"surname" meaning in English

See surname in All languages combined, or Wiktionary

Noun

IPA: /ˈsɝˌneɪm/ [US], /ˈsɜːˌneɪm/ [UK] Audio: En-us-surname.ogg [US], En-uk-surname.ogg [UK] Forms: surnames [plural]
enPR: sûrʹnām', sûʹnām' Rhymes: -ɜː(ɹ)neɪm Etymology: From Middle English surname, a partial calque of Old French surnum, surnoun (“surname; nickname”) (whence Middle English surnoun), from Late Latin supernōmen, suprānōmen (“surname”), from super- (“over, above, beyond”) and nōmen (“name”). Etymology templates: {{inh|en|enm|surname}} Middle English surname, {{der|en|fro|surnum}} Old French surnum, {{m|fro|surnoun||surname; nickname}} surnoun (“surname; nickname”), {{cog|enm|surnoun}} Middle English surnoun, {{der|en|LL.|supernōmen, suprānōmen|t=surname}} Late Latin supernōmen, suprānōmen (“surname”), {{m|la|super-||over, above, beyond}} super- (“over, above, beyond”), {{m|la|nōmen|t=name}} nōmen (“name”) Head templates: {{en-noun}} surname (plural surnames)
  1. (obsolete) Synonym of epithet, an additional name, particularly those derived from a birthplace, quality, or achievement. Tags: obsolete Synonyms: epithet [synonym, synonym-of]
    Sense id: en-surname-en-noun-lRSYWg5A
  2. (obsolete) Synonym of nickname, an additional name given to a person, place, or thing, a byname. Tags: obsolete Categories (topical): Onomastics Synonyms: nickname [synonym, synonym-of]
    Sense id: en-surname-en-noun-HTia5SSV Disambiguation of Onomastics: 12 50 12 15 7 2 2
  3. The name a person shares with other members of that person's family, distinguished from that person's given name(s); a family name. Translations (name that indicates family): van (Afrikaans), mbiemër [masculine] (Albanian), ἐπωνύμιον (epōnúmion) [neuter] (Ancient Greek), ⁧لَقَب⁩ (laqab) [masculine] (Arabic), ⁧كُنْيَة⁩ (kunya) [feminine] (Arabic), ⁧اِسْم الْعَائِلَة⁩ (ism al-ʕāʔila) [masculine] (Arabic), ⁧كنوة⁩ (kenwa) [Moroccan-Arabic, feminine] (Arabic), ⁧كْنيّة⁩ (kniyya) [Moroccan-Arabic, feminine] (Arabic), ազգանուն (azganun) (Armenian), ⁧ܟܘܼܢܵܝܵܐ⁩ (kunnāyā) [masculine] (Assyrian Neo-Aramaic), apellíu [masculine] (Asturian), soyad (Azerbaijani), фамилия (familiya) (Bashkir), abizen (Basque), deitura (Basque), про́звішча (prózvišča) [neuter] (Belarusian), про́зьвішча (prózʹvišča) [neuter] (Belarusian), উপাধি (upadhi) (Bengali), apelyido (Bikol Central), anv [masculine] (Breton), anv-familh [masculine] (Breton), anv-tiegezh [masculine] (Breton), фами́лно и́ме (famílno íme) [neuter] (Bulgarian), пре́зиме (prézime) [neuter] (Bulgarian), ရိုးရာအမည် (rui:raa.many) (Burmese), пру́звище (prúzvyšče) [neuter] (Carpathian Rusyn), cognom [masculine] (Catalan), llinatge [masculine] (Catalan), фамили (famili) (Chechen), dzina la bambo (Chichewa), щин (xin) [Dungan] (Chinese), 姓氏 (séng-sê) [Min-Dong] (Chinese), (Chinese Cantonese), 姓氏 (english: sing³ si⁶) (Chinese Cantonese), (xìng) (Chinese Mandarin), 姓氏 (xìngshì) (Chinese Mandarin), hanow [masculine] (Cornish), příjmení [neuter] (Czech), efternavn [neuter] (Danish), familienavn [neuter] (Danish), slægtsnavn [neuter] (Danish), achternaam [masculine] (Dutch), familienaam [masculine] (Dutch), tzonquīzcā (Eastern Huasteca Nahuatl), фамилий (famiĺij) (Eastern Mari), ешлӱм (ješlüm) (Eastern Mari), familia nomo (Esperanto), familinomo (Esperanto), perekonnanimi (Estonian), eftirnavn [neuter] (Faroese), ættarnavn [neuter] (Faroese), sukunimi (Finnish), nom [masculine] (French), patronyme [masculine] (French), nom de famille [masculine] (French), apelido [masculine] (Galician), alcuño [masculine] (Galician), გვარი (gvari) (Georgian), Nachname [masculine] (German), Familienname [masculine] (German), επώνυμο (epónymo) [neuter] (Greek), અટક (aṭak) [feminine] (Gujarati), ઉપનામ (upanām) (Gujarati), ⁧שֵׁם מִשׁפָּחָה⁩ (shem mishpakhá) [masculine] (Hebrew), कुलनाम (kulnām) [masculine] (Hindi), कुल नाम (kul nām) [masculine] (Hindi), उपनाम (upnām) [masculine] (Hindi), vezetéknév (Hungarian), családnév (Hungarian), eftirnafn (Icelandic), kenninafn (Icelandic), ættarnafn [neuter] (Icelandic), surnomo (Ido), marga (Indonesian), nama keluarga (Indonesian), sukunimi (Ingrian), familia (Ingrian), supernomine (Interlingua), nomine de familia (Interlingua), ultime nomine (Interlingua), sloinne [masculine] (Irish), cognome [masculine] (Italian), (sei) (alt: せい) (Japanese), 名字 (myōji) (alt: みょうじ) (Japanese), 苗字 (myōji) (alt: みょうじ) (Japanese), jeneng pancer (Javanese), ಉಪನಾಮ (upanāma) (Kannada), ⁧کرٛام⁩ (krām) (Kashmiri), nôzwëskò [neuter] (Kashubian), тегі (tegı) (Kazakh), ата-тек (ata-tek) (Kazakh), នាមត្រកូល (niəm trɑɑkoul) (Khmer), (seong) (alt: ) (Korean), 성씨 (seongssi) (alt: 姓氏) (Korean), фамилия (familiya) (Kyrgyz), атанаама (atanaama) (Kyrgyz), теги (tegi) (Kyrgyz), уругат (urugat) (Kyrgyz), alkunya [feminine] (Ladino), ຊື່ສະກຸນ (sư̄ sa kun) (Lao), ນາມສະກຸນ (nām sa kun) (Lao), ວົງວານ (wong wān) (Lao), ວົງສະກຸນ (wong sa kun) (Lao), cōgnōmen [neuter] (Latin), uzvārds [masculine] (Latvian), pavardė [feminine] (Lithuanian), презиме (prezime) [neuter] (Macedonian), nama keluarga (Malay), കുലനാമം (kulanāmaṁ) (Malayalam), kunjom [masculine] (Maltese), ᡥᠠᠯᠠ (hala) (Manchu), sliennoo [masculine] (Manx), ingoa whānau (Maori), आडनाव (āḍnāv) (Marathi), surname (Middle English), surnoun (Middle English), toname (Middle English), 字姓 (lī-sìⁿ, jī-sèⁿ, lī-sèⁿ, jī-sìⁿ) (Min Nan Chinese), овог нэр (ovog ner) [Cyrillic] (Mongolian), овог (ovog) [Cyrillic] (Mongolian), ᠣᠪᠤᠭ ᠨᠡᠷ᠎ᠡ (obug ner-e) [Mongolian] (Mongolian), ᠣᠪᠤᠭ (obug) [Mongolian] (Mongolian), थर (thar) (Nepali), paşnav (Northern Kurdish), leqeb (Northern Kurdish), sohkanamma (Northern Sami), namma (Northern Sami), goargu (Northern Sami), navn [neuter] (Norwegian Bokmål), etternavn [neuter] (Norwegian Bokmål), familienavn [neuter] (Norwegian Bokmål), slektsnavn [neuter] (Norwegian Bokmål), namn [neuter] (Norwegian Nynorsk), etternamn [neuter] (Norwegian Nynorsk), familienamn [neuter] (Norwegian Nynorsk), slektsnamn [neuter] (Norwegian Nynorsk), nom d'ostal [masculine] (Occitan), nom de familha [masculine] (Occitan), ଉପନାମ (upônamô) (Odia), tōnama [masculine] (Old English), мыггаг (myggag) (Ossetian), ⁧لقب⁩ (laqab) [masculine] (Pashto), ⁧کورنی نوم⁩ (koranay num) [masculine] (Pashto), ⁧تخلص⁩ (taxalos) [masculine] (Pashto), ⁧نامِ خانِوَادِگی⁩ (nâm-e xânevâdegi) [Iranian Persian] (Persian), ⁧اِسْمِ فامیل⁩ (esm-e fâmil) [Iranian Persian] (Persian), ⁧لَقَب⁩ (lağab) [Iranian Persian] (Persian), nazwisko [neuter] (Polish), sobrenome [masculine] (Portuguese), nome de família [masculine] (Portuguese), último nome (english: when appearing last) [masculine] (Portuguese), ਉਪਨਾਮ (upanām) (Punjabi), nume de familie [neuter] (Romanian), patronim [neuter] (Romanian), nume patronimic [neuter] (Romanian), nume [neuter] (Romanian), фами́лия (famílija) [feminine] (Russian), sloinneadh [masculine] (Scottish Gaelic), прѐзиме [Cyrillic, neuter] (Serbo-Croatian), prèzime [Roman, neuter] (Serbo-Croatian), cugnomu [masculine] (Sicilian), වාසගම (wāsagama) (Sinhalese), famiʹljnõmm (Skolt Sami), priezvisko [neuter] (Slovak), priimek [masculine] (Slovene), fane [singular] (Sotho), difane [plural] (Sotho), apellido [masculine] (Spanish), Familiename (Swabian), jina la ukoo (Swahili), efternamn [neuter] (Swedish), familjenamn [neuter] (Swedish), apelyido (Tagalog), фамилия (familiya) (Tajik), номи хонаводагӣ (nomi xonavodagī) (Tajik), குடும்பப்பெயர் (kuṭumpappeyar) (Tamil), фамилия (familiyä) (Tatar), ఇంటిపేరు (iṇṭipēru) (Telugu), นามสกุล (naam-sà-gun) (Thai), แซ่ (sɛ̂ɛ) [Chinese, surname] (Thai), soyadı (Turkish), soyad (Turkish), soyisim (Turkish), familiýa (Turkmen), прі́звище (prízvyšče) [neuter] (Ukrainian), swójbne mjeno [neuter] (Upper Sorbian), ⁧خانْدانی نام⁩ (xāndānī nām) [masculine] (Urdu), ⁧کُل نام⁩ (kul nām) [masculine] (Urdu), ⁧اُپ نام⁩ (up nām) [masculine] (Urdu), ⁧لَقَب⁩ (laqab) [masculine] (Urdu), ⁧فامىلە⁩ (famile) (Uyghur), familiya (Uzbek), laqab (Uzbek), họ (Vietnamese), tên họ (Vietnamese), famülanem (Volapük), no d' famile [masculine] (Walloon), cyfenw [masculine] (Welsh), xeem (White Hmong), (²xin) (Wu Chinese), 姓氏 (²xin-zr) (Wu Chinese), ifani (Xhosa), ⁧משפּחה־נאָמען⁩ (mishpokhe-nomen) [masculine] (Yiddish), isibongo (Zulu)
    Sense id: en-surname-en-noun-jMsahguo Disambiguation of 'name that indicates family': 27 27 34 9 2
  4. (Classical studies) The cognomen of Roman names. Tags: Classical-studies
    Sense id: en-surname-en-noun-Mnmh1NnA
  5. (Scotland, obsolete) A clan. Tags: Scotland, obsolete
    Sense id: en-surname-en-noun-e~FISoZ3 Categories (other): Scottish English
The following are not (yet) sense-disambiguated
Synonyms: sirname [archaic], sur-name [obsolete], cognomen [uncommon], family name, last name, surname, to-name Hypernyms: name, anthroponym Hyponyms: bride's name, maiden name (english: surname prior to marriage), patronym, patronymic (english: a surname specifically referencing one's father's given name), matronym, matronymic (english: a surname specifically referencing one's mother's given name), nomen [historical] Holonyms: full name Derived forms: occupational surname Related terms: aftername Coordinate_terms: given name, middle name, epithet, cognomen, nickname

Verb

IPA: /ˈsɝˌneɪm/ [US], /ˈsɜːˌneɪm/ [UK] Audio: En-us-surname.ogg [US], En-uk-surname.ogg [UK] Forms: surnames [present, singular, third-person], surnaming [participle, present], surnamed [participle, past], surnamed [past]
enPR: sûrʹnām', sûʹnām' Rhymes: -ɜː(ɹ)neɪm Etymology: From Middle English surname, a partial calque of Old French surnum, surnoun (“surname; nickname”) (whence Middle English surnoun), from Late Latin supernōmen, suprānōmen (“surname”), from super- (“over, above, beyond”) and nōmen (“name”). Etymology templates: {{inh|en|enm|surname}} Middle English surname, {{der|en|fro|surnum}} Old French surnum, {{m|fro|surnoun||surname; nickname}} surnoun (“surname; nickname”), {{cog|enm|surnoun}} Middle English surnoun, {{der|en|LL.|supernōmen, suprānōmen|t=surname}} Late Latin supernōmen, suprānōmen (“surname”), {{m|la|super-||over, above, beyond}} super- (“over, above, beyond”), {{m|la|nōmen|t=name}} nōmen (“name”) Head templates: {{en-verb}} surname (third-person singular simple present surnames, present participle surnaming, simple past and past participle surnamed)
  1. (transitive) To give a surname to. Tags: transitive Translations (to give a surname): doni familinomon (Esperanto), antaa sukunimi (Finnish), apodar (Spanish)
    Sense id: en-surname-en-verb-iFlguzu~ Disambiguation of 'to give a surname': 76 24
  2. (transitive) To call by a surname. Tags: transitive Translations (to call by a surname): kutsua sukunimellä (Finnish), apodo (Spanish)
    Sense id: en-surname-en-verb-UV1qAjCL Disambiguation of 'to call by a surname': 6 94
The following are not (yet) sense-disambiguated
Synonyms: sirname [archaic], sur-name [obsolete] Related terms: Wiktionary appendix of surnames

Inflected forms

Alternative forms

Download JSON data for surname meaning in English (40.3kB)

{
  "coordinate_terms": [
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0",
      "word": "given name"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0",
      "word": "middle name"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0",
      "word": "epithet"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0",
      "word": "cognomen"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0",
      "word": "nickname"
    }
  ],
  "derived": [
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0",
      "word": "occupational surname"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "enm",
        "3": "surname"
      },
      "expansion": "Middle English surname",
      "name": "inh"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "fro",
        "3": "surnum"
      },
      "expansion": "Old French surnum",
      "name": "der"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "fro",
        "2": "surnoun",
        "3": "",
        "4": "surname; nickname"
      },
      "expansion": "surnoun (“surname; nickname”)",
      "name": "m"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "enm",
        "2": "surnoun"
      },
      "expansion": "Middle English surnoun",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "LL.",
        "3": "supernōmen, suprānōmen",
        "t": "surname"
      },
      "expansion": "Late Latin supernōmen, suprānōmen (“surname”)",
      "name": "der"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "la",
        "2": "super-",
        "3": "",
        "4": "over, above, beyond"
      },
      "expansion": "super- (“over, above, beyond”)",
      "name": "m"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "la",
        "2": "nōmen",
        "t": "name"
      },
      "expansion": "nōmen (“name”)",
      "name": "m"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_text": "From Middle English surname, a partial calque of Old French surnum, surnoun (“surname; nickname”) (whence Middle English surnoun), from Late Latin supernōmen, suprānōmen (“surname”), from super- (“over, above, beyond”) and nōmen (“name”).",
  "forms": [
    {
      "form": "surnames",
      "tags": [
        "plural"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "head_templates": [
    {
      "args": {},
      "expansion": "surname (plural surnames)",
      "name": "en-noun"
    }
  ],
  "holonyms": [
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0",
      "source": "Thesaurus:surname",
      "word": "full name"
    }
  ],
  "hypernyms": [
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0",
      "word": "name"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0",
      "source": "Thesaurus:surname",
      "word": "anthroponym"
    }
  ],
  "hyponyms": [
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0",
      "word": "bride's name"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0",
      "english": "surname prior to marriage",
      "word": "maiden name"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0",
      "word": "patronym"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0",
      "english": "a surname specifically referencing one's father's given name",
      "word": "patronymic"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0",
      "word": "matronym"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0",
      "english": "a surname specifically referencing one's mother's given name",
      "word": "matronymic"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0",
      "source": "Thesaurus:surname",
      "tags": [
        "historical"
      ],
      "word": "nomen"
    }
  ],
  "lang": "English",
  "lang_code": "en",
  "pos": "noun",
  "related": [
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0",
      "source": "Thesaurus:surname",
      "word": "aftername"
    }
  ],
  "senses": [
    {
      "categories": [],
      "examples": [
        {
          "ref": "1590, Richard Harvey, Plaine Percevall the peace-maker of England, Sweetly indeuoring with his blunt persuasions to botch vp a reconciliation between Mar-ton and Mar-tother, B3",
          "text": "My sirname is Peace-Maker, one that is but poorely regarded in England.",
          "type": "quotation"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "Synonym of epithet, an additional name, particularly those derived from a birthplace, quality, or achievement."
