See kern in All languages combined, or Wiktionary
Download JSON data for kern meaning in English (18.6kB)
{
"derived": [
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"word": "kern-baby"
}
],
"etymology_number": 1,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "enm",
"3": "curn"
},
"expansion": "Middle English curn",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "cooren"
},
"expansion": "cooren",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "corn"
},
"expansion": "Middle English corn",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "corn"
},
"expansion": "English corn",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "nl",
"2": "kern"
},
"expansion": "Dutch kern",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "goh",
"2": "kerno"
},
"expansion": "Old High German kerno",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "goh",
"2": "cherno"
},
"expansion": "cherno",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "gmh",
"2": "kerne"
},
"expansion": "Middle High German kerne",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "gmh",
"2": "kern"
},
"expansion": "kern",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "de",
"2": "Kern",
"3": "",
"4": "core, kernel"
},
"expansion": "German Kern (“core, kernel”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "non",
"2": "kjarni"
},
"expansion": "Old Norse kjarni",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "is",
"2": "kjarni"
},
"expansion": "Icelandic kjarni",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "da",
"2": "kjerne"
},
"expansion": "Danish kjerne",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "sv",
"2": "kärna",
"3": "",
"4": "core, kernel"
},
"expansion": "Swedish kärna (“core, kernel”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "kernel"
},
"expansion": "kernel",
"name": "m"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Middle English curn, cooren, variant forms of Middle English corn, see English corn and also Dutch kern, Old High German kerno, cherno, Middle High German kerne, kern, German Kern (“core, kernel”), Old Norse kjarni, Icelandic kjarni, Danish kjerne, Swedish kärna (“core, kernel”); see also kernel.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "kerns",
"tags": [
"plural"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "~"
},
"expansion": "kern (countable and uncountable, plural kerns)",
"name": "en-noun"
}
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "noun",
"related": [
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"word": "kernel"
}
],
"senses": [
{
"categories": [],
"glosses": [
"A corn; grain; kernel."
],
"id": "en-kern-en-noun-H6Jcphp2",
"raw_glosses": [
"(obsolete or dialect) A corn; grain; kernel."
],
"tags": [
"countable",
"dialectal",
"obsolete",
"uncountable"
]
},
{
"categories": [],
"glosses": [
"The last handful or sheaf reaped at the harvest."
],
"id": "en-kern-en-noun-U4RknZ2s",
"raw_glosses": [
"(obsolete or dialect) The last handful or sheaf reaped at the harvest."
],
"tags": [
"countable",
"dialectal",
"obsolete",
"uncountable"
]
},
{
"categories": [],
"glosses": [
"The harvest home."
],
"id": "en-kern-en-noun-xhUhfhDG",
"links": [
[
"harvest home",
"harvest home"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(obsolete or dialect) The harvest home."
],
"tags": [
"countable",
"dialectal",
"obsolete",
"uncountable"
]
},
{
"categories": [],
"glosses": [
"A doll or figurine raised in celebration of a successful harvest; kern-baby."
],
"id": "en-kern-en-noun-34AtwwMO",
"links": [
[
"kern-baby",
"kern-baby"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(obsolete or dialect) A doll or figurine raised in celebration of a successful harvest; kern-baby."
