See churl in All languages combined, or Wiktionary
{
"derived": [
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "churlish"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "churlishly"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "churlishness"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "churly"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*ǵerh₂-"
},
"expansion": "",
"name": "root"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "enm",
"3": "churl"
},
"expansion": "Middle English churl",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "chærle, charl, cheerl, cherel, cherelle, cheril, cherld, cherle, cherll, cherlle, cherol, cherril, chirl, chorl, chorle, churle",
"otherforms": "1"
},
"expansion": "[and other forms]",
"name": "nb..."
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "ang",
"3": "ċeorl",
"t": "freeman ranking below a þegn but above a thrall; commoner, peasant; countryman, husbandman; man; husband"
},
"expansion": "Old English ċeorl (“freeman ranking below a þegn but above a thrall; commoner, peasant; countryman, husbandman; man; husband”)",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "gmw-pro",
"3": "*kerl"
},
"expansion": "Proto-West Germanic *kerl",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "gem-pro",
"3": "*karilaz",
"t": "elder; man"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic *karilaz (“elder; man”)",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*ǵerh₂-",
"t": "to grow old; to mature"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *ǵerh₂- (“to grow old; to mature”)",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "carl"
},
"expansion": "Doublet of carl",
"name": "doublet"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "[…]",
"name": "nb..."
},
{
"args": {
"1": "da",
"2": "karl",
"t": "fellow, young man, farmhand"
},
"expansion": "Danish karl (“fellow, young man, farmhand”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "nl",
"2": "kerel",
"t": "churl; fellow, man"
},
"expansion": "Dutch kerel (“churl; fellow, man”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "nds",
"2": "kerl"
},
"expansion": "Low German kerl",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "frr",
"2": "tzierl"
},
"expansion": "North Frisian tzierl",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "goh",
"2": "charl"
},
"expansion": "Old High German charl",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "de",
"2": "Kerl",
"t": "fellow, man"
},
"expansion": "German Kerl (“fellow, man”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "non",
"2": "karl",
"t": "man"
},
"expansion": "Old Norse karl (“man”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "is",
"2": "karl",
"t": "man"
},
"expansion": "Icelandic karl (“man”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "pl",
"2": "karzeł",
"t": "small man"
},
"expansion": "Polish karzeł (“small man”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "sco",
"2": "churl",
"t": "a churl; a rustic"
},
"expansion": "Scots churl (“a churl; a rustic”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "sv",
"2": "karl",
"t": "fellow, man"
},
"expansion": "Swedish karl (“fellow, man”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "fy",
"2": "tsjirl",
"t": "churl; fellow, man"
},
"expansion": "West Frisian tsjirl (“churl; fellow, man”)",
"name": "cog"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Middle English churl, cherl, cheorl (“person not of the nobility or clergy; bondsman, serf, villein; peasant; (also figuratively) servant, slave; unlearned or unrefined person, boor, ignoramus; chap, fellow, man; husband”) [and other forms], from Old English ċeorl (“freeman ranking below a þegn but above a thrall; commoner, peasant; countryman, husbandman; man; husband”), from Proto-West Germanic *kerl, from Proto-Germanic *karilaz (“elder; man”), from Proto-Indo-European *ǵerh₂- (“to grow old; to mature”). Doublet of carl, carle.\nSense 2.1 (“rough, surly, ill-bred person”) is probably an extension of sense 1 (“free peasant of the lowest rank; person without royal or noble status; bondman, serf”) and sense 2.2 (“countryman, peasant, rustic”). Sense 2.3 (“person who is stingy”) was influenced by Nabal, who is described in the King James Version of the Bible as “churlish and evil in his doings”; when Nabal, a rich man, is asked to give provisions to David’s men, he replies, “Who is David? and who is the son of Jesse? There be many servants nowadays that break away every man from his master. Shall I then take my bread and my water, and my flesh that I have killed for my shearers, and give it unto men, whom I know not whence they be?” (1 Samuel 25:3 and 10–11; spelling modernized).\ncognates\n* Danish karl (“fellow, young man, farmhand”)\n* Dutch kerel (“churl; fellow, man”)\n* Low German kerl, kerel, kirl (“churl; fellow, man”)\n* North Frisian tzierl, tjierl, tsjerl (“churl; fellow, man”)\n* Old High German charl, charlo (German Kerl (“fellow, man”))\n* Old Norse karl (“man”) (Icelandic karl (“man”))\n* Polish karzeł (“small man”)\n* Scots churl (“a churl; a rustic”)\n* Swedish karl (“fellow, man”)\n* West Frisian tsjirl (“churl; fellow, man”)",
"forms": [
{
"form": "churls",
"tags": [
"plural"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "churl (plural churls)",
"name": "en-noun"
}
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "topical",
"langcode": "en",
"name": "Feudalism",
"orig": "en:Feudalism",
"parents": [
"Forms of government",
"Government",
"Politics",
"Society",
"All topics",
"Fundamental"
],
"source": "w"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"ref": "1612, [Miguel de Cervantes], Thomas Shelton, transl., “Wherein is Rehearsed the Vnfortunate Aduenture Hapned to Don-Quixote, by Encountring with Certaine Yanguesian Carriers”, in The History of the Valorous and Wittie Knight-errant Don-Quixote of the Mancha. […], London: […] William Stansby, for Ed[ward] Blount and W. Barret, →OCLC, part 3, page 116:",
"text": "[F]rom this time forvvard I do pardon before God all the vvrongs that they haue done, or ſhall doe vnto me, vvhether they vvere, be, or ſhall be done by high or lovv perſon, rich or poore, Gentleman or Churle, vvithout excepting any ſtate or condition.",
"type": "quote"
}
],
"glosses": [
"A free peasant (as opposed to a serf) of the lowest rank, below an earl and a thane; a freeman; also (more generally), a person without royal or noble status; a commoner."
