
"Tagalog terms without tl-pr template"
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
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"2": "Borrowed"
},
"expansion": "Borrowed",
"name": "glossary"
},
{
"args": {
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"2": "es",
"3": "pena",
"4": "",
"5": "",
"g": "",
"g2": "",
"g3": "",
"id": "",
"lit": "",
"nocat": "",
"pos": "",
"sc": "",
"sort": "",
"tr": "",
"ts": ""
},
"expansion": "Spanish pena",
"name": "bor"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "tl",
"2": "es",
"3": "pena"
},
"expansion": "Borrowed from Spanish pena",
"name": "bor+"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Borrowed from Spanish pena.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "ᜉᜒᜈ",
"tags": [
"Baybayin"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"b": "+"
},
"expansion": "pena (Baybayin spelling ᜉᜒᜈ)",
"name": "tl-noun"
}
],
"hyphenation": [
"pe‧na"
],
"lang": "Tagalog",
"lang_code": "tl",
"pos": "noun",
"related": [
{
"word": "penal"
}
],
"senses": [
{
"glosses": [
"punishment"
],
"links": [
[
"punishment",
"punishment"
]
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "kastigo"
},
{
"word": "parusa"
}
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"penalty; fine"
],
"links": [
[
"penalty",
"penalty"
],
[
"fine",
"fine"
]
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"pain; sorrow; grief"
],
"links": [
[
"pain",
"pain"
],
[
"sorrow",
"sorrow"
],
[
"grief",
"grief"
]
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ˈpena/"
},
{
"ipa": "[ˈpɛ.nɐ]"
}
],
"wikipedia": [
"pena"
],
"word": "pena"
}
{
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "tr",
"2": "it",
"3": "penna"
},
"expansion": "Italian penna",
"name": "bor"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Italian penna.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "penayı",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"definite"
]
},
{
"form": "penalar",
"tags": [
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "tr-infl-noun-v",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "pena",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "penalar",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "penayı",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"definite",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "penaları",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"definite",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "penaya",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "penalara",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "penada",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"locative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "penalarda",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"locative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "penadan",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"ablative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "penalardan",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"ablative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "penanın",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "penaların",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"plural"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "tr",
"2": "noun",
"3": "definite accusative",
"4": "penayı",
"5": "",
"6": "",
"7": "plural",
"8": "penalar",
"f1accel-form": "def|acc|s",
"f1request": "1",
"f3accel-form": "nom|p",
"f3request": "1",
"head": "",
"sort": ""
},
"expansion": "pena (definite accusative penayı, plural penalar)",
"name": "head"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "yı",
"2": "lar"
},
"expansion": "pena (definite accusative penayı, plural penalar)",
"name": "tr-noun"
}
],
"hyphenation": [
"pe‧na"
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "a"
},
"name": "tr-infl-noun-v"
}
],
"lang": "Turkish",
"lang_code": "tr",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"Turkish entries with incorrect language header",
"Turkish lemmas",
"Turkish nouns",
"Turkish terms borrowed from Italian",
"Turkish terms derived from Italian",
"Turkish terms with IPA pronunciation",
"tr:Music"
],
"glosses": [
"plectrum"
],
"links": [
[
"music",
"music"
],
[
"plectrum",
"plectrum"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(music) plectrum"
],
"topics": [
"entertainment",
"lifestyle",
"music"
],
"wikipedia": [
"pena"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ˈpɛnɑ/"
}
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "mızrap"
},
{
"word": "çalgıç"
},
{
"word": "tezene"
}
],
"word": "pena"
}
{
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "vec",
"2": "VL.",
"3": "*ad poenam"
},
"expansion": "Vulgar Latin *ad poenam",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "it",
"2": "appena"
},
"expansion": "Italian appena",
"name": "cog"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Vulgar Latin *ad poenam, with apheresis of /a-/. Compare Italian appena, etc.",
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "vec",
"2": "adverb"
},
"expansion": "pena",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Venetian",
"lang_code": "vec",
"pos": "adv",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"Venetian adverbs",
"Venetian entries with incorrect language header",
"Venetian lemmas",
"Venetian terms derived from Vulgar Latin",
"Venetian terms inherited from Vulgar Latin"
],
"glosses": [
"hardly"
],
"links": [
[
"hardly",
"hardly"
]
],
"wikipedia": [
"pena"
]
}
],
"word": "pena"
}
{
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "vo",
"2": "noun form"
},
"expansion": "pena",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Volapük",
"lang_code": "vo",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"Volapük entries with incorrect language header",
"Volapük non-lemma forms",
"Volapük noun forms"
],
"form_of": [
{
"word": "pen"
}
],
"glosses": [
"genitive singular of pen"
],
"links": [
[
"pen",
"pen#Volapük"
]
],
"tags": [
"form-of",
"genitive",
"singular"
],
"wikipedia": [
"pena"
]
}
],
"word": "pena"
}
{
"called_from": "form_descriptions/1698",
"msg": "unrecognized head form: Basahan spelling ᜉᜒᜈ",
"path": [
"pena"
],
"section": "Bikol Central",
"subsection": "noun",
"title": "pena",
"trace": ""
}
{
"called_from": "form_descriptions/1698",
"msg": "unrecognized head form: Basahan spelling ᜉᜒᜈ",
"path": [
"pena"
],
"section": "Bikol Central",
"subsection": "verb",
"title": "pena",
"trace": ""
}
{
"called_from": "inflection/1826",
"msg": "inflection table: empty tags for The diacritics used in this section of the entry are non-tonal. If you are a native tonal speaker",
"path": [
"pena"
],
"section": "Slovene",
"subsection": "noun",
"title": "pena",
"trace": ""
}
{
"called_from": "inflection/1826",
"msg": "inflection table: empty tags for please help by adding the tonal marks.",
"path": [
"pena"
],
"section": "Slovene",
"subsection": "noun",
"title": "pena",
"trace": ""
}
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable All languages combined dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2024-04-30 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2024-04-21 using wiktextract (210104c and c9440ce). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.