See -um on Wiktionary
{
"derived": [
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "criterium"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "datum"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "decennium"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "delirium"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "desideratum"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"alt": "cf. German Irrtum",
"word": "erratum"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "fatum"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "forum"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "gymnasium"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "honorarium"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "imperium"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"english": "between war(s)",
"word": "interbellum"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "labarum"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "lucidum"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "mandatum"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "maximum"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "medium"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "minimum"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "millennium"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "modicum"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "mortuarium"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "museum"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "opium"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "optimum"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "Persarum"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "pessarium"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "podium"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"english": "after war",
"word": "postbellum"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "referendum"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "sanatorium"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "solarium"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "stadium"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"english": "any shiny mineral",
"word": "talcum"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "tedium"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "ultimatum"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "unicum"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "vacuum"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "Valium"
}
],
"etymology_number": 1,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "la",
"3": "-"
},
"expansion": "Latin",
"name": "bor"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From the homographic case endings of the nominative, accusative, and vocative forms of numerous neuter Latin second declension nouns.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "-a",
"tags": [
"plural"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "suffix",
"3": "plural",
"4": "-a"
},
"expansion": "-um (plural -a)",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "suffix",
"related": [
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "-a"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "-ium"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "-on"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "-os"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "-us"
}
],
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "65 35",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Entries with translation boxes",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "65 35",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Dutch translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "64 36",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with French translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "66 34",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with German translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "45 55",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Greek translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "65 35",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Italian translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "65 35",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Japanese translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "53 47",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Portuguese translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "62 38",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Spanish translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "57 43",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Swedish translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Denotes singular grammatical number."
],
"id": "en--um-en-suffix-ypCrNvdn",
"links": [
[
"singular",
"singular#English"
],
[
"grammatical",
"grammatical#English"
],
[
"number",
"number#English"
]
],
"tags": [
"morpheme"
],
"translations": [
{
"_dis1": "94 6",
"code": "nl",
"lang": "Dutch",
"sense": "Latinate singular grammatical number suffix",
"word": "-um"
},
{
"_dis1": "94 6",
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "Latinate singular grammatical number suffix",
"word": "-um"
},
{
"_dis1": "94 6",
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "Latinate singular grammatical number suffix",
"word": "-um"
},
{
"_dis1": "94 6",
"code": "el",
"lang": "Greek",
"roman": "-o",
"sense": "Latinate singular grammatical number suffix",
"word": "-ο"
},
{
"_dis1": "94 6",
"code": "el",
"lang": "Greek",
"roman": "-on",
"sense": "Latinate singular grammatical number suffix",
"word": "-ον"
},
{
"_dis1": "94 6",
"code": "it",
"lang": "Italian",
"sense": "Latinate singular grammatical number suffix",
"word": "-o"
},
{
"_dis1": "94 6",
"code": "it",
"lang": "Italian",
"sense": "Latinate singular grammatical number suffix",
"word": "-a"
},
{
"_dis1": "94 6",
"code": "ja",
"lang": "Japanese",
"roman": "-umu",
"sense": "Latinate singular grammatical number suffix",
"word": "ウム"
},
{
"_dis1": "94 6",
"code": "pt",
"lang": "Portuguese",
"sense": "Latinate singular grammatical number suffix",
"word": "-o"
},
{
"_dis1": "94 6",
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "Latinate singular grammatical number suffix",
"word": "-o"
},
{
"_dis1": "94 6",
"code": "sv",
"lang": "Swedish",
"sense": "Latinate singular grammatical number suffix",
"word": "-um"
}
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "topical",
"langcode": "en",
"name": "Chemistry",
"orig": "en:Chemistry",
"parents": [
"Sciences",
"All topics",
"Fundamental"
],
"source": "w"
},
{
"_dis": "45 55",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Greek translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "53 47",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Portuguese translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Forms the ends of the names of certain elements (such as molybdenum and platinum)."
],
"id": "en--um-en-suffix-UJH-DPpx",
"links": [
[
"chemistry",
"chemistry"
],
[
"element",
"element"
],
[
"molybdenum",
"molybdenum"
],
[
"platinum",
"platinum"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(chemistry) Forms the ends of the names of certain elements (such as molybdenum and platinum)."
],
"tags": [
"morpheme"
],
"topics": [
"chemistry",
"natural-sciences",
"physical-sciences"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/əm/",
"tags": [
"UK"
]
},
{
"audio": "LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame--um.wav",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/7/73/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Flame%2C_not_lame-%26%2345%3Bum.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Flame%2C_not_lame-%26%2345%3Bum.wav.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/7/73/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Flame%2C_not_lame-%26%2345%3Bum.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Flame%2C_not_lame-%26%2345%3Bum.wav.ogg"
}
],
"word": "-um"
}
{
"etymology_number": 2,
"etymology_text": "Possibly from 'em.",
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "suffix",
"cat2": "",
"cat3": "",
"head": "",
"id": ""
},
"expansion": "-um",
"name": "head"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "-um",
"name": "en-suffix"
}
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "suffix",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "22 16 63",
"kind": "other",
"name": "English entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"ref": "1871, Mrs. Edward Millett, An Australian parsonage; or, The settler and the savage in Western Australia, page 129:",
"text": "Having finished her return of deaths, she went on to say \"Black fellow sick—white lady fowl sendum—white lady kangaroo sendum—master all self eatum—\" but here she paused and made an exception in favour of the matron, expressed by the words \" Missis not eatum—missis good fellow.\"",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"ref": "1896, F J Stimsom, King Noanett: A Story of Old Virginia and the Massachusetts Bay, page 254:",
"text": "\"Givum dinner; smokum pipe,\" was all that we could get out of Quatchett.",
"type": "quote"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Denotes transitive verbs in the trade pidgins used between English-speakers and indigenous populations; used derogatorily by extension in English by addition to any verb, transitive or not."
],
"id": "en--um-en-suffix-GvqyiDHB",
"tags": [
"morpheme"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/əm/",
"tags": [
"UK"
]
},
{
"audio": "LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame--um.wav",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/7/73/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Flame%2C_not_lame-%26%2345%3Bum.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Flame%2C_not_lame-%26%2345%3Bum.wav.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/7/73/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Flame%2C_not_lame-%26%2345%3Bum.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Flame%2C_not_lame-%26%2345%3Bum.wav.ogg"
}
],
"word": "-um"
}
{
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "bi",
"2": "en",
"3": "him"
},
"expansion": "English him",
"name": "inh"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From English him, 'em.",
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "bi",
"2": "suffix"
},
"expansion": "-um",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Bislama",