],
"id": "en-churl-en-noun-7EjV-8S0",
"links": [
[
"feudalism",
"feudalism"
],
[
"free",
"free#Adjective"
],
[
"peasant",
"peasant"
],
[
"serf",
"serf"
],
[
"lowest",
"low#Adjective"
],
[
"rank",
"rank#Noun"
],
[
"earl",
"earl"
],
[
"thane",
"thane"
],
[
"freeman",
"freeman"
],
[
"person",
"person#Noun"
],
[
"royal",
"royal#Adjective"
],
[
"noble",
"noble#Adjective"
],
[
"status",
"status"
],
[
"commoner",
"commoner#Noun"
]
],
"qualifier": "obsolete except historical",
"raw_glosses": [
"(feudalism, obsolete except historical)",
"A free peasant (as opposed to a serf) of the lowest rank, below an earl and a thane; a freeman; also (more generally), a person without royal or noble status; a commoner."
],
"topics": [
"feudalism",
"government",
"politics"
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "topical",
"langcode": "en",
"name": "Feudalism",
"orig": "en:Feudalism",
"parents": [
"Forms of government",
"Government",
"Politics",
"Society",
"All topics",
"Fundamental"
],
"source": "w"
}
],
"glosses": [
"A bondman or serf."
],
"id": "en-churl-en-noun-PNGI~6kL",
"links": [
[
"feudalism",
"feudalism"
],
[
"bondman",
"bondman"
]
],
"qualifier": "obsolete except historical",
"raw_glosses": [
"(feudalism, obsolete except historical)",
"A bondman or serf."
],
"topics": [
"feudalism",
"government",
"politics"
]
},
{
"categories": [],
"examples": [
{
"english": "The New Arcadia",
"ref": "c. 1580 (date written), Philippe Sidnei [i.e., Philip Sidney], “(please specify the folio)”, in [Fulke Greville; Matthew Gwinne; John Florio], editors, The Countesse of Pembrokes Arcadia [The New Arcadia], London: […] [John Windet] for William Ponsonbie, published 1590, →OCLC:",
"text": "[A] churles curtesie rathely comes but either for gaine, or falshood.",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"ref": "1678, John Bunyan, The Pilgrim’s Progress from This World, to That which is to Come: […], London: […] Nath[aniel] Ponder […], →OCLC, pages 106–107:",
"text": "Thus ſay the common People that knovv him, A Saint abroad, and a Devil at home: His poor Family finds it ſo, he is ſuch a churl, ſuch a railer at, and ſo unreaſonable vvith his Servants, that they neither knovv hovv to do for, or ſpeak to him.",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"ref": "1821, Lord Byron, “Sardanapalus”, in Sardanapalus, a Tragedy; The Two Foscari, a Tragedy; Cain, a Mystery, London: John Murray, […], →OCLC, Act I, scene ii, page 10:",
"text": "Since it must be so, and this churl has check'd / Thy gentle spirit, go; […]",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"ref": "1841, R[alph] W[aldo] Emerson, “Essay IV. Spiritual Laws.”, in Essays, Boston, Mass.: James Munroe and Company, →OCLC, pages 120–121:",
"text": "There are graces in the demeanor of a polished and noble person, which are lost upon the eye of a churl.",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"ref": "1845, B[enjamin] Disraeli, chapter IV, in Sybil; or The Two Nations. […], volume III, London: Henry Colburn, […], →OCLC, book V, page 54:",
"text": "\"Unmannerly churl!\" exclaimed Sybil starting in her chair, her eye flashing lightning, her distended nostril quivering with scorn. \"Oh! yes, I am a churl,\" said Morley; \"I know I am a churl. Were I a noble the daughter of the people would perhaps condescend to treat me with less contempt.\"",
"type": "quote"
}
],
"glosses": [
"A rough, surly, ill-bred person; a boor."
],
"id": "en-churl-en-noun-guLoV0eQ",
"links": [
[
"derogatory",
"derogatory"
],
[
"rough",
"rough#Adjective"
],
[
"surly",
"surly"
],
[
"ill-bred",
"ill-bred"
],
[
"boor",
"boor"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(by extension)",
"(derogatory) A rough, surly, ill-bred person; a boor."
