See churl in All languages combined, or Wiktionary
Download JSON data for churl meaning in English (15.3kB)
{
"derived": [
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "churlish"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "churlishly"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "churlishness"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "churly"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*ǵerh₂-"
},
"expansion": "",
"name": "root"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "enm",
"3": "churl"
},
"expansion": "Middle English churl",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "cherl"
},
"expansion": "cherl",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "cheorl",
"t": "person not of the nobility or clergy; bondsman, serf, villein; peasant; (also figuratively) servant, slave; unlearned or unrefined person, boor, ignoramus; chap, fellow, man; husband"
},
"expansion": "cheorl (“person not of the nobility or clergy; bondsman, serf, villein; peasant; (also figuratively) servant, slave; unlearned or unrefined person, boor, ignoramus; chap, fellow, man; husband”)",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "chærle, charl, cheerl, cherel, cherelle, cheril, cherld, cherle, cherll, cherlle, cherol, cherril, chirl, chorl, chorle, churle",
"otherforms": "1"
},
"expansion": "[and other forms]",
"name": "nb..."
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "ang",
"3": "ċeorl",
"t": "freeman ranking below a þegn but above a thrall; commoner, peasant; countryman, husbandman; man; husband"
},
"expansion": "Old English ċeorl (“freeman ranking below a þegn but above a thrall; commoner, peasant; countryman, husbandman; man; husband”)",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "gmw-pro",
"3": "*kerl"
},
"expansion": "Proto-West Germanic *kerl",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "gem-pro",
"3": "*karilaz",
"t": "elder; man"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic *karilaz (“elder; man”)",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*ǵerh₂-",
"t": "to grow old; to mature"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *ǵerh₂- (“to grow old; to mature”)",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "carl"
},
"expansion": "Doublet of carl",
"name": "doublet"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "carle"
},
"expansion": "carle",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "[…]",
"name": "nb..."
},
{
"args": {
"1": "da",
"2": "karl",
"t": "fellow, young man, farmhand"
},
"expansion": "Danish karl (“fellow, young man, farmhand”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "nl",
"2": "kerel",
"t": "churl; fellow, man"
},
"expansion": "Dutch kerel (“churl; fellow, man”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "nds",
"2": "kerl"
},
"expansion": "Low German kerl",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "nds",
"2": "kerel"
},
"expansion": "kerel",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "nds",
"2": "kirl",
"t": "churl; fellow, man"
},
"expansion": "kirl (“churl; fellow, man”)",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "frr",
"2": "tzierl"
},
"expansion": "North Frisian tzierl",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "frr",
"2": "tjierl"
},
"expansion": "tjierl",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "frr",
"2": "tsjerl",
"t": "churl; fellow, man"
},
"expansion": "tsjerl (“churl; fellow, man”)",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "goh",
"2": "charl"
},
"expansion": "Old High German charl",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "goh",
"2": "charlo"
},
"expansion": "charlo",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "de",
"2": "Kerl",
"t": "fellow, man"
},
"expansion": "German Kerl (“fellow, man”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "non",
"2": "karl",
"t": "man"
},
"expansion": "Old Norse karl (“man”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "is",
"2": "karl",
"t": "man"
},
"expansion": "Icelandic karl (“man”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "pl",
"2": "karzeł",
"t": "small man"
},
"expansion": "Polish karzeł (“small man”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "sco",
"2": "churl",
"t": "a churl; a rustic"
},
"expansion": "Scots churl (“a churl; a rustic”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "sv",
"2": "karl",
"t": "fellow, man"
},
"expansion": "Swedish karl (“fellow, man”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "fy",
"2": "tsjirl",