      ],
      "id": "en-surname-en-noun-lRSYWg5A",
      "links": [
        [
          "epithet",
          "epithet#English"
        ],
        [
          "additional",
          "additional"
        ],
        [
          "name",
          "name"
        ],
        [
          "particularly",
          "particularly"
        ],
        [
          "derived",
          "derived"
        ],
        [
          "birthplace",
          "birthplace"
        ],
        [
          "quality",
          "quality"
        ],
        [
          "achievement",
          "achievement"
        ]
      ],
      "raw_glosses": [
        "(obsolete) Synonym of epithet, an additional name, particularly those derived from a birthplace, quality, or achievement."
      ],
      "synonyms": [
        {
          "extra": "an additional name, particularly those derived from a birthplace, quality, or achievement",
          "tags": [
            "synonym",
            "synonym-of"
          ],
          "word": "epithet"
        }
      ],
      "tags": [
        "obsolete"
      ]
    },
    {
      "categories": [
        {
          "_dis": "12 50 12 15 7 2 2",
          "kind": "topical",
          "langcode": "en",
          "name": "Onomastics",
          "orig": "en:Onomastics",
          "parents": [
            "Linguistics",
            "Names",
            "Language",
            "Social sciences",
            "All topics",
            "Proper nouns",
            "Terms by semantic function",
            "Communication",
            "Sciences",
            "Society",
            "Fundamental",
            "Nouns",
            "Lemmas"
          ],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        }
      ],
      "examples": [
        {
          "ref": "1638, Abraham Cowley, Davideis, section IV",
          "text": "I have before declared that Baal was the Sun, and Baal Peor, a sirname, from a particular place of his worship.",
          "type": "quotation"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "Synonym of nickname, an additional name given to a person, place, or thing, a byname."
      ],
      "id": "en-surname-en-noun-HTia5SSV",
      "links": [
        [
          "nickname",
          "nickname#English"
        ],
        [
          "given",
          "given"
        ],
        [
          "person",
          "person"
        ],
        [
          "place",
          "place"
        ],
        [
          "thing",
          "thing"
        ],
        [
          "byname",
          "byname"
        ]
      ],
      "raw_glosses": [
        "(obsolete) Synonym of nickname, an additional name given to a person, place, or thing, a byname."
      ],
      "synonyms": [
        {
          "extra": "an additional name given to a person, place, or thing, a byname",
          "tags": [
            "synonym",
            "synonym-of"
          ],
          "word": "nickname"
        }
      ],
      "tags": [
        "obsolete"
      ]
    },
    {
      "categories": [],
      "examples": [
        {
          "text": "James is my first name, and Smith is my surname.",
          "type": "example"
        },
        {
          "ref": "1605, William Camden, Remaines, I 32",
          "text": "In late yeeres Surnames have beene given for Christian names among vs, and no where else in Christendom.",
          "type": "quotation"
        },
        {
          "ref": "1876, E. A. Freeman, The History of the Norman Conquest, V xxv 563",
          "text": "The Norman Conquest...brought with it the novelty of family nomenclature, that is to say, the use of hereditary surnames.",
          "type": "quotation"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "The name a person shares with other members of that person's family, distinguished from that person's given name(s); a family name."
      ],
      "id": "en-surname-en-noun-jMsahguo",
      "links": [
        [
          "person",
          "person"
        ],
        [
          "shares",
          "shares"
        ],
        [
          "other",
          "other"
        ],
        [
          "members",
          "members"
        ],
        [
          "that",
          "that"
        ],
        [
          "family",
          "family"
        ],
        [
          "distinguished",
          "distinguished"
        ],
        [
          "given name",
          "given name"
        ],
        [
          "family name",
          "family name"
        ]
      ],
      "translations": [
        {
          "_dis1": "27 27 34 9 2",
          "code": "af",
          "lang": "Afrikaans",
          "sense": "name that indicates family",
          "word": "van"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "27 27 34 9 2",
          "code": "sq",
          "lang": "Albanian",
          "sense": "name that indicates family",
          "tags": [
            "masculine"
          ],
          "word": "mbiemër"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "27 27 34 9 2",
          "code": "ar",
          "lang": "Arabic",
          "roman": "laqab",
          "sense": "name that indicates family",
          "tags": [
            "masculine"
          ],
          "word": "⁧لَقَب⁩"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "27 27 34 9 2",
          "code": "ar",
          "lang": "Arabic",
          "roman": "kunya",
          "sense": "name that indicates family",
          "tags": [
            "feminine"
          ],
          "word": "⁧كُنْيَة⁩"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "27 27 34 9 2",
          "code": "ar",
          "lang": "Arabic",
          "roman": "ism al-ʕāʔila",
          "sense": "name that indicates family",
          "tags": [
            "masculine"
          ],
          "word": "⁧اِسْم الْعَائِلَة⁩"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "27 27 34 9 2",
          "code": "ary",
          "lang": "Arabic",
          "roman": "kenwa",
          "sense": "name that indicates family",
          "tags": [
            "Moroccan-Arabic",
            "feminine"
          ],
          "word": "⁧كنوة⁩"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "27 27 34 9 2",
          "code": "ary",
          "lang": "Arabic",
          "roman": "kniyya",
          "sense": "name that indicates family",
          "tags": [
            "Moroccan-Arabic",
            "feminine"
          ],
          "word": "⁧كْنيّة⁩"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "27 27 34 9 2",
          "code": "hy",
          "lang": "Armenian",
          "roman": "azganun",
          "sense": "name that indicates family",
          "word": "ազգանուն"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "27 27 34 9 2",
          "code": "aii",
          "lang": "Assyrian Neo-Aramaic",
          "roman": "kunnāyā",
          "sense": "name that indicates family",
          "tags": [
            "masculine"
          ],
          "word": "⁧ܟܘܼܢܵܝܵܐ⁩"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "27 27 34 9 2",
          "code": "ast",
          "lang": "Asturian",
          "sense": "name that indicates family",
          "tags": [
            "masculine"
          ],
          "word": "apellíu"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "27 27 34 9 2",
          "code": "az",
          "lang": "Azerbaijani",
          "sense": "name that indicates family",
          "word": "soyad"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "27 27 34 9 2",
          "code": "ba",
          "lang": "Bashkir",
          "roman": "familiya",
          "sense": "name that indicates family",
          "word": "фамилия"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "27 27 34 9 2",
          "code": "eu",
          "lang": "Basque",
          "sense": "name that indicates family",
          "word": "abizen"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "27 27 34 9 2",
          "code": "eu",
          "lang": "Basque",
          "sense": "name that indicates family",
          "word": "deitura"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "27 27 34 9 2",
          "code": "be",
          "lang": "Belarusian",
          "roman": "prózvišča",
          "sense": "name that indicates family",
          "tags": [
            "neuter"
          ],
          "word": "про́звішча"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "27 27 34 9 2",
          "code": "be",
          "lang": "Belarusian",
          "roman": "prózʹvišča",
          "sense": "name that indicates family",
          "tags": [
            "neuter"
          ],
          "word": "про́зьвішча"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "27 27 34 9 2",
          "code": "bn",
          "lang": "Bengali",
          "roman": "upadhi",
          "sense": "name that indicates family",
          "word": "উপাধি"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "27 27 34 9 2",
          "code": "bcl",
          "lang": "Bikol Central",
          "sense": "name that indicates family",
          "word": "apelyido"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "27 27 34 9 2",
          "code": "br",
          "lang": "Breton",
          "sense": "name that indicates family",
          "tags": [
            "masculine"
          ],
          "word": "anv"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "27 27 34 9 2",
          "code": "br",
          "lang": "Breton",
          "sense": "name that indicates family",
          "tags": [
            "masculine"
          ],
          "word": "anv-familh"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "27 27 34 9 2",
          "code": "br",
          "lang": "Breton",
          "sense": "name that indicates family",
          "tags": [
            "masculine"
          ],
          "word": "anv-tiegezh"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "27 27 34 9 2",
          "code": "bg",
          "lang": "Bulgarian",
          "roman": "famílno íme",
          "sense": "name that indicates family",
          "tags": [
            "neuter"
          ],
          "word": "фами́лно и́ме"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "27 27 34 9 2",
          "code": "bg",
          "lang": "Bulgarian",
          "roman": "prézime",
          "sense": "name that indicates family",
          "tags": [
            "neuter"
          ],
          "word": "пре́зиме"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "27 27 34 9 2",
          "code": "my",
          "lang": "Burmese",
          "roman": "rui:raa.many",
          "sense": "name that indicates family",
          "word": "ရိုးရာအမည်"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "27 27 34 9 2",
          "code": "rue",
          "lang": "Carpathian Rusyn",
          "roman": "prúzvyšče",
          "sense": "name that indicates family",
          "tags": [
            "neuter"
          ],
          "word": "пру́звище"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "27 27 34 9 2",
          "code": "ca",
          "lang": "Catalan",
          "sense": "name that indicates family",
          "tags": [
            "masculine"
          ],
          "word": "cognom"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "27 27 34 9 2",
          "code": "ca",
          "lang": "Catalan",
          "sense": "name that indicates family",
          "tags": [
            "masculine"
          ],
          "word": "llinatge"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "27 27 34 9 2",
          "code": "ce",
          "lang": "Chechen",
          "roman": "famili",
          "sense": "name that indicates family",
          "word": "фамили"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "27 27 34 9 2",
          "code": "ny",
          "lang": "Chichewa",
          "sense": "name that indicates family",
          "word": "dzina la bambo"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "27 27 34 9 2",
          "code": "yue",
          "lang": "Chinese Cantonese",
          "sense": "name that indicates family",
          "word": "姓"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "27 27 34 9 2",
          "code": "yue",
          "english": "sing³ si⁶",
          "lang": "Chinese Cantonese",
          "sense": "name that indicates family",
          "word": "姓氏"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "27 27 34 9 2",
          "code": "dng",
          "lang": "Chinese",
          "roman": "xin",
          "sense": "name that indicates family",
          "tags": [
            "Dungan"
          ],
          "word": "щин"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "27 27 34 9 2",
          "code": "cmn",
          "lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
          "roman": "xìng",
          "sense": "name that indicates family",
          "word": "姓"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "27 27 34 9 2",
          "code": "cmn",
          "lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
          "roman": "xìngshì",
          "sense": "name that indicates family",
          "word": "姓氏"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "27 27 34 9 2",
          "code": "cdo",
          "lang": "Chinese",
          "roman": "séng-sê",
          "sense": "name that indicates family",
          "tags": [
            "Min-Dong"
          ],
          "word": "姓氏"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "27 27 34 9 2",
          "code": "nan",
          "lang": "Min Nan Chinese",
          "roman": "lī-sìⁿ, jī-sèⁿ, lī-sèⁿ, jī-sìⁿ",
          "sense": "name that indicates family",
          "word": "字姓"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "27 27 34 9 2",
          "code": "wuu",
          "lang": "Wu Chinese",
          "roman": "²xin",
          "sense": "name that indicates family",
          "word": "姓"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "27 27 34 9 2",
          "code": "wuu",
          "lang": "Wu Chinese",
          "roman": "²xin-zr",
          "sense": "name that indicates family",
          "word": "姓氏"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "27 27 34 9 2",
          "code": "kw",
          "lang": "Cornish",
          "sense": "name that indicates family",
          "tags": [
            "masculine"
          ],
          "word": "hanow"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "27 27 34 9 2",
          "code": "cs",
          "lang": "Czech",
          "sense": "name that indicates family",
          "tags": [
            "neuter"
          ],
          "word": "příjmení"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "27 27 34 9 2",
          "code": "da",
          "lang": "Danish",
          "sense": "name that indicates family",
          "tags": [
            "neuter"
          ],
          "word": "efternavn"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "27 27 34 9 2",
          "code": "da",
          "lang": "Danish",
          "sense": "name that indicates family",
          "tags": [
            "neuter"
          ],
          "word": "familienavn"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "27 27 34 9 2",
          "code": "da",
          "lang": "Danish",
          "sense": "name that indicates family",
          "tags": [
            "neuter"
          ],
          "word": "slægtsnavn"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "27 27 34 9 2",
          "code": "nl",
          "lang": "Dutch",
          "sense": "name that indicates family",
          "tags": [
            "masculine"
          ],
          "word": "achternaam"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "27 27 34 9 2",
          "code": "nl",
          "lang": "Dutch",
          "sense": "name that indicates family",
          "tags": [
            "masculine"
          ],
          "word": "familienaam"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "27 27 34 9 2",
          "code": "nhe",
          "lang": "Eastern Huasteca Nahuatl",
          "sense": "name that indicates family",
          "word": "tzonquīzcā"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "27 27 34 9 2",
          "code": "eo",
          "lang": "Esperanto",
          "sense": "name that indicates family",
          "word": "familia nomo"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "27 27 34 9 2",
          "code": "eo",
          "lang": "Esperanto",
          "sense": "name that indicates family",
          "word": "familinomo"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "27 27 34 9 2",
          "code": "et",
          "lang": "Estonian",
          "sense": "name that indicates family",
          "word": "perekonnanimi"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "27 27 34 9 2",
          "code": "fo",
          "lang": "Faroese",
          "sense": "name that indicates family",
          "tags": [
            "neuter"
          ],
          "word": "eftirnavn"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "27 27 34 9 2",
          "code": "fo",
          "lang": "Faroese",
          "sense": "name that indicates family",
          "tags": [
            "neuter"
          ],
          "word": "ættarnavn"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "27 27 34 9 2",
          "code": "fi",
          "lang": "Finnish",
          "sense": "name that indicates family",
          "word": "sukunimi"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "27 27 34 9 2",
          "code": "fr",
          "lang": "French",
          "sense": "name that indicates family",
          "tags": [
            "masculine"
          ],
          "word": "nom"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "27 27 34 9 2",
          "code": "fr",
          "lang": "French",
          "sense": "name that indicates family",
          "tags": [
            "masculine"
          ],
          "word": "patronyme"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "27 27 34 9 2",
          "code": "fr",
          "lang": "French",
          "sense": "name that indicates family",
          "tags": [
            "masculine"
          ],