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "lout"
},
{
"word": "yokel"
},
{
"word": "bumpkin"
},
{
"word": "country bumpkin"
}
],
"tags": [
"broadly",
"derogatory"
],
"translations": [
{
"_dis1": "15 7 46 4 22 6",
"code": "bg",
"lang": "Bulgarian",
"roman": "grubijan",
"sense": "rough, surly, ill-bred person — see also boor",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "грубиян"
},
{
"_dis1": "15 7 46 4 22 6",
"code": "cmn",
"lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
"roman": "cūrén",
"sense": "rough, surly, ill-bred person — see also boor",
"word": "粗人"
},
{
"_dis1": "15 7 46 4 22 6",
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "rough, surly, ill-bred person — see also boor",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "rustre"
},
{
"_dis1": "15 7 46 4 22 6",
"code": "gl",
"lang": "Galician",
"sense": "rough, surly, ill-bred person — see also boor",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "pailán"
},
{
"_dis1": "15 7 46 4 22 6",
"code": "gl",
"lang": "Galician",
"sense": "rough, surly, ill-bred person — see also boor",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "pailaroco"
},
{
"_dis1": "15 7 46 4 22 6",
"code": "gl",
"lang": "Galician",
"sense": "rough, surly, ill-bred person — see also boor",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "pastrán"
},
{
"_dis1": "15 7 46 4 22 6",
"code": "gl",
"lang": "Galician",
"sense": "rough, surly, ill-bred person — see also boor",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "paspán"
},
{
"_dis1": "15 7 46 4 22 6",
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "rough, surly, ill-bred person — see also boor",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "Kerl"
},
{
"_dis1": "15 7 46 4 22 6",
"code": "ga",
"lang": "Irish",
"sense": "rough, surly, ill-bred person — see also boor",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "aitheach"
},
{
"_dis1": "15 7 46 4 22 6",
"code": "ga",
"lang": "Irish",
"sense": "rough, surly, ill-bred person — see also boor",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "bod"
},
{
"_dis1": "15 7 46 4 22 6",
"code": "ga",
"lang": "Irish",
"sense": "rough, surly, ill-bred person — see also boor",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "bodach"
},
{
"_dis1": "15 7 46 4 22 6",
"code": "ga",
"lang": "Irish",
"sense": "rough, surly, ill-bred person — see also boor",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "ceamalach"
},
{
"_dis1": "15 7 46 4 22 6",
"code": "ga",
"lang": "Irish",
"sense": "rough, surly, ill-bred person — see also boor",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "daoi"
},
{
"_dis1": "15 7 46 4 22 6",
"code": "it",
"lang": "Italian",
"sense": "rough, surly, ill-bred person — see also boor",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "bifolco"
},
{
"_dis1": "15 7 46 4 22 6",
"code": "it",
"lang": "Italian",
"sense": "rough, surly, ill-bred person — see also boor",
"word": "burino"
},
{
"_dis1": "15 7 46 4 22 6",
"alt": "ぶさほうなにん",
"code": "ja",
"lang": "Japanese",
"roman": "busahōnanin",
"sense": "rough, surly, ill-bred person — see also boor",
"word": "不作法な人"
},
{
"_dis1": "15 7 46 4 22 6",
"code": "mi",
"lang": "Maori",
"sense": "rough, surly, ill-bred person — see also boor",
"word": "atuapo"
},
{
"_dis1": "15 7 46 4 22 6",
"code": "pt",
"lang": "Portuguese",
"sense": "rough, surly, ill-bred person — see also boor",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "cafajeste"
},
{
"_dis1": "15 7 46 4 22 6",
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "grubiján",
"sense": "rough, surly, ill-bred person — see also boor",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "грубия́н"
},
{
"_dis1": "15 7 46 4 22 6",
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "mužlán",
"sense": "rough, surly, ill-bred person — see also boor",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "мужла́н"
},
{
"_dis1": "15 7 46 4 22 6",
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "xam",
"sense": "rough, surly, ill-bred person — see also boor",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "хам"
},
{
"_dis1": "15 7 46 4 22 6",
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "žlob",
"sense": "rough, surly, ill-bred person — see also boor",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "жлоб"
},
{
"_dis1": "15 7 46 4 22 6",
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "rough, surly, ill-bred person — see also boor",
"tags": [
"Spain",
"masculine"
],
"word": "paleto"
},
{
"_dis1": "15 7 46 4 22 6",
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "rough, surly, ill-bred person — see also boor",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "montañero"
},
{
"_dis1": "15 7 46 4 22 6",
"code": "vo",
"lang": "Volapük",
"sense": "rough, surly, ill-bred person — see also boor",
"tags": [
"feminine",
"masculine"
],
"word": "grobälan"
},
{
"_dis1": "15 7 46 4 22 6",
"code": "vo",
"lang": "Volapük",
"sense": "rough, surly, ill-bred person — see also boor",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "higrobälan"
},
{
"_dis1": "15 7 46 4 22 6",
"code": "vo",
"lang": "Volapük",
"sense": "rough, surly, ill-bred person — see also boor",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "jigrobälan"
}
]
},
{
"categories": [],
"examples": [
{
"ref": "1832 December (indicated as 1833), Alfred Tennyson, “The Lady of Shalott”, in Poems, London: Edward Moxon, […], →OCLC, part the second, page 11:",
"text": "And, as the mazy web she whirls, / She sees the surly village-churls, / And the red cloaks of market-girls, / Pass onward from Shalott.",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"ref": "1859, George Meredith, “A Fine Distinction”, in The Ordeal of Richard Feverel. A History of Father and Son. […], volume I, London: Chapman and Hall, →OCLC, page 179:",
"text": "“A see T’m Baak’ll,” the Bantam recommenced, and again the contortions of a horrible wink were directed at Richard. The boy might well believe this churl was lying, and he did, and was emboldened to exclaim, “You never saw Tom Bakewell set fire to that rick!”",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"ref": "1867, Ralph Waldo Emerson, “The Adirondacs. A Journal. Dedicated to My Fellow-travellers in August, 1858.”, in May-Day and Other Pieces, Boston, Mass.: Ticknor and Fields, →OCLC, pages 48–49:",
"text": "Look to yourselves, ye polished gentlemen! / No city airs or arts pass current here. / Your rank is all reversed: let men of cloth / Bow to the stalwart churls in overalls: / They are the doctors of the wilderness, / And we the low-priced laymen.",
"type": "quote"
}
],
"glosses": [
"A countryman, a peasant, a rustic."