"t": "churl; fellow, man"
},
"expansion": "West Frisian tsjirl (“churl; fellow, man”)",
"name": "cog"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Middle English churl, cherl, cheorl (“person not of the nobility or clergy; bondsman, serf, villein; peasant; (also figuratively) servant, slave; unlearned or unrefined person, boor, ignoramus; chap, fellow, man; husband”) [and other forms], from Old English ċeorl (“freeman ranking below a þegn but above a thrall; commoner, peasant; countryman, husbandman; man; husband”), from Proto-West Germanic *kerl, from Proto-Germanic *karilaz (“elder; man”), from Proto-Indo-European *ǵerh₂- (“to grow old; to mature”). Doublet of carl, carle.\nSense 2.1 (“rough, surly, ill-bred person”) is probably an extension of sense 1 (“free peasant of the lowest rank; person without royal or noble status; bondman, serf”) and sense 2.2 (“countryman, peasant, rustic”). Sense 2.3 (“person who is stingy”) was influenced by Nabal, who is described in the King James Version of the Bible as “churlish and evil in his doings”; when Nabal, a rich man, is asked to give provisions to David’s men, he replies, “Who is David? and who is the son of Jesse? There be many servants nowadays that break away every man from his master. Shall I then take my bread and my water, and my flesh that I have killed for my shearers, and give it unto men, whom I know not whence they be?” (1 Samuel 25:3 and 10–11; spelling modernized).\ncognates\n* Danish karl (“fellow, young man, farmhand”)\n* Dutch kerel (“churl; fellow, man”)\n* Low German kerl, kerel, kirl (“churl; fellow, man”)\n* North Frisian tzierl, tjierl, tsjerl (“churl; fellow, man”)\n* Old High German charl, charlo (German Kerl (“fellow, man”))\n* Old Norse karl (“man”) (Icelandic karl (“man”))\n* Polish karzeł (“small man”)\n* Scots churl (“a churl; a rustic”)\n* Swedish karl (“fellow, man”)\n* West Frisian tsjirl (“churl; fellow, man”)",
"forms": [
{
"form": "churls",
"tags": [
"plural"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "churl (plural churls)",
"name": "en-noun"
}
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "topical",
"langcode": "en",
"name": "Feudalism",
"orig": "en:Feudalism",
"parents": [
"Forms of government",
"Government",
"Politics",
"Society",
"All topics",
"Fundamental"
],
"source": "w"
},
{
"_dis": "23 11 21 5 25 15",
"kind": "other",
"name": "English entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"A free peasant (as opposed to a serf) of the lowest rank, below an earl and a thane; a freeman; also (more generally), a person without royal or noble status; a commoner."
],
"id": "en-churl-en-noun-7EjV-8S0",
"links": [
[
"feudalism",
"feudalism"
],
[
"free",
"free#Adjective"
],
[
"peasant",
"peasant"
],
[
"serf",
"serf"
],
[
"lowest",
"low#Adjective"
],
[
"rank",
"rank#Noun"
],
[
"earl",
"earl"
],
[
"thane",
"thane"
],
[
"freeman",
"freeman"
],
[
"person",
"person#Noun"
],
[
"royal",
"royal#Adjective"
],
[
"noble",
"noble#Adjective"
],
[
"status",
"status"
],
[
"commoner",
"commoner#Noun"
]
],
"qualifier": "obsolete except historical",
"raw_glosses": [
"(feudalism, obsolete except historical)",
"A free peasant (as opposed to a serf) of the lowest rank, below an earl and a thane; a freeman; also (more generally), a person without royal or noble status; a commoner."
],
"topics": [
"feudalism",
"government",
"politics"
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "topical",
"langcode": "en",
"name": "Feudalism",
"orig": "en:Feudalism",
"parents": [
"Forms of government",
"Government",
"Politics",
"Society",
"All topics",
"Fundamental"
],
"source": "w"
},
{
"_dis": "23 11 21 5 25 15",
"kind": "other",
"name": "English entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"A bondman or serf."
],
"id": "en-churl-en-noun-PNGI~6kL",
"links": [
[
"feudalism",
"feudalism"
],
[
"bondman",
"bondman"
]
],
"qualifier": "obsolete except historical",
"raw_glosses": [
"(feudalism, obsolete except historical)",
"A bondman or serf."
],
"topics": [
"feudalism",
"government",
"politics"
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "23 11 21 5 25 15",
"kind": "other",
"name": "English entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"A rough, surly, ill-bred person; a boor."
],
"id": "en-churl-en-noun-guLoV0eQ",
"links": [
[
"derogatory",
"derogatory"
],
[
"rough",
"rough#Adjective"
],
[
"surly",
"surly"
],
[
"ill-bred",
"ill-bred"
],
[
"boor",
"boor"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(by extension)",
"(derogatory) A rough, surly, ill-bred person; a boor."
