See pena in All languages combined, or Wiktionary
Download JSON data for pena meaning in Galician (8.2kB)
{
"etymology_number": 1,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gl",
"2": "roa-opt",
"3": "pena"
},
"expansion": "Old Galician-Portuguese pena",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "roa-opt",
"2": "pẽa"
},
"expansion": "pẽa",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "gl",
"2": "la",
"3": "poena"
},
"expansion": "Latin poena",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "gl",
"2": "grc",
"3": "ποινή",
"4": "",
"5": "penalty, fine, bloodmoney"
},
"expansion": "Ancient Greek ποινή (poinḗ, “penalty, fine, bloodmoney”)",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "gl",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*kʷoynéh₂"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *kʷoynéh₂",
"name": "der"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Old Galician-Portuguese pena (displacing pẽa), from Latin poena, from Ancient Greek ποινή (poinḗ, “penalty, fine, bloodmoney”), from Proto-Indo-European *kʷoynéh₂.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "penas",
"tags": [
"plural"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "f"
},
"expansion": "pena f (plural penas)",
"name": "gl-noun"
}
],
"lang": "Galician",
"lang_code": "gl",
"pos": "noun",
"related": [
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"english": "death penalty",
"word": "pena de morte"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "penar"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "penitencia"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "penitente"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "que pena"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "vale a pena"
}
],
"senses": [
{
"categories": [],
"examples": [
{
"english": "the bishop and this Fernando Bonome, for him and for his wife, compromised themselves, under a penalty of a thousand coins, to respect this agreement",
"ref": "1370, Enrique Cal Pardo, editor, Colección diplomática medieval do arquivo da catedral de Mondoñedo, Santiago: Consello da Cultura Galega, page 103",
"text": "o bispo et esse Ferrand Bonome por si et por sa moller se obligaron su pena de mill mor. da boa moneda para gardaren a vnna parte aa outra todas estas cousas",
"type": "quotation"
}
],
"glosses": [
"punishment, penalty"
],
"id": "en-pena-gl-noun-fWoxudRb",
"links": [
[
"punishment",
"punishment"
],
[
"penalty",
"penalty"
]
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "castigo"
}
],
"tags": [
"feminine"
]
},
{
"categories": [],
"examples": [
{
"english": "so that his soul would be blessed and wouldn't wander in pain",
"ref": "1370, Ramón Lorenzo, editor, Crónica troiana, A Coruña: Fundación Barrié, page 731",
"text": "en guisa que a sua alma ouuese bẽeyçóm et nõ andase en pena",
"type": "quotation"
}
],
"glosses": [
"pain; sadness"
],
"id": "en-pena-gl-noun-O~vHzM9w",
"links": [
[
"pain",
"pain"
],
[
"sadness",
"sadness"
]
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "dor"
},
{
"word": "tristura"
},
{
"word": "mágoa"
}
],
"tags": [
"feminine"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ˈpena̝/"
}
],
"wikipedia": [
"pena"
],
"word": "pena"
}
{
"derived": [
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"english": "to pluck, to peel",
"word": "depenar"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"english": "to pluck",
"word": "depenicar"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"english": "tuft, crest",
"word": "penacho"
}
],
"etymology_number": 2,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gl",
"2": "roa-opt",
"3": "pena"
},
"expansion": "Old Galician-Portuguese pena",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "gl",
"2": "la",
"3": "pinna",
"4": "",
"5": "feather, wing"
},
"expansion": "Latin pinna (“feather, wing”)",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "gl",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*péth₂r̥",
"4": "*péth₂r̥ ~ pth₂én-",
"5": "feather, wing"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *péth₂r̥ ~ pth₂én- (“feather, wing”)",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ine-pro",