],
"tags": [
"countable",
"dialectal",
"obsolete",
"uncountable"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/kɜːn/",
"tags": [
"Received-Pronunciation"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/kɝn/",
"tags": [
"General-American"
]
},
{
"rhymes": "-ɜː(ɹ)n"
},
{
"audio": "LL-Q1860 (eng)-Vealhurl-kern.wav",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/c/c0/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-kern.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-kern.wav.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/c/c0/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-kern.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-kern.wav.ogg",
"tags": [
"Southern-England"
],
"text": "Audio (Southern England)"
}
],
"synonyms": [
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"word": "kirn"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"tags": [
"Scotland"
],
"word": "curn"
}
],
"word": "kern"
}
{
"etymology_number": 2,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "fr",
"3": "carne",
"4": "",
"5": "corner; projecting angle; quill of a pen"
},
"expansion": "French carne (“corner; projecting angle; quill of a pen”)",
"name": "uder"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "cardinem",
"3": "",
"4": "hinge"
},
"expansion": "Latin cardinem (“hinge”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "kerned"
},
"expansion": "kerned",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "cardo"
},
"expansion": "Doublet of cardo",
"name": "doublet"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From French carne (“corner; projecting angle; quill of a pen”), from Latin cardinem (“hinge”) or from Etymology 1. The verb is a back-formation from kerned, which is from the noun. Doublet of cardo.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "kerns",
"tags": [
"plural"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "kern (plural kerns)",
"name": "en-noun"
}
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "topical",
"langcode": "en",
"name": "Printing",
"orig": "en:Printing",
"parents": [
"Industries",
"Business",
"Economics",
"Society",
"Social sciences",
"All topics",
"Sciences",
"Fundamental"
],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "topical",
"langcode": "en",
"name": "Typography",
"orig": "en:Typography",
"parents": [
"Printing",
"Writing",
"Industries",
"Human behaviour",
"Language",
"Business",
"Human",
"Communication",
"Economics",
"Society",
"All topics",
"Social sciences",
"Fundamental",
"Sciences"
],
"source": "w"
},
{
"_dis": "45 55",
"kind": "other",
"name": "English undefined derivations",
"parents": [
"Undefined derivations",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"ref": "1856, Independent Order of Odd Fellows, Odd Fellows' Literary Casket, volumes 6-7, page 360",
"text": "A few types have a portion of the face letter projecting over the body, as in the letter f ; this projection is called the kern, and in combination with other letters the projecting part generally extends over the next letter, as in fe. In those combinations, wherein the kern would come in contact with another letter, compound types are cast, as in the case of ff, fi, fl, ffi, ffl.",
"type": "quotation"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Any part of a letter which extends into the space used by another letter."
],
"id": "en-kern-en-noun-en:letter",
"links": [
[
"printing",
"printing#Noun"
],
[
"typography",
"typography"
]
],
"qualifier": "hot metal printing",
"raw_glosses": [
"(hot metal printing, typography) Any part of a letter which extends into the space used by another letter."
],
"senseid": [
"en:letter"
],
"topics": [
"media",
"publishing",
"typography"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/kɜːn/",
"tags": [
"Received-Pronunciation"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/kɝn/",
"tags": [
"General-American"
]
},
{
"rhymes": "-ɜː(ɹ)n"
},
{
"audio": "LL-Q1860 (eng)-Vealhurl-kern.wav",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/c/c0/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-kern.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-kern.wav.mp3",
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"tags": [
"Southern-England"
],
"text": "Audio (Southern England)"
}
],
"synonyms": [
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "kerne"
}
],
"wikipedia": [
"kerning"
],
"word": "kern"
}
{
"etymology_number": 2,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "fr",
"3": "carne",
"4": "",
"5": "corner; projecting angle; quill of a pen"
},
"expansion": "French carne (“corner; projecting angle; quill of a pen”)",
"name": "uder"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "cardinem",
"3": "",
"4": "hinge"
},
"expansion": "Latin cardinem (“hinge”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "kerned"
},
"expansion": "kerned",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "cardo"
},
"expansion": "Doublet of cardo",
"name": "doublet"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From French carne (“corner; projecting angle; quill of a pen”), from Latin cardinem (“hinge”) or from Etymology 1. The verb is a back-formation from kerned, which is from the noun. Doublet of cardo.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "kerns",
"tags": [
"present",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "kerning",
"tags": [
"participle",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "kerned",
"tags": [
"participle",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "kerned",
"tags": [
"past"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "kern (third-person singular simple present kerns, present participle kerning, simple past and past participle kerned)",
"name": "en-verb"
}
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "verb",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "topical",
"langcode": "en",
"name": "Typography",
"orig": "en:Typography",
"parents": [
"Printing",
"Writing",
"Industries",
"Human behaviour",
"Language",
"Business",
"Human",
"Communication",
"Economics",
"Society",
"All topics",
"Social sciences",
"Fundamental",
"Sciences"
],
"source": "w"
},
{
"_dis": "45 55",
"kind": "other",
"name": "English undefined derivations",
"parents": [
"Undefined derivations",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"derived": [
{
"word": "kern pair"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"ref": "2001, Constance J. Sidles, Graphic Designer's Digital Printing and PrePress Handbook, page 51",
"text": "If you need to kern anything beyond the most commonly used pairs, you can use applications software such as Adobe PageMaker to customize pairs.",
"type": "quotation"
},
{
"ref": "2001, Bill Camarda, Special Edition Using Microsoft Word 2002, page 122",
"text": "Especially consider kerning if you are printing on a relatively high-resolution printer, such as a 600-dpi (dots per inch) laser printer.",
"type": "quotation"
},
{
"ref": "2006, Tova Rabinowitz, Exploring Typography, page 320",
"text": "Remember, the goal of kerning is to make letter pairs look natural, not necessarily to minimize letterspaces.",
"type": "quotation"
},
{
"ref": "2008, Terry Rydberg, Exploring Adobe InDesign CS4, page 98",
"text": "You should kern letter pairs when spacing between characters is too wide or too narrow.",
"type": "quotation"
}
],
"glosses": [
"To adjust the horizontal space between selected pairs of letters (characters or glyphs); to perform such adjustments to a portion of text, according to preset rules."