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "lout"
},
{
"word": "yokel"
},
{
"word": "bumpkin"
},
{
"word": "country bumpkin"
}
],
"tags": [
"broadly",
"derogatory"
],
"translations": [
{
"_dis1": "16 4 49 4 22 5",
"code": "bg",
"lang": "Bulgarian",
"roman": "grubijan",
"sense": "rough, surly, ill-bred person — see also boor",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "грубиян"
},
{
"_dis1": "16 4 49 4 22 5",
"code": "cmn",
"lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
"roman": "cūrén",
"sense": "rough, surly, ill-bred person — see also boor",
"word": "粗人"
},
{
"_dis1": "16 4 49 4 22 5",
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "rough, surly, ill-bred person — see also boor",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "rustre"
},
{
"_dis1": "16 4 49 4 22 5",
"code": "gl",
"lang": "Galician",
"sense": "rough, surly, ill-bred person — see also boor",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "pailán"
},
{
"_dis1": "16 4 49 4 22 5",
"code": "gl",
"lang": "Galician",
"sense": "rough, surly, ill-bred person — see also boor",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "pailaroco"
},
{
"_dis1": "16 4 49 4 22 5",
"code": "gl",
"lang": "Galician",
"sense": "rough, surly, ill-bred person — see also boor",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "pastrán"
},
{
"_dis1": "16 4 49 4 22 5",
"code": "gl",
"lang": "Galician",
"sense": "rough, surly, ill-bred person — see also boor",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "paspán"
},
{
"_dis1": "16 4 49 4 22 5",
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "rough, surly, ill-bred person — see also boor",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "Kerl"
},
{
"_dis1": "16 4 49 4 22 5",
"code": "ga",
"lang": "Irish",
"sense": "rough, surly, ill-bred person — see also boor",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "aitheach"
},
{
"_dis1": "16 4 49 4 22 5",
"code": "ga",
"lang": "Irish",
"sense": "rough, surly, ill-bred person — see also boor",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "bod"
},
{
"_dis1": "16 4 49 4 22 5",
"code": "ga",
"lang": "Irish",
"sense": "rough, surly, ill-bred person — see also boor",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "bodach"
},
{
"_dis1": "16 4 49 4 22 5",
"code": "ga",
"lang": "Irish",
"sense": "rough, surly, ill-bred person — see also boor",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "ceamalach"
},
{
"_dis1": "16 4 49 4 22 5",
"code": "ga",
"lang": "Irish",
"sense": "rough, surly, ill-bred person — see also boor",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "daoi"
},
{
"_dis1": "16 4 49 4 22 5",
"code": "it",
"lang": "Italian",
"sense": "rough, surly, ill-bred person — see also boor",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "bifolco"
},
{
"_dis1": "16 4 49 4 22 5",
"code": "it",
"lang": "Italian",
"sense": "rough, surly, ill-bred person — see also boor",
"word": "burino"
},
{
"_dis1": "16 4 49 4 22 5",
"alt": "ぶさほうなにん",
"code": "ja",
"lang": "Japanese",
"roman": "busahōnanin",
"sense": "rough, surly, ill-bred person — see also boor",
"word": "不作法な人"
},
{
"_dis1": "16 4 49 4 22 5",
"code": "mi",
"lang": "Maori",
"sense": "rough, surly, ill-bred person — see also boor",
"word": "atuapo"
},
{
"_dis1": "16 4 49 4 22 5",
"code": "pt",
"lang": "Portuguese",
"sense": "rough, surly, ill-bred person — see also boor",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "camponês"
},
{
"_dis1": "16 4 49 4 22 5",
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "grubiján",
"sense": "rough, surly, ill-bred person — see also boor",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "грубия́н"
},
{
"_dis1": "16 4 49 4 22 5",
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "mužlán",
"sense": "rough, surly, ill-bred person — see also boor",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "мужла́н"
},
{
"_dis1": "16 4 49 4 22 5",
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "xam",
"sense": "rough, surly, ill-bred person — see also boor",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "хам"
},
{
"_dis1": "16 4 49 4 22 5",
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "žlob",
"sense": "rough, surly, ill-bred person — see also boor",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "жлоб"
},
{
"_dis1": "16 4 49 4 22 5",
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "rough, surly, ill-bred person — see also boor",
"tags": [
"Spain",
"masculine"
],
"word": "paleto"
},
{
"_dis1": "16 4 49 4 22 5",
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "rough, surly, ill-bred person — see also boor",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "montañero"
},
{
"_dis1": "16 4 49 4 22 5",
"code": "vo",
"lang": "Volapük",
"sense": "rough, surly, ill-bred person — see also boor",
"tags": [
"feminine",
"masculine"
],
"word": "grobälan"
},
{
"_dis1": "16 4 49 4 22 5",
"code": "vo",
"lang": "Volapük",
"sense": "rough, surly, ill-bred person — see also boor",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "higrobälan"
},
{
"_dis1": "16 4 49 4 22 5",
"code": "vo",
"lang": "Volapük",
"sense": "rough, surly, ill-bred person — see also boor",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "jigrobälan"
}
]
},
{
"categories": [],
"glosses": [
"A countryman, a peasant, a rustic."