"2": "*peth₂-",
"3": "",
"4": "to fly"
},
"expansion": "*peth₂- (“to fly”)",
"name": "m"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Old Galician-Portuguese pena, from Latin pinna (“feather, wing”), from Proto-Indo-European *péth₂r̥ ~ pth₂én- (“feather, wing”), from *peth₂- (“to fly”).",
"forms": [
{
"form": "penas",
"tags": [
"plural"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "f"
},
"expansion": "pena f (plural penas)",
"name": "gl-noun"
}
],
"lang": "Galician",
"lang_code": "gl",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"glosses": [
"vanes or blades of a water wheel"
],
"id": "en-pena-gl-noun-n~6Eb5jc",
"links": [
[
"vanes",
"vanes"
],
[
"blades",
"blades"
],
[
"water wheel",
"water wheel"
]
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "aspa"
}
],
"tags": [
"feminine"
]
},
{
"categories": [],
"examples": [
{
"english": "The raven speaks, listen everyone:\n\"I come with black wings\nCutting the winds from afar\nTo arrive to these feasts.\nToday Apolo turned\nWhite my black feathers\nFor singing, as the Swan,\nThe greatness of Fonseca.\"",
"ref": "1697, Juan Antonio Torrado, Fala o corvo",
"roman": "As grandezas de Fonseca.",
"text": "Fala o corbo, escoyten todos:\nEu veño con asas negras\nCortando os ventos de longe\nPara chegar à estas festas.\nOge Apolo me tornou\nEn brancas as negras penas,\nPara cantar como o Cisne",
"type": "quotation"
}
],
"glosses": [
"feather"
],
"id": "en-pena-gl-noun-tSEV6lU8",
"links": [
[
"feather",
"feather"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(archaic) feather"
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "pluma"
}
],
"tags": [
"archaic",
"feminine"
]
},
{
"categories": [],
"examples": [
{
"english": "all of that boiled together with a hen pelt",
"ref": "1409, J. L. Pensado Tomé, editor, Rufus, Jordanus: Tratado de Albeitaria, Santiago de Compostela: Centro Ramón Piñeiro, page 133",
"text": "coito todo ensenbra con pena de gallina",
"type": "quotation"
}
],
"glosses": [
"pelt"
],
"id": "en-pena-gl-noun-qCCqFaDu",
"links": [
[
"pelt",
"pelt"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(archaic) pelt"
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "pelica"
}
],
"tags": [
"archaic",
"feminine"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ˈpena̝/"
}
],
"wikipedia": [
"pena"
],
"word": "pena"
}
{
"derived": [
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "Pena"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "Pena Corveira"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "Penaboa"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "Penalba"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "Penalonga"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "Penamaior"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "Penamoura"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "Pendón"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "Peneda"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"english": "boulder, rocky outcrop",
"word": "penedo"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "Penedón"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "Penela"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "Penelas"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "Penido"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "Penouco"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "Penouta"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "Penouzos"
}
],
"etymology_number": 3,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gl",
"2": "roa-opt",
"3": "pena"
},
"expansion": "Old Galician-Portuguese pena",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "gl",
"2": "la",
"3": "pinna"
},
"expansion": "Latin pinna",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "gl",
"2": "cel-pro",
"3": "*kʷennom",
"4": "",
"5": "head"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Celtic *kʷennom (“head”)",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "pt",
"2": "penha"
},
"expansion": "Portuguese penha",