],
"id": "en-kern-en-verb-ohA6-Lxc",
"links": [
[
"typography",
"typography"
],
[
"glyph",
"glyph"
]
],
"qualifier": "chiefly proportional font printing",
"raw_glosses": [
"(typography, chiefly proportional font printing) To adjust the horizontal space between selected pairs of letters (characters or glyphs); to perform such adjustments to a portion of text, according to preset rules."
],
"topics": [
"media",
"publishing",
"typography"
],
"translations": [
{
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "to adjust the horizontal space between selected pairs of letters",
"word": "välistää"
},
{
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "to adjust the horizontal space between selected pairs of letters",
"word": "välistää parit"
},
{
"code": "hu",
"lang": "Hungarian",
"sense": "to adjust the horizontal space between selected pairs of letters",
"word": "egalizál"
}
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/kɜːn/",
"tags": [
"Received-Pronunciation"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/kɝn/",
"tags": [
"General-American"
]
},
{
"rhymes": "-ɜː(ɹ)n"
},
{
"audio": "LL-Q1860 (eng)-Vealhurl-kern.wav",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/c/c0/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-kern.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-kern.wav.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/c/c0/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-kern.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-kern.wav.ogg",
"tags": [
"Southern-England"
],
"text": "Audio (Southern England)"
}
],
"synonyms": [
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "kerne"
}
],
"wikipedia": [
"kerning"
],
"word": "kern"
}
{
"etymology_number": 3,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "soldier"
},
"expansion": "table",
"name": "etymid"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "enm",
"3": "kerne"
},
"expansion": "Middle English kerne",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "mga",
"3": "ceithern"
},
"expansion": "Middle Irish ceithern",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "quaternion"
},
"expansion": "Doublet of quaternion",
"name": "doublet"
}
],
"etymology_text": "table\nFrom Middle English kerne, from Middle Irish ceithern. Doublet of quaternion.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "kerns",
"tags": [
"plural"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "kern (plural kerns)",
"name": "en-noun"
}
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "0 0 0 12 4 34 20 21 2 3 4",
"kind": "topical",
"langcode": "en",
"name": "People",
"orig": "en:People",
"parents": [
"Human",
"All topics",
"Fundamental"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"ref": "1810, The Lady of the Lake, Walter Scott, 4.XVIII",
"text": "‘O haste thee, and from Allan learn / If thou mayst trust yon wily kern.’",
"type": "quotation"
},
{
"ref": "1908, Sabine Baring-Gould, Devonshire Characters and Strange Events: \"Lusty\" Stucley",
"text": "There he entertained Shan O'Neil, a famous, turbulent chief from Ireland, who late in this year visited Elizabeth's Court, where his train of kerns and gallowglasses, clothed in linen kilts dyed with saffron, made a great impression.",
"type": "quotation"
},
{
"ref": "1975, Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy, page 184",
"text": "In the pay-roll of Sir Ralph D'Ufford's expeditions in 1344, a mounted archer received 4d. a day, a foot archer 2d. and a kern, or simple foot-soldier 1d.13s \"",
"type": "quotation"
}
],
"glosses": [
"A light-armed foot soldier of the ancient militia of Ireland and Scotland; in archaic contexts often used as a term of contempt."
],
"id": "en-kern-en-noun-k5lczAmR",
"links": [
[
"militia",
"militia"
]
],
"qualifier": "archaic or historical",
"raw_glosses": [
"(archaic or historical) A light-armed foot soldier of the ancient militia of Ireland and Scotland; in archaic contexts often used as a term of contempt."