],
"id": "en-churl-en-noun-pyUvs8WB",
"links": [
[
"countryman",
"countryman"
],
[
"peasant",
"peasant"
],
[
"rustic",
"rustic#Noun"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(by extension)",
"(archaic) A countryman, a peasant, a rustic."
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "carl"
},
{
"word": "fieldling"
},
{
"word": "rural dweller"
}
],
"tags": [
"archaic",
"broadly"
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "23 11 21 5 25 15",
"kind": "other",
"name": "English entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"A person who is stingy, especially with money; a selfish miser, a niggard."
],
"id": "en-churl-en-noun-tl-gHl8C",
"links": [
[
"stingy",
"stingy"
],
[
"money",
"money"
],
[
"selfish",
"selfish"
],
[
"miser",
"miser"
],
[
"niggard",
"niggard#Noun"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(by extension)",
"(archaic) A person who is stingy, especially with money; a selfish miser, a niggard."
],
"synonyms": [
{
"tags": [
"Scotland",
"obsolete"
],
"word": "carl"
},
{
"word": "skinflint"
},
{
"word": "miser"
}
],
"tags": [
"archaic",
"broadly"
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "23 11 21 5 25 15",
"kind": "other",
"name": "English entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"A freedman, ranked below a thane but above a thrall."
],
"id": "en-churl-en-noun-TVZOcQ-c",
"links": [
[
"Theodism",
"Theodism"
],
[
"freedman",
"freedman"
],
[
"ranked",
"rank#Verb"
],
[
"thrall",
"thrall#Noun"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(by extension)",
"(Theodism) A freedman, ranked below a thane but above a thrall."
],
"tags": [
"broadly"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/tʃɜːl/",
"tags": [
"Received-Pronunciation"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/t͡ʃɝl/",
"tags": [
"General-American"
]
},
{
"rhymes": "-ɜː(ɹ)l"
},
{
"audio": "En-us-churl.ogg",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/7/7a/En-us-churl.ogg/En-us-churl.ogg.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7a/En-us-churl.ogg",
"tags": [
"General-American"
],
"text": "Audio (GA)"
}
],
"wikipedia": [
"David",
"Jesse",
"King James Version",
"Nabal"
],
"word": "churl"
}
{
"categories": [
"English 1-syllable words",
"English countable nouns",
"English doublets",
"English entries with incorrect language header",
"English lemmas",
"English nouns",
"English terms derived from Middle English",
"English terms derived from Old English",
"English terms derived from Proto-Germanic",
"English terms derived from Proto-Indo-European",
"English terms derived from Proto-West Germanic",
"English terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *ǵerh₂-",
"English terms inherited from Middle English",
"English terms inherited from Old English",
"English terms inherited from Proto-Germanic",
"English terms inherited from Proto-Indo-European",
"English terms inherited from Proto-West Germanic",
"English terms with IPA pronunciation",
"English terms with audio links",
"Rhymes:English/ɜː(ɹ)l",
"Rhymes:English/ɜː(ɹ)l/1 syllable"
],
"derived": [
{
"word": "churlish"
},
{
"word": "churlishly"
},
{
"word": "churlishness"
},
{
"word": "churly"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*ǵerh₂-"
},
"expansion": "",
"name": "root"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "enm",
"3": "churl"
},
"expansion": "Middle English churl",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "cherl"
},
"expansion": "cherl",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "cheorl",
"t": "person not of the nobility or clergy; bondsman, serf, villein; peasant; (also figuratively) servant, slave; unlearned or unrefined person, boor, ignoramus; chap, fellow, man; husband"
},
"expansion": "cheorl (“person not of the nobility or clergy; bondsman, serf, villein; peasant; (also figuratively) servant, slave; unlearned or unrefined person, boor, ignoramus; chap, fellow, man; husband”)",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "chærle, charl, cheerl, cherel, cherelle, cheril, cherld, cherle, cherll, cherlle, cherol, cherril, chirl, chorl, chorle, churle",
"otherforms": "1"
},
"expansion": "[and other forms]",
"name": "nb..."