          "word": "nom de famille"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "27 27 34 9 2",
          "code": "gl",
          "lang": "Galician",
          "sense": "name that indicates family",
          "tags": [
            "masculine"
          ],
          "word": "apelido"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "27 27 34 9 2",
          "code": "gl",
          "lang": "Galician",
          "sense": "name that indicates family",
          "tags": [
            "masculine"
          ],
          "word": "alcuño"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "27 27 34 9 2",
          "code": "ka",
          "lang": "Georgian",
          "roman": "gvari",
          "sense": "name that indicates family",
          "word": "გვარი"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "27 27 34 9 2",
          "code": "de",
          "lang": "German",
          "sense": "name that indicates family",
          "tags": [
            "masculine"
          ],
          "word": "Nachname"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "27 27 34 9 2",
          "code": "de",
          "lang": "German",
          "sense": "name that indicates family",
          "tags": [
            "masculine"
          ],
          "word": "Familienname"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "27 27 34 9 2",
          "code": "el",
          "lang": "Greek",
          "roman": "epónymo",
          "sense": "name that indicates family",
          "tags": [
            "neuter"
          ],
          "word": "επώνυμο"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "27 27 34 9 2",
          "code": "grc",
          "lang": "Ancient Greek",
          "roman": "epōnúmion",
          "sense": "name that indicates family",
          "tags": [
            "neuter"
          ],
          "word": "ἐπωνύμιον"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "27 27 34 9 2",
          "code": "gu",
          "lang": "Gujarati",
          "roman": "aṭak",
          "sense": "name that indicates family",
          "tags": [
            "feminine"
          ],
          "word": "અટક"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "27 27 34 9 2",
          "code": "gu",
          "lang": "Gujarati",
          "roman": "upanām",
          "sense": "name that indicates family",
          "word": "ઉપનામ"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "27 27 34 9 2",
          "code": "he",
          "lang": "Hebrew",
          "roman": "shem mishpakhá",
          "sense": "name that indicates family",
          "tags": [
            "masculine"
          ],
          "word": "⁧שֵׁם מִשׁפָּחָה⁩"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "27 27 34 9 2",
          "code": "hi",
          "lang": "Hindi",
          "roman": "kulnām",
          "sense": "name that indicates family",
          "tags": [
            "masculine"
          ],
          "word": "कुलनाम"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "27 27 34 9 2",
          "code": "hi",
          "lang": "Hindi",
          "roman": "kul nām",
          "sense": "name that indicates family",
          "tags": [
            "masculine"
          ],
          "word": "कुल नाम"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "27 27 34 9 2",
          "code": "hi",
          "lang": "Hindi",
          "roman": "upnām",
          "sense": "name that indicates family",
          "tags": [
            "masculine"
          ],
          "word": "उपनाम"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "27 27 34 9 2",
          "code": "hu",
          "lang": "Hungarian",
          "sense": "name that indicates family",
          "word": "vezetéknév"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "27 27 34 9 2",
          "code": "hu",
          "lang": "Hungarian",
          "sense": "name that indicates family",
          "word": "családnév"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "27 27 34 9 2",
          "code": "is",
          "lang": "Icelandic",
          "sense": "name that indicates family",
          "word": "eftirnafn"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "27 27 34 9 2",
          "code": "is",
          "lang": "Icelandic",
          "sense": "name that indicates family",
          "word": "kenninafn"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "27 27 34 9 2",
          "code": "is",
          "lang": "Icelandic",
          "sense": "name that indicates family",
          "tags": [
            "neuter"
          ],
          "word": "ættarnafn"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "27 27 34 9 2",
          "code": "io",
          "lang": "Ido",
          "sense": "name that indicates family",
          "word": "surnomo"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "27 27 34 9 2",
          "code": "id",
          "lang": "Indonesian",
          "sense": "name that indicates family",
          "word": "marga"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "27 27 34 9 2",
          "code": "id",
          "lang": "Indonesian",
          "sense": "name that indicates family",
          "word": "nama keluarga"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "27 27 34 9 2",
          "code": "izh",
          "lang": "Ingrian",
          "sense": "name that indicates family",
          "word": "sukunimi"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "27 27 34 9 2",
          "code": "izh",
          "lang": "Ingrian",
          "sense": "name that indicates family",
          "word": "familia"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "27 27 34 9 2",
          "code": "ia",
          "lang": "Interlingua",
          "sense": "name that indicates family",
          "word": "supernomine"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "27 27 34 9 2",
          "code": "ia",
          "lang": "Interlingua",
          "sense": "name that indicates family",
          "word": "nomine de familia"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "27 27 34 9 2",
          "code": "ia",
          "lang": "Interlingua",
          "sense": "name that indicates family",
          "word": "ultime nomine"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "27 27 34 9 2",
          "code": "ga",
          "lang": "Irish",
          "sense": "name that indicates family",
          "tags": [
            "masculine"
          ],
          "word": "sloinne"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "27 27 34 9 2",
          "code": "it",
          "lang": "Italian",
          "sense": "name that indicates family",
          "tags": [
            "masculine"
          ],
          "word": "cognome"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "27 27 34 9 2",
          "alt": "せい",
          "code": "ja",
          "lang": "Japanese",
          "roman": "sei",
          "sense": "name that indicates family",
          "word": "姓"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "27 27 34 9 2",
          "alt": "みょうじ",
          "code": "ja",
          "lang": "Japanese",
          "roman": "myōji",
          "sense": "name that indicates family",
          "word": "名字"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "27 27 34 9 2",
          "alt": "みょうじ",
          "code": "ja",
          "lang": "Japanese",
          "roman": "myōji",
          "sense": "name that indicates family",
          "word": "苗字"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "27 27 34 9 2",
          "code": "jv",
          "lang": "Javanese",
          "sense": "name that indicates family",
          "word": "jeneng pancer"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "27 27 34 9 2",
          "code": "kn",
          "lang": "Kannada",
          "roman": "upanāma",
          "sense": "name that indicates family",
          "word": "ಉಪನಾಮ"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "27 27 34 9 2",
          "code": "ks",
          "lang": "Kashmiri",
          "roman": "krām",
          "sense": "name that indicates family",
          "word": "⁧کرٛام⁩"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "27 27 34 9 2",
          "code": "csb",
          "lang": "Kashubian",
          "sense": "name that indicates family",
          "tags": [
            "neuter"
          ],
          "word": "nôzwëskò"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "27 27 34 9 2",
          "code": "kk",
          "lang": "Kazakh",
          "roman": "tegı",
          "sense": "name that indicates family",
          "word": "тегі"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "27 27 34 9 2",
          "code": "kk",
          "lang": "Kazakh",
          "roman": "ata-tek",
          "sense": "name that indicates family",
          "word": "ата-тек"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "27 27 34 9 2",
          "code": "km",
          "lang": "Khmer",
          "roman": "niəm trɑɑkoul",
          "sense": "name that indicates family",
          "word": "នាមត្រកូល"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "27 27 34 9 2",
          "alt": "姓",
          "code": "ko",
          "lang": "Korean",
          "roman": "seong",
          "sense": "name that indicates family",
          "word": "성"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "27 27 34 9 2",
          "alt": "姓氏",
          "code": "ko",
          "lang": "Korean",
          "roman": "seongssi",
          "sense": "name that indicates family",
          "word": "성씨"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "27 27 34 9 2",
          "code": "kmr",
          "lang": "Northern Kurdish",
          "sense": "name that indicates family",
          "word": "paşnav"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "27 27 34 9 2",
          "code": "kmr",
          "lang": "Northern Kurdish",
          "sense": "name that indicates family",
          "word": "leqeb"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "27 27 34 9 2",
          "code": "ky",
          "lang": "Kyrgyz",
          "roman": "familiya",
          "sense": "name that indicates family",
          "word": "фамилия"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "27 27 34 9 2",
          "code": "ky",
          "lang": "Kyrgyz",
          "roman": "atanaama",
          "sense": "name that indicates family",
          "word": "атанаама"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "27 27 34 9 2",
          "code": "ky",
          "lang": "Kyrgyz",
          "roman": "tegi",
          "sense": "name that indicates family",
          "word": "теги"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "27 27 34 9 2",
          "code": "ky",
          "lang": "Kyrgyz",
          "roman": "urugat",
          "sense": "name that indicates family",
          "word": "уругат"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "27 27 34 9 2",
          "code": "lad",
          "lang": "Ladino",
          "sense": "name that indicates family",
          "tags": [
            "feminine"
          ],
          "word": "alkunya"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "27 27 34 9 2",
          "code": "lo",
          "lang": "Lao",
          "roman": "sư̄ sa kun",
          "sense": "name that indicates family",
          "word": "ຊື່ສະກຸນ"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "27 27 34 9 2",
          "code": "lo",
          "lang": "Lao",
          "roman": "nām sa kun",
          "sense": "name that indicates family",
          "word": "ນາມສະກຸນ"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "27 27 34 9 2",
          "code": "lo",
          "lang": "Lao",
          "roman": "wong wān",
          "sense": "name that indicates family",
          "word": "ວົງວານ"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "27 27 34 9 2",
          "code": "lo",
          "lang": "Lao",
          "roman": "wong sa kun",
          "sense": "name that indicates family",
          "word": "ວົງສະກຸນ"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "27 27 34 9 2",
          "code": "la",
          "lang": "Latin",
          "sense": "name that indicates family",
          "tags": [
            "neuter"
          ],
          "word": "cōgnōmen"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "27 27 34 9 2",
          "code": "lv",
          "lang": "Latvian",
          "sense": "name that indicates family",
          "tags": [
            "masculine"
          ],
          "word": "uzvārds"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "27 27 34 9 2",
          "code": "lt",
          "lang": "Lithuanian",
          "sense": "name that indicates family",
          "tags": [
            "feminine"
          ],
          "word": "pavardė"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "27 27 34 9 2",
          "code": "mk",
          "lang": "Macedonian",
          "roman": "prezime",
          "sense": "name that indicates family",
          "tags": [
            "neuter"
          ],
          "word": "презиме"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "27 27 34 9 2",
          "code": "ms",
          "lang": "Malay",
          "sense": "name that indicates family",
          "word": "nama keluarga"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "27 27 34 9 2",
          "code": "ml",
          "lang": "Malayalam",
          "roman": "kulanāmaṁ",
          "sense": "name that indicates family",
          "word": "കുലനാമം"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "27 27 34 9 2",
          "code": "mt",
          "lang": "Maltese",
          "sense": "name that indicates family",
          "tags": [
            "masculine"
          ],
          "word": "kunjom"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "27 27 34 9 2",
          "code": "mnc",
          "lang": "Manchu",
          "roman": "hala",
          "sense": "name that indicates family",
          "word": "ᡥᠠᠯᠠ"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "27 27 34 9 2",
          "code": "gv",
          "lang": "Manx",
          "sense": "name that indicates family",
          "tags": [
            "masculine"
          ],
          "word": "sliennoo"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "27 27 34 9 2",
          "code": "mi",
          "lang": "Maori",
          "sense": "name that indicates family",
          "word": "ingoa whānau"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "27 27 34 9 2",
          "code": "mr",
          "lang": "Marathi",
          "roman": "āḍnāv",
          "sense": "name that indicates family",
          "word": "आडनाव"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "27 27 34 9 2",
          "code": "mhr",
          "lang": "Eastern Mari",
          "roman": "famiĺij",
          "sense": "name that indicates family",
          "word": "фамилий"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "27 27 34 9 2",
          "code": "mhr",
          "lang": "Eastern Mari",
          "roman": "ješlüm",
          "sense": "name that indicates family",
          "word": "ешлӱм"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "27 27 34 9 2",
          "code": "enm",
          "lang": "Middle English",
          "sense": "name that indicates family",
          "word": "surname"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "27 27 34 9 2",
          "code": "enm",
          "lang": "Middle English",
          "sense": "name that indicates family",
          "word": "surnoun"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "27 27 34 9 2",
          "code": "enm",
          "lang": "Middle English",
          "sense": "name that indicates family",
          "word": "toname"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "27 27 34 9 2",
          "code": "mn",
          "lang": "Mongolian",
          "roman": "ovog ner",
          "sense": "name that indicates family",
          "tags": [
            "Cyrillic"
          ],
          "word": "овог нэр"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "27 27 34 9 2",
          "code": "mn",
          "lang": "Mongolian",
          "roman": "ovog",
          "sense": "name that indicates family",
          "tags": [
            "Cyrillic"
          ],
          "word": "овог"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "27 27 34 9 2",
          "code": "mn",
          "lang": "Mongolian",
          "roman": "obug ner-e",
          "sense": "name that indicates family",
          "tags": [
            "Mongolian"
          ],
          "word": "ᠣᠪᠤᠭ ᠨᠡᠷ᠎ᠡ"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "27 27 34 9 2",
          "code": "mn",
          "lang": "Mongolian",
          "roman": "obug",
          "sense": "name that indicates family",
          "tags": [
            "Mongolian"
          ],
          "word": "ᠣᠪᠤᠭ"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "27 27 34 9 2",
          "code": "ne",
          "lang": "Nepali",
          "roman": "thar",
          "sense": "name that indicates family",
          "word": "थर"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "27 27 34 9 2",
          "code": "se",
          "lang": "Northern Sami",
          "sense": "name that indicates family",
          "word": "sohkanamma"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "27 27 34 9 2",
          "code": "se",
          "lang": "Northern Sami",
          "sense": "name that indicates family",
          "word": "namma"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "27 27 34 9 2",
          "code": "se",
          "lang": "Northern Sami",
          "sense": "name that indicates family",
          "word": "goargu"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "27 27 34 9 2",
          "code": "nb",
          "lang": "Norwegian Bokmål",
          "sense": "name that indicates family",
          "tags": [
            "neuter"
          ],
          "word": "navn"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "27 27 34 9 2",
          "code": "nb",
          "lang": "Norwegian Bokmål",
          "sense": "name that indicates family",
          "tags": [
            "neuter"
          ],
          "word": "etternavn"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "27 27 34 9 2",