],
"id": "en-churl-en-noun-pyUvs8WB",
"links": [
[
"countryman",
"countryman"
],
[
"peasant",
"peasant"
],
[
"rustic",
"rustic#Noun"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(by extension)",
"(archaic) A countryman, a peasant, a rustic."
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "carl"
},
{
"word": "fieldling"
},
{
"word": "rural dweller"
}
],
"tags": [
"archaic",
"broadly"
]
},
{
"categories": [
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"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Portuguese translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "16 17 5 7 40 14",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Russian translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "13 13 5 6 49 13",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Spanish translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "15 15 5 8 43 13",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Volapük translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"ref": "c. 1591–1595 (date written), [William Shakespeare], […] Romeo and Iuliet. […] (Second Quarto), London: […] Thomas Creede, for Cuthbert Burby, […], published 1599, →OCLC, [Act V, scene iii]:",
"text": "Juli[et]. […] VVhats heere? a cup in my true loues hand? / Poiſon I ſee hath bin his timeleſſe end: / O churle [referring to Romeo], drunke all, and left no friendly drop.",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"ref": "1605, Michaell Draiton [i.e., Michael Drayton], Poems: […], London: […] [Valentine Simmes] for N[icholas] Ling, →OCLC:",
"text": "VVrong not thy faire youth, nor the vvorld depriue / Of that great riches Nature freely lent, / Pitie 'tvvere they by niggardize ſhould thriue. / VVhoſe vvealth by vvaxing craueth to be ſpent, / For vvhich thou after iuſtly ſhall be ſhent; / Like to ſome rich churle burying his pelfe, / Both to vvrong others, and to ſterue himſelfe.",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"ref": "1609, William Shakespeare, “Sonnet 1”, in Shake-speares Sonnets. […], London: By G[eorge] Eld for T[homas] T[horpe] and are to be sold by William Aspley, →OCLC:",
"text": "VVithin thine ovvne bud burieſt thy content, / And tender chorle makſt waſt in niggarding: […]",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"ref": "1611, The Holy Bible, […] (King James Version), London: […] Robert Barker, […], →OCLC, Isaiah 32:5, column 2:",
"text": "The vile perſon ſhall be no more called liberall, nor the churle ſayd to be bountifull.",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"ref": "1768, Mr. Yorick [pseudonym; Laurence Sterne], “Calais”, in A Sentimental Journey through France and Italy, volume I, London: […] T. Becket and P. A. De Hondt, […], →OCLC, page 26:",
"text": "[W]hen a few words will reſcue miſery out of her diſtreſs, I hate the man who can be a churl of them.",
"type": "quote"
}
],
"glosses": [
"A person who is stingy, especially with money; a selfish miser, a niggard."
],
"id": "en-churl-en-noun-tl-gHl8C",
"links": [
[
"stingy",
"stingy"
],
[
"money",
"money"
],
[
"selfish",
"selfish"
],
[
"miser",
"miser"
],
[
"niggard",
"niggard#Noun"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(by extension)",
"(archaic) A person who is stingy, especially with money; a selfish miser, a niggard."
],
"synonyms": [
{
"tags": [
"Scotland",
"obsolete"
],
"word": "carl"
},
{
"word": "skinflint"
},
{
"word": "miser"
}
],
"tags": [
"archaic",
"broadly"
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"A freedman, ranked below a thane but above a thrall."
],
"id": "en-churl-en-noun-TVZOcQ-c",
"links": [
[
"Theodism",
"Theodism"
],
[
"freedman",
"freedman"
],
[
"ranked",
"rank#Verb"
],
[
"thrall",
"thrall#Noun"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(by extension)",
"(Theodism) A freedman, ranked below a thane but above a thrall."