"name": "cog"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Old Galician-Portuguese pena (13th century, Cantigas de Santa Maria), either from Latin pinna (\"feather, wing\"; then \"merlon, fortress\"; then, hypothetically, \"rock\"), or from Proto-Celtic *kʷennom (“head”). Compare Portuguese penha.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "penas",
"tags": [
"plural"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "f"
},
"expansion": "pena f (plural penas)",
"name": "gl-noun"
}
],
"lang": "Galician",
"lang_code": "gl",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [],
"examples": [
{
"english": "there a rock stood, which was very flat at the top and which rose very high",
"ref": "1370, Ramón Lorenzo, editor, Crónica troiana, A Coruña: Fundación Barrié, page 688",
"text": "alý se leuãtara hũa pena, que era en çima moy chãa et moyto alta contra o çeo",
"type": "quotation"
}
],
"glosses": [
"boulder, rock"
],
"id": "en-pena-gl-noun-N3of31K-",
"links": [
[
"boulder",
"boulder"
],
[
"rock",
"rock"
]
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "penedo"
}
],
"tags": [
"feminine"
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "10 3 31 1 1 12 40",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Galician entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"hill, hillock; mountain"
],
"id": "en-pena-gl-noun-QAoSLDvX",
"links": [
[
"hill",
"hill"
],
[
"hillock",
"hillock"
],
[
"mountain",
"mountain"
]
],
"qualifier": "place names",
"raw_glosses": [
"(archaic, place names) hill, hillock; mountain"
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "cabeza"
}
],
"tags": [
"archaic",
"feminine"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ˈpena̝/"
}
],
"wikipedia": [
"Cantigas de Santa Maria",
"Diccionario crítico etimológico castellano e hispánico",
"pena"
],
"word": "pena"
}
{
"categories": [
"Galician countable nouns",
"Galician entries with incorrect language header",
"Galician feminine nouns",
"Galician lemmas",
"Galician nouns",
"Galician terms derived from Ancient Greek",
"Galician terms derived from Latin",
"Galician terms derived from Old Galician-Portuguese",
"Galician terms derived from Proto-Celtic",
"Galician terms derived from Proto-Indo-European",
"Galician terms inherited from Latin",
"Galician terms inherited from Old Galician-Portuguese",
"Galician terms with IPA pronunciation"
],
"etymology_number": 1,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gl",
"2": "roa-opt",
"3": "pena"
},
"expansion": "Old Galician-Portuguese pena",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "roa-opt",
"2": "pẽa"
},
"expansion": "pẽa",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "gl",
"2": "la",
"3": "poena"
},
"expansion": "Latin poena",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "gl",
"2": "grc",
"3": "ποινή",
"4": "",
"5": "penalty, fine, bloodmoney"
},
"expansion": "Ancient Greek ποινή (poinḗ, “penalty, fine, bloodmoney”)",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "gl",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*kʷoynéh₂"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *kʷoynéh₂",
"name": "der"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Old Galician-Portuguese pena (displacing pẽa), from Latin poena, from Ancient Greek ποινή (poinḗ, “penalty, fine, bloodmoney”), from Proto-Indo-European *kʷoynéh₂.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "penas",
"tags": [
"plural"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "f"
},
"expansion": "pena f (plural penas)",
"name": "gl-noun"
}
],
"lang": "Galician",
"lang_code": "gl",
"pos": "noun",
"related": [
{
"english": "death penalty",
"word": "pena de morte"
},
{
"word": "penar"
},
{
"word": "penitencia"
},
{
"word": "penitente"
},
{
"word": "que pena"
},
{
"word": "vale a pena"
}
],
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"Galician terms with quotations"
],
"examples": [
{
"english": "the bishop and this Fernando Bonome, for him and for his wife, compromised themselves, under a penalty of a thousand coins, to respect this agreement",
"ref": "1370, Enrique Cal Pardo, editor, Colección diplomática medieval do arquivo da catedral de Mondoñedo, Santiago: Consello da Cultura Galega, page 103",