          "code": "nb",
          "lang": "Norwegian Bokmål",
          "sense": "name that indicates family",
          "tags": [
            "neuter"
          ],
          "word": "familienavn"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "27 27 34 9 2",
          "code": "nb",
          "lang": "Norwegian Bokmål",
          "sense": "name that indicates family",
          "tags": [
            "neuter"
          ],
          "word": "slektsnavn"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "27 27 34 9 2",
          "code": "nb",
          "lang": "Norwegian Nynorsk",
          "sense": "name that indicates family",
          "tags": [
            "neuter"
          ],
          "word": "namn"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "27 27 34 9 2",
          "code": "nb",
          "lang": "Norwegian Nynorsk",
          "sense": "name that indicates family",
          "tags": [
            "neuter"
          ],
          "word": "etternamn"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "27 27 34 9 2",
          "code": "nb",
          "lang": "Norwegian Nynorsk",
          "sense": "name that indicates family",
          "tags": [
            "neuter"
          ],
          "word": "familienamn"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "27 27 34 9 2",
          "code": "nb",
          "lang": "Norwegian Nynorsk",
          "sense": "name that indicates family",
          "tags": [
            "neuter"
          ],
          "word": "slektsnamn"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "27 27 34 9 2",
          "code": "oc",
          "lang": "Occitan",
          "sense": "name that indicates family",
          "tags": [
            "masculine"
          ],
          "word": "nom d'ostal"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "27 27 34 9 2",
          "code": "oc",
          "lang": "Occitan",
          "sense": "name that indicates family",
          "tags": [
            "masculine"
          ],
          "word": "nom de familha"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "27 27 34 9 2",
          "code": "or",
          "lang": "Odia",
          "roman": "upônamô",
          "sense": "name that indicates family",
          "word": "ଉପନାମ"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "27 27 34 9 2",
          "code": "ang",
          "lang": "Old English",
          "sense": "name that indicates family",
          "tags": [
            "masculine"
          ],
          "word": "tōnama"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "27 27 34 9 2",
          "code": "os",
          "lang": "Ossetian",
          "roman": "myggag",
          "sense": "name that indicates family",
          "word": "мыггаг"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "27 27 34 9 2",
          "code": "ps",
          "lang": "Pashto",
          "roman": "laqab",
          "sense": "name that indicates family",
          "tags": [
            "masculine"
          ],
          "word": "⁧لقب⁩"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "27 27 34 9 2",
          "code": "ps",
          "lang": "Pashto",
          "roman": "koranay num",
          "sense": "name that indicates family",
          "tags": [
            "masculine"
          ],
          "word": "⁧کورنی نوم⁩"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "27 27 34 9 2",
          "code": "ps",
          "lang": "Pashto",
          "roman": "taxalos",
          "sense": "name that indicates family",
          "tags": [
            "masculine"
          ],
          "word": "⁧تخلص⁩"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "27 27 34 9 2",
          "code": "fa-ira",
          "lang": "Persian",
          "roman": "nâm-e xânevâdegi",
          "sense": "name that indicates family",
          "tags": [
            "Iranian Persian"
          ],
          "word": "⁧نامِ خانِوَادِگی⁩"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "27 27 34 9 2",
          "code": "fa-ira",
          "lang": "Persian",
          "roman": "esm-e fâmil",
          "sense": "name that indicates family",
          "tags": [
            "Iranian Persian"
          ],
          "word": "⁧اِسْمِ فامیل⁩"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "27 27 34 9 2",
          "code": "fa-ira",
          "lang": "Persian",
          "roman": "lağab",
          "sense": "name that indicates family",
          "tags": [
            "Iranian Persian"
          ],
          "word": "⁧لَقَب⁩"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "27 27 34 9 2",
          "code": "pl",
          "lang": "Polish",
          "sense": "name that indicates family",
          "tags": [
            "neuter"
          ],
          "word": "nazwisko"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "27 27 34 9 2",
          "code": "pt",
          "lang": "Portuguese",
          "sense": "name that indicates family",
          "tags": [
            "masculine"
          ],
          "word": "sobrenome"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "27 27 34 9 2",
          "code": "pt",
          "lang": "Portuguese",
          "sense": "name that indicates family",
          "tags": [
            "masculine"
          ],
          "word": "nome de família"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "27 27 34 9 2",
          "code": "pt",
          "english": "when appearing last",
          "lang": "Portuguese",
          "sense": "name that indicates family",
          "tags": [
            "masculine"
          ],
          "word": "último nome"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "27 27 34 9 2",
          "code": "pa",
          "lang": "Punjabi",
          "roman": "upanām",
          "sense": "name that indicates family",
          "word": "ਉਪਨਾਮ"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "27 27 34 9 2",
          "code": "ro",
          "lang": "Romanian",
          "sense": "name that indicates family",
          "tags": [
            "neuter"
          ],
          "word": "nume de familie"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "27 27 34 9 2",
          "code": "ro",
          "lang": "Romanian",
          "sense": "name that indicates family",
          "tags": [
            "neuter"
          ],
          "word": "patronim"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "27 27 34 9 2",
          "code": "ro",
          "lang": "Romanian",
          "sense": "name that indicates family",
          "tags": [
            "neuter"
          ],
          "word": "nume patronimic"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "27 27 34 9 2",
          "code": "ro",
          "lang": "Romanian",
          "sense": "name that indicates family",
          "tags": [
            "neuter"
          ],
          "word": "nume"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "27 27 34 9 2",
          "code": "ru",
          "lang": "Russian",
          "roman": "famílija",
          "sense": "name that indicates family",
          "tags": [
            "feminine"
          ],
          "word": "фами́лия"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "27 27 34 9 2",
          "code": "ru",
          "lang": "Russian",
          "note": "про́звище n (prózvišče) (dated, now means \"nickname\")",
          "sense": "name that indicates family"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "27 27 34 9 2",
          "code": "gd",
          "lang": "Scottish Gaelic",
          "sense": "name that indicates family",
          "tags": [
            "masculine"
          ],
          "word": "sloinneadh"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "27 27 34 9 2",
          "code": "sh",
          "lang": "Serbo-Croatian",
          "sense": "name that indicates family",
          "tags": [
            "Cyrillic",
            "neuter"
          ],
          "word": "прѐзиме"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "27 27 34 9 2",
          "code": "sh",
          "lang": "Serbo-Croatian",
          "sense": "name that indicates family",
          "tags": [
            "Roman",
            "neuter"
          ],
          "word": "prèzime"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "27 27 34 9 2",
          "code": "scn",
          "lang": "Sicilian",
          "sense": "name that indicates family",
          "tags": [
            "masculine"
          ],
          "word": "cugnomu"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "27 27 34 9 2",
          "code": "si",
          "lang": "Sinhalese",
          "roman": "wāsagama",
          "sense": "name that indicates family",
          "word": "වාසගම"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "27 27 34 9 2",
          "code": "sms",
          "lang": "Skolt Sami",
          "sense": "name that indicates family",
          "word": "famiʹljnõmm"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "27 27 34 9 2",
          "code": "sk",
          "lang": "Slovak",
          "sense": "name that indicates family",
          "tags": [
            "neuter"
          ],
          "word": "priezvisko"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "27 27 34 9 2",
          "code": "sl",
          "lang": "Slovene",
          "sense": "name that indicates family",
          "tags": [
            "masculine"
          ],
          "word": "priimek"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "27 27 34 9 2",
          "code": "hsb",
          "lang": "Upper Sorbian",
          "sense": "name that indicates family",
          "tags": [
            "neuter"
          ],
          "word": "swójbne mjeno"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "27 27 34 9 2",
          "code": "st",
          "lang": "Sotho",
          "sense": "name that indicates family",
          "tags": [
            "singular"
          ],
          "word": "fane"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "27 27 34 9 2",
          "code": "st",
          "lang": "Sotho",
          "sense": "name that indicates family",
          "tags": [
            "plural"
          ],
          "word": "difane"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "27 27 34 9 2",
          "code": "es",
          "lang": "Spanish",
          "sense": "name that indicates family",
          "tags": [
            "masculine"
          ],
          "word": "apellido"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "27 27 34 9 2",
          "code": "swg",
          "lang": "Swabian",
          "sense": "name that indicates family",
          "word": "Familiename"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "27 27 34 9 2",
          "code": "sw",
          "lang": "Swahili",
          "sense": "name that indicates family",
          "word": "jina la ukoo"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "27 27 34 9 2",
          "code": "sv",
          "lang": "Swedish",
          "sense": "name that indicates family",
          "tags": [
            "neuter"
          ],
          "word": "efternamn"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "27 27 34 9 2",
          "code": "sv",
          "lang": "Swedish",
          "sense": "name that indicates family",
          "tags": [
            "neuter"
          ],
          "word": "familjenamn"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "27 27 34 9 2",
          "code": "tl",
          "lang": "Tagalog",
          "sense": "name that indicates family",
          "word": "apelyido"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "27 27 34 9 2",
          "code": "tg",
          "lang": "Tajik",
          "roman": "familiya",
          "sense": "name that indicates family",
          "word": "фамилия"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "27 27 34 9 2",
          "code": "tg",
          "lang": "Tajik",
          "roman": "nomi xonavodagī",
          "sense": "name that indicates family",
          "word": "номи хонаводагӣ"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "27 27 34 9 2",
          "code": "ta",
          "lang": "Tamil",
          "roman": "kuṭumpappeyar",
          "sense": "name that indicates family",
          "word": "குடும்பப்பெயர்"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "27 27 34 9 2",
          "code": "tt",
          "lang": "Tatar",
          "roman": "familiyä",
          "sense": "name that indicates family",
          "word": "фамилия"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "27 27 34 9 2",
          "code": "te",
          "lang": "Telugu",
          "roman": "iṇṭipēru",
          "sense": "name that indicates family",
          "word": "ఇంటిపేరు"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "27 27 34 9 2",
          "code": "th",
          "lang": "Thai",
          "roman": "naam-sà-gun",
          "sense": "name that indicates family",
          "word": "นามสกุล"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "27 27 34 9 2",
          "code": "th",
          "lang": "Thai",
          "roman": "sɛ̂ɛ",
          "sense": "name that indicates family",
          "tags": [
            "Chinese",
            "surname"
          ],
          "word": "แซ่"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "27 27 34 9 2",
          "code": "tr",
          "lang": "Turkish",
          "sense": "name that indicates family",
          "word": "soyadı"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "27 27 34 9 2",
          "code": "tr",
          "lang": "Turkish",
          "sense": "name that indicates family",
          "word": "soyad"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "27 27 34 9 2",
          "code": "tr",
          "lang": "Turkish",
          "sense": "name that indicates family",
          "word": "soyisim"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "27 27 34 9 2",
          "code": "tk",
          "lang": "Turkmen",
          "sense": "name that indicates family",
          "word": "familiýa"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "27 27 34 9 2",
          "code": "uk",
          "lang": "Ukrainian",
          "roman": "prízvyšče",
          "sense": "name that indicates family",
          "tags": [
            "neuter"
          ],
          "word": "прі́звище"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "27 27 34 9 2",
          "code": "ur",
          "lang": "Urdu",
          "roman": "xāndānī nām",
          "sense": "name that indicates family",
          "tags": [
            "masculine"
          ],
          "word": "⁧خانْدانی نام⁩"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "27 27 34 9 2",
          "code": "ur",
          "lang": "Urdu",
          "roman": "kul nām",
          "sense": "name that indicates family",
          "tags": [
            "masculine"
          ],
          "word": "⁧کُل نام⁩"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "27 27 34 9 2",
          "code": "ur",
          "lang": "Urdu",
          "roman": "up nām",
          "sense": "name that indicates family",
          "tags": [
            "masculine"
          ],
          "word": "⁧اُپ نام⁩"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "27 27 34 9 2",
          "code": "ur",
          "lang": "Urdu",
          "roman": "laqab",
          "sense": "name that indicates family",
          "tags": [
            "masculine"
          ],
          "word": "⁧لَقَب⁩"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "27 27 34 9 2",
          "code": "ug",
          "lang": "Uyghur",
          "roman": "famile",
          "sense": "name that indicates family",
          "word": "⁧فامىلە⁩"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "27 27 34 9 2",
          "code": "uz",
          "lang": "Uzbek",
          "sense": "name that indicates family",
          "word": "familiya"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "27 27 34 9 2",
          "code": "uz",
          "lang": "Uzbek",
          "sense": "name that indicates family",
          "word": "laqab"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "27 27 34 9 2",
          "code": "vi",
          "lang": "Vietnamese",
          "sense": "name that indicates family",
          "word": "họ"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "27 27 34 9 2",
          "code": "vi",
          "lang": "Vietnamese",
          "sense": "name that indicates family",
          "word": "tên họ"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "27 27 34 9 2",
          "code": "vo",
          "lang": "Volapük",
          "sense": "name that indicates family",
          "word": "famülanem"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "27 27 34 9 2",
          "code": "wa",
          "lang": "Walloon",
          "sense": "name that indicates family",
          "tags": [
            "masculine"
          ],
          "word": "no d' famile"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "27 27 34 9 2",
          "code": "cy",
          "lang": "Welsh",
          "sense": "name that indicates family",
          "tags": [
            "masculine"
          ],
          "word": "cyfenw"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "27 27 34 9 2",
          "code": "mww",
          "lang": "White Hmong",
          "sense": "name that indicates family",
          "word": "xeem"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "27 27 34 9 2",
          "code": "xh",
          "lang": "Xhosa",
          "sense": "name that indicates family",
          "word": "ifani"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "27 27 34 9 2",
          "code": "yi",
          "lang": "Yiddish",
          "roman": "mishpokhe-nomen",
          "sense": "name that indicates family",
          "tags": [
            "masculine"
          ],
          "word": "⁧משפּחה־נאָמען⁩"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "27 27 34 9 2",
          "code": "zu",
          "lang": "Zulu",
          "sense": "name that indicates family",
          "word": "isibongo"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "glosses": [
        "The cognomen of Roman names."
