See polish in All languages combined, or Wiktionary
{
"derived": [
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"word": "depolish"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"word": "expolish"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"word": "apple-polish"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"word": "French polish"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"word": "furniture polish"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"word": "glacial polish"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"word": "nail polish"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"word": "polish remover"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"word": "shoe polish"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"word": "spit and polish"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"word": "stove polish"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"word": "varnish polish"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "repolish"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*pel- (beat)"
},
"expansion": "",
"name": "root"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "enm",
"3": "polishen"
},
"expansion": "Middle English polishen",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "fro",
"3": "-"
},
"expansion": "Old French",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "la",
"3": "polio",
"4": "polīre",
"5": "to polish, make smooth"
},
"expansion": "Latin polīre (“to polish, make smooth”)",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*pelh₂-",
"4": "",
"5": "to drive, strike, thrust"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *pelh₂- (“to drive, strike, thrust”)",
"name": "der"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Middle English polishen, from Old French poliss-, stem of some of the conjugated forms of polir, from Latin polīre (“to polish, make smooth”), from Proto-Indo-European *pelh₂- (“to drive, strike, thrust”), from the notion of fulling cloth.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "polishes",
"tags": [
"plural"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "~"
},
"expansion": "polish (countable and uncountable, plural polishes)",
"name": "en-noun"
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],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "noun",
"related": [
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"word": "polissoir"
}
],
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "13 28 23 24 2 1 1 7",
"kind": "topical",
"langcode": "en",
"name": "Hygiene",
"orig": "en:Hygiene",
"parents": [
"Health",
"Body",
"All topics",
"Fundamental"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"text": "A good silver polish will remove tarnish easily.",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"A substance used to polish."
],
"id": "en-polish-en-noun-Mi9bdgqx",
"links": [
[
"substance",
"substance"
]
],
"synonyms": [
{
"_dis1": "94 3 3",
"sense": "substance",
"word": "wax"
}
],
"tags": [
"countable",
"uncountable"
],
"translations": [
{
"_dis1": "98 1 1",
"code": "hy",
"lang": "Armenian",
"roman": "lakʻ",
"sense": "substance used to polish",
"word": "լաք"
},
{
"_dis1": "98 1 1",
"code": "bg",
"lang": "Bulgarian",
"roman": "lak",
"sense": "substance used to polish",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "лак"
},
{
"_dis1": "98 1 1",
"code": "bg",
"lang": "Bulgarian",
"roman": "glanc",
"sense": "substance used to polish",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "гланц"
},
{
"_dis1": "98 1 1",
"code": "bg",
"lang": "Bulgarian",
"roman": "politura",
"sense": "substance used to polish",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "политура"
},
{
"_dis1": "98 1 1",
"code": "ca",
"lang": "Catalan",
"sense": "substance used to polish",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "poliment"
},
{
"_dis1": "98 1 1",
"code": "cs",
"lang": "Czech",
"sense": "substance used to polish",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "leštidlo"
},
{
"_dis1": "98 1 1",
"code": "da",
"lang": "Danish",
"sense": "substance used to polish",
"tags": [
"common-gender"
],
"word": "pudsecreme"
},
{
"_dis1": "98 1 1",
"code": "da",
"lang": "Danish",
"sense": "substance used to polish",
"tags": [
"common-gender"
],
"word": "politur"
},
{
"_dis1": "98 1 1",
"code": "nl",
"lang": "Dutch",
"sense": "substance used to polish",