"text": "o bispo et esse Ferrand Bonome por si et por sa moller se obligaron su pena de mill mor. da boa moneda para gardaren a vnna parte aa outra todas estas cousas",
"type": "quotation"
}
],
"glosses": [
"punishment, penalty"
],
"links": [
[
"punishment",
"punishment"
],
[
"penalty",
"penalty"
]
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "castigo"
}
],
"tags": [
"feminine"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"Galician terms with quotations",
"Quotation templates to be cleaned"
],
"examples": [
{
"english": "so that his soul would be blessed and wouldn't wander in pain",
"ref": "1370, Ramón Lorenzo, editor, Crónica troiana, A Coruña: Fundación Barrié, page 731",
"text": "en guisa que a sua alma ouuese bẽeyçóm et nõ andase en pena",
"type": "quotation"
}
],
"glosses": [
"pain; sadness"
],
"links": [
[
"pain",
"pain"
],
[
"sadness",
"sadness"
]
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "dor"
},
{
"word": "tristura"
},
{
"word": "mágoa"
}
],
"tags": [
"feminine"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ˈpena̝/"
}
],
"wikipedia": [
"pena"
],
"word": "pena"
}
{
"categories": [
"Galician countable nouns",
"Galician entries with incorrect language header",
"Galician feminine nouns",
"Galician lemmas",
"Galician nouns",
"Galician terms derived from Latin",
"Galician terms derived from Old Galician-Portuguese",
"Galician terms derived from Proto-Celtic",
"Galician terms derived from Proto-Indo-European",
"Galician terms inherited from Latin",
"Galician terms inherited from Old Galician-Portuguese",
"Galician terms inherited from Proto-Indo-European",
"Galician terms with IPA pronunciation"
],
"derived": [
{
"english": "to pluck, to peel",
"word": "depenar"
},
{
"english": "to pluck",
"word": "depenicar"
},
{
"english": "tuft, crest",
"word": "penacho"
}
],
"etymology_number": 2,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gl",
"2": "roa-opt",
"3": "pena"
},
"expansion": "Old Galician-Portuguese pena",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "gl",
"2": "la",
"3": "pinna",
"4": "",
"5": "feather, wing"
},
"expansion": "Latin pinna (“feather, wing”)",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "gl",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*péth₂r̥",
"4": "*péth₂r̥ ~ pth₂én-",
"5": "feather, wing"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *péth₂r̥ ~ pth₂én- (“feather, wing”)",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ine-pro",
"2": "*peth₂-",
"3": "",
"4": "to fly"
},
"expansion": "*peth₂- (“to fly”)",
"name": "m"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Old Galician-Portuguese pena, from Latin pinna (“feather, wing”), from Proto-Indo-European *péth₂r̥ ~ pth₂én- (“feather, wing”), from *peth₂- (“to fly”).",
"forms": [
{
"form": "penas",
"tags": [
"plural"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "f"
},
"expansion": "pena f (plural penas)",
"name": "gl-noun"
}
],
"lang": "Galician",
"lang_code": "gl",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"glosses": [
"vanes or blades of a water wheel"
],
"links": [
[
"vanes",
"vanes"
],
[
"blades",
"blades"
],
[
"water wheel",
"water wheel"
]
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "aspa"
}
],
"tags": [
"feminine"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"Galician terms with archaic senses",
"Galician terms with quotations",
"Quotation templates to be cleaned"
],
"examples": [
{
"english": "The raven speaks, listen everyone:\n\"I come with black wings\nCutting the winds from afar\nTo arrive to these feasts.\nToday Apolo turned\nWhite my black feathers\nFor singing, as the Swan,\nThe greatness of Fonseca.\"",
"ref": "1697, Juan Antonio Torrado, Fala o corvo",
"roman": "As grandezas de Fonseca.",
"text": "Fala o corbo, escoyten todos:\nEu veño con asas negras\nCortando os ventos de longe\nPara chegar à estas festas.\nOge Apolo me tornou\nEn brancas as negras penas,\nPara cantar como o Cisne",
"type": "quotation"
}
],
"glosses": [
"feather"
],
"links": [
[
"feather",
"feather"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(archaic) feather"
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "pluma"
}
],
"tags": [
"archaic",
"feminine"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"Galician terms with archaic senses",