      ],
      "id": "en-surname-en-noun-Mnmh1NnA",
      "links": [
        [
          "cognomen",
          "cognomen"
        ],
        [
          "Roman",
          "Roman"
        ],
        [
          "name",
          "name"
        ]
      ],
      "raw_glosses": [
        "(Classical studies) The cognomen of Roman names."
      ],
      "tags": [
        "Classical-studies"
      ]
    },
    {
      "categories": [
        {
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Scottish English",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w"
        }
      ],
      "examples": [
        {
          "ref": "1455 in J. D. Marwick, Charters of Edinburgh (1871), 79",
          "text": "The surnam and nerrest of blude to the said Williame."
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "A clan."
      ],
      "id": "en-surname-en-noun-e~FISoZ3",
      "links": [
        [
          "clan",
          "clan"
        ]
      ],
      "raw_glosses": [
        "(Scotland, obsolete) A clan."
      ],
      "tags": [
        "Scotland",
        "obsolete"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "sounds": [
    {
      "ipa": "/ˈsɝˌneɪm/",
      "tags": [
        "US"
      ]
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/ˈsɜːˌneɪm/",
      "tags": [
        "UK"
      ]
    },
    {
      "rhymes": "-ɜː(ɹ)neɪm"
    },
    {
      "audio": "En-us-surname.ogg",
      "mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/4/4b/En-us-surname.ogg/En-us-surname.ogg.mp3",
      "ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4b/En-us-surname.ogg",
      "tags": [
        "US"
      ],
      "text": "Audio (US)"
    },
    {
      "audio": "En-uk-surname.ogg",
      "mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/fb/En-uk-surname.ogg/En-uk-surname.ogg.mp3",
      "ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fb/En-uk-surname.ogg",
      "tags": [
        "UK"
      ],
      "text": "Audio (UK)"
    },
    {
      "enpr": "sûrʹnām'"
    },
    {
      "enpr": "sûʹnām'"
    }
  ],
  "synonyms": [
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
      "tags": [
        "archaic"
      ],
      "word": "sirname"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
      "tags": [
        "obsolete"
      ],
      "word": "sur-name"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0",
      "source": "Thesaurus:surname",
      "tags": [
        "uncommon"
      ],
      "word": "cognomen"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0",
      "source": "Thesaurus:surname",
      "word": "family name"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0",
      "source": "Thesaurus:surname",
      "word": "last name"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0",
      "source": "Thesaurus:surname",
      "word": "surname"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0",
      "source": "Thesaurus:surname",
      "word": "to-name"
    }
  ],
  "word": "surname"
}

{
  "etymology_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "enm",
        "3": "surname"
      },
      "expansion": "Middle English surname",
      "name": "inh"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "fro",
        "3": "surnum"
      },
      "expansion": "Old French surnum",
      "name": "der"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "fro",
        "2": "surnoun",
        "3": "",
        "4": "surname; nickname"
      },
      "expansion": "surnoun (“surname; nickname”)",
      "name": "m"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "enm",
        "2": "surnoun"
      },
      "expansion": "Middle English surnoun",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "LL.",
        "3": "supernōmen, suprānōmen",
        "t": "surname"
      },
      "expansion": "Late Latin supernōmen, suprānōmen (“surname”)",
      "name": "der"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "la",
        "2": "super-",
        "3": "",
        "4": "over, above, beyond"
      },
      "expansion": "super- (“over, above, beyond”)",
      "name": "m"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "la",
        "2": "nōmen",
        "t": "name"
      },
      "expansion": "nōmen (“name”)",
      "name": "m"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_text": "From Middle English surname, a partial calque of Old French surnum, surnoun (“surname; nickname”) (whence Middle English surnoun), from Late Latin supernōmen, suprānōmen (“surname”), from super- (“over, above, beyond”) and nōmen (“name”).",
  "forms": [
    {
      "form": "surnames",
      "tags": [
        "present",
        "singular",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "surnaming",
      "tags": [
        "participle",
        "present"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "surnamed",
      "tags": [
        "participle",
        "past"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "surnamed",
      "tags": [
        "past"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "head_templates": [
    {
      "args": {},
      "expansion": "surname (third-person singular simple present surnames, present participle surnaming, simple past and past participle surnamed)",
      "name": "en-verb"
    }
  ],
  "lang": "English",
  "lang_code": "en",
  "pos": "verb",
  "related": [
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0",
      "word": "Wiktionary appendix of surnames"
    }
  ],
  "senses": [
    {
      "categories": [],
      "glosses": [
        "To give a surname to."
      ],
      "id": "en-surname-en-verb-iFlguzu~",
      "raw_glosses": [
        "(transitive) To give a surname to."
      ],
      "tags": [
        "transitive"
      ],
      "translations": [
        {
          "_dis1": "76 24",
          "code": "eo",
          "lang": "Esperanto",
          "sense": "to give a surname",
          "word": "doni familinomon"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "76 24",
          "code": "fi",
          "lang": "Finnish",
          "sense": "to give a surname",
          "word": "antaa sukunimi"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "76 24",
          "code": "es",
          "lang": "Spanish",
          "sense": "to give a surname",
          "word": "apodar"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "categories": [],
      "glosses": [
        "To call by a surname."
      ],
      "id": "en-surname-en-verb-UV1qAjCL",
      "raw_glosses": [
        "(transitive) To call by a surname."
      ],
      "tags": [
        "transitive"
      ],
      "translations": [
        {
          "_dis1": "6 94",
          "code": "fi",
          "lang": "Finnish",
          "sense": "to call by a surname",
          "word": "kutsua sukunimellä"
        },
        {
          "_dis1": "6 94",
          "code": "es",
          "lang": "Spanish",
          "sense": "to call by a surname",
          "word": "apodo"
        }
      ]
    }
  ],
  "sounds": [
    {
      "ipa": "/ˈsɝˌneɪm/",
      "tags": [
        "US"
      ]
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/ˈsɜːˌneɪm/",
      "tags": [
        "UK"
      ]
    },
    {
      "rhymes": "-ɜː(ɹ)neɪm"
    },
    {
      "audio": "En-us-surname.ogg",
      "mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/4/4b/En-us-surname.ogg/En-us-surname.ogg.mp3",
      "ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4b/En-us-surname.ogg",
      "tags": [
        "US"
      ],
      "text": "Audio (US)"
    },
    {
      "audio": "En-uk-surname.ogg",
      "mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/fb/En-uk-surname.ogg/En-uk-surname.ogg.mp3",
      "ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fb/En-uk-surname.ogg",
      "tags": [
        "UK"
      ],
      "text": "Audio (UK)"
    },
    {
      "enpr": "sûrʹnām'"
    },
    {
      "enpr": "sûʹnām'"
    }
  ],
  "synonyms": [
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
      "tags": [
        "archaic"
      ],
      "word": "sirname"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
      "tags": [
        "obsolete"
      ],
      "word": "sur-name"
    }
  ],
  "word": "surname"
}
{
  "categories": [
    "Requests for review of Swahili translations",
    "en:Onomastics",
    "enm:Onomastics"
  ],
  "coordinate_terms": [
    {
      "word": "given name"
    },
    {
      "word": "middle name"
    },
    {
      "word": "epithet"
    },
    {
      "word": "cognomen"
    },
    {
      "word": "nickname"
    }
  ],
  "derived": [
    {
      "word": "occupational surname"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "enm",
        "3": "surname"
      },
      "expansion": "Middle English surname",
      "name": "inh"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "fro",
        "3": "surnum"
      },
      "expansion": "Old French surnum",
      "name": "der"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "fro",
        "2": "surnoun",
        "3": "",
        "4": "surname; nickname"
      },
      "expansion": "surnoun (“surname; nickname”)",
      "name": "m"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "enm",
        "2": "surnoun"
      },
      "expansion": "Middle English surnoun",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "LL.",
        "3": "supernōmen, suprānōmen",
        "t": "surname"
      },
      "expansion": "Late Latin supernōmen, suprānōmen (“surname”)",
      "name": "der"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "la",
        "2": "super-",
        "3": "",
        "4": "over, above, beyond"
      },
      "expansion": "super- (“over, above, beyond”)",
      "name": "m"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "la",
        "2": "nōmen",
        "t": "name"
      },
      "expansion": "nōmen (“name”)",
      "name": "m"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_text": "From Middle English surname, a partial calque of Old French surnum, surnoun (“surname; nickname”) (whence Middle English surnoun), from Late Latin supernōmen, suprānōmen (“surname”), from super- (“over, above, beyond”) and nōmen (“name”).",
  "forms": [
    {
      "form": "surnames",
      "tags": [
        "plural"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "head_templates": [
    {
      "args": {},
      "expansion": "surname (plural surnames)",
      "name": "en-noun"
    }
  ],
  "holonyms": [
    {
      "source": "Thesaurus:surname",
      "word": "full name"
    }
  ],
  "hypernyms": [
    {
      "word": "name"
    },
    {
      "source": "Thesaurus:surname",
      "word": "anthroponym"
    }
  ],
  "hyponyms": [
    {
      "word": "bride's name"
    },
    {
      "english": "surname prior to marriage",
      "word": "maiden name"
    },
    {
      "word": "patronym"
    },
    {
      "english": "a surname specifically referencing one's father's given name",
      "word": "patronymic"
    },
    {
      "word": "matronym"
    },
    {
      "english": "a surname specifically referencing one's mother's given name",
      "word": "matronymic"
    },
    {
      "source": "Thesaurus:surname",
      "tags": [
        "historical"
      ],
      "word": "nomen"
    }
  ],
  "lang": "English",
  "lang_code": "en",
  "pos": "noun",
  "related": [
    {
      "source": "Thesaurus:surname",
      "word": "aftername"
    }
  ],
  "senses": [
    {
      "categories": [
        "English terms with obsolete senses",
        "English terms with quotations",
        "Quotation templates to be cleaned"
      ],
      "examples": [
        {
          "ref": "1590, Richard Harvey, Plaine Percevall the peace-maker of England, Sweetly indeuoring with his blunt persuasions to botch vp a reconciliation between Mar-ton and Mar-tother, B3",
          "text": "My sirname is Peace-Maker, one that is but poorely regarded in England.",
          "type": "quotation"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "Synonym of epithet, an additional name, particularly those derived from a birthplace, quality, or achievement."
      ],
      "links": [
        [
          "epithet",
          "epithet#English"
        ],
        [
          "additional",
          "additional"
        ],
        [
          "name",
          "name"
        ],
        [
          "particularly",
          "particularly"
        ],
        [
          "derived",
          "derived"
        ],
        [
          "birthplace",
          "birthplace"
        ],
        [
          "quality",
          "quality"
        ],
        [
          "achievement",
          "achievement"
        ]
      ],
      "raw_glosses": [
        "(obsolete) Synonym of epithet, an additional name, particularly those derived from a birthplace, quality, or achievement."
      ],
      "synonyms": [
        {
          "extra": "an additional name, particularly those derived from a birthplace, quality, or achievement",
          "tags": [
            "synonym",
            "synonym-of"
          ],
          "word": "epithet"
        }
      ],
      "tags": [
        "obsolete"
      ]
    },
    {
      "categories": [
        "English terms with obsolete senses",
        "English terms with quotations",
        "Quotation templates to be cleaned"
      ],
      "examples": [
        {
          "ref": "1638, Abraham Cowley, Davideis, section IV",
          "text": "I have before declared that Baal was the Sun, and Baal Peor, a sirname, from a particular place of his worship.",
          "type": "quotation"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "Synonym of nickname, an additional name given to a person, place, or thing, a byname."
      ],
      "links": [
        [
          "nickname",
          "nickname#English"
        ],
        [
          "given",
          "given"
        ],
        [
          "person",
          "person"
        ],
        [
          "place",
          "place"
        ],
        [
          "thing",
          "thing"
        ],
        [
          "byname",
          "byname"
        ]
      ],
      "raw_glosses": [
        "(obsolete) Synonym of nickname, an additional name given to a person, place, or thing, a byname."