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "ang",
"3": "ċeorl",
"t": "freeman ranking below a þegn but above a thrall; commoner, peasant; countryman, husbandman; man; husband"
},
"expansion": "Old English ċeorl (“freeman ranking below a þegn but above a thrall; commoner, peasant; countryman, husbandman; man; husband”)",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "gmw-pro",
"3": "*kerl"
},
"expansion": "Proto-West Germanic *kerl",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "gem-pro",
"3": "*karilaz",
"t": "elder; man"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic *karilaz (“elder; man”)",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*ǵerh₂-",
"t": "to grow old; to mature"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *ǵerh₂- (“to grow old; to mature”)",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "carl"
},
"expansion": "Doublet of carl",
"name": "doublet"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "carle"
},
"expansion": "carle",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "[…]",
"name": "nb..."
},
{
"args": {
"1": "da",
"2": "karl",
"t": "fellow, young man, farmhand"
},
"expansion": "Danish karl (“fellow, young man, farmhand”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "nl",
"2": "kerel",
"t": "churl; fellow, man"
},
"expansion": "Dutch kerel (“churl; fellow, man”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "nds",
"2": "kerl"
},
"expansion": "Low German kerl",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "nds",
"2": "kerel"
},
"expansion": "kerel",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "nds",
"2": "kirl",
"t": "churl; fellow, man"
},
"expansion": "kirl (“churl; fellow, man”)",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "frr",
"2": "tzierl"
},
"expansion": "North Frisian tzierl",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "frr",
"2": "tjierl"
},
"expansion": "tjierl",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "frr",
"2": "tsjerl",
"t": "churl; fellow, man"
},
"expansion": "tsjerl (“churl; fellow, man”)",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "goh",
"2": "charl"
},
"expansion": "Old High German charl",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "goh",
"2": "charlo"
},
"expansion": "charlo",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "de",
"2": "Kerl",
"t": "fellow, man"
},
"expansion": "German Kerl (“fellow, man”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "non",
"2": "karl",
"t": "man"
},
"expansion": "Old Norse karl (“man”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "is",
"2": "karl",
"t": "man"
},
"expansion": "Icelandic karl (“man”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "pl",
"2": "karzeł",
"t": "small man"
},
"expansion": "Polish karzeł (“small man”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "sco",
"2": "churl",
"t": "a churl; a rustic"
},
"expansion": "Scots churl (“a churl; a rustic”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "sv",
"2": "karl",
"t": "fellow, man"
},
"expansion": "Swedish karl (“fellow, man”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "fy",
"2": "tsjirl",
"t": "churl; fellow, man"
},
"expansion": "West Frisian tsjirl (“churl; fellow, man”)",
"name": "cog"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Middle English churl, cherl, cheorl (“person not of the nobility or clergy; bondsman, serf, villein; peasant; (also figuratively) servant, slave; unlearned or unrefined person, boor, ignoramus; chap, fellow, man; husband”) [and other forms], from Old English ċeorl (“freeman ranking below a þegn but above a thrall; commoner, peasant; countryman, husbandman; man; husband”), from Proto-West Germanic *kerl, from Proto-Germanic *karilaz (“elder; man”), from Proto-Indo-European *ǵerh₂- (“to grow old; to mature”). Doublet of carl, carle.\nSense 2.1 (“rough, surly, ill-bred person”) is probably an extension of sense 1 (“free peasant of the lowest rank; person without royal or noble status; bondman, serf”) and sense 2.2 (“countryman, peasant, rustic”). Sense 2.3 (“person who is stingy”) was influenced by Nabal, who is described in the King James Version of the Bible as “churlish and evil in his doings”; when Nabal, a rich man, is asked to give provisions to David’s men, he replies, “Who is David? and who is the son of Jesse? There be many servants nowadays that break away every man from his master. Shall I then take my bread and my water, and my flesh that I have killed for my shearers, and give it unto men, whom I know not whence they be?” (1 Samuel 25:3 and 10–11; spelling modernized).\ncognates\n* Danish karl (“fellow, young man, farmhand”)\n* Dutch kerel (“churl; fellow, man”)\n* Low German kerl, kerel, kirl (“churl; fellow, man”)\n* North Frisian tzierl, tjierl, tsjerl (“churl; fellow, man”)\n* Old High German charl, charlo (German Kerl (“fellow, man”))\n* Old Norse karl (“man”) (Icelandic karl (“man”))\n* Polish karzeł (“small man”)\n* Scots churl (“a churl; a rustic”)\n* Swedish karl (“fellow, man”)\n* West Frisian tsjirl (“churl; fellow, man”)",
"forms": [
{
"form": "churls",
"tags": [
"plural"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "churl (plural churls)",
"name": "en-noun"
}
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"English terms with historical senses",
"English terms with obsolete senses",
"en:Feudalism"
],
"glosses": [
"A free peasant (as opposed to a serf) of the lowest rank, below an earl and a thane; a freeman; also (more generally), a person without royal or noble status; a commoner."