"lang_code": "bi",
"pos": "suffix",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Bislama entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 18 entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Indicates a transitive verb"
],
"id": "en--um-bi-suffix-LBvdSWAD",
"links": [
[
"transitive verb",
"transitive verb#English"
]
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "-em"
},
{
"word": "-im"
}
],
"tags": [
"morpheme"
]
}
],
"word": "-um"
}
{
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ca",
"2": "la",
"3": "-ūmen",
"pos": "action noun suffix"
},
"expansion": "Latin -ūmen (action noun suffix)",
"name": "inh"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Latin -ūmen (action noun suffix), an extended form of -men.",
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ca",
"2": "suffix",
"g": "m"
},
"expansion": "-um m",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Catalan",
"lang_code": "ca",
"pos": "suffix",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Catalan entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 18 entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"text": "greix (“grease”) + -um → greixum (“grime, grunge”)",
"type": "example"
},
{
"text": "pixar (“to piss”) + -um → pixum (“piss, urine”)",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"used to form nouns, usually with a collective and pejorative connotation"
],
"id": "en--um-ca-suffix-sn4fQ1Hs",
"links": [
[
"noun",
"noun#English"
],
[
"collective",
"collective#English"
],
[
"pejorative",
"pejorative#English"
]
],
"tags": [
"masculine",
"morpheme"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "[ˈum]",
"tags": [
"Balearic",
"Central",
"Valencia"
]
}
],
"word": "-um"
}
{
"forms": [
{
"form": "-a",
"tags": [
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-ums",
"tags": [
"plural"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "nl",
"2": "suffix",
"3": "plural",
"4": "-a",
"5": "or",
"6": "-ums",
"cat2": "inflectional suffixes"
},
"expansion": "-um (plural -a or -ums)",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Dutch",
"lang_code": "nl",
"pos": "suffix",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Dutch entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 18 entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
}
],
"glosses": [
"denotes singular grammatical number of words of Latin origins"
],
"id": "en--um-nl-suffix-qLSHQBXY",
"links": [
[
"singular",
"singular#English"
],
[
"grammatical",
"grammatical#English"
],
[
"number",
"number#English"
]
],
"related": [
{
"word": "-s"
}
],
"tags": [
"morpheme"
]
}
],
"word": "-um"
}
{
"etymology_number": 1,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "de",
"2": "la",
"3": "-um"
},
"expansion": "Latin -um",
"name": "der"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Latin -um.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "-en",
"tags": [
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-a",
"tags": [
"plural"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "de",
"2": "suffix",
"3": "plural",
"4": "-en",
"5": "or",
"6": "-a",
"cat2": "noun-forming suffixes",
"g": "n"
},
"expansion": "-um n (plural -en or -a)",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "German",
"lang_code": "de",
"pos": "suffix",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "72 28",
"kind": "other",
"name": "German entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"generally unproductive suffix found in neuter nouns of Latin origin"
],
"id": "en--um-de-suffix-Z-uMLlih",
"tags": [
"morpheme",
"neuter"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ʊm/"
}
],
"word": "-um"
}
{
"etymology_number": 2,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "de",
"2": "ofs",
"3": "-em",
"4": "-em, -um",
"pos": "dative plural ending"
},
"expansion": "Old Frisian -em, -um (dative plural ending)",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "de",
"2": "-en"
},
"expansion": "German -en",
"name": "m+"
}
],
"etymology_text": "As a variant of -heim through reduction to [əm] and subsequent backing. Compare -em. This is the only origin in most areas, but along the North Sea coast, where the suffix is most frequent, it sometimes goes back to Old Frisian -em, -um (dative plural ending), equivalent to German -en as in -hausen. Distinguishing both origins is often impossible, however.",
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "de",
"2": "suffix"
},
"expansion": "-um",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "German",
"lang_code": "de",
"pos": "suffix",
"senses": [
{
"derived": [
{
"word": "Accum"
},
{
"word": "Ackerum"
},
{
"word": "Adlum"
},
{
"word": "Ahlum"
},
{
"word": "Alkersum"
},
{
"word": "Alsum"
},
{
"word": "Ammersum"
},
{
"word": "Amrum"
},
{
"word": "Ankum"
},
{
"word": "Archsum"
},
{
"word": "Arnum"
},
{
"word": "Atzum"
},
{
"word": "Austum"
},
{
"word": "Baccum"
},
{
"word": "Bachum"
},
{
"word": "Bakum"
},
{
"word": "Balkum"
},
{
"word": "Baltrum"
},
{
"word": "Bargum"
},
{
"word": "Barum"
},
{
"word": "Bassum"
},
{
"word": "Beckum"
},
{
"word": "Beinum"
},
{
"word": "Bekum"
},
{
"word": "Belum"
},
{
"word": "Berkum"
},
{
"word": "Berum"
},
{
"word": "Bettrum"
},
{
"word": "Bingum"
},
{
"word": "Blersum"
},
{
"word": "Bochum"
},
{
"word": "Boldixum"
},
{
"word": "Bolzum"
},
{
"word": "Bondelum"
},
{
"word": "Bordelum"
},
{
"word": "Borgsum"
},
{
"word": "Borkum"
},
{
"word": "Bornum"
},
{
"word": "Börßum"
},
{
"word": "Borsum"
},
{
"word": "Breinum"
},
{
"word": "Breklum"
},
{
"word": "Brinkum"
},
{
"word": "Brockum"
},
{
"word": "Bültum"
},
{
"word": "Büsum"
},
{
"word": "Canum"
},
{
"word": "Carum"
},
{
"word": "Cirkwehrum"
},
{
"word": "Critzum"
},
{
"word": "Dahlum"
},
{
"word": "Dalum"
},
{
"word": "Damsum"
},
{
"word": "Dersum"
},
{
"word": "Dettum"
},
{
"word": "Ditzum"
},
{
"word": "Dornum"
},
{
"word": "Dorum"
},
{
"word": "Dötzum"
},
{
"word": "Dratum"
},
{
"word": "Dunsum"
},
{
"word": "Dunum"
},
{
"word": "Eckum"
},
{
"word": "Eickum"
},
{
"word": "Eilsum"
},
{
"word": "Eilum"
},
{
"word": "Einum"
},
{
"word": "Eitzum"
},
{
"word": "Esklum"
},
{
"word": "Extum"
},
{
"word": "Filsum"
},
{
"word": "Flechum"
},
{
"word": "Freepsum"
},
{
"word": "Fulkum"
},
{
"word": "Garbolzum"
},
{
"word": "Grimersum"
},
{
"word": "Gyhum"
},
{
"word": "Hamswehrum"
},
{
"word": "Harsum"
},
{
"word": "Harum"
},
{
"word": "Hassum"
},
{
"word": "Hatzum"
},
{
"word": "Haxtum"
},
{
"word": "Heersum"
},
{
"word": "Heinum"
},
{
"word": "Heissum"
},
{
"word": "Herbrum"
},
{
"word": "Herßum"
},
{
"word": "Heyersum"
},
{
"word": "Hilmarsum"
},
{
"word": "Holsthum"
},
{
"word": "Holtum"
},
{
"word": "Holum"
},
{
"word": "Hommersum"
},
{
"word": "Hönnersum"
},
{
"word": "Hörnum"
},
{
"word": "Horum"
},
{
"word": "Hötzum"
},
{
"word": "Hüddessum"
},
{
"word": "Husum"
},
{
"word": "Imsum"
},
{
"word": "Itzum"
},
{
"word": "Jarssum"
},
{
"word": "Jemgum"
},
{
"word": "Kalkum"
},
{
"word": "Karlum"
},
{
"word": "Kehrum"
},
{
"word": "Keitum"
},
{
"word": "Kirchborgum"
},
{
"word": "Klintum"
},
{
"word": "Kökelsum"
},
{
"word": "Kölsum"
},
{
"word": "Krukum"
},
{
"word": "Kuckum"
},
{
"word": "Landersum"
},
{
"word": "Latum"
},
{
"word": "Leversum"
},
{
"word": "Loccum"
},
{
"word": "Logabirum"
},
{
"word": "Loikum"
},
{
"word": "Loppersum"
},
{
"word": "Luttrum"
},
{
"word": "Luttum"
},
{
"word": "Lutum"
},
{
"word": "Machtsum"
},
{
"word": "Mahlum"
},
{
"word": "Matrum"
},
{
"word": "Mehrum"
},
{
"word": "Mesum"
},
{
"word": "Midlum"
},
{
"word": "Morsum"
},
{
"word": "Muckum"
},
{
"word": "Mulsum"
},
{
"word": "Mundersum"
},
{
"word": "Mussum"
},
{
"word": "Nieblum"
},
{
"word": "Oberhelsum"
},
{
"word": "Ochtersum"
},
{
"word": "Ochtum"
},
{
"word": "Oedelum"
},
{
"word": "Oevenum"
},
{
"word": "Ohlum"
},
{
"word": "Ohrum"
},
{
"word": "Oldsum"
},
{
"word": "Oppum"
},
{
"word": "Östrum"
},
{
"word": "Pelkum"
},
{
"word": "Petkum"
},
{
"word": "Pewsum"
},
{
"word": "Pogum"
},
{
"word": "Polsum"
},
{
"word": "Querum"
},
{
"word": "Rantum"
},
{
"word": "Reckelsum"
},
{
"word": "Reckum"
},
{
"word": "Reeßum"
},
{
"word": "Risum"
},
{
"word": "Roklum"
},
{
"word": "Rorichum"
},
{
"word": "Röttum"
},
{
"word": "Rötzum"
},
{
"word": "Rysum"
},
{
"word": "Siegelsum"
},
{
"word": "Sillium"
},
{
"word": "Sorsum"
},
{
"word": "Sottrum"
},
{
"word": "Stadum"
},
{
"word": "Stedum"
},
{
"word": "Stockum"
},
{
"word": "Struckum"
},
{
"word": "Styrum"
},
{
"word": "Süderlügum"
},
{
"word": "Sussum"
},
{
"word": "Sustrum"
},
{
"word": "Sutrum"
},
{
"word": "Sydikum"
},
{
"word": "Tetekum"
},
{
"word": "Thunum"
},
{
"word": "Tinnum"
},
{
"word": "Toftum"
},
{
"word": "Twixlum"
},
{
"word": "Utersum"
},
{
"word": "Uthwerdum"
},
{
"word": "Uttum"
},
{
"word": "Vahnum"
},
{
"word": "Vanikum"
},
{
"word": "Vernum"
},
{
"word": "Vinnum"
},
{
"word": "Vöhrum"
},
{
"word": "Vossum"
},
{
"word": "Wachtum"
},
{
"word": "Waggum"
},
{
"word": "Walchum"
},
{
"word": "Walsum"
},
{
"word": "Wankum"
},
{
"word": "Watzum"
},
{
"word": "Wätzum"
},
{
"word": "Wehrum"
},
{
"word": "Werdum"
},
{
"word": "Wessum"
},
{
"word": "Westrum"
},
{
"word": "Westum"
},
{
"word": "Winkum"
},
{
"word": "Wirdum"
},
{
"word": "Witsum"
},
{
"word": "Wrixum"
},
{
"word": "Wybelsum"
}
],
"glosses": [
"a placename suffix, often an alternative form of -heim"
],
"id": "en--um-de-suffix-~VSCtMO9",
"links": [
[
"-heim",
"-heim#German"
]
],
"qualifier": "unproductive",
"raw_glosses": [
"(unproductive) a placename suffix, often an alternative form of -heim"
],
"tags": [
"morpheme"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ʊm/"
}
],
"word": "-um"
}
{
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "hu",
"2": "la",
"3": "-um",
"t": "2nd declension neuter nominative singular termination"
},
"expansion": "Latin -um (“2nd declension neuter nominative singular termination”)",
"name": "der"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Latin -um (“2nd declension neuter nominative singular termination”).",
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "hu",
"2": "suffix"
},
"expansion": "-um",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Hungarian",
"lang_code": "hu",
"pos": "suffix",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Hungarian entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 18 entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"text": "abszurdum (“absurdity”)"
}
],
"glosses": [
"A distinguishable foreign word-ending in nouns of Latin origin. It is not considered an independent Hungarian suffix."