      ],
      "synonyms": [
        {
          "extra": "an additional name given to a person, place, or thing, a byname",
          "tags": [
            "synonym",
            "synonym-of"
          ],
          "word": "nickname"
        }
      ],
      "tags": [
        "obsolete"
      ]
    },
    {
      "categories": [
        "English terms with quotations",
        "English terms with usage examples",
        "Quotation templates to be cleaned"
      ],
      "examples": [
        {
          "text": "James is my first name, and Smith is my surname.",
          "type": "example"
        },
        {
          "ref": "1605, William Camden, Remaines, I 32",
          "text": "In late yeeres Surnames have beene given for Christian names among vs, and no where else in Christendom.",
          "type": "quotation"
        },
        {
          "ref": "1876, E. A. Freeman, The History of the Norman Conquest, V xxv 563",
          "text": "The Norman Conquest...brought with it the novelty of family nomenclature, that is to say, the use of hereditary surnames.",
          "type": "quotation"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "The name a person shares with other members of that person's family, distinguished from that person's given name(s); a family name."
      ],
      "links": [
        [
          "person",
          "person"
        ],
        [
          "shares",
          "shares"
        ],
        [
          "other",
          "other"
        ],
        [
          "members",
          "members"
        ],
        [
          "that",
          "that"
        ],
        [
          "family",
          "family"
        ],
        [
          "distinguished",
          "distinguished"
        ],
        [
          "given name",
          "given name"
        ],
        [
          "family name",
          "family name"
        ]
      ]
    },
    {
      "glosses": [
        "The cognomen of Roman names."
      ],
      "links": [
        [
          "cognomen",
          "cognomen"
        ],
        [
          "Roman",
          "Roman"
        ],
        [
          "name",
          "name"
        ]
      ],
      "raw_glosses": [
        "(Classical studies) The cognomen of Roman names."
      ],
      "tags": [
        "Classical-studies"
      ]
    },
    {
      "categories": [
        "English terms with obsolete senses",
        "Scottish English"
      ],
      "examples": [
        {
          "ref": "1455 in J. D. Marwick, Charters of Edinburgh (1871), 79",
          "text": "The surnam and nerrest of blude to the said Williame."
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "A clan."
      ],
      "links": [
        [
          "clan",
          "clan"
        ]
      ],
      "raw_glosses": [
        "(Scotland, obsolete) A clan."
      ],
      "tags": [
        "Scotland",
        "obsolete"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "sounds": [
    {
      "ipa": "/ˈsɝˌneɪm/",
      "tags": [
        "US"
      ]
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/ˈsɜːˌneɪm/",
      "tags": [
        "UK"
      ]
    },
    {
      "rhymes": "-ɜː(ɹ)neɪm"
    },
    {
      "audio": "En-us-surname.ogg",
      "mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/4/4b/En-us-surname.ogg/En-us-surname.ogg.mp3",
      "ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4b/En-us-surname.ogg",
      "tags": [
        "US"
      ],
      "text": "Audio (US)"
    },
    {
      "audio": "En-uk-surname.ogg",
      "mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/fb/En-uk-surname.ogg/En-uk-surname.ogg.mp3",
      "ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fb/En-uk-surname.ogg",
      "tags": [
        "UK"
      ],
      "text": "Audio (UK)"
    },
    {
      "enpr": "sûrʹnām'"
    },
    {
      "enpr": "sûʹnām'"
    }
  ],
  "synonyms": [
    {
      "tags": [
        "archaic"
      ],
      "word": "sirname"
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "obsolete"
      ],
      "word": "sur-name"
    },
    {
      "source": "Thesaurus:surname",
      "tags": [
        "uncommon"
      ],
      "word": "cognomen"
    },
    {
      "source": "Thesaurus:surname",
      "word": "family name"
    },
    {
      "source": "Thesaurus:surname",
      "word": "last name"
    },
    {
      "source": "Thesaurus:surname",
      "word": "surname"
    },
    {
      "source": "Thesaurus:surname",
      "word": "to-name"
    }
  ],
  "translations": [
    {
      "code": "af",
      "lang": "Afrikaans",
      "sense": "name that indicates family",
      "word": "van"
    },
    {
      "code": "sq",
      "lang": "Albanian",
      "sense": "name that indicates family",
      "tags": [
        "masculine"
      ],
      "word": "mbiemër"
    },
    {
      "code": "ar",
      "lang": "Arabic",
      "roman": "laqab",
      "sense": "name that indicates family",
      "tags": [
        "masculine"
      ],
      "word": "⁧لَقَب⁩"
    },
    {
      "code": "ar",
      "lang": "Arabic",
      "roman": "kunya",
      "sense": "name that indicates family",
      "tags": [
        "feminine"
      ],
      "word": "⁧كُنْيَة⁩"
    },
    {
      "code": "ar",
      "lang": "Arabic",
      "roman": "ism al-ʕāʔila",
      "sense": "name that indicates family",
      "tags": [
        "masculine"
      ],
      "word": "⁧اِسْم الْعَائِلَة⁩"
    },
    {
      "code": "ary",
      "lang": "Arabic",
      "roman": "kenwa",
      "sense": "name that indicates family",
      "tags": [
        "Moroccan-Arabic",
        "feminine"
      ],
      "word": "⁧كنوة⁩"
    },
    {
      "code": "ary",
      "lang": "Arabic",
      "roman": "kniyya",
      "sense": "name that indicates family",
      "tags": [
        "Moroccan-Arabic",
        "feminine"
      ],
      "word": "⁧كْنيّة⁩"
    },
    {
      "code": "hy",
      "lang": "Armenian",
      "roman": "azganun",
      "sense": "name that indicates family",
      "word": "ազգանուն"
    },
    {
      "code": "aii",
      "lang": "Assyrian Neo-Aramaic",
      "roman": "kunnāyā",
      "sense": "name that indicates family",
      "tags": [
        "masculine"
      ],
      "word": "⁧ܟܘܼܢܵܝܵܐ⁩"
    },
    {
      "code": "ast",
      "lang": "Asturian",
      "sense": "name that indicates family",
      "tags": [
        "masculine"
      ],
      "word": "apellíu"
    },
    {
      "code": "az",
      "lang": "Azerbaijani",
      "sense": "name that indicates family",
      "word": "soyad"
    },
    {
      "code": "ba",
      "lang": "Bashkir",
      "roman": "familiya",
      "sense": "name that indicates family",
      "word": "фамилия"
    },
    {
      "code": "eu",
      "lang": "Basque",
      "sense": "name that indicates family",
      "word": "abizen"
    },
    {
      "code": "eu",
      "lang": "Basque",
      "sense": "name that indicates family",
      "word": "deitura"
    },
    {
      "code": "be",
      "lang": "Belarusian",
      "roman": "prózvišča",
      "sense": "name that indicates family",
      "tags": [
        "neuter"
      ],
      "word": "про́звішча"
    },
    {
      "code": "be",
      "lang": "Belarusian",
      "roman": "prózʹvišča",
      "sense": "name that indicates family",
      "tags": [
        "neuter"
      ],
      "word": "про́зьвішча"
    },
    {
      "code": "bn",
      "lang": "Bengali",
      "roman": "upadhi",
      "sense": "name that indicates family",
      "word": "উপাধি"
    },
    {
      "code": "bcl",
      "lang": "Bikol Central",
      "sense": "name that indicates family",
      "word": "apelyido"
    },
    {
      "code": "br",
      "lang": "Breton",
      "sense": "name that indicates family",
      "tags": [
        "masculine"
      ],
      "word": "anv"
    },
    {
      "code": "br",
      "lang": "Breton",
      "sense": "name that indicates family",
      "tags": [
        "masculine"
      ],
      "word": "anv-familh"
    },
    {
      "code": "br",
      "lang": "Breton",
      "sense": "name that indicates family",
      "tags": [
        "masculine"
      ],
      "word": "anv-tiegezh"
    },
    {
      "code": "bg",
      "lang": "Bulgarian",
      "roman": "famílno íme",
      "sense": "name that indicates family",
      "tags": [
        "neuter"
      ],
      "word": "фами́лно и́ме"
    },
    {
      "code": "bg",
      "lang": "Bulgarian",
      "roman": "prézime",
      "sense": "name that indicates family",
      "tags": [
        "neuter"
      ],
      "word": "пре́зиме"
    },
    {
      "code": "my",
      "lang": "Burmese",
      "roman": "rui:raa.many",
      "sense": "name that indicates family",
      "word": "ရိုးရာအမည်"
    },
    {
      "code": "rue",
      "lang": "Carpathian Rusyn",
      "roman": "prúzvyšče",
      "sense": "name that indicates family",
      "tags": [
        "neuter"
      ],
      "word": "пру́звище"
    },
    {
      "code": "ca",
      "lang": "Catalan",
      "sense": "name that indicates family",
      "tags": [
        "masculine"
      ],
      "word": "cognom"
    },
    {
      "code": "ca",
      "lang": "Catalan",
      "sense": "name that indicates family",
      "tags": [
        "masculine"
      ],
      "word": "llinatge"
    },
    {
      "code": "ce",
      "lang": "Chechen",
      "roman": "famili",
      "sense": "name that indicates family",
      "word": "фамили"
    },
    {
      "code": "ny",
      "lang": "Chichewa",
      "sense": "name that indicates family",
      "word": "dzina la bambo"
    },
    {
      "code": "yue",
      "lang": "Chinese Cantonese",
      "sense": "name that indicates family",
      "word": "姓"
    },
    {
      "code": "yue",
      "english": "sing³ si⁶",
      "lang": "Chinese Cantonese",
      "sense": "name that indicates family",
      "word": "姓氏"
    },
    {
      "code": "dng",
      "lang": "Chinese",
      "roman": "xin",
      "sense": "name that indicates family",
      "tags": [
        "Dungan"
      ],
      "word": "щин"
    },
    {
      "code": "cmn",
      "lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
      "roman": "xìng",
      "sense": "name that indicates family",
      "word": "姓"
    },
    {
      "code": "cmn",
      "lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
      "roman": "xìngshì",
      "sense": "name that indicates family",
      "word": "姓氏"
    },
    {
      "code": "cdo",
      "lang": "Chinese",
      "roman": "séng-sê",
      "sense": "name that indicates family",
      "tags": [
        "Min-Dong"
      ],
      "word": "姓氏"
    },
    {
      "code": "nan",
      "lang": "Min Nan Chinese",
      "roman": "lī-sìⁿ, jī-sèⁿ, lī-sèⁿ, jī-sìⁿ",
      "sense": "name that indicates family",
      "word": "字姓"
    },
    {
      "code": "wuu",
      "lang": "Wu Chinese",
      "roman": "²xin",
      "sense": "name that indicates family",
      "word": "姓"
    },
    {
      "code": "wuu",
      "lang": "Wu Chinese",
      "roman": "²xin-zr",
      "sense": "name that indicates family",
      "word": "姓氏"
    },
    {
      "code": "kw",
      "lang": "Cornish",
      "sense": "name that indicates family",
      "tags": [
        "masculine"
      ],
      "word": "hanow"
    },
    {
      "code": "cs",
      "lang": "Czech",
      "sense": "name that indicates family",
      "tags": [
        "neuter"
      ],
      "word": "příjmení"
    },
    {
      "code": "da",
      "lang": "Danish",
      "sense": "name that indicates family",
      "tags": [
        "neuter"
      ],
      "word": "efternavn"
    },
    {
      "code": "da",
      "lang": "Danish",
      "sense": "name that indicates family",
      "tags": [
        "neuter"
      ],
      "word": "familienavn"
    },
    {
      "code": "da",
      "lang": "Danish",
      "sense": "name that indicates family",
      "tags": [
        "neuter"
      ],
      "word": "slægtsnavn"
    },
    {
      "code": "nl",
      "lang": "Dutch",
      "sense": "name that indicates family",
      "tags": [
        "masculine"
      ],
      "word": "achternaam"
    },
    {
      "code": "nl",
      "lang": "Dutch",
      "sense": "name that indicates family",
      "tags": [
        "masculine"
      ],
      "word": "familienaam"
    },
    {
      "code": "nhe",
      "lang": "Eastern Huasteca Nahuatl",
      "sense": "name that indicates family",
      "word": "tzonquīzcā"
    },
    {
      "code": "eo",
      "lang": "Esperanto",
      "sense": "name that indicates family",
      "word": "familia nomo"
    },
    {
      "code": "eo",
      "lang": "Esperanto",
      "sense": "name that indicates family",
      "word": "familinomo"
    },
    {
      "code": "et",
      "lang": "Estonian",
      "sense": "name that indicates family",
      "word": "perekonnanimi"
    },
    {
      "code": "fo",
      "lang": "Faroese",
      "sense": "name that indicates family",
      "tags": [
        "neuter"
      ],
      "word": "eftirnavn"
    },
    {
      "code": "fo",
      "lang": "Faroese",
      "sense": "name that indicates family",
      "tags": [
        "neuter"
      ],
      "word": "ættarnavn"
    },
    {
      "code": "fi",
      "lang": "Finnish",
      "sense": "name that indicates family",
      "word": "sukunimi"
    },
    {
      "code": "fr",
      "lang": "French",
      "sense": "name that indicates family",
      "tags": [
        "masculine"
      ],
      "word": "nom"
    },
    {
      "code": "fr",
      "lang": "French",
      "sense": "name that indicates family",
      "tags": [
        "masculine"
      ],
      "word": "patronyme"
    },
    {
      "code": "fr",
      "lang": "French",
      "sense": "name that indicates family",
      "tags": [
        "masculine"
      ],
      "word": "nom de famille"
    },
    {
      "code": "gl",
      "lang": "Galician",
      "sense": "name that indicates family",
      "tags": [
        "masculine"
      ],
      "word": "apelido"
    },
    {
      "code": "gl",
      "lang": "Galician",
      "sense": "name that indicates family",
      "tags": [
        "masculine"
      ],
      "word": "alcuño"
    },
    {
      "code": "ka",
      "lang": "Georgian",
      "roman": "gvari",
      "sense": "name that indicates family",
      "word": "გვარი"
    },
    {
      "code": "de",
      "lang": "German",
      "sense": "name that indicates family",
      "tags": [
        "masculine"
      ],
      "word": "Nachname"
    },
    {
      "code": "de",
      "lang": "German",