],
"tags": [
"broadly"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/tʃɜːl/",
"tags": [
"Received-Pronunciation"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/t͡ʃɝl/",
"tags": [
"General-American"
]
},
{
"audio": "En-us-churl.ogg",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/7/7a/En-us-churl.ogg/En-us-churl.ogg.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7a/En-us-churl.ogg"
},
{
"rhymes": "-ɜː(ɹ)l"
}
],
"wikipedia": [
"David",
"Jesse",
"King James Version",
"Nabal"
],
"word": "churl"
}
{
"categories": [
"English countable nouns",
"English doublets",
"English entries with incorrect language header",
"English lemmas",
"English nouns",
"English terms derived from Middle English",
"English terms derived from Old English",
"English terms derived from Proto-Germanic",
"English terms derived from Proto-Indo-European",
"English terms derived from Proto-West Germanic",
"English terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *ǵerh₂-",
"English terms inherited from Middle English",
"English terms inherited from Old English",
"English terms inherited from Proto-Germanic",
"English terms inherited from Proto-Indo-European",
"English terms inherited from Proto-West Germanic",
"Entries with translation boxes",
"Pages with 1 entry",
"Pages with entries",
"Rhymes:English/ɜː(ɹ)l",
"Rhymes:English/ɜː(ɹ)l/1 syllable",
"Terms with Bulgarian translations",
"Terms with French translations",
"Terms with Galician translations",
"Terms with German translations",
"Terms with Irish translations",
"Terms with Italian translations",
"Terms with Japanese translations",
"Terms with Mandarin translations",
"Terms with Maori translations",
"Terms with Portuguese translations",
"Terms with Russian translations",
"Terms with Spanish translations",
"Terms with Volapük translations"
],
"derived": [
{
"word": "churlish"
},
{
"word": "churlishly"
},
{
"word": "churlishness"
},
{
"word": "churly"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*ǵerh₂-"
},
"expansion": "",
"name": "root"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "enm",
"3": "churl"
},
"expansion": "Middle English churl",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "chærle, charl, cheerl, cherel, cherelle, cheril, cherld, cherle, cherll, cherlle, cherol, cherril, chirl, chorl, chorle, churle",
"otherforms": "1"
},
"expansion": "[and other forms]",
"name": "nb..."
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "ang",
"3": "ċeorl",
"t": "freeman ranking below a þegn but above a thrall; commoner, peasant; countryman, husbandman; man; husband"
},
"expansion": "Old English ċeorl (“freeman ranking below a þegn but above a thrall; commoner, peasant; countryman, husbandman; man; husband”)",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "gmw-pro",
"3": "*kerl"
},
"expansion": "Proto-West Germanic *kerl",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "gem-pro",
"3": "*karilaz",
"t": "elder; man"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic *karilaz (“elder; man”)",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*ǵerh₂-",
"t": "to grow old; to mature"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *ǵerh₂- (“to grow old; to mature”)",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "carl"
},
"expansion": "Doublet of carl",
"name": "doublet"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "[…]",
"name": "nb..."
},
{
"args": {
"1": "da",
"2": "karl",
"t": "fellow, young man, farmhand"
},
"expansion": "Danish karl (“fellow, young man, farmhand”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "nl",
"2": "kerel",
"t": "churl; fellow, man"
},
"expansion": "Dutch kerel (“churl; fellow, man”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "nds",
"2": "kerl"
},
"expansion": "Low German kerl",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "frr",
"2": "tzierl"
},
"expansion": "North Frisian tzierl",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "goh",
"2": "charl"
},
"expansion": "Old High German charl",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "de",
"2": "Kerl",
"t": "fellow, man"
},
"expansion": "German Kerl (“fellow, man”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "non",
"2": "karl",
"t": "man"
},
"expansion": "Old Norse karl (“man”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "is",
"2": "karl",
"t": "man"
},
"expansion": "Icelandic karl (“man”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "pl",
"2": "karzeł",
"t": "small man"
},
"expansion": "Polish karzeł (“small man”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "sco",
"2": "churl",
"t": "a churl; a rustic"
},
"expansion": "Scots churl (“a churl; a rustic”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "sv",
"2": "karl",
"t": "fellow, man"
},
"expansion": "Swedish karl (“fellow, man”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "fy",
"2": "tsjirl",
"t": "churl; fellow, man"
},
"expansion": "West Frisian tsjirl (“churl; fellow, man”)",