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Irish English",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"_dis": "5 11 3 15 10 6 22 7 3 7 10",
"kind": "other",
"name": "English entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "6 8 3 9 7 8 34 6 3 7 8",
"kind": "other",
"name": "English entries with topic categories using raw markup",
"parents": [
"Entries with topic categories using raw markup",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"ref": "1828, R. Carlile, “Judgment of the Court of King's Bench on the Reverend Robert Taylor”, in The Lion, volume 1, number 3, page 170",
"text": "Yet it was held that the testimony of the common beadle of the parish, an officer of police, a vulgar, stupid kern, who stood before your own eyes, a very dolt to look on, in all the stark-staring hebetude of just wit enough to be spiteful—was to be credited as to the sense and meaning of an oration, his understanding was to be respected, and his representation trusted, where the Lord Chief Justice of England was in error.",
"type": "quotation"
},
{
"ref": "1903, James Duff Law, Here and There in Two Hemispheres, page 105",
"text": "To think that such a lowly kern Should dare to dream to be allied By wedlock to a royal bairn!",
"type": "quotation"
},
{
"ref": "1921, Seumas MacManus, The Story of the Irish Race, page 671",
"text": "The kern was much puzzled, for never before had he known food bought or sold.",
"type": "quotation"
},
{
"ref": "1971, Denis Main Ross Esson, The Curse of Cromwell, page 56",
"text": "The garrison were certain the Irish had no suitable equipment, that its manufacture was beyond the ignorant kern, and that it could not be bought for lack of funds.",
"type": "quotation"
},
{
"ref": "2010, Rory Clements, Revenger",
"text": "Watch his impudent boldness with great men – you would not think that Essex was the premier Earl and that McGunn was the lowly kern from the boglands of Ireland.",
"type": "quotation"
}
],
"glosses": [
"A boor; a low person."
],
"id": "en-kern-en-noun-TNgo~-ow",
"links": [
[
"boor",
"boor"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(obsolete or Ireland) A boor; a low person."
],
"tags": [
"Ireland",
"obsolete"
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "British English",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"ref": "1856, William Edmondstoune Aytoun, Bothwell",
"text": "The villain kernes Who keep me fettered here.",
"type": "quotation"
}
],
"glosses": [
"An idler; a vagabond."
],
"id": "en-kern-en-noun-Wu5tOwwm",
"links": [
[
"idler",
"idler"
],
[
"vagabond",
"vagabond"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(obsolete, UK) An idler; a vagabond."
],
"tags": [
"UK",
"obsolete"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/kɜːn/",
"tags": [
"Received-Pronunciation"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/kɝn/",
"tags": [
"General-American"
]
},
{
"rhymes": "-ɜː(ɹ)n"
},
{
"audio": "LL-Q1860 (eng)-Vealhurl-kern.wav",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/c/c0/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-kern.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-kern.wav.mp3",
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"tags": [
"Southern-England"
],
"text": "Audio (Southern England)"
}
],
"synonyms": [
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "kerne"
}
],
"wikipedia": [
"kern (soldier)"
],
"word": "kern"
}
{
"etymology_number": 4,
"forms": [
{
"form": "kerns",
"tags": [
"plural"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "kern (plural kerns)",
"name": "en-noun"
}
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"alt_of": [
{
"word": "quern"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Alternative form of quern"
],
"id": "en-kern-en-noun-FMDFJaqC",
"links": [
[
"quern",
"quern#English"
]
],
"tags": [
"alt-of",
"alternative"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/kɜːn/",
"tags": [
"Received-Pronunciation"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/kɝn/",
"tags": [
"General-American"
]
},
{
"rhymes": "-ɜː(ɹ)n"
},
{
"audio": "LL-Q1860 (eng)-Vealhurl-kern.wav",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/c/c0/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-kern.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-kern.wav.mp3",
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"tags": [
"Southern-England"
],
"text": "Audio (Southern England)"
}
],
"word": "kern"
}
{
"etymology_number": 5,
"forms": [
{
"form": "kerns",
"tags": [
"plural"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "kern (plural kerns)",
"name": "en-noun"
}
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"glosses": [
"A churn."