"word": "poets"
},
{
"_dis1": "98 1 1",
"code": "nl",
"lang": "Dutch",
"sense": "substance used to polish",
"word": "poetsmiddel"
},
{
"_dis1": "98 1 1",
"code": "eo",
"lang": "Esperanto",
"sense": "substance used to polish",
"word": "polurilo"
},
{
"_dis1": "98 1 1",
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "substance used to polish",
"word": "kiillote"
},
{
"_dis1": "98 1 1",
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "substance used to polish",
"word": "kiillotusaine"
},
{
"_dis1": "98 1 1",
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "substance used to polish",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "vernis"
},
{
"_dis1": "98 1 1",
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "substance used to polish",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "Politur"
},
{
"_dis1": "98 1 1",
"code": "id",
"lang": "Indonesian",
"sense": "substance used to polish",
"word": "poles"
},
{
"_dis1": "98 1 1",
"code": "it",
"lang": "Italian",
"sense": "substance used to polish",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "lucido"
},
{
"_dis1": "98 1 1",
"code": "it",
"lang": "Italian",
"sense": "substance used to polish",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "cera"
},
{
"_dis1": "98 1 1",
"code": "ja",
"lang": "Japanese",
"roman": "kenma-zai",
"sense": "substance used to polish",
"word": "研磨剤"
},
{
"_dis1": "98 1 1",
"code": "fa",
"lang": "Persian",
"roman": "poliš",
"sense": "substance used to polish",
"word": "پولیش"
},
{
"_dis1": "98 1 1",
"code": "pl",
"lang": "Polish",
"sense": "substance used to polish",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "pasta do polerowania"
},
{
"_dis1": "98 1 1",
"code": "pt",
"lang": "Portuguese",
"sense": "substance used to polish",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "cera"
},
{
"_dis1": "98 1 1",
"code": "pt",
"lang": "Portuguese",
"sense": "substance used to polish",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "graxa"
},
{
"_dis1": "98 1 1",
"code": "ro",
"lang": "Romanian",
"sense": "substance used to polish",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "pastă de lustruit"
},
{
"_dis1": "98 1 1",
"code": "gd",
"lang": "Scottish Gaelic",
"sense": "substance used to polish",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "lìomh"
},
{
"_dis1": "98 1 1",
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "substance used to polish",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "pulidor"
},
{
"_dis1": "98 1 1",
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "substance used to polish",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "abrillantador"
},
{
"_dis1": "98 1 1",
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "substance used to polish",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "pulimento"
},
{
"_dis1": "98 1 1",
"code": "es",
"english": "shoe polish",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "substance used to polish",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "betún"
},
{
"_dis1": "98 1 1",
"code": "sv",
"lang": "Swedish",
"sense": "substance used to polish",
"word": "polityr"
},
{
"_dis1": "98 1 1",
"code": "sv",
"lang": "Swedish",
"sense": "substance used to polish",
"word": "polermedel"
},
{
"_dis1": "98 1 1",
"code": "sv",
"lang": "Swedish",
"sense": "substance used to polish",
"word": "putsmedel"
},
{
"_dis1": "98 1 1",
"code": "tr",
"lang": "Turkish",
"sense": "substance used to polish",
"word": "parlatma maddesi"
}
]
},
{
"categories": [
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"text": "The floor was waxed to a high polish.",
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],
"glosses": [
"Cleanliness; smoothness, shininess."
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"id": "en-polish-en-noun-ox48w4jf",
"links": [
[
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"cleanliness"
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"synonyms": [
{
"_dis1": "2 96 2",
"sense": "smoothness, shininess",
"word": "finish"
},
{
"_dis1": "2 96 2",
"sense": "smoothness, shininess",
"word": "sheen"
},
{
"_dis1": "2 96 2",
"sense": "smoothness, shininess",
"word": "shine"
},
{
"_dis1": "2 96 2",
"sense": "smoothness, shininess",
"word": "shininess"
},
{
"_dis1": "2 96 2",
"sense": "smoothness, shininess",
"word": "smoothness"
}
],
"tags": [
"countable",
"uncountable"
],
"translations": [
{
"_dis1": "1 91 8",