],
"links": [
[
"feudalism",
"feudalism"
],
[
"free",
"free#Adjective"
],
[
"peasant",
"peasant"
],
[
"serf",
"serf"
],
[
"lowest",
"low#Adjective"
],
[
"rank",
"rank#Noun"
],
[
"earl",
"earl"
],
[
"thane",
"thane"
],
[
"freeman",
"freeman"
],
[
"person",
"person#Noun"
],
[
"royal",
"royal#Adjective"
],
[
"noble",
"noble#Adjective"
],
[
"status",
"status"
],
[
"commoner",
"commoner#Noun"
]
],
"qualifier": "obsolete except historical",
"raw_glosses": [
"(feudalism, obsolete except historical)",
"A free peasant (as opposed to a serf) of the lowest rank, below an earl and a thane; a freeman; also (more generally), a person without royal or noble status; a commoner."
],
"topics": [
"feudalism",
"government",
"politics"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"English terms with historical senses",
"English terms with obsolete senses",
"en:Feudalism"
],
"glosses": [
"A bondman or serf."
],
"links": [
[
"feudalism",
"feudalism"
],
[
"bondman",
"bondman"
]
],
"qualifier": "obsolete except historical",
"raw_glosses": [
"(feudalism, obsolete except historical)",
"A bondman or serf."
],
"topics": [
"feudalism",
"government",
"politics"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"English derogatory terms"
],
"glosses": [
"A rough, surly, ill-bred person; a boor."
],
"links": [
[
"derogatory",
"derogatory"
],
[
"rough",
"rough#Adjective"
],
[
"surly",
"surly"
],
[
"ill-bred",
"ill-bred"
],
[
"boor",
"boor"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(by extension)",
"(derogatory) A rough, surly, ill-bred person; a boor."
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "lout"
},
{
"word": "yokel"
},
{
"word": "bumpkin"
},
{
"word": "country bumpkin"
}
],
"tags": [
"broadly",
"derogatory"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"English terms with archaic senses"
],
"glosses": [
"A countryman, a peasant, a rustic."
],
"links": [
[
"countryman",
"countryman"
],
[
"peasant",
"peasant"
],
[
"rustic",
"rustic#Noun"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(by extension)",
"(archaic) A countryman, a peasant, a rustic."
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "carl"
},
{
"word": "fieldling"
},
{
"word": "rural dweller"
}
],
"tags": [
"archaic",
"broadly"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"English terms with archaic senses"
],
"glosses": [
"A person who is stingy, especially with money; a selfish miser, a niggard."
],
"links": [
[
"stingy",
"stingy"
],
[
"money",
"money"
],
[
"selfish",
"selfish"
],
[
"miser",
"miser"
],
[
"niggard",
"niggard#Noun"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(by extension)",
"(archaic) A person who is stingy, especially with money; a selfish miser, a niggard."
],
"synonyms": [
{
"tags": [
"Scotland",
"obsolete"
],
"word": "carl"
},
{
"word": "skinflint"
},
{
"word": "miser"
}
],
"tags": [
"archaic",
"broadly"
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"A freedman, ranked below a thane but above a thrall."
],
"links": [
[
"Theodism",
"Theodism"
],
[
"freedman",
"freedman"
],
[
"ranked",
"rank#Verb"
],
[
"thrall",
"thrall#Noun"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(by extension)",
"(Theodism) A freedman, ranked below a thane but above a thrall."