],
"id": "en--um-hu-suffix-v9A9kfuz",
"links": [
[
"noun",
"noun"
]
],
"tags": [
"morpheme"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "[um]"
}
],
"word": "-um"
}
{
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "is",
"2": "suffix",
"cat2": "inflectional suffixes"
},
"expansion": "-um",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Icelandic",
"lang_code": "is",
"pos": "suffix",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "48 30 22",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Icelandic entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"text": "hestur → hestum — a horse → of the horses"
},
{
"text": "ríkur → ríkum — rich → of the rich"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Used to form the dative plural of most nouns, all strong adjectives and most pronouns."
],
"id": "en--um-is-suffix-45ssaGeS",
"tags": [
"morpheme"
]
},
{
"examples": [
{
"text": "telja (infinitive) → við teljum (we count or believe) (indicative)"
},
{
"text": "við teldum subjunctive past tense, i.e., we would believe"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Used to form the first person plural of verbs in the indicative and subjunctive, past and present."
],
"id": "en--um-is-suffix-wunW-aiT",
"tags": [
"morpheme"
]
},
{
"examples": [
{
"text": "stund (time, hour) → stundum — sometimes"
},
{
"text": "langur (long) → löngum (oftentimes)."
}
],
"glosses": [
"Used to form some adverbs from nouns or adjectives — it is actually a frozen dative"
],
"id": "en--um-is-suffix-hNlMq2W3",
"links": [
[
"adverbs",
"adverbs"
],
[
"dative",
"dative"
]
],
"tags": [
"morpheme"
]
}
],
"word": "-um"
}
{
"etymology_number": 1,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "accusative singular"
},
"expansion": "",
"name": "etymid"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "itc-pro",
"3": "*-om"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Italic *-om",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*-om",
"pos": "thematic masculine singular accusative and neuter singular nominative and accusative ending"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *-om (thematic masculine singular accusative and neuter singular nominative and accusative ending)",
"name": "inh"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Proto-Italic *-om, from Proto-Indo-European *-om (thematic masculine singular accusative and neuter singular nominative and accusative ending).",
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "suffix form"
},
"expansion": "-um",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Latin",
"lang_code": "la",
"pos": "suffix",
"senses": [
{
"form_of": [
{
"word": "-us"
}
],
"glosses": [
"inflection of -us:",
"accusative masculine singular"
],
"id": "en--um-la-suffix-QWRo9zG7",
"links": [
[
"-us",
"-us#Latin"
]
],
"tags": [
"accusative",
"form-of",
"masculine",
"morpheme",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form_of": [
{
"word": "-us"
}
],
"glosses": [
"inflection of -us:",
"nominative/accusative/vocative neuter singular"
],
"id": "en--um-la-suffix-tr35ep9i",
"links": [
[
"-us",
"-us#Latin"
]
],
"tags": [
"accusative",
"form-of",
"morpheme",
"neuter",
"nominative",
"singular",
"vocative"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/um/",
"tags": [
"Classical-Latin"
]
},
{
"ipa": "[ʊ̃ˑ]",
"tags": [
"Classical-Latin"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/um/",
"note": "modern Italianate Ecclesiastical"
},
{
"ipa": "[um]",
"note": "modern Italianate Ecclesiastical"
}
],
"synonyms": [
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0",
"english": "conditioned variant used after -v-, -qu-, -gu-, -u- up through the middle of the first century AD",
"word": "-om"
}
],
"word": "-um"
}
{
"etymology_number": 2,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "genitive plural"
},
"expansion": "",
"name": "etymid"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "itc-pro",
"3": "*-om"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Italic *-om",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*-oHom",
"pos": "genitive plural ending"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *-oHom (genitive plural ending)",
"name": "inh"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Proto-Italic *-om, from Proto-Indo-European *-oHom (genitive plural ending).",
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "suffix",
"cat2": "inflectional suffixes",
"head": "-um"
},
"expansion": "-um",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Latin",
"lang_code": "la",
"pos": "suffix",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "4 5 40 40 10",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Latin entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"genitive plural ending",
"Found in -ōrum"
],
"id": "en--um-la-suffix-zcbtUwLs",
"links": [
[
"-ōrum",
"-orum#Latin"
]
],
"tags": [
"morpheme"
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "4 5 40 40 10",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Latin entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"genitive plural ending",
"Found in -ārum"
],
"id": "en--um-la-suffix-uWwyt7QI",
"links": [
[
"-ārum",
"-arum#Latin"
]
],
"tags": [
"morpheme"
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "4 5 40 40 10",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Latin entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"form_of": [
{
"word": "-s"
}
],
"glosses": [
"genitive plural ending",
"genitive plural of -s"
],
"id": "en--um-la-suffix-wsJCfWR3",
"links": [
[
"-s",
"-s#Latin"
]
],
"tags": [
"form-of",
"genitive",
"morpheme",
"plural"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/um/",
"tags": [
"Classical-Latin"
]
},
{
"ipa": "[ʊ̃ˑ]",
"tags": [
"Classical-Latin"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/um/",
"note": "modern Italianate Ecclesiastical"
},
{
"ipa": "[um]",
"note": "modern Italianate Ecclesiastical"
}
],
"synonyms": [
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0",
"english": "conditioned variant used after -v-, -qu-, -gu-, -u- up through the middle of the first century AD",
"word": "-om"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"word": "-ûm"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"word": "-ôm"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"word": "-ūm"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"english": "variant spellings previously used in specific contexts in New Latin and modern editions of Old/Classical/Late Latin works. See usage notes.",
"word": "-ōm"
}
],
"word": "-um"
}
{
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ang",
"2": "suffix",
"cat2": "inflectional suffixes"
},
"expansion": "-um",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Old English",
"lang_code": "ang",
"pos": "suffix",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "35 35 30",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Old English entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"text": "hund (“dog”) + -um → hundum (“dogs”)",
"type": "example"
},
{
"text": "sċip (“ship”) + -um → sċipum (“ships”)",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Used to form the dative plural of essentially all nouns"
],
"id": "en--um-ang-suffix-twqA52J7",
"tags": [
"morpheme"
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "35 35 30",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Old English entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Used to form the strong and weak dative and instrumental plural of adjectives"
],
"id": "en--um-ang-suffix-8PuLNNmJ",
"tags": [
"morpheme"
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "35 35 30",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Old English entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Used to form the strong dative singular of masculine and neuter adjectives"
],
"id": "en--um-ang-suffix-vXSveOhI",
"tags": [
"morpheme"
]
}
],
"word": "-um"
}
{
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sga",
"2": "suffix",
"3": "suffixed pronoun",
"cat2": "personal pronouns"
},
"expansion": "-um (suffixed pronoun)",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Old Irish",
"lang_code": "sga",
"pos": "suffix",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Old Irish entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Old Irish personal pronouns",
"parents": [
"Personal pronouns",
"Pronouns",
"Lemmas"
],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 18 entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
}
],
"glosses": [
"me"
],
"id": "en--um-sga-suffix-J0TM0Qx1",
"links": [
[
"me",
"me"
]
],
"related": [
{
"word": "1 sing"
},
{
"word": "m-L"
},
{
"word": "dom-L"
},
{
"word": "dam-L"
},
{
"word": "2 sing"
},
{
"word": "t-L"
},
{
"word": "dot-L"
},
{
"word": "dat-L"
},
{
"word": "dut-L"
},
{
"word": "dit-L"
},
{
"word": "-ut"
},
{
"word": "3 sing. m."
},
{
"word": "a-N"
},
{
"word": "e-N"
},
{
"word": "d-N"
},
{
"word": "id-N"
},
{
"word": "did-N"
},
{
"word": "-i"
},
{
"word": "-it"
},
{
"word": "3 sing. f."
},
{
"word": "s-(N)"
},
{
"word": "da-"
},
{
"word": "-us"
},
{
"tags": [
"noun"
],
"word": "3 sing"
},
{
"word": "a-L"
},
{
"word": "e-L"
},
{
"word": "d-L"
},
{
"word": "id-L"
},
{
"word": "did-L"
},
{
"word": "1 pl"
},
{
"word": "n-"
},
{
"word": "don-"
},
{
"word": "dun-"
},
{
"word": "dan-"
},
{
"word": "-unn"
},
{
"word": "2 pl"
},
{
"word": "b-"
},
{
"word": "dob-"
},
{
"word": "dub-"
},
{
"word": "dab-"
},
{
"word": "-uib"
},
{
"word": "3 pl"
},
{
"tags": [
"eclipsis"
],
"word": "L means this form triggers lenition.N means this form triggers nasalization(N) means this form triggers nasalization in some texts but not in others."