"Galician terms with quotations"
],
"examples": [
{
"english": "all of that boiled together with a hen pelt",
"ref": "1409, J. L. Pensado Tomé, editor, Rufus, Jordanus: Tratado de Albeitaria, Santiago de Compostela: Centro Ramón Piñeiro, page 133",
"text": "coito todo ensenbra con pena de gallina",
"type": "quotation"
}
],
"glosses": [
"pelt"
],
"links": [
[
"pelt",
"pelt"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(archaic) pelt"
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "pelica"
}
],
"tags": [
"archaic",
"feminine"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ˈpena̝/"
}
],
"wikipedia": [
"pena"
],
"word": "pena"
}
{
"categories": [
"Galician countable nouns",
"Galician entries with incorrect language header",
"Galician feminine nouns",
"Galician lemmas",
"Galician nouns",
"Galician terms derived from Latin",
"Galician terms derived from Old Galician-Portuguese",
"Galician terms derived from Proto-Celtic",
"Galician terms inherited from Latin",
"Galician terms inherited from Old Galician-Portuguese",
"Galician terms with IPA pronunciation"
],
"derived": [
{
"word": "Pena"
},
{
"word": "Pena Corveira"
},
{
"word": "Penaboa"
},
{
"word": "Penalba"
},
{
"word": "Penalonga"
},
{
"word": "Penamaior"
},
{
"word": "Penamoura"
},
{
"word": "Pendón"
},
{
"word": "Peneda"
},
{
"english": "boulder, rocky outcrop",
"word": "penedo"
},
{
"word": "Penedón"
},
{
"word": "Penela"
},
{
"word": "Penelas"
},
{
"word": "Penido"
},
{
"word": "Penouco"
},
{
"word": "Penouta"
},
{
"word": "Penouzos"
}
],
"etymology_number": 3,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gl",
"2": "roa-opt",
"3": "pena"
},
"expansion": "Old Galician-Portuguese pena",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "gl",
"2": "la",
"3": "pinna"
},
"expansion": "Latin pinna",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "gl",
"2": "cel-pro",
"3": "*kʷennom",
"4": "",
"5": "head"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Celtic *kʷennom (“head”)",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "pt",
"2": "penha"
},
"expansion": "Portuguese penha",
"name": "cog"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Old Galician-Portuguese pena (13th century, Cantigas de Santa Maria), either from Latin pinna (\"feather, wing\"; then \"merlon, fortress\"; then, hypothetically, \"rock\"), or from Proto-Celtic *kʷennom (“head”). Compare Portuguese penha.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "penas",
"tags": [
"plural"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "f"
},
"expansion": "pena f (plural penas)",
"name": "gl-noun"
}
],
"lang": "Galician",
"lang_code": "gl",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"Galician terms with quotations",
"Quotation templates to be cleaned"
],
"examples": [
{
"english": "there a rock stood, which was very flat at the top and which rose very high",
"ref": "1370, Ramón Lorenzo, editor, Crónica troiana, A Coruña: Fundación Barrié, page 688",
"text": "alý se leuãtara hũa pena, que era en çima moy chãa et moyto alta contra o çeo",
"type": "quotation"
}
],
"glosses": [
"boulder, rock"
],
"links": [
[
"boulder",
"boulder"
],
[
"rock",
"rock"
]
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "penedo"
}
],
"tags": [
"feminine"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"Galician terms with archaic senses"
],
"glosses": [
"hill, hillock; mountain"
],
"links": [
[
"hill",
"hill"
],
[
"hillock",
"hillock"
],
[
"mountain",
"mountain"
]
],
"qualifier": "place names",
"raw_glosses": [
"(archaic, place names) hill, hillock; mountain"
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "cabeza"
}
],
"tags": [
"archaic",
"feminine"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ˈpena̝/"
}
],
"wikipedia": [
"Cantigas de Santa Maria",
"Diccionario crítico etimológico castellano e hispánico",
"pena"
],
"word": "pena"
}
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable Galician dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2024-04-26 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2024-04-21 using wiktextract (93a6c53 and 21a9316). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.