"name": "cog"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Middle English churl, cherl, cheorl (“person not of the nobility or clergy; bondsman, serf, villein; peasant; (also figuratively) servant, slave; unlearned or unrefined person, boor, ignoramus; chap, fellow, man; husband”) [and other forms], from Old English ċeorl (“freeman ranking below a þegn but above a thrall; commoner, peasant; countryman, husbandman; man; husband”), from Proto-West Germanic *kerl, from Proto-Germanic *karilaz (“elder; man”), from Proto-Indo-European *ǵerh₂- (“to grow old; to mature”). Doublet of carl, carle.\nSense 2.1 (“rough, surly, ill-bred person”) is probably an extension of sense 1 (“free peasant of the lowest rank; person without royal or noble status; bondman, serf”) and sense 2.2 (“countryman, peasant, rustic”). Sense 2.3 (“person who is stingy”) was influenced by Nabal, who is described in the King James Version of the Bible as “churlish and evil in his doings”; when Nabal, a rich man, is asked to give provisions to David’s men, he replies, “Who is David? and who is the son of Jesse? There be many servants nowadays that break away every man from his master. Shall I then take my bread and my water, and my flesh that I have killed for my shearers, and give it unto men, whom I know not whence they be?” (1 Samuel 25:3 and 10–11; spelling modernized).\ncognates\n* Danish karl (“fellow, young man, farmhand”)\n* Dutch kerel (“churl; fellow, man”)\n* Low German kerl, kerel, kirl (“churl; fellow, man”)\n* North Frisian tzierl, tjierl, tsjerl (“churl; fellow, man”)\n* Old High German charl, charlo (German Kerl (“fellow, man”))\n* Old Norse karl (“man”) (Icelandic karl (“man”))\n* Polish karzeł (“small man”)\n* Scots churl (“a churl; a rustic”)\n* Swedish karl (“fellow, man”)\n* West Frisian tsjirl (“churl; fellow, man”)",
"forms": [
{
"form": "churls",
"tags": [
"plural"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "churl (plural churls)",
"name": "en-noun"
}
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"English terms with historical senses",
"English terms with obsolete senses",
"English terms with quotations",
"en:Feudalism"
],
"examples": [
{
"ref": "1612, [Miguel de Cervantes], Thomas Shelton, transl., “Wherein is Rehearsed the Vnfortunate Aduenture Hapned to Don-Quixote, by Encountring with Certaine Yanguesian Carriers”, in The History of the Valorous and Wittie Knight-errant Don-Quixote of the Mancha. […], London: […] William Stansby, for Ed[ward] Blount and W. Barret, →OCLC, part 3, page 116:",
"text": "[F]rom this time forvvard I do pardon before God all the vvrongs that they haue done, or ſhall doe vnto me, vvhether they vvere, be, or ſhall be done by high or lovv perſon, rich or poore, Gentleman or Churle, vvithout excepting any ſtate or condition.",
"type": "quote"
}
],
"glosses": [
"A free peasant (as opposed to a serf) of the lowest rank, below an earl and a thane; a freeman; also (more generally), a person without royal or noble status; a commoner."
],
"links": [
[
"feudalism",
"feudalism"
],
[
"free",
"free#Adjective"
],
[
"peasant",
"peasant"
],
[
"serf",
"serf"
],
[
"lowest",
"low#Adjective"
],
[
"rank",
"rank#Noun"
],
[
"earl",
"earl"
],
[
"thane",
"thane"
],
[
"freeman",
"freeman"
],
[
"person",
"person#Noun"
],
[
"royal",
"royal#Adjective"
],
[
"noble",
"noble#Adjective"
],
[
"status",
"status"
],
[
"commoner",
"commoner#Noun"
]
],
"qualifier": "obsolete except historical",
"raw_glosses": [
"(feudalism, obsolete except historical)",
"A free peasant (as opposed to a serf) of the lowest rank, below an earl and a thane; a freeman; also (more generally), a person without royal or noble status; a commoner."
],
"topics": [
"feudalism",
"government",
"politics"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"English terms with historical senses",
"English terms with obsolete senses",
"en:Feudalism"
],
"glosses": [
"A bondman or serf."
],
"links": [
[
"feudalism",
"feudalism"
],
[
"bondman",
"bondman"
]
],
"qualifier": "obsolete except historical",
"raw_glosses": [
"(feudalism, obsolete except historical)",
"A bondman or serf."
],
"topics": [
"feudalism",
"government",
"politics"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"English derogatory terms",
"English terms with quotations"
],
"examples": [
{
"english": "The New Arcadia",
"ref": "c. 1580 (date written), Philippe Sidnei [i.e., Philip Sidney], “(please specify the folio)”, in [Fulke Greville; Matthew Gwinne; John Florio], editors, The Countesse of Pembrokes Arcadia [The New Arcadia], London: […] [John Windet] for William Ponsonbie, published 1590, →OCLC:",
"text": "[A] churles curtesie rathely comes but either for gaine, or falshood.",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"ref": "1678, John Bunyan, The Pilgrim’s Progress from This World, to That which is to Come: […], London: […] Nath[aniel] Ponder […], →OCLC, pages 106–107:",
"text": "Thus ſay the common People that knovv him, A Saint abroad, and a Devil at home: His poor Family finds it ſo, he is ſuch a churl, ſuch a railer at, and ſo unreaſonable vvith his Servants, that they neither knovv hovv to do for, or ſpeak to him.",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"ref": "1821, Lord Byron, “Sardanapalus”, in Sardanapalus, a Tragedy; The Two Foscari, a Tragedy; Cain, a Mystery, London: John Murray, […], →OCLC, Act I, scene ii, page 10:",
"text": "Since it must be so, and this churl has check'd / Thy gentle spirit, go; […]",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"ref": "1841, R[alph] W[aldo] Emerson, “Essay IV. Spiritual Laws.”, in Essays, Boston, Mass.: James Munroe and Company, →OCLC, pages 120–121:",
"text": "There are graces in the demeanor of a polished and noble person, which are lost upon the eye of a churl.",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"ref": "1845, B[enjamin] Disraeli, chapter IV, in Sybil; or The Two Nations. […], volume III, London: Henry Colburn, […], →OCLC, book V, page 54:",
"text": "\"Unmannerly churl!\" exclaimed Sybil starting in her chair, her eye flashing lightning, her distended nostril quivering with scorn. \"Oh! yes, I am a churl,\" said Morley; \"I know I am a churl. Were I a noble the daughter of the people would perhaps condescend to treat me with less contempt.\"",
"type": "quote"
}
],
"glosses": [
"A rough, surly, ill-bred person; a boor."