}
],
"tags": [
"morpheme",
"pronoun",
"suffix"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/um/"
}
],
"word": "-um"
}
{
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "non",
"2": "suffix",
"cat2": "inflectional suffixes"
},
"expansion": "-um",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Old Norse",
"lang_code": "non",
"pos": "suffix",
"senses": [
{
"examples": [
{
"text": "armr → ǫrmum"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Used to form the dative plural of essentially all nouns and adjectives, as well as most pronouns"
],
"id": "en--um-non-suffix-WYKFlm5f",
"tags": [
"morpheme"
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "4 2 8 8 2 4 2 2 0 1 10 10 2 2 1 1 3 20 1 4 8 6",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 18 entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "4 2 8 8 2 3 1 1 0 0 10 10 1 1 1 1 3 22 3 0 1 4 8 6",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "15 85",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Old Norse entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Used to denote the 1st person plural forms in the active indicative and imperative forms of most verbs"
],
"id": "en--um-non-suffix-~Al7vkke",
"tags": [
"morpheme"
]
}
],
"word": "-um"
}
{
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "phl",
"2": "suffix"
},
"expansion": "-um",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Phalura",
"lang_code": "phl",
"pos": "suffix",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 18 entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Phalura entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w"
}
],
"glosses": [
"First person singular suffix"
],
"id": "en--um-phl-suffix-sPrX0lzX",
"synonyms": [
{
"english": "With a- and e-ending verb stems",
"word": "-úum"
},
{
"roman": "With a- and e-ending verb stems in Biori",
"word": "-áam"
}
],
"tags": [
"first-person",
"morpheme",
"singular",
"suffix"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/-um/"
}
],
"word": "-um"
}
{
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "pis",
"2": "en",
"3": "him"
},
"expansion": "English him",
"name": "inh"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From English him, 'em.",
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "pis",
"2": "suffix"
},
"expansion": "-um",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Pijin",
"lang_code": "pis",
"pos": "suffix",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 18 entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pijin entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Indicates a transitive verb"
],
"id": "en--um-pis-suffix-LBvdSWAD",
"links": [
[
"transitive verb",
"transitive verb#English"
]
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "-em"
},
{
"word": "-im"
}
],
"tags": [
"morpheme"
]
}
],
"word": "-um"
}
{
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "pl",
"2": "itc-pro",
"3": "ine-pro"
},
"expansion": "",
"name": "dercat"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "pl",
"2": "la",
"3": "-um"
},
"expansion": "Learned borrowing from Latin -um",
"name": "lbor"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "pl",
"2": "-o"
},
"expansion": "Doublet of -o",
"name": "dbt"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Learned borrowing from Latin -um. Doublet of -o.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "pl-decl-noun-n",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "-um",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-a",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-um",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-ów",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-um",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-om",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-um",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-a",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-um",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-ami",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-um",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"locative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-ach",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"locative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-um",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"singular",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "-a",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"plural",
"vocative"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "pl",
"2": "suffix",
"g": "n"
},
"expansion": "-um n",
"name": "head"
}
],
"hyphenation": [
"[please"
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"name": "pl-decl-noun-n"
}
],
"lang": "Polish",
"lang_code": "pl",
"pos": "suffix",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 18 entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Polish entries with Template:pl-pr without syllabification",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Polish entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Polish links with manual fragments",
"parents": [
"Links with manual fragments",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Polish links with redundant alt parameters",
"parents": [
"Links with redundant alt parameters",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Polish links with redundant wikilinks",
"parents": [
"Links with redundant wikilinks",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w"
}
],
"glosses": [
"suffix used in singular forms of Latin neuter borrowings"
],
"id": "en--um-pl-suffix-nexf8ZzA",
"tags": [
"morpheme",
"neuter"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/um/"
},
{
"rhymes": "-um"
},
{
"homophone": "um"
}
],
"word": "-um"
}
{
"etymology_number": 1,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sco",
"2": "enm",
"3": "-um"
},
"expansion": "Middle English -um",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "sco",
"2": "ang",
"3": "-um"
},
"expansion": "Old English -um",
"name": "inh"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Middle English -um, from Old English -um, dative plural ending used to form adverbials.",
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sco",
"2": "suffix"
},
"expansion": "-um",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Scots",
"lang_code": "sco",
"pos": "suffix",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [],
"examples": [
{
"text": "legim (“astride”)"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Used to form adverbs."
],
"id": "en--um-sco-suffix-Sc7BnVJg",
"raw_glosses": [
"(rare) Used to form adverbs."
],
"tags": [
"morpheme",
"rare"
]
}
],
"synonyms": [
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "-im"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "-om"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "-am"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "-em"
}
],
"word": "-um"
}
{
"etymology_number": 2,
"etymology_text": "Probably of jocular formation, based partly on Latin -um and partly an altered form of -in(g)s, a verbal noun ending.",
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sco",
"2": "suffix"
},
"expansion": "-um",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Scots",
"lang_code": "sco",
"pos": "suffix",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "20 80",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Scots entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Added to nouns or verbs to form nouns with diminutive or hypocoristic force"
],
"id": "en--um-sco-suffix-Bq89j5PH",
"links": [
[
"diminutive",
"diminutive#English"
],
[
"hypocoristic",
"hypocoristic#English"
]
],
"tags": [
"morpheme"
]
}
],
"synonyms": [
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "-im"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "-om"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "-am"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "-em"
}
],
"word": "-um"
}
{
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sv",
"2": "suffix",
"g": "n"
},
"expansion": "-um n",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Swedish",
"lang_code": "sv",
"pos": "suffix",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 18 entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Swedish entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w"
}
],
"glosses": [
"ending used for some words of Latin origin"
],
"id": "en--um-sv-suffix-xxAZmG6-",
"related": [
{
"word": "-ium"
}
],
"tags": [
"morpheme",
"neuter"
]
}
],
"word": "-um"
}
{
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "tr",
"2": "suffix"
},
"expansion": "-um",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Turkish",
"lang_code": "tr",
"pos": "suffix",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "59 41",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Turkish entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"english": "school - my school",
"text": "okul - okulum"
},
{
"english": "way - my way",
"text": "yol - yolum"
}
],
"glosses": [
"First-person singular possessive suffix denoting singular possession in words ending in a consonant."
],
"id": "en--um-tr-suffix-fOsmqMzj",
"tags": [
"morpheme"
]
},
{
"examples": [
{
"english": "innocent - I am innocent",
"text": "masum - masumum"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Conjugation of the verb \"to be\" for first person singular simple present tense."
],
"id": "en--um-tr-suffix-8Zge8BLn",
"tags": [
"morpheme"
]
}
],
"word": "-um"
}
{
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "vo",
"2": "suffix"
},
"expansion": "-um",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Volapük",
"lang_code": "vo",
"pos": "suffix",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 18 entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Volapük entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Used to form the comparative form of adjectives."
],
"id": "en--um-vo-suffix-zA8-EnMX",
"tags": [
"morpheme"
]
}
],
"word": "-um"
}
{
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "South Dravidian I"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ta",
"2": "-உம்"
},
"expansion": "Tamil: -உம் (-um)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Tamil: -உம் (-um)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ml",
"2": "-ഉം"
},
"expansion": "Malayalam: -ഉം (-uṁ)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Malayalam: -ഉം (-uṁ)"
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "dra-pro",
"2": "suffix"
},
"expansion": "*-um",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-Dravidian",