],
"id": "en-kern-en-noun-Zt3Tyo7R",
"links": [
[
"churn",
"churn"
]
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/kɜːn/",
"tags": [
"Received-Pronunciation"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/kɝn/",
"tags": [
"General-American"
]
},
{
"rhymes": "-ɜː(ɹ)n"
},
{
"audio": "LL-Q1860 (eng)-Vealhurl-kern.wav",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/c/c0/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-kern.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-kern.wav.mp3",
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"tags": [
"Southern-England"
],
"text": "Audio (Southern England)"
}
],
"word": "kern"
}
{
"categories": [
"English 1-syllable words",
"English countable nouns",
"English entries with incorrect language header",
"English entries with topic categories using raw markup",
"English lemmas",
"English nouns",
"English terms derived from Middle English",
"English terms inherited from Middle English",
"English terms with IPA pronunciation",
"English terms with audio links",
"English uncountable nouns",
"Rhymes:English/ɜː(ɹ)n",
"en:People"
],
"derived": [
{
"word": "kern-baby"
}
],
"etymology_number": 1,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "enm",
"3": "curn"
},
"expansion": "Middle English curn",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "cooren"
},
"expansion": "cooren",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "corn"
},
"expansion": "Middle English corn",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "corn"
},
"expansion": "English corn",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "nl",
"2": "kern"
},
"expansion": "Dutch kern",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "goh",
"2": "kerno"
},
"expansion": "Old High German kerno",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "goh",
"2": "cherno"
},
"expansion": "cherno",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "gmh",
"2": "kerne"
},
"expansion": "Middle High German kerne",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "gmh",
"2": "kern"
},
"expansion": "kern",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "de",
"2": "Kern",
"3": "",
"4": "core, kernel"
},
"expansion": "German Kern (“core, kernel”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "non",
"2": "kjarni"
},
"expansion": "Old Norse kjarni",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "is",
"2": "kjarni"
},
"expansion": "Icelandic kjarni",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "da",
"2": "kjerne"
},
"expansion": "Danish kjerne",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "sv",
"2": "kärna",
"3": "",
"4": "core, kernel"
},
"expansion": "Swedish kärna (“core, kernel”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "kernel"
},
"expansion": "kernel",
"name": "m"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Middle English curn, cooren, variant forms of Middle English corn, see English corn and also Dutch kern, Old High German kerno, cherno, Middle High German kerne, kern, German Kern (“core, kernel”), Old Norse kjarni, Icelandic kjarni, Danish kjerne, Swedish kärna (“core, kernel”); see also kernel.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "kerns",
"tags": [
"plural"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "~"
},
"expansion": "kern (countable and uncountable, plural kerns)",
"name": "en-noun"
}
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "noun",
"related": [
{
"word": "kernel"
}
],
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"English dialectal terms",
"English terms with obsolete senses"
],
"glosses": [
"A corn; grain; kernel."
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(obsolete or dialect) A corn; grain; kernel."
],
"tags": [
"countable",
"dialectal",
"obsolete",
"uncountable"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"English dialectal terms",
"English terms with obsolete senses"
],
"glosses": [
"The last handful or sheaf reaped at the harvest."
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(obsolete or dialect) The last handful or sheaf reaped at the harvest."
],
"tags": [
"countable",
"dialectal",
"obsolete",
"uncountable"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"English dialectal terms",
"English terms with obsolete senses"
],
"glosses": [
"The harvest home."
],
"links": [
[
"harvest home",
"harvest home"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(obsolete or dialect) The harvest home."
],
"tags": [
"countable",
"dialectal",
"obsolete",
"uncountable"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"English dialectal terms",
"English terms with obsolete senses"
],
"glosses": [
"A doll or figurine raised in celebration of a successful harvest; kern-baby."
],
"links": [
[
"kern-baby",
"kern-baby"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(obsolete or dialect) A doll or figurine raised in celebration of a successful harvest; kern-baby."
],
"tags": [
"countable",
"dialectal",
"obsolete",
"uncountable"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/kɜːn/",
"tags": [
"Received-Pronunciation"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/kɝn/",
"tags": [
"General-American"
]
},
{
"rhymes": "-ɜː(ɹ)n"
},
{
"audio": "LL-Q1860 (eng)-Vealhurl-kern.wav",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/c/c0/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-kern.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-kern.wav.mp3",
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"tags": [
"Southern-England"
],
"text": "Audio (Southern England)"
}
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "kirn"
},
{
"tags": [
"Scotland"
],
"word": "curn"
}
],
"word": "kern"
}
{
"categories": [
"English 1-syllable words",
"English countable nouns",
"English doublets",
"English entries with incorrect language header",
"English entries with topic categories using raw markup",
"English lemmas",
"English nouns",
"English terms derived from French",
"English terms with IPA pronunciation",
"English terms with audio links",
"English undefined derivations",
"English verbs",
"Rhymes:English/ɜː(ɹ)n",
"en:People"
],
"etymology_number": 2,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "fr",
"3": "carne",
"4": "",
"5": "corner; projecting angle; quill of a pen"
},
"expansion": "French carne (“corner; projecting angle; quill of a pen”)",
"name": "uder"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "cardinem",
"3": "",
"4": "hinge"
},
"expansion": "Latin cardinem (“hinge”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "kerned"
},
"expansion": "kerned",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "cardo"
},
"expansion": "Doublet of cardo",
"name": "doublet"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From French carne (“corner; projecting angle; quill of a pen”), from Latin cardinem (“hinge”) or from Etymology 1. The verb is a back-formation from kerned, which is from the noun. Doublet of cardo.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "kerns",
"tags": [
"plural"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "kern (plural kerns)",
"name": "en-noun"
}
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"English terms with quotations",
"en:Printing",
"en:Typography"
],
"examples": [
{
"ref": "1856, Independent Order of Odd Fellows, Odd Fellows' Literary Casket, volumes 6-7, page 360",
"text": "A few types have a portion of the face letter projecting over the body, as in the letter f ; this projection is called the kern, and in combination with other letters the projecting part generally extends over the next letter, as in fe. In those combinations, wherein the kern would come in contact with another letter, compound types are cast, as in the case of ff, fi, fl, ffi, ffl.",
"type": "quotation"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Any part of a letter which extends into the space used by another letter."