"code": "bg",
"lang": "Bulgarian",
"roman": "lǎskavina",
"sense": "cleanliness; smoothness; shininess",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "лъскавина"
},
{
"_dis1": "1 91 8",
"code": "bg",
"lang": "Bulgarian",
"roman": "bljasǎk",
"sense": "cleanliness; smoothness; shininess",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "блясък"
},
{
"_dis1": "1 91 8",
"code": "da",
"lang": "Danish",
"sense": "cleanliness; smoothness; shininess",
"tags": [
"common-gender"
],
"word": "glans"
},
{
"_dis1": "1 91 8",
"code": "da",
"lang": "Danish",
"sense": "cleanliness; smoothness; shininess",
"tags": [
"common-gender"
],
"word": "glathed"
},
{
"_dis1": "1 91 8",
"code": "nl",
"lang": "Dutch",
"sense": "cleanliness; smoothness; shininess",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "glans"
},
{
"_dis1": "1 91 8",
"code": "eo",
"lang": "Esperanto",
"sense": "cleanliness; smoothness; shininess",
"word": "poluro"
},
{
"_dis1": "1 91 8",
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "cleanliness; smoothness; shininess",
"word": "(shininess) kiilto"
},
{
"_dis1": "1 91 8",
"code": "fi",
"english": "smoothness",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "cleanliness; smoothness; shininess",
"word": "tasaisuus"
},
{
"_dis1": "1 91 8",
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "cleanliness; smoothness; shininess",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "Glanz"
},
{
"_dis1": "1 91 8",
"code": "it",
"lang": "Italian",
"sense": "cleanliness; smoothness; shininess",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "lucidità"
},
{
"_dis1": "1 91 8",
"code": "it",
"lang": "Italian",
"sense": "cleanliness; smoothness; shininess",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "lucentezza"
},
{
"_dis1": "1 91 8",
"code": "it",
"lang": "Italian",
"sense": "cleanliness; smoothness; shininess",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "brillantezza"
},
{
"_dis1": "1 91 8",
"code": "it",
"lang": "Italian",
"sense": "cleanliness; smoothness; shininess",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "levigatezza"
},
{
"_dis1": "1 91 8",
"code": "ja",
"english": "cleanliness",
"lang": "Japanese",
"roman": "kirei",
"sense": "cleanliness; smoothness; shininess",
"word": "綺麗"
},
{
"_dis1": "1 91 8",
"code": "ja",
"lang": "Japanese",
"roman": "kiyoraka",
"sense": "cleanliness; smoothness; shininess",
"word": "清らか"
},
{
"_dis1": "1 91 8",
"code": "ja",
"lang": "Japanese",
"roman": "seiketsu",
"sense": "cleanliness; smoothness; shininess",
"word": "清潔"
},
{
"_dis1": "1 91 8",
"code": "ja",
"english": "smoothness",
"lang": "Japanese",
"roman": "taira",
"sense": "cleanliness; smoothness; shininess",
"word": "平ら"
},
{
"_dis1": "1 91 8",
"code": "ja",
"lang": "Japanese",
"roman": "heitan",
"sense": "cleanliness; smoothness; shininess",
"word": "平坦"
},
{
"_dis1": "1 91 8",
"code": "ja",
"lang": "Japanese",
"roman": "shininess",
"sense": "cleanliness; smoothness; shininess",
"word": "輝き"
},
{
"_dis1": "1 91 8",
"code": "ja",
"lang": "Japanese",
"roman": "tsuya",
"sense": "cleanliness; smoothness; shininess",
"word": "つや"
},
{
"_dis1": "1 91 8",
"code": "ja",
"lang": "Japanese",
"roman": "tsuya",
"sense": "cleanliness; smoothness; shininess",
"word": "艶"
},
{
"_dis1": "1 91 8",
"code": "ja",
"lang": "Japanese",
"roman": "kōtaku",
"sense": "cleanliness; smoothness; shininess",
"word": "光沢"
},
{
"_dis1": "1 91 8",
"code": "pl",
"lang": "Polish",
"sense": "cleanliness; smoothness; shininess",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "połysk"
},
{
"_dis1": "1 91 8",
"code": "pt",
"lang": "Portuguese",
"sense": "cleanliness; smoothness; shininess",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "polimento"
},
{
"_dis1": "1 91 8",
"code": "sv",
"lang": "Swedish",
"sense": "cleanliness; smoothness; shininess",
"word": "polish"
},
{
"_dis1": "1 91 8",
"code": "sv",
"lang": "Swedish",
"sense": "cleanliness; smoothness; shininess",
"word": "glans"
}
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "13 28 23 24 2 1 1 7",
"kind": "topical",
"langcode": "en",
"name": "Hygiene",
"orig": "en:Hygiene",
"parents": [
"Health",
"Body",
"All topics",
"Fundamental"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"text": "The lecturer showed a lot of polish at his last talk.",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Refinement; cleanliness in performance or presentation."