"lang_code": "dra-pro",
"original_title": "Reconstruction:Proto-Dravidian/-um",
"pos": "suffix",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "83 17",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 1 entry",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "71 29",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Proto-Dravidian entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"also, totality, any/one (added to interrogative forms) and even (coordinating suffix)"
],
"id": "en--um-dra-pro-suffix-88hGe3UT",
"links": [
[
"interrogative",
"interrogative"
],
[
"coordinating",
"coordinating"
]
],
"tags": [
"morpheme",
"reconstruction"
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"aorist future marker"
],
"id": "en--um-dra-pro-suffix-8-vPnmEq",
"links": [
[
"aorist",
"aorist"
]
],
"tags": [
"morpheme",
"reconstruction"
]
}
],
"word": "-um"
}
{
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "bi",
"2": "en",
"3": "him"
},
"expansion": "English him",
"name": "inh"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From English him, 'em.",
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "bi",
"2": "suffix"
},
"expansion": "-um",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Bislama",
"lang_code": "bi",
"pos": "suffix",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"Bislama entries with incorrect language header",
"Bislama lemmas",
"Bislama suffixes",
"Bislama terms derived from English",
"Bislama terms inherited from English",
"Pages with 18 entries",
"Pages with entries"
],
"glosses": [
"Indicates a transitive verb"
],
"links": [
[
"transitive verb",
"transitive verb#English"
]
],
"tags": [
"morpheme"
]
}
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "-em"
},
{
"word": "-im"
}
],
"word": "-um"
}
{
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ca",
"2": "la",
"3": "-ūmen",
"pos": "action noun suffix"
},
"expansion": "Latin -ūmen (action noun suffix)",
"name": "inh"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Latin -ūmen (action noun suffix), an extended form of -men.",
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ca",
"2": "suffix",
"g": "m"
},
"expansion": "-um m",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Catalan",
"lang_code": "ca",
"pos": "suffix",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"Catalan entries with incorrect language header",
"Catalan lemmas",
"Catalan masculine suffixes",
"Catalan suffixes",
"Catalan terms derived from Latin",
"Catalan terms inherited from Latin",
"Catalan terms with IPA pronunciation",
"Pages with 18 entries",
"Pages with entries"
],
"examples": [
{
"text": "greix (“grease”) + -um → greixum (“grime, grunge”)",
"type": "example"
},
{
"text": "pixar (“to piss”) + -um → pixum (“piss, urine”)",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"used to form nouns, usually with a collective and pejorative connotation"
],
"links": [
[
"noun",
"noun#English"
],
[
"collective",
"collective#English"
],
[
"pejorative",
"pejorative#English"
]
],
"tags": [
"masculine",
"morpheme"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "[ˈum]",
"tags": [
"Balearic",
"Central",
"Valencia"
]
}
],
"word": "-um"
}
{
"forms": [
{
"form": "-a",
"tags": [
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-ums",
"tags": [
"plural"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "nl",
"2": "suffix",
"3": "plural",
"4": "-a",
"5": "or",
"6": "-ums",
"cat2": "inflectional suffixes"
},
"expansion": "-um (plural -a or -ums)",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Dutch",
"lang_code": "nl",
"pos": "suffix",
"related": [
{
"word": "-s"
}
],
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"Dutch entries with incorrect language header",
"Dutch inflectional suffixes",
"Dutch lemmas",
"Dutch suffixes",
"Pages with 18 entries",
"Pages with entries"
],
"glosses": [
"denotes singular grammatical number of words of Latin origins"
],
"links": [
[
"singular",
"singular#English"
],
[
"grammatical",
"grammatical#English"
],
[
"number",
"number#English"
]
],
"tags": [
"morpheme"
]
}
],
"word": "-um"
}
{
"categories": [
"English entries with incorrect language header",
"English lemmas",
"English suffixes",
"English terms borrowed from Latin",
"English terms derived from Latin",
"Entries with translation boxes",
"Pages with 18 entries",
"Pages with entries",
"Terms with Dutch translations",
"Terms with French translations",
"Terms with German translations",
"Terms with Greek translations",
"Terms with Italian translations",
"Terms with Japanese translations",
"Terms with Portuguese translations",
"Terms with Spanish translations",
"Terms with Swedish translations"
],
"derived": [
{
"word": "criterium"
},
{
"word": "datum"
},
{
"word": "decennium"
},
{
"word": "delirium"
},
{
"word": "desideratum"
},
{
"alt": "cf. German Irrtum",
"word": "erratum"
},
{
"word": "fatum"
},
{
"word": "forum"
},
{
"word": "gymnasium"
},
{
"word": "honorarium"
},
{
"word": "imperium"
},
{
"english": "between war(s)",
"word": "interbellum"
},
{
"word": "labarum"
},
{
"word": "lucidum"
},
{
"word": "mandatum"
},
{
"word": "maximum"
},
{
"word": "medium"
},
{
"word": "minimum"
},
{
"word": "millennium"
},
{
"word": "modicum"
},
{
"word": "mortuarium"
},
{
"word": "museum"
},
{
"word": "opium"
},
{
"word": "optimum"
},
{
"word": "Persarum"
},
{
"word": "pessarium"
},
{
"word": "podium"
},
{
"english": "after war",
"word": "postbellum"
},
{
"word": "referendum"
},
{
"word": "sanatorium"
},
{
"word": "solarium"
},
{
"word": "stadium"
},
{
"english": "any shiny mineral",
"word": "talcum"
},
{
"word": "tedium"
},
{
"word": "ultimatum"
},
{
"word": "unicum"
},
{
"word": "vacuum"
},
{
"word": "Valium"
}
],
"etymology_number": 1,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "la",
"3": "-"
},
"expansion": "Latin",
"name": "bor"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From the homographic case endings of the nominative, accusative, and vocative forms of numerous neuter Latin second declension nouns.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "-a",
"tags": [
"plural"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "suffix",
"3": "plural",
"4": "-a"
},
"expansion": "-um (plural -a)",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "suffix",
"related": [
{
"word": "-a"
},
{
"word": "-ium"
},
{
"word": "-on"
},
{
"word": "-os"
},
{
"word": "-us"
}
],
"senses": [
{
"glosses": [
"Denotes singular grammatical number."
],
"links": [
[
"singular",
"singular#English"
],
[
"grammatical",
"grammatical#English"
],
[
"number",
"number#English"
]
],
"tags": [
"morpheme"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"en:Chemistry"
],
"glosses": [
"Forms the ends of the names of certain elements (such as molybdenum and platinum)."
],
"links": [
[
"chemistry",
"chemistry"
],
[
"element",
"element"
],
[
"molybdenum",
"molybdenum"
],
[
"platinum",
"platinum"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(chemistry) Forms the ends of the names of certain elements (such as molybdenum and platinum)."
],
"tags": [
"morpheme"
],
"topics": [
"chemistry",
"natural-sciences",
"physical-sciences"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/əm/",
"tags": [
"UK"
]
},
{
"audio": "LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame--um.wav",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/7/73/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Flame%2C_not_lame-%26%2345%3Bum.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Flame%2C_not_lame-%26%2345%3Bum.wav.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/7/73/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Flame%2C_not_lame-%26%2345%3Bum.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Flame%2C_not_lame-%26%2345%3Bum.wav.ogg"
}
],
"translations": [
{
"code": "nl",
"lang": "Dutch",
"sense": "Latinate singular grammatical number suffix",
"word": "-um"
},
{
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "Latinate singular grammatical number suffix",
"word": "-um"
},
{
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "Latinate singular grammatical number suffix",
"word": "-um"
},
{
"code": "el",
"lang": "Greek",
"roman": "-o",
"sense": "Latinate singular grammatical number suffix",
"word": "-ο"
},
{
"code": "el",
"lang": "Greek",
"roman": "-on",
"sense": "Latinate singular grammatical number suffix",
"word": "-ον"
},
{
"code": "it",
"lang": "Italian",
"sense": "Latinate singular grammatical number suffix",
"word": "-o"
},
{
"code": "it",
"lang": "Italian",
"sense": "Latinate singular grammatical number suffix",
"word": "-a"
},
{
"code": "ja",
"lang": "Japanese",
"roman": "-umu",
"sense": "Latinate singular grammatical number suffix",
"word": "ウム"
},
{
"code": "pt",
"lang": "Portuguese",
"sense": "Latinate singular grammatical number suffix",
"word": "-o"
},
{
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "Latinate singular grammatical number suffix",
"word": "-o"
},
{
"code": "sv",
"lang": "Swedish",
"sense": "Latinate singular grammatical number suffix",
"word": "-um"
}
],
"word": "-um"
}
{
"categories": [
"English entries with incorrect language header",
"English lemmas",
"English suffixes",
"Pages with 18 entries",
"Pages with entries"
],
"etymology_number": 2,
"etymology_text": "Possibly from 'em.",
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "suffix",
"cat2": "",
"cat3": "",
"head": "",
"id": ""
},
"expansion": "-um",
"name": "head"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "-um",
"name": "en-suffix"
}
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "suffix",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"English terms with quotations"
],
"examples": [
{
"ref": "1871, Mrs. Edward Millett, An Australian parsonage; or, The settler and the savage in Western Australia, page 129:",
"text": "Having finished her return of deaths, she went on to say \"Black fellow sick—white lady fowl sendum—white lady kangaroo sendum—master all self eatum—\" but here she paused and made an exception in favour of the matron, expressed by the words \" Missis not eatum—missis good fellow.\"",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"ref": "1896, F J Stimsom, King Noanett: A Story of Old Virginia and the Massachusetts Bay, page 254:",
"text": "\"Givum dinner; smokum pipe,\" was all that we could get out of Quatchett.",
"type": "quote"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Denotes transitive verbs in the trade pidgins used between English-speakers and indigenous populations; used derogatorily by extension in English by addition to any verb, transitive or not."