],
"links": [
[
"derogatory",
"derogatory"
],
[
"rough",
"rough#Adjective"
],
[
"surly",
"surly"
],
[
"ill-bred",
"ill-bred"
],
[
"boor",
"boor"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(by extension)",
"(derogatory) A rough, surly, ill-bred person; a boor."
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "lout"
},
{
"word": "yokel"
},
{
"word": "bumpkin"
},
{
"word": "country bumpkin"
}
],
"tags": [
"broadly",
"derogatory"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"English terms with archaic senses",
"English terms with quotations"
],
"examples": [
{
"ref": "1832 December (indicated as 1833), Alfred Tennyson, “The Lady of Shalott”, in Poems, London: Edward Moxon, […], →OCLC, part the second, page 11:",
"text": "And, as the mazy web she whirls, / She sees the surly village-churls, / And the red cloaks of market-girls, / Pass onward from Shalott.",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"ref": "1859, George Meredith, “A Fine Distinction”, in The Ordeal of Richard Feverel. A History of Father and Son. […], volume I, London: Chapman and Hall, →OCLC, page 179:",
"text": "“A see T’m Baak’ll,” the Bantam recommenced, and again the contortions of a horrible wink were directed at Richard. The boy might well believe this churl was lying, and he did, and was emboldened to exclaim, “You never saw Tom Bakewell set fire to that rick!”",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"ref": "1867, Ralph Waldo Emerson, “The Adirondacs. A Journal. Dedicated to My Fellow-travellers in August, 1858.”, in May-Day and Other Pieces, Boston, Mass.: Ticknor and Fields, →OCLC, pages 48–49:",
"text": "Look to yourselves, ye polished gentlemen! / No city airs or arts pass current here. / Your rank is all reversed: let men of cloth / Bow to the stalwart churls in overalls: / They are the doctors of the wilderness, / And we the low-priced laymen.",
"type": "quote"
}
],
"glosses": [
"A countryman, a peasant, a rustic."
],
"links": [
[
"countryman",
"countryman"
],
[
"peasant",
"peasant"
],
[
"rustic",
"rustic#Noun"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(by extension)",
"(archaic) A countryman, a peasant, a rustic."
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "carl"
},
{
"word": "fieldling"
},
{
"word": "rural dweller"
}
],
"tags": [
"archaic",
"broadly"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"English terms with archaic senses",
"English terms with quotations"
],
"examples": [
{
"ref": "c. 1591–1595 (date written), [William Shakespeare], […] Romeo and Iuliet. […] (Second Quarto), London: […] Thomas Creede, for Cuthbert Burby, […], published 1599, →OCLC, [Act V, scene iii]:",
"text": "Juli[et]. […] VVhats heere? a cup in my true loues hand? / Poiſon I ſee hath bin his timeleſſe end: / O churle [referring to Romeo], drunke all, and left no friendly drop.",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"ref": "1605, Michaell Draiton [i.e., Michael Drayton], Poems: […], London: […] [Valentine Simmes] for N[icholas] Ling, →OCLC:",
"text": "VVrong not thy faire youth, nor the vvorld depriue / Of that great riches Nature freely lent, / Pitie 'tvvere they by niggardize ſhould thriue. / VVhoſe vvealth by vvaxing craueth to be ſpent, / For vvhich thou after iuſtly ſhall be ſhent; / Like to ſome rich churle burying his pelfe, / Both to vvrong others, and to ſterue himſelfe.",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"ref": "1609, William Shakespeare, “Sonnet 1”, in Shake-speares Sonnets. […], London: By G[eorge] Eld for T[homas] T[horpe] and are to be sold by William Aspley, →OCLC:",
"text": "VVithin thine ovvne bud burieſt thy content, / And tender chorle makſt waſt in niggarding: […]",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"ref": "1611, The Holy Bible, […] (King James Version), London: […] Robert Barker, […], →OCLC, Isaiah 32:5, column 2:",
"text": "The vile perſon ſhall be no more called liberall, nor the churle ſayd to be bountifull.",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"ref": "1768, Mr. Yorick [pseudonym; Laurence Sterne], “Calais”, in A Sentimental Journey through France and Italy, volume I, London: […] T. Becket and P. A. De Hondt, […], →OCLC, page 26:",
"text": "[W]hen a few words will reſcue miſery out of her diſtreſs, I hate the man who can be a churl of them.",
"type": "quote"
}
],
"glosses": [
"A person who is stingy, especially with money; a selfish miser, a niggard."
],
"links": [
[
"stingy",
"stingy"
],
[
"money",
"money"
],
[
"selfish",
"selfish"
],
[
"miser",
"miser"
],
[
"niggard",
"niggard#Noun"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(by extension)",
"(archaic) A person who is stingy, especially with money; a selfish miser, a niggard."