],
"id": "en-polish-en-noun-x-Oj1jIs",
"links": [
[
"Refinement",
"refinement"
]
],
"synonyms": [
{
"_dis1": "2 17 81",
"sense": "cleanliness in performance or presentation",
"word": "class"
},
{
"_dis1": "2 17 81",
"sense": "cleanliness in performance or presentation",
"word": "elegance"
},
{
"_dis1": "2 17 81",
"sense": "cleanliness in performance or presentation",
"word": "panache"
},
{
"_dis1": "2 17 81",
"sense": "cleanliness in performance or presentation",
"word": "refinement"
},
{
"_dis1": "2 17 81",
"sense": "cleanliness in performance or presentation",
"word": "style"
}
],
"tags": [
"countable",
"uncountable"
],
"translations": [
{
"_dis1": "2 13 86",
"code": "da",
"lang": "Danish",
"sense": "cleanliness in performance or presentation",
"tags": [
"common-gender"
],
"word": "elegance"
},
{
"_dis1": "2 13 86",
"code": "da",
"lang": "Danish",
"sense": "cleanliness in performance or presentation",
"tags": [
"common-gender"
],
"word": "forfinelse"
},
{
"_dis1": "2 13 86",
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "cleanliness in performance or presentation",
"word": "viimeistely"
},
{
"_dis1": "2 13 86",
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "cleanliness in performance or presentation",
"word": "selkeys"
},
{
"_dis1": "2 13 86",
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "cleanliness in performance or presentation",
"word": "tyyli"
},
{
"_dis1": "2 13 86",
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "cleanliness in performance or presentation",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "Schliff"
},
{
"_dis1": "2 13 86",
"code": "it",
"lang": "Italian",
"sense": "cleanliness in performance or presentation",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "raffinatezza"
},
{
"_dis1": "2 13 86",
"code": "ja",
"lang": "Japanese",
"roman": "senren",
"sense": "cleanliness in performance or presentation",
"word": "洗練"
},
{
"_dis1": "2 13 86",
"code": "pt",
"lang": "Portuguese",
"sense": "cleanliness in performance or presentation",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "polimento"
},
{
"_dis1": "2 13 86",
"code": "sv",
"lang": "Swedish",
"sense": "cleanliness in performance or presentation",
"word": "finess"
},
{
"_dis1": "2 13 86",
"code": "sv",
"lang": "Swedish",
"sense": "cleanliness in performance or presentation",
"word": "polityr"
}
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"enpr": "pŏl'ĭsh",
"tags": [
"UK"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/ˈpɒl.ɪʃ/",
"tags": [
"UK"
]
},
{
"enpr": "pä'lĭsh",
"tags": [
"US"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/ˈpɑ.lɪʃ/",
"tags": [
"US"
]
},
{
"audio": "en-us-polish.ogg",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/53/En-us-polish.ogg/En-us-polish.ogg.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/53/En-us-polish.ogg"
}
],
"word": "polish"
}
{
"derived": [
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "repolish"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "interpolish"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "polish a turd"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "polish off"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "polish one's rocket"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "polish the pearl"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "polish up"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "polish up on"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "polishable"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "polished"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "polisher"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "polishing"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "polishment"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "polishure"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "unpolish"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "you can't polish shit"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "you can't polish a turd"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*pel- (beat)"
},
"expansion": "",
"name": "root"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "enm",
"3": "polishen"
},
"expansion": "Middle English polishen",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "fro",
"3": "-"
},
"expansion": "Old French",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "la",
"3": "polio",
"4": "polīre",
"5": "to polish, make smooth"
},
"expansion": "Latin polīre (“to polish, make smooth”)",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*pelh₂-",
"4": "",
"5": "to drive, strike, thrust"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *pelh₂- (“to drive, strike, thrust”)",
"name": "der"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Middle English polishen, from Old French poliss-, stem of some of the conjugated forms of polir, from Latin polīre (“to polish, make smooth”), from Proto-Indo-European *pelh₂- (“to drive, strike, thrust”), from the notion of fulling cloth.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "polishes",
"tags": [
"present",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "polishing",
"tags": [
"participle",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "polished",
"tags": [
"participle",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "polished",
"tags": [
"past"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "polish (third-person singular simple present polishes, present participle polishing, simple past and past participle polished)",
"name": "en-verb"
}
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "verb",
"related": [
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "polite"
}
],
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "13 28 23 24 2 1 1 7",
"kind": "topical",
"langcode": "en",
"name": "Hygiene",
"orig": "en:Hygiene",
"parents": [
"Health",
"Body",
"All topics",
"Fundamental"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"text": "He polished up the chrome until it gleamed.",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"To shine; to make a surface very smooth or shiny by rubbing, cleaning, or grinding."
],
"id": "en-polish-en-verb-UGp8HXrF",
"links": [
[
"shine",
"shine"
],
[
"smooth",
"smooth"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(transitive) To shine; to make a surface very smooth or shiny by rubbing, cleaning, or grinding."