],
"tags": [
"morpheme"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/əm/",
"tags": [
"UK"
]
},
{
"audio": "LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame--um.wav",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/7/73/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Flame%2C_not_lame-%26%2345%3Bum.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Flame%2C_not_lame-%26%2345%3Bum.wav.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/7/73/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Flame%2C_not_lame-%26%2345%3Bum.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Flame%2C_not_lame-%26%2345%3Bum.wav.ogg"
}
],
"word": "-um"
}
{
"categories": [
"German entries with incorrect language header",
"German lemmas",
"German neuter suffixes",
"German noun-forming suffixes",
"German suffixes",
"German terms derived from Latin",
"German terms derived from Old Frisian",
"Pages with 18 entries",
"Pages with entries"
],
"etymology_number": 1,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "de",
"2": "la",
"3": "-um"
},
"expansion": "Latin -um",
"name": "der"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Latin -um.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "-en",
"tags": [
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-a",
"tags": [
"plural"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "de",
"2": "suffix",
"3": "plural",
"4": "-en",
"5": "or",
"6": "-a",
"cat2": "noun-forming suffixes",
"g": "n"
},
"expansion": "-um n (plural -en or -a)",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "German",
"lang_code": "de",
"pos": "suffix",
"senses": [
{
"glosses": [
"generally unproductive suffix found in neuter nouns of Latin origin"
],
"tags": [
"morpheme",
"neuter"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ʊm/"
}
],
"word": "-um"
}
{
"categories": [
"German entries with incorrect language header",
"German lemmas",
"German suffixes",
"German terms derived from Old Frisian",
"Pages with 18 entries",
"Pages with entries"
],
"derived": [
{
"word": "Accum"
},
{
"word": "Ackerum"
},
{
"word": "Adlum"
},
{
"word": "Ahlum"
},
{
"word": "Alkersum"
},
{
"word": "Alsum"
},
{
"word": "Ammersum"
},
{
"word": "Amrum"
},
{
"word": "Ankum"
},
{
"word": "Archsum"
},
{
"word": "Arnum"
},
{
"word": "Atzum"
},
{
"word": "Austum"
},
{
"word": "Baccum"
},
{
"word": "Bachum"
},
{
"word": "Bakum"
},
{
"word": "Balkum"
},
{
"word": "Baltrum"
},
{
"word": "Bargum"
},
{
"word": "Barum"
},
{
"word": "Bassum"
},
{
"word": "Beckum"
},
{
"word": "Beinum"
},
{
"word": "Bekum"
},
{
"word": "Belum"
},
{
"word": "Berkum"
},
{
"word": "Berum"
},
{
"word": "Bettrum"
},
{
"word": "Bingum"
},
{
"word": "Blersum"
},
{
"word": "Bochum"
},
{
"word": "Boldixum"
},
{
"word": "Bolzum"
},
{
"word": "Bondelum"
},
{
"word": "Bordelum"
},
{
"word": "Borgsum"
},
{
"word": "Borkum"
},
{
"word": "Bornum"
},
{
"word": "Börßum"
},
{
"word": "Borsum"
},
{
"word": "Breinum"
},
{
"word": "Breklum"
},
{
"word": "Brinkum"
},
{
"word": "Brockum"
},
{
"word": "Bültum"
},
{
"word": "Büsum"
},
{
"word": "Canum"
},
{
"word": "Carum"
},
{
"word": "Cirkwehrum"
},
{
"word": "Critzum"
},
{
"word": "Dahlum"
},
{
"word": "Dalum"
},
{
"word": "Damsum"
},
{
"word": "Dersum"
},
{
"word": "Dettum"
},
{
"word": "Ditzum"
},
{
"word": "Dornum"
},
{
"word": "Dorum"
},
{
"word": "Dötzum"
},
{
"word": "Dratum"
},
{
"word": "Dunsum"
},
{
"word": "Dunum"
},
{
"word": "Eckum"
},
{
"word": "Eickum"
},
{
"word": "Eilsum"
},
{
"word": "Eilum"
},
{
"word": "Einum"
},
{
"word": "Eitzum"
},
{
"word": "Esklum"
},
{
"word": "Extum"
},
{
"word": "Filsum"
},
{
"word": "Flechum"
},
{
"word": "Freepsum"
},
{
"word": "Fulkum"
},
{
"word": "Garbolzum"
},
{
"word": "Grimersum"
},
{
"word": "Gyhum"
},
{
"word": "Hamswehrum"
},
{
"word": "Harsum"
},
{
"word": "Harum"
},
{
"word": "Hassum"
},
{
"word": "Hatzum"
},
{
"word": "Haxtum"
},
{
"word": "Heersum"
},
{
"word": "Heinum"
},
{
"word": "Heissum"
},
{
"word": "Herbrum"
},
{
"word": "Herßum"
},
{
"word": "Heyersum"
},
{
"word": "Hilmarsum"
},
{
"word": "Holsthum"
},
{
"word": "Holtum"
},
{
"word": "Holum"
},
{
"word": "Hommersum"
},
{
"word": "Hönnersum"
},
{
"word": "Hörnum"
},
{
"word": "Horum"
},
{
"word": "Hötzum"
},
{
"word": "Hüddessum"
},
{
"word": "Husum"
},
{
"word": "Imsum"
},
{
"word": "Itzum"
},
{
"word": "Jarssum"
},
{
"word": "Jemgum"
},
{
"word": "Kalkum"
},
{
"word": "Karlum"
},
{
"word": "Kehrum"
},
{
"word": "Keitum"
},
{
"word": "Kirchborgum"
},
{
"word": "Klintum"
},
{
"word": "Kökelsum"
},
{
"word": "Kölsum"
},
{
"word": "Krukum"
},
{
"word": "Kuckum"
},
{
"word": "Landersum"
},
{
"word": "Latum"
},
{
"word": "Leversum"
},
{
"word": "Loccum"
},
{
"word": "Logabirum"
},
{
"word": "Loikum"
},
{
"word": "Loppersum"
},
{
"word": "Luttrum"
},
{
"word": "Luttum"
},
{
"word": "Lutum"
},
{
"word": "Machtsum"
},
{
"word": "Mahlum"
},
{
"word": "Matrum"
},
{
"word": "Mehrum"
},
{
"word": "Mesum"
},
{
"word": "Midlum"
},
{
"word": "Morsum"
},
{
"word": "Muckum"
},
{
"word": "Mulsum"
},
{
"word": "Mundersum"
},
{
"word": "Mussum"
},
{
"word": "Nieblum"
},
{
"word": "Oberhelsum"
},
{
"word": "Ochtersum"
},
{
"word": "Ochtum"
},
{
"word": "Oedelum"
},
{
"word": "Oevenum"
},
{
"word": "Ohlum"
},
{
"word": "Ohrum"
},
{
"word": "Oldsum"
},
{
"word": "Oppum"
},
{
"word": "Östrum"
},
{
"word": "Pelkum"
},
{
"word": "Petkum"
},
{
"word": "Pewsum"
},
{
"word": "Pogum"
},
{
"word": "Polsum"
},
{
"word": "Querum"
},
{
"word": "Rantum"
},
{
"word": "Reckelsum"
},
{
"word": "Reckum"
},
{
"word": "Reeßum"
},
{
"word": "Risum"
},
{
"word": "Roklum"
},
{
"word": "Rorichum"
},
{
"word": "Röttum"
},
{
"word": "Rötzum"
},
{
"word": "Rysum"
},
{
"word": "Siegelsum"
},
{
"word": "Sillium"
},
{
"word": "Sorsum"
},
{
"word": "Sottrum"
},
{
"word": "Stadum"
},
{
"word": "Stedum"
},
{
"word": "Stockum"
},
{
"word": "Struckum"
},
{
"word": "Styrum"
},
{
"word": "Süderlügum"
},
{
"word": "Sussum"
},
{
"word": "Sustrum"
},
{
"word": "Sutrum"
},
{
"word": "Sydikum"
},
{
"word": "Tetekum"
},
{
"word": "Thunum"
},
{
"word": "Tinnum"
},
{
"word": "Toftum"
},
{
"word": "Twixlum"
},
{
"word": "Utersum"
},
{
"word": "Uthwerdum"
},
{
"word": "Uttum"
},
{
"word": "Vahnum"
},
{
"word": "Vanikum"
},
{
"word": "Vernum"
},
{
"word": "Vinnum"
},
{
"word": "Vöhrum"
},
{
"word": "Vossum"
},
{
"word": "Wachtum"
},
{
"word": "Waggum"
},
{
"word": "Walchum"
},
{
"word": "Walsum"
},
{
"word": "Wankum"
},
{
"word": "Watzum"
},
{
"word": "Wätzum"
},
{
"word": "Wehrum"
},
{
"word": "Werdum"
},
{
"word": "Wessum"
},
{
"word": "Westrum"
},
{
"word": "Westum"
},
{
"word": "Winkum"
},
{
"word": "Wirdum"
},
{
"word": "Witsum"
},
{
"word": "Wrixum"
},
{
"word": "Wybelsum"
}
],
"etymology_number": 2,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "de",
"2": "ofs",
"3": "-em",
"4": "-em, -um",
"pos": "dative plural ending"
},
"expansion": "Old Frisian -em, -um (dative plural ending)",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "de",
"2": "-en"
},
"expansion": "German -en",
"name": "m+"
}
],
"etymology_text": "As a variant of -heim through reduction to [əm] and subsequent backing. Compare -em. This is the only origin in most areas, but along the North Sea coast, where the suffix is most frequent, it sometimes goes back to Old Frisian -em, -um (dative plural ending), equivalent to German -en as in -hausen. Distinguishing both origins is often impossible, however.",
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "de",
"2": "suffix"
},
"expansion": "-um",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "German",
"lang_code": "de",
"pos": "suffix",
"senses": [
{
"glosses": [
"a placename suffix, often an alternative form of -heim"
],
"links": [
[
"-heim",
"-heim#German"
]
],
"qualifier": "unproductive",
"raw_glosses": [
"(unproductive) a placename suffix, often an alternative form of -heim"
],
"tags": [
"morpheme"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ʊm/"
}
],
"word": "-um"
}
{
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "hu",
"2": "la",
"3": "-um",
"t": "2nd declension neuter nominative singular termination"
},
"expansion": "Latin -um (“2nd declension neuter nominative singular termination”)",
"name": "der"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Latin -um (“2nd declension neuter nominative singular termination”).",
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "hu",
"2": "suffix"
},
"expansion": "-um",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Hungarian",
"lang_code": "hu",
"pos": "suffix",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"Hungarian entries with incorrect language header",
"Hungarian lemmas",
"Hungarian suffixes",
"Hungarian terms derived from Latin",
"Hungarian terms with IPA pronunciation",
"Pages with 18 entries",
"Pages with entries"
],
"examples": [
{
"text": "abszurdum (“absurdity”)"
}
],
"glosses": [
"A distinguishable foreign word-ending in nouns of Latin origin. It is not considered an independent Hungarian suffix."