],
"links": [
[
"printing",
"printing#Noun"
],
[
"typography",
"typography"
]
],
"qualifier": "hot metal printing",
"raw_glosses": [
"(hot metal printing, typography) Any part of a letter which extends into the space used by another letter."
],
"senseid": [
"en:letter"
],
"topics": [
"media",
"publishing",
"typography"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/kɜːn/",
"tags": [
"Received-Pronunciation"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/kɝn/",
"tags": [
"General-American"
]
},
{
"rhymes": "-ɜː(ɹ)n"
},
{
"audio": "LL-Q1860 (eng)-Vealhurl-kern.wav",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/c/c0/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-kern.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-kern.wav.mp3",
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"tags": [
"Southern-England"
],
"text": "Audio (Southern England)"
}
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "kerne"
}
],
"wikipedia": [
"kerning"
],
"word": "kern"
}
{
"categories": [
"English 1-syllable words",
"English countable nouns",
"English doublets",
"English entries with incorrect language header",
"English entries with topic categories using raw markup",
"English lemmas",
"English nouns",
"English terms derived from French",
"English terms with IPA pronunciation",
"English terms with audio links",
"English undefined derivations",
"English verbs",
"Rhymes:English/ɜː(ɹ)n",
"en:People"
],
"derived": [
{
"word": "kern pair"
}
],
"etymology_number": 2,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "fr",
"3": "carne",
"4": "",
"5": "corner; projecting angle; quill of a pen"
},
"expansion": "French carne (“corner; projecting angle; quill of a pen”)",
"name": "uder"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "cardinem",
"3": "",
"4": "hinge"
},
"expansion": "Latin cardinem (“hinge”)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "kerned"
},
"expansion": "kerned",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "cardo"
},
"expansion": "Doublet of cardo",
"name": "doublet"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From French carne (“corner; projecting angle; quill of a pen”), from Latin cardinem (“hinge”) or from Etymology 1. The verb is a back-formation from kerned, which is from the noun. Doublet of cardo.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "kerns",
"tags": [
"present",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "kerning",
"tags": [
"participle",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "kerned",
"tags": [
"participle",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "kerned",
"tags": [
"past"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "kern (third-person singular simple present kerns, present participle kerning, simple past and past participle kerned)",
"name": "en-verb"
}
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "verb",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"English terms with quotations",
"en:Typography"
],
"examples": [
{
"ref": "2001, Constance J. Sidles, Graphic Designer's Digital Printing and PrePress Handbook, page 51",
"text": "If you need to kern anything beyond the most commonly used pairs, you can use applications software such as Adobe PageMaker to customize pairs.",
"type": "quotation"
},
{
"ref": "2001, Bill Camarda, Special Edition Using Microsoft Word 2002, page 122",
"text": "Especially consider kerning if you are printing on a relatively high-resolution printer, such as a 600-dpi (dots per inch) laser printer.",
"type": "quotation"
},
{
"ref": "2006, Tova Rabinowitz, Exploring Typography, page 320",
"text": "Remember, the goal of kerning is to make letter pairs look natural, not necessarily to minimize letterspaces.",
"type": "quotation"
},
{
"ref": "2008, Terry Rydberg, Exploring Adobe InDesign CS4, page 98",
"text": "You should kern letter pairs when spacing between characters is too wide or too narrow.",
"type": "quotation"
}
],
"glosses": [
"To adjust the horizontal space between selected pairs of letters (characters or glyphs); to perform such adjustments to a portion of text, according to preset rules."