],
"synonyms": [
{
"_dis1": "67 3 3 16 11",
"sense": "to make smooth and shiny by rubbing",
"word": "wax"
},
{
"_dis1": "67 3 3 16 11",
"sense": "to make smooth and shiny by rubbing",
"word": "shine"
},
{
"_dis1": "67 3 3 16 11",
"sense": "to make smooth and shiny by rubbing",
"word": "buff"
},
{
"_dis1": "67 3 3 16 11",
"sense": "to make smooth and shiny by rubbing",
"word": "furbish"
},
{
"_dis1": "67 3 3 16 11",
"sense": "to make smooth and shiny by rubbing",
"word": "burnish"
},
{
"_dis1": "67 3 3 16 11",
"sense": "to make smooth and shiny by rubbing",
"word": "smooth"
},
{
"_dis1": "67 3 3 16 11",
"sense": "to make smooth and shiny by rubbing",
"word": "bone"
}
],
"tags": [
"transitive"
],
"translations": [
{
"_dis1": "76 0 1 17 5",
"code": "ar",
"lang": "Arabic",
"roman": "lammaʕa",
"sense": "make a surface smooth or shiny",
"word": "لَمَّعَ"
},
{
"_dis1": "76 0 1 17 5",
"code": "hy",
"lang": "Armenian",
"roman": "hġkel",
"sense": "make a surface smooth or shiny",
"word": "հղկել"
},
{
"_dis1": "76 0 1 17 5",
"code": "hy",
"lang": "Armenian",
"roman": "oġorkel",
"sense": "make a surface smooth or shiny",
"word": "ողորկել"
},
{
"_dis1": "76 0 1 17 5",
"code": "bg",
"lang": "Bulgarian",
"roman": "lǎskam",
"sense": "make a surface smooth or shiny",
"word": "лъскам"
},
{
"_dis1": "76 0 1 17 5",
"code": "bg",
"lang": "Bulgarian",
"roman": "poliram",
"sense": "make a surface smooth or shiny",
"word": "полирам"
},
{
"_dis1": "76 0 1 17 5",
"code": "ca",
"lang": "Catalan",
"sense": "make a surface smooth or shiny",
"word": "polir"
},
{
"_dis1": "76 0 1 17 5",
"code": "cmn",
"lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
"roman": "cāliàng",
"sense": "make a surface smooth or shiny",
"word": "擦亮"
},
{
"_dis1": "76 0 1 17 5",
"code": "cs",
"lang": "Czech",
"sense": "make a surface smooth or shiny",
"word": "leštit"
},
{
"_dis1": "76 0 1 17 5",
"code": "da",
"lang": "Danish",
"sense": "make a surface smooth or shiny",
"word": "polere"
},
{
"_dis1": "76 0 1 17 5",
"code": "da",
"lang": "Danish",
"sense": "make a surface smooth or shiny",
"word": "blanke"
},
{
"_dis1": "76 0 1 17 5",
"code": "da",
"english": "make shiny",
"lang": "Danish",
"sense": "make a surface smooth or shiny",
"word": "pudse"
},
{
"_dis1": "76 0 1 17 5",
"code": "da",
"english": "make smooth",
"lang": "Danish",
"sense": "make a surface smooth or shiny",
"word": "glatte"
},
{
"_dis1": "76 0 1 17 5",
"code": "nl",
"lang": "Dutch",
"sense": "make a surface smooth or shiny",
"word": "polijsten"
},
{
"_dis1": "76 0 1 17 5",
"code": "nl",
"lang": "Dutch",
"sense": "make a surface smooth or shiny",
"word": "poetsen"
},
{
"_dis1": "76 0 1 17 5",
"code": "nl",
"lang": "Dutch",
"sense": "make a surface smooth or shiny",
"word": "oppoetsen"
},
{
"_dis1": "76 0 1 17 5",
"code": "eo",
"lang": "Esperanto",
"sense": "make a surface smooth or shiny",
"word": "poluri"
},
{
"_dis1": "76 0 1 17 5",
"code": "fi",
"english": "make shiny",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "make a surface smooth or shiny",
"word": "kiillottaa"
},
{
"_dis1": "76 0 1 17 5",
"code": "fi",
"english": "make smooth",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "make a surface smooth or shiny",
"word": "hioa"
},
{
"_dis1": "76 0 1 17 5",
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "make a surface smooth or shiny",
"tags": [
"colloquial"
],
"word": "puunata"
},
{
"_dis1": "76 0 1 17 5",
"code": "fi",
"english": "shoes",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "make a surface smooth or shiny",
"word": "lankata"
},
{
"_dis1": "76 0 1 17 5",
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "make a surface smooth or shiny",
"word": "polir"
},
{
"_dis1": "76 0 1 17 5",
"code": "gl",
"lang": "Galician",
"sense": "make a surface smooth or shiny",
"word": "puír"