],
"links": [
[
"noun",
"noun"
]
],
"tags": [
"morpheme"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "[um]"
}
],
"word": "-um"
}
{
"categories": [
"Icelandic entries with incorrect language header",
"Icelandic inflectional suffixes",
"Icelandic lemmas",
"Icelandic suffixes",
"Pages with 18 entries",
"Pages with entries"
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "is",
"2": "suffix",
"cat2": "inflectional suffixes"
},
"expansion": "-um",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Icelandic",
"lang_code": "is",
"pos": "suffix",
"senses": [
{
"examples": [
{
"text": "hestur → hestum — a horse → of the horses"
},
{
"text": "ríkur → ríkum — rich → of the rich"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Used to form the dative plural of most nouns, all strong adjectives and most pronouns."
],
"tags": [
"morpheme"
]
},
{
"examples": [
{
"text": "telja (infinitive) → við teljum (we count or believe) (indicative)"
},
{
"text": "við teldum subjunctive past tense, i.e., we would believe"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Used to form the first person plural of verbs in the indicative and subjunctive, past and present."
],
"tags": [
"morpheme"
]
},
{
"examples": [
{
"text": "stund (time, hour) → stundum — sometimes"
},
{
"text": "langur (long) → löngum (oftentimes)."
}
],
"glosses": [
"Used to form some adverbs from nouns or adjectives — it is actually a frozen dative"
],
"links": [
[
"adverbs",
"adverbs"
],
[
"dative",
"dative"
]
],
"tags": [
"morpheme"
]
}
],
"word": "-um"
}
{
"categories": [
"Latin 1-syllable words",
"Latin entries with incorrect language header",
"Latin inflectional suffixes",
"Latin lemmas",
"Latin non-lemma forms",
"Latin suffix forms",
"Latin suffixes",
"Latin terms derived from Proto-Indo-European",
"Latin terms derived from Proto-Italic",
"Latin terms inherited from Proto-Indo-European",
"Latin terms inherited from Proto-Italic",
"Latin terms with IPA pronunciation",
"Latin terms with redundant head parameter",
"Pages with 18 entries",
"Pages with entries"
],
"etymology_number": 1,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "accusative singular"
},
"expansion": "",
"name": "etymid"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "itc-pro",
"3": "*-om"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Italic *-om",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*-om",
"pos": "thematic masculine singular accusative and neuter singular nominative and accusative ending"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *-om (thematic masculine singular accusative and neuter singular nominative and accusative ending)",
"name": "inh"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Proto-Italic *-om, from Proto-Indo-European *-om (thematic masculine singular accusative and neuter singular nominative and accusative ending).",
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "suffix form"
},
"expansion": "-um",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Latin",
"lang_code": "la",
"pos": "suffix",
"senses": [
{
"form_of": [
{
"word": "-us"
}
],
"glosses": [
"inflection of -us:",
"accusative masculine singular"
],
"links": [
[
"-us",
"-us#Latin"
]
],
"tags": [
"accusative",
"form-of",
"masculine",
"morpheme",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form_of": [
{
"word": "-us"
}
],
"glosses": [
"inflection of -us:",
"nominative/accusative/vocative neuter singular"
],
"links": [
[
"-us",
"-us#Latin"
]
],
"tags": [
"accusative",
"form-of",
"morpheme",
"neuter",
"nominative",
"singular",
"vocative"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/um/",
"tags": [
"Classical-Latin"
]
},
{
"ipa": "[ʊ̃ˑ]",
"tags": [
"Classical-Latin"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/um/",
"note": "modern Italianate Ecclesiastical"
},
{
"ipa": "[um]",
"note": "modern Italianate Ecclesiastical"
}
],
"synonyms": [
{
"english": "conditioned variant used after -v-, -qu-, -gu-, -u- up through the middle of the first century AD",
"word": "-om"
}
],
"word": "-um"
}
{
"categories": [
"Latin 1-syllable words",
"Latin entries with incorrect language header",
"Latin inflectional suffixes",
"Latin lemmas",
"Latin suffixes",
"Latin terms derived from Proto-Indo-European",
"Latin terms derived from Proto-Italic",
"Latin terms inherited from Proto-Indo-European",
"Latin terms inherited from Proto-Italic",
"Latin terms with IPA pronunciation",
"Latin terms with redundant head parameter",
"Pages with 18 entries",
"Pages with entries"
],
"etymology_number": 2,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "genitive plural"
},
"expansion": "",
"name": "etymid"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "itc-pro",
"3": "*-om"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Italic *-om",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*-oHom",
"pos": "genitive plural ending"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *-oHom (genitive plural ending)",
"name": "inh"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Proto-Italic *-om, from Proto-Indo-European *-oHom (genitive plural ending).",
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "suffix",
"cat2": "inflectional suffixes",
"head": "-um"
},
"expansion": "-um",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Latin",
"lang_code": "la",
"pos": "suffix",
"senses": [
{
"glosses": [
"genitive plural ending",
"Found in -ōrum"
],
"links": [
[
"-ōrum",
"-orum#Latin"
]
],
"tags": [
"morpheme"
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"genitive plural ending",
"Found in -ārum"
],
"links": [
[
"-ārum",
"-arum#Latin"
]
],
"tags": [
"morpheme"
]
},
{
"form_of": [
{
"word": "-s"
}
],
"glosses": [
"genitive plural ending",
"genitive plural of -s"
],
"links": [
[
"-s",
"-s#Latin"
]
],
"tags": [
"form-of",
"genitive",
"morpheme",
"plural"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/um/",
"tags": [
"Classical-Latin"
]
},
{
"ipa": "[ʊ̃ˑ]",
"tags": [
"Classical-Latin"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/um/",
"note": "modern Italianate Ecclesiastical"
},
{
"ipa": "[um]",
"note": "modern Italianate Ecclesiastical"
}
],
"synonyms": [
{
"english": "conditioned variant used after -v-, -qu-, -gu-, -u- up through the middle of the first century AD",
"word": "-om"
},
{
"word": "-ûm"
},
{
"word": "-ôm"
},
{
"word": "-ūm"
},
{
"english": "variant spellings previously used in specific contexts in New Latin and modern editions of Old/Classical/Late Latin works. See usage notes.",
"word": "-ōm"
}
],
"word": "-um"
}
{
"categories": [
"Old English entries with incorrect language header",
"Old English inflectional suffixes",
"Old English lemmas",
"Old English suffixes",
"Pages with 18 entries",
"Pages with entries"
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ang",
"2": "suffix",
"cat2": "inflectional suffixes"
},
"expansion": "-um",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Old English",
"lang_code": "ang",
"pos": "suffix",
"senses": [
{
"examples": [
{
"text": "hund (“dog”) + -um → hundum (“dogs”)",
"type": "example"
},
{
"text": "sċip (“ship”) + -um → sċipum (“ships”)",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Used to form the dative plural of essentially all nouns"
],
"tags": [
"morpheme"
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"Used to form the strong and weak dative and instrumental plural of adjectives"
],
"tags": [
"morpheme"
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"Used to form the strong dative singular of masculine and neuter adjectives"
],
"tags": [
"morpheme"
]
}
],
"word": "-um"
}
{
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sga",
"2": "suffix",
"3": "suffixed pronoun",
"cat2": "personal pronouns"
},
"expansion": "-um (suffixed pronoun)",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Old Irish",
"lang_code": "sga",
"pos": "suffix",
"related": [
{
"word": "1 sing"
},
{
"word": "m-L"
},
{
"word": "dom-L"
},
{
"word": "dam-L"
},
{
"word": "2 sing"
},
{
"word": "t-L"
},
{
"word": "dot-L"
},
{
"word": "dat-L"
},
{
"word": "dut-L"
},
{
"word": "dit-L"
},
{
"word": "-ut"
},
{
"word": "3 sing. m."
},
{
"word": "a-N"
},
{
"word": "e-N"
},
{
"word": "d-N"
},
{
"word": "id-N"
},
{
"word": "did-N"
},
{
"word": "-i"
},
{
"word": "-it"
},
{
"word": "3 sing. f."
},
{
"word": "s-(N)"
},
{
"word": "da-"
},
{
"word": "-us"
},
{
"tags": [
"noun"
],
"word": "3 sing"
},
{
"word": "a-L"
},
{
"word": "e-L"
},
{
"word": "d-L"
},
{
"word": "id-L"
},
{
"word": "did-L"
},
{
"word": "1 pl"
},
{
"word": "n-"
},
{
"word": "don-"
},
{
"word": "dun-"
},
{
"word": "dan-"
},
{
"word": "-unn"
},
{
"word": "2 pl"
},
{
"word": "b-"
},
{
"word": "dob-"
},
{
"word": "dub-"
},
{
"word": "dab-"
},
{
"word": "-uib"
},
{
"word": "3 pl"
},
{
"tags": [
"eclipsis"
],
"word": "L means this form triggers lenition.N means this form triggers nasalization(N) means this form triggers nasalization in some texts but not in others."