],
"tags": [
"broadly"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/tʃɜːl/",
"tags": [
"Received-Pronunciation"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/t͡ʃɝl/",
"tags": [
"General-American"
]
},
{
"rhymes": "-ɜː(ɹ)l"
},
{
"audio": "En-us-churl.ogg",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/7/7a/En-us-churl.ogg/En-us-churl.ogg.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7a/En-us-churl.ogg",
"tags": [
"General-American"
],
"text": "Audio (GA)"
}
],
"translations": [
{
"code": "bg",
"lang": "Bulgarian",
"roman": "grubijan",
"sense": "rough, surly, ill-bred person — see also boor",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "грубиян"
},
{
"code": "cmn",
"lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
"roman": "cūrén",
"sense": "rough, surly, ill-bred person — see also boor",
"word": "粗人"
},
{
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "rough, surly, ill-bred person — see also boor",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "rustre"
},
{
"code": "gl",
"lang": "Galician",
"sense": "rough, surly, ill-bred person — see also boor",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "pailán"
},
{
"code": "gl",
"lang": "Galician",
"sense": "rough, surly, ill-bred person — see also boor",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "pailaroco"
},
{
"code": "gl",
"lang": "Galician",
"sense": "rough, surly, ill-bred person — see also boor",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "pastrán"
},
{
"code": "gl",
"lang": "Galician",
"sense": "rough, surly, ill-bred person — see also boor",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "paspán"
},
{
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "rough, surly, ill-bred person — see also boor",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "Kerl"
},
{
"code": "ga",
"lang": "Irish",
"sense": "rough, surly, ill-bred person — see also boor",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "aitheach"
},
{
"code": "ga",
"lang": "Irish",
"sense": "rough, surly, ill-bred person — see also boor",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "bod"
},
{
"code": "ga",
"lang": "Irish",
"sense": "rough, surly, ill-bred person — see also boor",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "bodach"
},
{
"code": "ga",
"lang": "Irish",
"sense": "rough, surly, ill-bred person — see also boor",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "ceamalach"
},
{
"code": "ga",
"lang": "Irish",
"sense": "rough, surly, ill-bred person — see also boor",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "daoi"
},
{
"code": "it",
"lang": "Italian",
"sense": "rough, surly, ill-bred person — see also boor",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "bifolco"
},
{
"code": "it",
"lang": "Italian",
"sense": "rough, surly, ill-bred person — see also boor",
"word": "burino"
},
{
"alt": "ぶさほうなにん",
"code": "ja",
"lang": "Japanese",
"roman": "busahōnanin",
"sense": "rough, surly, ill-bred person — see also boor",
"word": "不作法な人"
},
{
"code": "mi",
"lang": "Maori",
"sense": "rough, surly, ill-bred person — see also boor",
"word": "atuapo"
},
{
"code": "pt",
"lang": "Portuguese",
"sense": "rough, surly, ill-bred person — see also boor",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "camponês"
},
{
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "grubiján",
"sense": "rough, surly, ill-bred person — see also boor",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "грубия́н"
},
{
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "mužlán",
"sense": "rough, surly, ill-bred person — see also boor",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "мужла́н"
},
{
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "xam",
"sense": "rough, surly, ill-bred person — see also boor",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "хам"
},
{
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "žlob",
"sense": "rough, surly, ill-bred person — see also boor",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "жлоб"
},
{
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "rough, surly, ill-bred person — see also boor",
"tags": [
"Spain",
"masculine"
],
"word": "paleto"
},
{
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "rough, surly, ill-bred person — see also boor",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "montañero"
},
{
"code": "vo",
"lang": "Volapük",
"sense": "rough, surly, ill-bred person — see also boor",
"tags": [
"feminine",
"masculine"
],
"word": "grobälan"
},
{
"code": "vo",
"lang": "Volapük",
"sense": "rough, surly, ill-bred person — see also boor",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "higrobälan"
},
{
"code": "vo",
"lang": "Volapük",
"sense": "rough, surly, ill-bred person — see also boor",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "jigrobälan"
}
],
"wikipedia": [
"David",
"Jesse",
"King James Version",
"Nabal"
],
"word": "churl"
}
{
"called_from": "form_descriptions/1831",
"msg": "unrecognized sense qualifier: Theodism",
"path": [
"churl"
],
"section": "English",
"subsection": "noun",
"title": "churl",
"trace": ""
}
{
"called_from": "form_descriptions/1831",
"msg": "unrecognized sense qualifier: Theodism",
"path": [
"churl"
],
"section": "English",
"subsection": "noun",
"title": "churl",
"trace": ""
}
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable English dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2024-05-03 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2024-05-02 using wiktextract (f4fd8c9 and c9440ce). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.