      "sense": "name that indicates family",
      "tags": [
        "masculine"
      ],
      "word": "Familienname"
    },
    {
      "code": "el",
      "lang": "Greek",
      "roman": "epónymo",
      "sense": "name that indicates family",
      "tags": [
        "neuter"
      ],
      "word": "επώνυμο"
    },
    {
      "code": "grc",
      "lang": "Ancient Greek",
      "roman": "epōnúmion",
      "sense": "name that indicates family",
      "tags": [
        "neuter"
      ],
      "word": "ἐπωνύμιον"
    },
    {
      "code": "gu",
      "lang": "Gujarati",
      "roman": "aṭak",
      "sense": "name that indicates family",
      "tags": [
        "feminine"
      ],
      "word": "અટક"
    },
    {
      "code": "gu",
      "lang": "Gujarati",
      "roman": "upanām",
      "sense": "name that indicates family",
      "word": "ઉપનામ"
    },
    {
      "code": "he",
      "lang": "Hebrew",
      "roman": "shem mishpakhá",
      "sense": "name that indicates family",
      "tags": [
        "masculine"
      ],
      "word": "⁧שֵׁם מִשׁפָּחָה⁩"
    },
    {
      "code": "hi",
      "lang": "Hindi",
      "roman": "kulnām",
      "sense": "name that indicates family",
      "tags": [
        "masculine"
      ],
      "word": "कुलनाम"
    },
    {
      "code": "hi",
      "lang": "Hindi",
      "roman": "kul nām",
      "sense": "name that indicates family",
      "tags": [
        "masculine"
      ],
      "word": "कुल नाम"
    },
    {
      "code": "hi",
      "lang": "Hindi",
      "roman": "upnām",
      "sense": "name that indicates family",
      "tags": [
        "masculine"
      ],
      "word": "उपनाम"
    },
    {
      "code": "hu",
      "lang": "Hungarian",
      "sense": "name that indicates family",
      "word": "vezetéknév"
    },
    {
      "code": "hu",
      "lang": "Hungarian",
      "sense": "name that indicates family",
      "word": "családnév"
    },
    {
      "code": "is",
      "lang": "Icelandic",
      "sense": "name that indicates family",
      "word": "eftirnafn"
    },
    {
      "code": "is",
      "lang": "Icelandic",
      "sense": "name that indicates family",
      "word": "kenninafn"
    },
    {
      "code": "is",
      "lang": "Icelandic",
      "sense": "name that indicates family",
      "tags": [
        "neuter"
      ],
      "word": "ættarnafn"
    },
    {
      "code": "io",
      "lang": "Ido",
      "sense": "name that indicates family",
      "word": "surnomo"
    },
    {
      "code": "id",
      "lang": "Indonesian",
      "sense": "name that indicates family",
      "word": "marga"
    },
    {
      "code": "id",
      "lang": "Indonesian",
      "sense": "name that indicates family",
      "word": "nama keluarga"
    },
    {
      "code": "izh",
      "lang": "Ingrian",
      "sense": "name that indicates family",
      "word": "sukunimi"
    },
    {
      "code": "izh",
      "lang": "Ingrian",
      "sense": "name that indicates family",
      "word": "familia"
    },
    {
      "code": "ia",
      "lang": "Interlingua",
      "sense": "name that indicates family",
      "word": "supernomine"
    },
    {
      "code": "ia",
      "lang": "Interlingua",
      "sense": "name that indicates family",
      "word": "nomine de familia"
    },
    {
      "code": "ia",
      "lang": "Interlingua",
      "sense": "name that indicates family",
      "word": "ultime nomine"
    },
    {
      "code": "ga",
      "lang": "Irish",
      "sense": "name that indicates family",
      "tags": [
        "masculine"
      ],
      "word": "sloinne"
    },
    {
      "code": "it",
      "lang": "Italian",
      "sense": "name that indicates family",
      "tags": [
        "masculine"
      ],
      "word": "cognome"
    },
    {
      "alt": "せい",
      "code": "ja",
      "lang": "Japanese",
      "roman": "sei",
      "sense": "name that indicates family",
      "word": "姓"
    },
    {
      "alt": "みょうじ",
      "code": "ja",
      "lang": "Japanese",
      "roman": "myōji",
      "sense": "name that indicates family",
      "word": "名字"
    },
    {
      "alt": "みょうじ",
      "code": "ja",
      "lang": "Japanese",
      "roman": "myōji",
      "sense": "name that indicates family",
      "word": "苗字"
    },
    {
      "code": "jv",
      "lang": "Javanese",
      "sense": "name that indicates family",
      "word": "jeneng pancer"
    },
    {
      "code": "kn",
      "lang": "Kannada",
      "roman": "upanāma",
      "sense": "name that indicates family",
      "word": "ಉಪನಾಮ"
    },
    {
      "code": "ks",
      "lang": "Kashmiri",
      "roman": "krām",
      "sense": "name that indicates family",
      "word": "⁧کرٛام⁩"
    },
    {
      "code": "csb",
      "lang": "Kashubian",
      "sense": "name that indicates family",
      "tags": [
        "neuter"
      ],
      "word": "nôzwëskò"
    },
    {
      "code": "kk",
      "lang": "Kazakh",
      "roman": "tegı",
      "sense": "name that indicates family",
      "word": "тегі"
    },
    {
      "code": "kk",
      "lang": "Kazakh",
      "roman": "ata-tek",
      "sense": "name that indicates family",
      "word": "ата-тек"
    },
    {
      "code": "km",
      "lang": "Khmer",
      "roman": "niəm trɑɑkoul",
      "sense": "name that indicates family",
      "word": "នាមត្រកូល"
    },
    {
      "alt": "姓",
      "code": "ko",
      "lang": "Korean",
      "roman": "seong",
      "sense": "name that indicates family",
      "word": "성"
    },
    {
      "alt": "姓氏",
      "code": "ko",
      "lang": "Korean",
      "roman": "seongssi",
      "sense": "name that indicates family",
      "word": "성씨"
    },
    {
      "code": "kmr",
      "lang": "Northern Kurdish",
      "sense": "name that indicates family",
      "word": "paşnav"
    },
    {
      "code": "kmr",
      "lang": "Northern Kurdish",
      "sense": "name that indicates family",
      "word": "leqeb"
    },
    {
      "code": "ky",
      "lang": "Kyrgyz",
      "roman": "familiya",
      "sense": "name that indicates family",
      "word": "фамилия"
    },
    {
      "code": "ky",
      "lang": "Kyrgyz",
      "roman": "atanaama",
      "sense": "name that indicates family",
      "word": "атанаама"
    },
    {
      "code": "ky",
      "lang": "Kyrgyz",
      "roman": "tegi",
      "sense": "name that indicates family",
      "word": "теги"
    },
    {
      "code": "ky",
      "lang": "Kyrgyz",
      "roman": "urugat",
      "sense": "name that indicates family",
      "word": "уругат"
    },
    {
      "code": "lad",
      "lang": "Ladino",
      "sense": "name that indicates family",
      "tags": [
        "feminine"
      ],
      "word": "alkunya"
    },
    {
      "code": "lo",
      "lang": "Lao",
      "roman": "sư̄ sa kun",
      "sense": "name that indicates family",
      "word": "ຊື່ສະກຸນ"
    },
    {
      "code": "lo",
      "lang": "Lao",
      "roman": "nām sa kun",
      "sense": "name that indicates family",
      "word": "ນາມສະກຸນ"
    },
    {
      "code": "lo",
      "lang": "Lao",
      "roman": "wong wān",
      "sense": "name that indicates family",
      "word": "ວົງວານ"
    },
    {
      "code": "lo",
      "lang": "Lao",
      "roman": "wong sa kun",
      "sense": "name that indicates family",
      "word": "ວົງສະກຸນ"
    },
    {
      "code": "la",
      "lang": "Latin",
      "sense": "name that indicates family",
      "tags": [
        "neuter"
      ],
      "word": "cōgnōmen"
    },
    {
      "code": "lv",
      "lang": "Latvian",
      "sense": "name that indicates family",
      "tags": [
        "masculine"
      ],
      "word": "uzvārds"
    },
    {
      "code": "lt",
      "lang": "Lithuanian",
      "sense": "name that indicates family",
      "tags": [
        "feminine"
      ],
      "word": "pavardė"
    },
    {
      "code": "mk",
      "lang": "Macedonian",
      "roman": "prezime",
      "sense": "name that indicates family",
      "tags": [
        "neuter"
      ],
      "word": "презиме"
    },
    {
      "code": "ms",
      "lang": "Malay",
      "sense": "name that indicates family",
      "word": "nama keluarga"
    },
    {
      "code": "ml",
      "lang": "Malayalam",
      "roman": "kulanāmaṁ",
      "sense": "name that indicates family",
      "word": "കുലനാമം"
    },
    {
      "code": "mt",
      "lang": "Maltese",
      "sense": "name that indicates family",
      "tags": [
        "masculine"
      ],
      "word": "kunjom"
    },
    {
      "code": "mnc",
      "lang": "Manchu",
      "roman": "hala",
      "sense": "name that indicates family",
      "word": "ᡥᠠᠯᠠ"
    },
    {
      "code": "gv",
      "lang": "Manx",
      "sense": "name that indicates family",
      "tags": [
        "masculine"
      ],
      "word": "sliennoo"
    },
    {
      "code": "mi",
      "lang": "Maori",
      "sense": "name that indicates family",
      "word": "ingoa whānau"
    },
    {
      "code": "mr",
      "lang": "Marathi",
      "roman": "āḍnāv",
      "sense": "name that indicates family",
      "word": "आडनाव"
    },
    {
      "code": "mhr",
      "lang": "Eastern Mari",
      "roman": "famiĺij",
      "sense": "name that indicates family",
      "word": "фамилий"
    },
    {
      "code": "mhr",
      "lang": "Eastern Mari",
      "roman": "ješlüm",
      "sense": "name that indicates family",
      "word": "ешлӱм"
    },
    {
      "code": "enm",
      "lang": "Middle English",
      "sense": "name that indicates family",
      "word": "surname"
    },
    {
      "code": "enm",
      "lang": "Middle English",
      "sense": "name that indicates family",
      "word": "surnoun"
    },
    {
      "code": "enm",
      "lang": "Middle English",
      "sense": "name that indicates family",
      "word": "toname"
    },
    {
      "code": "mn",
      "lang": "Mongolian",
      "roman": "ovog ner",
      "sense": "name that indicates family",
      "tags": [
        "Cyrillic"
      ],
      "word": "овог нэр"
    },
    {
      "code": "mn",
      "lang": "Mongolian",
      "roman": "ovog",
      "sense": "name that indicates family",
      "tags": [
        "Cyrillic"
      ],
      "word": "овог"
    },
    {
      "code": "mn",
      "lang": "Mongolian",
      "roman": "obug ner-e",
      "sense": "name that indicates family",
      "tags": [
        "Mongolian"
      ],
      "word": "ᠣᠪᠤᠭ ᠨᠡᠷ᠎ᠡ"
    },
    {
      "code": "mn",
      "lang": "Mongolian",
      "roman": "obug",
      "sense": "name that indicates family",
      "tags": [
        "Mongolian"
      ],
      "word": "ᠣᠪᠤᠭ"
    },
    {
      "code": "ne",
      "lang": "Nepali",
      "roman": "thar",
      "sense": "name that indicates family",
      "word": "थर"
    },
    {
      "code": "se",
      "lang": "Northern Sami",
      "sense": "name that indicates family",
      "word": "sohkanamma"
    },
    {
      "code": "se",
      "lang": "Northern Sami",
      "sense": "name that indicates family",
      "word": "namma"
    },
    {
      "code": "se",
      "lang": "Northern Sami",
      "sense": "name that indicates family",
      "word": "goargu"
    },
    {
      "code": "nb",
      "lang": "Norwegian Bokmål",
      "sense": "name that indicates family",
      "tags": [
        "neuter"
      ],
      "word": "navn"
    },
    {
      "code": "nb",
      "lang": "Norwegian Bokmål",
      "sense": "name that indicates family",
      "tags": [
        "neuter"
      ],
      "word": "etternavn"
    },
    {
      "code": "nb",
      "lang": "Norwegian Bokmål",
      "sense": "name that indicates family",
      "tags": [
        "neuter"
      ],
      "word": "familienavn"
    },
    {
      "code": "nb",
      "lang": "Norwegian Bokmål",
      "sense": "name that indicates family",
      "tags": [
        "neuter"
      ],
      "word": "slektsnavn"
    },
    {
      "code": "nb",
      "lang": "Norwegian Nynorsk",
      "sense": "name that indicates family",
      "tags": [
        "neuter"
      ],
      "word": "namn"
    },
    {
      "code": "nb",
      "lang": "Norwegian Nynorsk",
      "sense": "name that indicates family",
      "tags": [
        "neuter"
      ],
      "word": "etternamn"
    },
    {
      "code": "nb",
      "lang": "Norwegian Nynorsk",
      "sense": "name that indicates family",
      "tags": [
        "neuter"
      ],
      "word": "familienamn"
    },
    {
      "code": "nb",
      "lang": "Norwegian Nynorsk",
      "sense": "name that indicates family",
      "tags": [
        "neuter"
      ],
      "word": "slektsnamn"
    },
    {
      "code": "oc",
      "lang": "Occitan",
      "sense": "name that indicates family",
      "tags": [
        "masculine"
      ],
      "word": "nom d'ostal"
    },
    {
      "code": "oc",
      "lang": "Occitan",
      "sense": "name that indicates family",
      "tags": [
        "masculine"
      ],
      "word": "nom de familha"
    },
    {
      "code": "or",
      "lang": "Odia",
      "roman": "upônamô",
      "sense": "name that indicates family",
      "word": "ଉପନାମ"
    },
    {
      "code": "ang",
      "lang": "Old English",
      "sense": "name that indicates family",
      "tags": [
        "masculine"
      ],
      "word": "tōnama"
    },
    {
      "code": "os",
      "lang": "Ossetian",
      "roman": "myggag",
      "sense": "name that indicates family",
      "word": "мыггаг"
    },
    {
      "code": "ps",
      "lang": "Pashto",
      "roman": "laqab",
      "sense": "name that indicates family",
      "tags": [
        "masculine"
      ],
      "word": "⁧لقب⁩"
    },
    {
      "code": "ps",
      "lang": "Pashto",
      "roman": "koranay num",
      "sense": "name that indicates family",
      "tags": [
        "masculine"
      ],
      "word": "⁧کورنی نوم⁩"
    },
    {
      "code": "ps",
      "lang": "Pashto",
      "roman": "taxalos",
      "sense": "name that indicates family",
      "tags": [
        "masculine"
      ],
      "word": "⁧تخلص⁩"
    },
    {
      "code": "fa-ira",
      "lang": "Persian",
      "roman": "nâm-e xânevâdegi",
      "sense": "name that indicates family",
      "tags": [
        "Iranian Persian"
      ],
      "word": "⁧نامِ خانِوَادِگی⁩"
    },
    {
      "code": "fa-ira",
      "lang": "Persian",
      "roman": "esm-e fâmil",
      "sense": "name that indicates family",
      "tags": [
        "Iranian Persian"
      ],
      "word": "⁧اِسْمِ فامیل⁩"
    },
    {
      "code": "fa-ira",
      "lang": "Persian",
      "roman": "lağab",
      "sense": "name that indicates family",