],
"synonyms": [
{
"tags": [
"Scotland",
"obsolete"
],
"word": "carl"
},
{
"word": "skinflint"
},
{
"word": "miser"
}
],
"tags": [
"archaic",
"broadly"
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"A freedman, ranked below a thane but above a thrall."
],
"links": [
[
"Theodism",
"Theodism"
],
[
"freedman",
"freedman"
],
[
"ranked",
"rank#Verb"
],
[
"thrall",
"thrall#Noun"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(by extension)",
"(Theodism) A freedman, ranked below a thane but above a thrall."
],
"tags": [
"broadly"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/tʃɜːl/",
"tags": [
"Received-Pronunciation"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/t͡ʃɝl/",
"tags": [
"General-American"
]
},
{
"audio": "En-us-churl.ogg",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/7/7a/En-us-churl.ogg/En-us-churl.ogg.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7a/En-us-churl.ogg"
},
{
"rhymes": "-ɜː(ɹ)l"
}
],
"translations": [
{
"code": "bg",
"lang": "Bulgarian",
"roman": "grubijan",
"sense": "rough, surly, ill-bred person — see also boor",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "грубиян"
},
{
"code": "cmn",
"lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
"roman": "cūrén",
"sense": "rough, surly, ill-bred person — see also boor",
"word": "粗人"
},
{
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "rough, surly, ill-bred person — see also boor",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "rustre"
},
{
"code": "gl",
"lang": "Galician",
"sense": "rough, surly, ill-bred person — see also boor",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "pailán"
},
{
"code": "gl",
"lang": "Galician",
"sense": "rough, surly, ill-bred person — see also boor",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "pailaroco"
},
{
"code": "gl",
"lang": "Galician",
"sense": "rough, surly, ill-bred person — see also boor",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "pastrán"
},
{
"code": "gl",
"lang": "Galician",
"sense": "rough, surly, ill-bred person — see also boor",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "paspán"
},
{
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "rough, surly, ill-bred person — see also boor",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "Kerl"
},
{
"code": "ga",
"lang": "Irish",
"sense": "rough, surly, ill-bred person — see also boor",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "aitheach"
},
{
"code": "ga",
"lang": "Irish",
"sense": "rough, surly, ill-bred person — see also boor",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "bod"
},
{
"code": "ga",
"lang": "Irish",
"sense": "rough, surly, ill-bred person — see also boor",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "bodach"
},
{
"code": "ga",
"lang": "Irish",
"sense": "rough, surly, ill-bred person — see also boor",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "ceamalach"
},
{
"code": "ga",
"lang": "Irish",
"sense": "rough, surly, ill-bred person — see also boor",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "daoi"
},
{
"code": "it",
"lang": "Italian",
"sense": "rough, surly, ill-bred person — see also boor",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "bifolco"
},
{
"code": "it",
"lang": "Italian",
"sense": "rough, surly, ill-bred person — see also boor",
"word": "burino"
},
{
"alt": "ぶさほうなにん",
"code": "ja",
"lang": "Japanese",
"roman": "busahōnanin",
"sense": "rough, surly, ill-bred person — see also boor",
"word": "不作法な人"
},
{
"code": "mi",
"lang": "Maori",
"sense": "rough, surly, ill-bred person — see also boor",
"word": "atuapo"
},
{
"code": "pt",
"lang": "Portuguese",
"sense": "rough, surly, ill-bred person — see also boor",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "cafajeste"
},
{
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "grubiján",
"sense": "rough, surly, ill-bred person — see also boor",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "грубия́н"
},
{
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "mužlán",
"sense": "rough, surly, ill-bred person — see also boor",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "мужла́н"
},
{
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "xam",
"sense": "rough, surly, ill-bred person — see also boor",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "хам"
},
{
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "žlob",
"sense": "rough, surly, ill-bred person — see also boor",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "жлоб"
},
{
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "rough, surly, ill-bred person — see also boor",
"tags": [
"Spain",
"masculine"
],
"word": "paleto"
},
{
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "rough, surly, ill-bred person — see also boor",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "montañero"
},
{
"code": "vo",
"lang": "Volapük",
"sense": "rough, surly, ill-bred person — see also boor",
"tags": [
"feminine",
"masculine"
],
"word": "grobälan"
},
{
"code": "vo",
"lang": "Volapük",
"sense": "rough, surly, ill-bred person — see also boor",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "higrobälan"
},
{
"code": "vo",
"lang": "Volapük",
"sense": "rough, surly, ill-bred person — see also boor",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "jigrobälan"
}
],
"wikipedia": [
"David",
"Jesse",
"King James Version",
"Nabal"
],
"word": "churl"
}
Download raw JSONL data for churl meaning in English (19.1kB)
{
"called_from": "form_descriptions/1831",
"msg": "unrecognized sense qualifier: Theodism",
"path": [
"churl"
],
"section": "English",
"subsection": "noun",
"title": "churl",
"trace": ""
}
{
"called_from": "form_descriptions/1831",
"msg": "unrecognized sense qualifier: Theodism",
"path": [
"churl"
],
"section": "English",
"subsection": "noun",
"title": "churl",
"trace": ""
}
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable English dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2024-11-06 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2024-10-02 using wiktextract (fbeafe8 and 7f03c9b). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.