],
"links": [
[
"typography",
"typography"
],
[
"glyph",
"glyph"
]
],
"qualifier": "chiefly proportional font printing",
"raw_glosses": [
"(typography, chiefly proportional font printing) To adjust the horizontal space between selected pairs of letters (characters or glyphs); to perform such adjustments to a portion of text, according to preset rules."
],
"topics": [
"media",
"publishing",
"typography"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/kɜːn/",
"tags": [
"Received-Pronunciation"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/kɝn/",
"tags": [
"General-American"
]
},
{
"rhymes": "-ɜː(ɹ)n"
},
{
"audio": "LL-Q1860 (eng)-Vealhurl-kern.wav",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/c/c0/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-kern.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-kern.wav.mp3",
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"tags": [
"Southern-England"
],
"text": "Audio (Southern England)"
}
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "kerne"
}
],
"translations": [
{
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "to adjust the horizontal space between selected pairs of letters",
"word": "välistää"
},
{
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "to adjust the horizontal space between selected pairs of letters",
"word": "välistää parit"
},
{
"code": "hu",
"lang": "Hungarian",
"sense": "to adjust the horizontal space between selected pairs of letters",
"word": "egalizál"
}
],
"wikipedia": [
"kerning"
],
"word": "kern"
}
{
"categories": [
"English 1-syllable words",
"English countable nouns",
"English doublets",
"English entries with incorrect language header",
"English entries with topic categories using raw markup",
"English lemmas",
"English nouns",
"English terms derived from Middle English",
"English terms derived from Middle Irish",
"English terms inherited from Middle English",
"English terms with IPA pronunciation",
"English terms with audio links",
"Rhymes:English/ɜː(ɹ)n",
"en:People"
],
"etymology_number": 3,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "soldier"
},
"expansion": "table",
"name": "etymid"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "enm",
"3": "kerne"
},
"expansion": "Middle English kerne",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "mga",
"3": "ceithern"
},
"expansion": "Middle Irish ceithern",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "quaternion"
},
"expansion": "Doublet of quaternion",
"name": "doublet"
}
],
"etymology_text": "table\nFrom Middle English kerne, from Middle Irish ceithern. Doublet of quaternion.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "kerns",
"tags": [
"plural"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "kern (plural kerns)",
"name": "en-noun"
}
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"English terms with archaic senses",
"English terms with historical senses",
"English terms with quotations",
"Quotation templates to be cleaned"
],
"examples": [
{
"ref": "1810, The Lady of the Lake, Walter Scott, 4.XVIII",
"text": "‘O haste thee, and from Allan learn / If thou mayst trust yon wily kern.’",
"type": "quotation"
},
{
"ref": "1908, Sabine Baring-Gould, Devonshire Characters and Strange Events: \"Lusty\" Stucley",
"text": "There he entertained Shan O'Neil, a famous, turbulent chief from Ireland, who late in this year visited Elizabeth's Court, where his train of kerns and gallowglasses, clothed in linen kilts dyed with saffron, made a great impression.",
"type": "quotation"
},
{
"ref": "1975, Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy, page 184",
"text": "In the pay-roll of Sir Ralph D'Ufford's expeditions in 1344, a mounted archer received 4d. a day, a foot archer 2d. and a kern, or simple foot-soldier 1d.13s \"",
"type": "quotation"
}
],
"glosses": [
"A light-armed foot soldier of the ancient militia of Ireland and Scotland; in archaic contexts often used as a term of contempt."
],
"links": [
[
"militia",
"militia"
]
],
"qualifier": "archaic or historical",
"raw_glosses": [
"(archaic or historical) A light-armed foot soldier of the ancient militia of Ireland and Scotland; in archaic contexts often used as a term of contempt."