      "tags": [
        "Iranian Persian"
      ],
      "word": "⁧لَقَب⁩"
    },
    {
      "code": "pl",
      "lang": "Polish",
      "sense": "name that indicates family",
      "tags": [
        "neuter"
      ],
      "word": "nazwisko"
    },
    {
      "code": "pt",
      "lang": "Portuguese",
      "sense": "name that indicates family",
      "tags": [
        "masculine"
      ],
      "word": "sobrenome"
    },
    {
      "code": "pt",
      "lang": "Portuguese",
      "sense": "name that indicates family",
      "tags": [
        "masculine"
      ],
      "word": "nome de família"
    },
    {
      "code": "pt",
      "english": "when appearing last",
      "lang": "Portuguese",
      "sense": "name that indicates family",
      "tags": [
        "masculine"
      ],
      "word": "último nome"
    },
    {
      "code": "pa",
      "lang": "Punjabi",
      "roman": "upanām",
      "sense": "name that indicates family",
      "word": "ਉਪਨਾਮ"
    },
    {
      "code": "ro",
      "lang": "Romanian",
      "sense": "name that indicates family",
      "tags": [
        "neuter"
      ],
      "word": "nume de familie"
    },
    {
      "code": "ro",
      "lang": "Romanian",
      "sense": "name that indicates family",
      "tags": [
        "neuter"
      ],
      "word": "patronim"
    },
    {
      "code": "ro",
      "lang": "Romanian",
      "sense": "name that indicates family",
      "tags": [
        "neuter"
      ],
      "word": "nume patronimic"
    },
    {
      "code": "ro",
      "lang": "Romanian",
      "sense": "name that indicates family",
      "tags": [
        "neuter"
      ],
      "word": "nume"
    },
    {
      "code": "ru",
      "lang": "Russian",
      "roman": "famílija",
      "sense": "name that indicates family",
      "tags": [
        "feminine"
      ],
      "word": "фами́лия"
    },
    {
      "code": "ru",
      "lang": "Russian",
      "note": "про́звище n (prózvišče) (dated, now means \"nickname\")",
      "sense": "name that indicates family"
    },
    {
      "code": "gd",
      "lang": "Scottish Gaelic",
      "sense": "name that indicates family",
      "tags": [
        "masculine"
      ],
      "word": "sloinneadh"
    },
    {
      "code": "sh",
      "lang": "Serbo-Croatian",
      "sense": "name that indicates family",
      "tags": [
        "Cyrillic",
        "neuter"
      ],
      "word": "прѐзиме"
    },
    {
      "code": "sh",
      "lang": "Serbo-Croatian",
      "sense": "name that indicates family",
      "tags": [
        "Roman",
        "neuter"
      ],
      "word": "prèzime"
    },
    {
      "code": "scn",
      "lang": "Sicilian",
      "sense": "name that indicates family",
      "tags": [
        "masculine"
      ],
      "word": "cugnomu"
    },
    {
      "code": "si",
      "lang": "Sinhalese",
      "roman": "wāsagama",
      "sense": "name that indicates family",
      "word": "වාසගම"
    },
    {
      "code": "sms",
      "lang": "Skolt Sami",
      "sense": "name that indicates family",
      "word": "famiʹljnõmm"
    },
    {
      "code": "sk",
      "lang": "Slovak",
      "sense": "name that indicates family",
      "tags": [
        "neuter"
      ],
      "word": "priezvisko"
    },
    {
      "code": "sl",
      "lang": "Slovene",
      "sense": "name that indicates family",
      "tags": [
        "masculine"
      ],
      "word": "priimek"
    },
    {
      "code": "hsb",
      "lang": "Upper Sorbian",
      "sense": "name that indicates family",
      "tags": [
        "neuter"
      ],
      "word": "swójbne mjeno"
    },
    {
      "code": "st",
      "lang": "Sotho",
      "sense": "name that indicates family",
      "tags": [
        "singular"
      ],
      "word": "fane"
    },
    {
      "code": "st",
      "lang": "Sotho",
      "sense": "name that indicates family",
      "tags": [
        "plural"
      ],
      "word": "difane"
    },
    {
      "code": "es",
      "lang": "Spanish",
      "sense": "name that indicates family",
      "tags": [
        "masculine"
      ],
      "word": "apellido"
    },
    {
      "code": "swg",
      "lang": "Swabian",
      "sense": "name that indicates family",
      "word": "Familiename"
    },
    {
      "code": "sw",
      "lang": "Swahili",
      "sense": "name that indicates family",
      "word": "jina la ukoo"
    },
    {
      "code": "sv",
      "lang": "Swedish",
      "sense": "name that indicates family",
      "tags": [
        "neuter"
      ],
      "word": "efternamn"
    },
    {
      "code": "sv",
      "lang": "Swedish",
      "sense": "name that indicates family",
      "tags": [
        "neuter"
      ],
      "word": "familjenamn"
    },
    {
      "code": "tl",
      "lang": "Tagalog",
      "sense": "name that indicates family",
      "word": "apelyido"
    },
    {
      "code": "tg",
      "lang": "Tajik",
      "roman": "familiya",
      "sense": "name that indicates family",
      "word": "фамилия"
    },
    {
      "code": "tg",
      "lang": "Tajik",
      "roman": "nomi xonavodagī",
      "sense": "name that indicates family",
      "word": "номи хонаводагӣ"
    },
    {
      "code": "ta",
      "lang": "Tamil",
      "roman": "kuṭumpappeyar",
      "sense": "name that indicates family",
      "word": "குடும்பப்பெயர்"
    },
    {
      "code": "tt",
      "lang": "Tatar",
      "roman": "familiyä",
      "sense": "name that indicates family",
      "word": "фамилия"
    },
    {
      "code": "te",
      "lang": "Telugu",
      "roman": "iṇṭipēru",
      "sense": "name that indicates family",
      "word": "ఇంటిపేరు"
    },
    {
      "code": "th",
      "lang": "Thai",
      "roman": "naam-sà-gun",
      "sense": "name that indicates family",
      "word": "นามสกุล"
    },
    {
      "code": "th",
      "lang": "Thai",
      "roman": "sɛ̂ɛ",
      "sense": "name that indicates family",
      "tags": [
        "Chinese",
        "surname"
      ],
      "word": "แซ่"
    },
    {
      "code": "tr",
      "lang": "Turkish",
      "sense": "name that indicates family",
      "word": "soyadı"
    },
    {
      "code": "tr",
      "lang": "Turkish",
      "sense": "name that indicates family",
      "word": "soyad"
    },
    {
      "code": "tr",
      "lang": "Turkish",
      "sense": "name that indicates family",
      "word": "soyisim"
    },
    {
      "code": "tk",
      "lang": "Turkmen",
      "sense": "name that indicates family",
      "word": "familiýa"
    },
    {
      "code": "uk",
      "lang": "Ukrainian",
      "roman": "prízvyšče",
      "sense": "name that indicates family",
      "tags": [
        "neuter"
      ],
      "word": "прі́звище"
    },
    {
      "code": "ur",
      "lang": "Urdu",
      "roman": "xāndānī nām",
      "sense": "name that indicates family",
      "tags": [
        "masculine"
      ],
      "word": "⁧خانْدانی نام⁩"
    },
    {
      "code": "ur",
      "lang": "Urdu",
      "roman": "kul nām",
      "sense": "name that indicates family",
      "tags": [
        "masculine"
      ],
      "word": "⁧کُل نام⁩"
    },
    {
      "code": "ur",
      "lang": "Urdu",
      "roman": "up nām",
      "sense": "name that indicates family",
      "tags": [
        "masculine"
      ],
      "word": "⁧اُپ نام⁩"
    },
    {
      "code": "ur",
      "lang": "Urdu",
      "roman": "laqab",
      "sense": "name that indicates family",
      "tags": [
        "masculine"
      ],
      "word": "⁧لَقَب⁩"
    },
    {
      "code": "ug",
      "lang": "Uyghur",
      "roman": "famile",
      "sense": "name that indicates family",
      "word": "⁧فامىلە⁩"
    },
    {
      "code": "uz",
      "lang": "Uzbek",
      "sense": "name that indicates family",
      "word": "familiya"
    },
    {
      "code": "uz",
      "lang": "Uzbek",
      "sense": "name that indicates family",
      "word": "laqab"
    },
    {
      "code": "vi",
      "lang": "Vietnamese",
      "sense": "name that indicates family",
      "word": "họ"
    },
    {
      "code": "vi",
      "lang": "Vietnamese",
      "sense": "name that indicates family",
      "word": "tên họ"
    },
    {
      "code": "vo",
      "lang": "Volapük",
      "sense": "name that indicates family",
      "word": "famülanem"
    },
    {
      "code": "wa",
      "lang": "Walloon",
      "sense": "name that indicates family",
      "tags": [
        "masculine"
      ],
      "word": "no d' famile"
    },
    {
      "code": "cy",
      "lang": "Welsh",
      "sense": "name that indicates family",
      "tags": [
        "masculine"
      ],
      "word": "cyfenw"
    },
    {
      "code": "mww",
      "lang": "White Hmong",
      "sense": "name that indicates family",
      "word": "xeem"
    },
    {
      "code": "xh",
      "lang": "Xhosa",
      "sense": "name that indicates family",
      "word": "ifani"
    },
    {
      "code": "yi",
      "lang": "Yiddish",
      "roman": "mishpokhe-nomen",
      "sense": "name that indicates family",
      "tags": [
        "masculine"
      ],
      "word": "⁧משפּחה־נאָמען⁩"
    },
    {
      "code": "zu",
      "lang": "Zulu",
      "sense": "name that indicates family",
      "word": "isibongo"
    }
  ],
  "word": "surname"
}

{
  "categories": [
    "Requests for review of Swahili translations",
    "en:Onomastics",
    "enm:Onomastics"
  ],
  "etymology_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "enm",
        "3": "surname"
      },
      "expansion": "Middle English surname",
      "name": "inh"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "fro",
        "3": "surnum"
      },
      "expansion": "Old French surnum",
      "name": "der"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "fro",
        "2": "surnoun",
        "3": "",
        "4": "surname; nickname"
      },
      "expansion": "surnoun (“surname; nickname”)",
      "name": "m"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "enm",
        "2": "surnoun"
      },
      "expansion": "Middle English surnoun",
      "name": "cog"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "LL.",
        "3": "supernōmen, suprānōmen",
        "t": "surname"
      },
      "expansion": "Late Latin supernōmen, suprānōmen (“surname”)",
      "name": "der"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "la",
        "2": "super-",
        "3": "",
        "4": "over, above, beyond"
      },
      "expansion": "super- (“over, above, beyond”)",
      "name": "m"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "la",
        "2": "nōmen",
        "t": "name"
      },
      "expansion": "nōmen (“name”)",
      "name": "m"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_text": "From Middle English surname, a partial calque of Old French surnum, surnoun (“surname; nickname”) (whence Middle English surnoun), from Late Latin supernōmen, suprānōmen (“surname”), from super- (“over, above, beyond”) and nōmen (“name”).",
  "forms": [
    {
      "form": "surnames",
      "tags": [
        "present",
        "singular",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "surnaming",
      "tags": [
        "participle",
        "present"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "surnamed",
      "tags": [
        "participle",
        "past"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "surnamed",
      "tags": [
        "past"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "head_templates": [
    {
      "args": {},
      "expansion": "surname (third-person singular simple present surnames, present participle surnaming, simple past and past participle surnamed)",
      "name": "en-verb"
    }
  ],
  "lang": "English",
  "lang_code": "en",
  "pos": "verb",
  "related": [
    {
      "word": "Wiktionary appendix of surnames"
    }
  ],
  "senses": [
    {
      "categories": [
        "English transitive verbs"
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "To give a surname to."
      ],
      "raw_glosses": [
        "(transitive) To give a surname to."
      ],
      "tags": [
        "transitive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "categories": [
        "English transitive verbs"
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "To call by a surname."
      ],
      "raw_glosses": [
        "(transitive) To call by a surname."
      ],
      "tags": [
        "transitive"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "sounds": [
    {
      "ipa": "/ˈsɝˌneɪm/",
      "tags": [
        "US"
      ]
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/ˈsɜːˌneɪm/",
      "tags": [
        "UK"
      ]
    },
    {
      "rhymes": "-ɜː(ɹ)neɪm"
    },
    {
      "audio": "En-us-surname.ogg",
      "mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/4/4b/En-us-surname.ogg/En-us-surname.ogg.mp3",
      "ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4b/En-us-surname.ogg",
      "tags": [
        "US"
      ],
      "text": "Audio (US)"
    },
    {
      "audio": "En-uk-surname.ogg",
      "mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/fb/En-uk-surname.ogg/En-uk-surname.ogg.mp3",
      "ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fb/En-uk-surname.ogg",
      "tags": [
        "UK"
      ],
      "text": "Audio (UK)"
    },
    {
      "enpr": "sûrʹnām'"
    },
    {
      "enpr": "sûʹnām'"
    }
  ],
  "synonyms": [
    {
      "tags": [
        "archaic"
      ],
      "word": "sirname"
    },
    {
      "tags": [
        "obsolete"
      ],
      "word": "sur-name"
    }
  ],
  "translations": [
    {
      "code": "eo",
      "lang": "Esperanto",
      "sense": "to give a surname",
      "word": "doni familinomon"
    },
    {
      "code": "fi",
      "lang": "Finnish",
      "sense": "to give a surname",
      "word": "antaa sukunimi"
    },
    {
      "code": "es",
      "lang": "Spanish",
      "sense": "to give a surname",
      "word": "apodar"
    },
    {
      "code": "fi",
      "lang": "Finnish",
      "sense": "to call by a surname",
      "word": "kutsua sukunimellä"
    },
    {
      "code": "es",
      "lang": "Spanish",
      "sense": "to call by a surname",
      "word": "apodo"
    }
  ],
  "word": "surname"
}

This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable English dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2024-03-12 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2024-03-01 using wiktextract (68773ab and 5f6ddbb). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.

If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.