},
{
"_dis1": "76 0 1 17 5",
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "make a surface smooth or shiny",
"word": "polieren"
},
{
"_dis1": "76 0 1 17 5",
"code": "el",
"lang": "Greek",
"roman": "gyalízo",
"sense": "make a surface smooth or shiny",
"word": "γυαλίζω"
},
{
"_dis1": "76 0 1 17 5",
"code": "el",
"lang": "Greek",
"roman": "loustráro",
"sense": "make a surface smooth or shiny",
"word": "λουστράρω"
},
{
"_dis1": "76 0 1 17 5",
"code": "he",
"lang": "Hebrew",
"roman": "litésh",
"sense": "make a surface smooth or shiny",
"word": "ליטש"
},
{
"_dis1": "76 0 1 17 5",
"code": "hu",
"lang": "Hungarian",
"sense": "make a surface smooth or shiny",
"word": "kifényesít"
},
{
"_dis1": "76 0 1 17 5",
"code": "hu",
"lang": "Hungarian",
"sense": "make a surface smooth or shiny",
"word": "políroz"
},
{
"_dis1": "76 0 1 17 5",
"code": "hu",
"lang": "Hungarian",
"sense": "make a surface smooth or shiny",
"word": "fényez"
},
{
"_dis1": "76 0 1 17 5",
"code": "io",
"lang": "Ido",
"sense": "make a surface smooth or shiny",
"word": "briligar"
},
{
"_dis1": "76 0 1 17 5",
"code": "io",
"lang": "Ido",
"sense": "make a surface smooth or shiny",
"word": "polisar"
},
{
"_dis1": "76 0 1 17 5",
"code": "ia",
"lang": "Interlingua",
"sense": "make a surface smooth or shiny",
"word": "polir"
},
{
"_dis1": "76 0 1 17 5",
"code": "ia",
"english": "metal",
"lang": "Interlingua",
"sense": "make a surface smooth or shiny",
"word": "furbir"
},
{
"_dis1": "76 0 1 17 5",
"code": "ia",
"english": "shoes",
"lang": "Interlingua",
"sense": "make a surface smooth or shiny",
"word": "lustrar"
},
{
"_dis1": "76 0 1 17 5",
"code": "ia",
"english": "to smooth",
"lang": "Interlingua",
"sense": "make a surface smooth or shiny",
"word": "lisiar"
},
{
"_dis1": "76 0 1 17 5",
"code": "it",
"lang": "Italian",
"sense": "make a surface smooth or shiny",
"word": "lucidare"
},
{
"_dis1": "76 0 1 17 5",
"code": "it",
"lang": "Italian",
"sense": "make a surface smooth or shiny",
"word": "levigare"
},
{
"_dis1": "76 0 1 17 5",
"code": "it",
"lang": "Italian",
"sense": "make a surface smooth or shiny",
"word": "lustrare"
},
{
"_dis1": "76 0 1 17 5",
"code": "it",
"lang": "Italian",
"sense": "make a surface smooth or shiny",
"word": "brillantare"
},
{
"_dis1": "76 0 1 17 5",
"code": "it",
"lang": "Italian",
"sense": "make a surface smooth or shiny",
"word": "tirare a lucido"
},
{
"_dis1": "76 0 1 17 5",
"code": "ja",
"lang": "Japanese",
"roman": "migaku",
"sense": "make a surface smooth or shiny",
"word": "磨く"
},
{
"_dis1": "76 0 1 17 5",
"code": "ja",
"lang": "Japanese",
"note": "for rice",
"roman": "togu",
"sense": "make a surface smooth or shiny",
"word": "研ぐ"
},
{
"_dis1": "76 0 1 17 5",
"code": "km",
"lang": "Khmer",
"roman": "puət",
"sense": "make a surface smooth or shiny",
"word": "ពួត"
},
{
"_dis1": "76 0 1 17 5",
"code": "km",
"lang": "Khmer",
"roman": "bɑŋkʰat",
"sense": "make a surface smooth or shiny",
"word": "បង្ខាត់"
},
{
"_dis1": "76 0 1 17 5",
"code": "km",
"lang": "Khmer",
"roman": "kʰat",
"sense": "make a surface smooth or shiny",
"word": "ខាត់"
},
{
"_dis1": "76 0 1 17 5",
"code": "ko",
"lang": "Korean",
"roman": "dakda",
"sense": "make a surface smooth or shiny",
"word": "닦다"
},
{
"_dis1": "76 0 1 17 5",
"code": "la",
"lang": "Latin",
"sense": "make a surface smooth or shiny",
"word": "poliō"
},
{
"_dis1": "76 0 1 17 5",
"code": "mi",
"lang": "Maori",
"sense": "make a surface smooth or shiny",
"word": "whakapiata"
},
{
"_dis1": "76 0 1 17 5",
"code": "mi",
"lang": "Maori",
"sense": "make a surface smooth or shiny",
"word": "whakamahine"
},
{
"_dis1": "76 0 1 17 5",
"code": "mi",
"lang": "Maori",
"sense": "make a surface smooth or shiny",
"word": "whakamaheni"
},
{
"_dis1": "76 0 1 17 5",
"code": "mi",
"lang": "Maori",
"sense": "make a surface smooth or shiny",