]
},
{
"categories": [
"English terms with obsolete senses",
"English terms with quotations",
"Irish English"
],
"examples": [
{
"ref": "1828, R. Carlile, “Judgment of the Court of King's Bench on the Reverend Robert Taylor”, in The Lion, volume 1, number 3, page 170",
"text": "Yet it was held that the testimony of the common beadle of the parish, an officer of police, a vulgar, stupid kern, who stood before your own eyes, a very dolt to look on, in all the stark-staring hebetude of just wit enough to be spiteful—was to be credited as to the sense and meaning of an oration, his understanding was to be respected, and his representation trusted, where the Lord Chief Justice of England was in error.",
"type": "quotation"
},
{
"ref": "1903, James Duff Law, Here and There in Two Hemispheres, page 105",
"text": "To think that such a lowly kern Should dare to dream to be allied By wedlock to a royal bairn!",
"type": "quotation"
},
{
"ref": "1921, Seumas MacManus, The Story of the Irish Race, page 671",
"text": "The kern was much puzzled, for never before had he known food bought or sold.",
"type": "quotation"
},
{
"ref": "1971, Denis Main Ross Esson, The Curse of Cromwell, page 56",
"text": "The garrison were certain the Irish had no suitable equipment, that its manufacture was beyond the ignorant kern, and that it could not be bought for lack of funds.",
"type": "quotation"
},
{
"ref": "2010, Rory Clements, Revenger",
"text": "Watch his impudent boldness with great men – you would not think that Essex was the premier Earl and that McGunn was the lowly kern from the boglands of Ireland.",
"type": "quotation"
}
],
"glosses": [
"A boor; a low person."
],
"links": [
[
"boor",
"boor"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(obsolete or Ireland) A boor; a low person."
],
"tags": [
"Ireland",
"obsolete"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"British English",
"English terms with obsolete senses",
"English terms with quotations"
],
"examples": [
{
"ref": "1856, William Edmondstoune Aytoun, Bothwell",
"text": "The villain kernes Who keep me fettered here.",
"type": "quotation"
}
],
"glosses": [
"An idler; a vagabond."
],
"links": [
[
"idler",
"idler"
],
[
"vagabond",
"vagabond"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(obsolete, UK) An idler; a vagabond."
],
"tags": [
"UK",
"obsolete"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/kɜːn/",
"tags": [
"Received-Pronunciation"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/kɝn/",
"tags": [
"General-American"
]
},
{
"rhymes": "-ɜː(ɹ)n"
},
{
"audio": "LL-Q1860 (eng)-Vealhurl-kern.wav",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/c/c0/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-kern.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-kern.wav.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/c/c0/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-kern.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-kern.wav.ogg",
"tags": [
"Southern-England"
],
"text": "Audio (Southern England)"
}
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "kerne"
}
],
"wikipedia": [
"kern (soldier)"
],
"word": "kern"
}
{
"categories": [
"English 1-syllable words",
"English countable nouns",
"English entries with incorrect language header",
"English entries with topic categories using raw markup",
"English lemmas",
"English nouns",
"English terms with IPA pronunciation",
"English terms with audio links",
"Rhymes:English/ɜː(ɹ)n",
"en:People"
],
"etymology_number": 4,
"forms": [
{
"form": "kerns",
"tags": [
"plural"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "kern (plural kerns)",
"name": "en-noun"
}
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"alt_of": [
{
"word": "quern"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Alternative form of quern"
],
"links": [
[
"quern",
"quern#English"
]
],
"tags": [
"alt-of",
"alternative"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/kɜːn/",
"tags": [
"Received-Pronunciation"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/kɝn/",
"tags": [
"General-American"
]
},
{
"rhymes": "-ɜː(ɹ)n"
},
{
"audio": "LL-Q1860 (eng)-Vealhurl-kern.wav",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/c/c0/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-kern.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-kern.wav.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/c/c0/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-kern.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-kern.wav.ogg",
"tags": [
"Southern-England"
],
"text": "Audio (Southern England)"
}
],
"word": "kern"
}
{
"categories": [
"English 1-syllable words",
"English countable nouns",
"English entries with incorrect language header",
"English entries with topic categories using raw markup",
"English lemmas",
"English nouns",
"English terms with IPA pronunciation",
"English terms with audio links",
"Rhymes:English/ɜː(ɹ)n",
"en:People"
],
"etymology_number": 5,
"forms": [
{
"form": "kerns",
"tags": [
"plural"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "kern (plural kerns)",
"name": "en-noun"
}
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"glosses": [
"A churn."
],
"links": [
[
"churn",
"churn"
]
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/kɜːn/",
"tags": [
"Received-Pronunciation"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/kɝn/",
"tags": [
"General-American"
]
},
{
"rhymes": "-ɜː(ɹ)n"
},
{
"audio": "LL-Q1860 (eng)-Vealhurl-kern.wav",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/c/c0/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-kern.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-kern.wav.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/c/c0/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-kern.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-kern.wav.ogg",
"tags": [
"Southern-England"
],
"text": "Audio (Southern England)"
}
],
"word": "kern"
}
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable English dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2024-04-26 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2024-04-21 using wiktextract (93a6c53 and 21a9316). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.