}
],
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"Old Irish entries with incorrect language header",
"Old Irish lemmas",
"Old Irish personal pronouns",
"Old Irish suffixes",
"Pages with 18 entries",
"Pages with entries"
],
"glosses": [
"me"
],
"links": [
[
"me",
"me"
]
],
"tags": [
"morpheme",
"pronoun",
"suffix"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/um/"
}
],
"word": "-um"
}
{
"categories": [
"Old Norse entries with incorrect language header",
"Old Norse inflectional suffixes",
"Old Norse lemmas",
"Old Norse suffixes",
"Pages with 18 entries",
"Pages with entries"
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "non",
"2": "suffix",
"cat2": "inflectional suffixes"
},
"expansion": "-um",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Old Norse",
"lang_code": "non",
"pos": "suffix",
"senses": [
{
"examples": [
{
"text": "armr → ǫrmum"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Used to form the dative plural of essentially all nouns and adjectives, as well as most pronouns"
],
"tags": [
"morpheme"
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"Used to denote the 1st person plural forms in the active indicative and imperative forms of most verbs"
],
"tags": [
"morpheme"
]
}
],
"word": "-um"
}
{
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "phl",
"2": "suffix"
},
"expansion": "-um",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Phalura",
"lang_code": "phl",
"pos": "suffix",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"Pages with 18 entries",
"Pages with entries",
"Phalura entries with incorrect language header",
"Phalura lemmas",
"Phalura suffixes"
],
"glosses": [
"First person singular suffix"
],
"tags": [
"first-person",
"morpheme",
"singular",
"suffix"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/-um/"
}
],
"synonyms": [
{
"english": "With a- and e-ending verb stems",
"word": "-úum"
},
{
"roman": "With a- and e-ending verb stems in Biori",
"word": "-áam"
}
],
"word": "-um"
}
{
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "pis",
"2": "en",
"3": "him"
},
"expansion": "English him",
"name": "inh"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From English him, 'em.",
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "pis",
"2": "suffix"
},
"expansion": "-um",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Pijin",
"lang_code": "pis",
"pos": "suffix",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"Pages with 18 entries",
"Pages with entries",
"Pijin entries with incorrect language header",
"Pijin lemmas",
"Pijin suffixes",
"Pijin terms derived from English",
"Pijin terms inherited from English"
],
"glosses": [
"Indicates a transitive verb"
],
"links": [
[
"transitive verb",
"transitive verb#English"
]
],
"tags": [
"morpheme"
]
}
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "-em"
},
{
"word": "-im"
}
],
"word": "-um"
}
{
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "pl",
"2": "itc-pro",
"3": "ine-pro"
},
"expansion": "",
"name": "dercat"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "pl",
"2": "la",
"3": "-um"
},
"expansion": "Learned borrowing from Latin -um",
"name": "lbor"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "pl",
"2": "-o"
},
"expansion": "Doublet of -o",
"name": "dbt"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Learned borrowing from Latin -um. Doublet of -o.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "pl-decl-noun-n",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "-um",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-a",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-um",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-ów",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-um",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-om",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-um",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-a",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-um",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-ami",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-um",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"locative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-ach",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"locative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-um",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"singular",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "-a",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"plural",
"vocative"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "pl",
"2": "suffix",
"g": "n"
},
"expansion": "-um n",
"name": "head"
}
],
"hyphenation": [
"[please"
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"name": "pl-decl-noun-n"
}
],
"lang": "Polish",
"lang_code": "pl",
"pos": "suffix",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"Pages with 18 entries",
"Pages with entries",
"Polish 1-syllable words",
"Polish doublets",
"Polish entries with Template:pl-pr without syllabification",
"Polish entries with incorrect language header",
"Polish learned borrowings from Latin",
"Polish lemmas",
"Polish links with manual fragments",
"Polish links with redundant alt parameters",
"Polish links with redundant wikilinks",
"Polish neuter suffixes",
"Polish suffixes",
"Polish terms borrowed from Latin",
"Polish terms derived from Latin",
"Polish terms derived from Proto-Indo-European",
"Polish terms derived from Proto-Italic",
"Polish terms with IPA pronunciation",
"Polish terms with homophones",
"Rhymes:Polish/um",
"Rhymes:Polish/um/1 syllable"
],
"glosses": [
"suffix used in singular forms of Latin neuter borrowings"
],
"tags": [
"morpheme",
"neuter"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/um/"
},
{
"rhymes": "-um"
},
{
"homophone": "um"
}
],
"word": "-um"
}
{
"categories": [
"Pages with 1 entry",
"Pages with entries",
"Proto-Dravidian entries with incorrect language header",
"Proto-Dravidian lemmas",
"Proto-Dravidian suffixes"
],
"descendants": [
{
"depth": 1,
"templates": [],
"text": "South Dravidian I"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ta",
"2": "-உம்"
},
"expansion": "Tamil: -உம் (-um)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Tamil: -உம் (-um)"
},
{
"depth": 2,
"templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ml",
"2": "-ഉം"
},
"expansion": "Malayalam: -ഉം (-uṁ)",
"name": "desc"
}
],
"text": "Malayalam: -ഉം (-uṁ)"
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "dra-pro",
"2": "suffix"
},
"expansion": "*-um",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-Dravidian",
"lang_code": "dra-pro",
"original_title": "Reconstruction:Proto-Dravidian/-um",
"pos": "suffix",
"senses": [
{
"glosses": [
"also, totality, any/one (added to interrogative forms) and even (coordinating suffix)"
],
"links": [
[
"interrogative",
"interrogative"
],
[
"coordinating",
"coordinating"
]
],
"tags": [
"morpheme",
"reconstruction"
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"aorist future marker"
],
"links": [
[
"aorist",
"aorist"
]
],
"tags": [
"morpheme",
"reconstruction"
]
}
],
"word": "-um"
}
{
"categories": [
"Pages with 18 entries",
"Pages with entries",
"Scots entries with incorrect language header",
"Scots lemmas",
"Scots suffixes",
"Scots terms derived from Middle English",
"Scots terms derived from Old English",
"Scots terms inherited from Middle English",
"Scots terms inherited from Old English"
],
"etymology_number": 1,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sco",
"2": "enm",
"3": "-um"
},
"expansion": "Middle English -um",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "sco",
"2": "ang",
"3": "-um"
},
"expansion": "Old English -um",
"name": "inh"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Middle English -um, from Old English -um, dative plural ending used to form adverbials.",
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sco",
"2": "suffix"
},
"expansion": "-um",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Scots",
"lang_code": "sco",
"pos": "suffix",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"Scots terms with rare senses"
],
"examples": [
{
"text": "legim (“astride”)"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Used to form adverbs."
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(rare) Used to form adverbs."
],
"tags": [
"morpheme",
"rare"
]
}
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "-im"
},
{
"word": "-om"
},
{
"word": "-am"
},
{
"word": "-em"
}
],
"word": "-um"
}
{
"categories": [
"Pages with 18 entries",
"Pages with entries",
"Scots entries with incorrect language header",
"Scots lemmas",
"Scots suffixes"
],
"etymology_number": 2,
"etymology_text": "Probably of jocular formation, based partly on Latin -um and partly an altered form of -in(g)s, a verbal noun ending.",
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sco",
"2": "suffix"
},
"expansion": "-um",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Scots",
"lang_code": "sco",
"pos": "suffix",
"senses": [
{
"glosses": [
"Added to nouns or verbs to form nouns with diminutive or hypocoristic force"
],
"links": [
[
"diminutive",
"diminutive#English"
],
[
"hypocoristic",
"hypocoristic#English"
]
],
"tags": [
"morpheme"
]
}
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "-im"
},
{
"word": "-om"
},
{
"word": "-am"
},
{
"word": "-em"
}
],
"word": "-um"
}
{
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "sv",
"2": "suffix",
"g": "n"
},
"expansion": "-um n",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Swedish",
"lang_code": "sv",
"pos": "suffix",
"related": [
{
"word": "-ium"
}
],
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"Pages with 18 entries",
"Pages with entries",
"Swedish entries with incorrect language header",
"Swedish lemmas",
"Swedish neuter suffixes",
"Swedish suffixes"
],
"glosses": [
"ending used for some words of Latin origin"
],
"tags": [
"morpheme",
"neuter"
]
}
],
"word": "-um"
}
{
"categories": [
"Pages with 18 entries",
"Pages with entries",
"Turkish entries with incorrect language header",
"Turkish lemmas",
"Turkish suffixes"
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "tr",
"2": "suffix"
},
"expansion": "-um",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Turkish",
"lang_code": "tr",
"pos": "suffix",
"senses": [
{
"examples": [
{
"english": "school - my school",
"text": "okul - okulum"
},
{
"english": "way - my way",
"text": "yol - yolum"
}
],
"glosses": [
"First-person singular possessive suffix denoting singular possession in words ending in a consonant."
],
"tags": [
"morpheme"
]
},
{
"examples": [
{
"english": "innocent - I am innocent",
"text": "masum - masumum"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Conjugation of the verb \"to be\" for first person singular simple present tense."
],
"tags": [
"morpheme"
]
}
],
"word": "-um"
}
{
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "vo",
"2": "suffix"
},
"expansion": "-um",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Volapük",
"lang_code": "vo",
"pos": "suffix",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"Pages with 18 entries",
"Pages with entries",
"Volapük entries with incorrect language header",
"Volapük lemmas",
"Volapük suffixes"
],
"glosses": [
"Used to form the comparative form of adjectives."
],
"tags": [
"morpheme"
]
}
],
"word": "-um"
}
Download raw JSONL data for -um meaning in All languages combined (33.8kB)
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable All languages combined dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2024-12-15 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2024-12-04 using wiktextract (8a39820 and 4401a4c). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.