"word": "whakapīrata"
},
{
"_dis1": "76 0 1 17 5",
"code": "nrf",
"lang": "Norman",
"sense": "make a surface smooth or shiny",
"word": "poli"
},
{
"_dis1": "76 0 1 17 5",
"code": "nb",
"lang": "Norwegian Bokmål",
"sense": "make a surface smooth or shiny",
"word": "polere"
},
{
"_dis1": "76 0 1 17 5",
"code": "nb",
"lang": "Norwegian Bokmål",
"sense": "make a surface smooth or shiny",
"word": "pusse"
},
{
"_dis1": "76 0 1 17 5",
"code": "ota",
"lang": "Ottoman Turkish",
"roman": "mührelemek",
"sense": "make a surface smooth or shiny",
"word": "مهرهلمك"
},
{
"_dis1": "76 0 1 17 5",
"code": "fa",
"lang": "Persian",
"roman": "poliš kardan",
"sense": "make a surface smooth or shiny",
"word": "پولیش کردن"
},
{
"_dis1": "76 0 1 17 5",
"code": "pl",
"lang": "Polish",
"sense": "make a surface smooth or shiny",
"word": "polerować"
},
{
"_dis1": "76 0 1 17 5",
"code": "pl",
"lang": "Polish",
"sense": "make a surface smooth or shiny",
"word": "wygładzać"
},
{
"_dis1": "76 0 1 17 5",
"code": "pt",
"lang": "Portuguese",
"sense": "make a surface smooth or shiny",
"word": "polir"
},
{
"_dis1": "76 0 1 17 5",
"code": "ro",
"lang": "Romanian",
"sense": "make a surface smooth or shiny",
"word": "lustrui"
},
{
"_dis1": "76 0 1 17 5",
"code": "ru",
"english": "reflective surface",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "polirovátʹ",
"sense": "make a surface smooth or shiny",
"word": "полирова́ть"
},
{
"_dis1": "76 0 1 17 5",
"code": "ru",
"english": "matte surface",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "šlifovátʹ",
"sense": "make a surface smooth or shiny",
"word": "шлифова́ть"
},
{
"_dis1": "76 0 1 17 5",
"code": "sa",
"lang": "Sanskrit",
"roman": "gharṣati",
"sense": "make a surface smooth or shiny",
"word": "घर्षति"
},
{
"_dis1": "76 0 1 17 5",
"code": "gd",
"lang": "Scottish Gaelic",
"sense": "make a surface smooth or shiny",
"word": "lìomh"
},
{
"_dis1": "76 0 1 17 5",
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "make a surface smooth or shiny",
"word": "pulir"
},
{
"_dis1": "76 0 1 17 5",
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "make a surface smooth or shiny",
"word": "acicalar"
},
{
"_dis1": "76 0 1 17 5",
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "make a surface smooth or shiny",
"word": "polir"
},
{
"_dis1": "76 0 1 17 5",
"code": "sv",
"lang": "Swedish",
"sense": "make a surface smooth or shiny",
"word": "polera"
},
{
"_dis1": "76 0 1 17 5",
"code": "sv",
"lang": "Swedish",
"sense": "make a surface smooth or shiny",
"word": "putsa"
},
{
"_dis1": "76 0 1 17 5",
"code": "txb",
"lang": "Tocharian B",
"sense": "make a surface smooth or shiny",
"word": "kānt-"
},
{
"_dis1": "76 0 1 17 5",
"code": "tr",
"lang": "Turkish",
"sense": "make a surface smooth or shiny",
"word": "parlatmak"
},
{
"_dis1": "76 0 1 17 5",
"code": "tr",
"lang": "Turkish",
"sense": "make a surface smooth or shiny",
"word": "mührelemek"
},
{
"_dis1": "76 0 1 17 5",
"code": "uk",
"lang": "Ukrainian",
"roman": "poliruváty",
"sense": "make a surface smooth or shiny",
"tags": [
"imperfective"
],
"word": "полірува́ти"
},
{
"_dis1": "76 0 1 17 5",
"code": "uk",
"lang": "Ukrainian",
"roman": "popoliruváty",
"sense": "make a surface smooth or shiny",
"tags": [
"perfective"
],
"word": "пополірува́ти"
},
{
"_dis1": "76 0 1 17 5",
"code": "uk",
"lang": "Ukrainian",
"roman": "vidpoliróvuvaty",
"sense": "make a surface smooth or shiny",
"tags": [
"imperfective"
],
"word": "відполіро́вувати"
},
{
"_dis1": "76 0 1 17 5",
"code": "uk",
"lang": "Ukrainian",
"roman": "vidpoliruváty",
"sense": "make a surface smooth or shiny",
"tags": [
"perfective"
],
"word": "відполірува́ти"
},
{
"_dis1": "76 0 1 17 5",
"code": "uk",
"lang": "Ukrainian",
"roman": "šlifuváty",
"sense": "make a surface smooth or shiny",
"tags": [
"imperfective"
],
"word": "шліфува́ти"
},
{
"_dis1": "76 0 1 17 5",
"code": "uk",
"lang": "Ukrainian",
"roman": "pošlifuváty",
"sense": "make a surface smooth or shiny",
"tags": [
"perfective"
],
"word": "пошліфува́ти"
},
{
"_dis1": "76 0 1 17 5",
"code": "uk",
"lang": "Ukrainian",
"roman": "vidšlifóvuvaty",
"sense": "make a surface smooth or shiny",
"tags": [
"imperfective"
],
"word": "відшліфо́вувати"
},
{
"_dis1": "76 0 1 17 5",
"code": "uk",
"lang": "Ukrainian",
"roman": "vidšlifuváty",
"sense": "make a surface smooth or shiny",
"tags": [
"perfective"
],
"word": "відшліфува́ти"
},
{
"_dis1": "76 0 1 17 5",
"code": "vi",
"lang": "Vietnamese",
"sense": "make a surface smooth or shiny",
"word": "đánh bóng"
}
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "7 26 4 6 30 11 10 5",
"kind": "other",
"name": "English entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "7 29 2 5 24 17 8 7",
"kind": "other",
"name": "English heteronyms",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"text": "The band has polished its performance since the last concert.",
"type": "example"
},
{
"ref": "1699, William Temple, Heads designed for an essay on conversations:",
"text": "Study gives strength to the mind; conversation, grace: the first apt to give stiffness, the other suppleness: one gives substance and form to the statue, the other polishes it.",
"type": "quote"
}
],
"glosses": [
"To refine; remove imperfections from."
],
"id": "en-polish-en-verb-en:refine;_improve_imperfections_from",
"links": [
[
"refine",
"refine"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(transitive) To refine; remove imperfections from."
],
"senseid": [
"en:refine; improve imperfections from"
],
"tags": [
"transitive"
],
"translations": [
{
"_dis1": "1 54 1 7 36",
"code": "ar",
"lang": "Arabic",
"roman": "ṣaqal",
"sense": "to refine; improve imperfections from",
"word": "صَقَل"
},
{
"_dis1": "1 54 1 7 36",
"code": "ca",
"lang": "Catalan",
"sense": "to refine; improve imperfections from",
"word": "polir"
},
{
"_dis1": "1 54 1 7 36",
"code": "da",
"lang": "Danish",
"sense": "to refine; improve imperfections from",
"word": "forfine"
},
{
"_dis1": "1 54 1 7 36",
"code": "nl",
"lang": "Dutch",
"sense": "to refine; improve imperfections from",
"word": "oppoetsen"
},
{
"_dis1": "1 54 1 7 36",
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "to refine; improve imperfections from",
"word": "hioa"
},
{
"_dis1": "1 54 1 7 36",
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "to refine; improve imperfections from",
"word": "parannella"
},
{
"_dis1": "1 54 1 7 36",
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "to refine; improve imperfections from",
"word": "kehittää"
},
{
"_dis1": "1 54 1 7 36",
"code": "gl",
"lang": "Galician",
"sense": "to refine; improve imperfections from",
"word": "puír"
},
{
"_dis1": "1 54 1 7 36",
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "to refine; improve imperfections from",
"word": "perfektionieren"
},
{
"_dis1": "1 54 1 7 36",
"code": "it",
"lang": "Italian",
"sense": "to refine; improve imperfections from",
"word": "perfezionare"
},
{
"_dis1": "1 54 1 7 36",
"code": "it",
"lang": "Italian",
"sense": "to refine; improve imperfections from",
"word": "smussare"
},
{
"_dis1": "1 54 1 7 36",
"code": "it",
"lang": "Italian",
"sense": "to refine; improve imperfections from",
"word": "levigare"
},
{
"_dis1": "1 54 1 7 36",
"code": "ja",
"lang": "Japanese",
"roman": "senren-suru",
"sense": "to refine; improve imperfections from",
"word": "洗練する"
},
{
"_dis1": "1 54 1 7 36",
"code": "pl",
"lang": "Polish",
"sense": "to refine; improve imperfections from",
"tags": [
"imperfective"
],
"word": "szlifować"
},
{
"_dis1": "1 54 1 7 36",
"code": "pt",
"lang": "Portuguese",
"sense": "to refine; improve imperfections from",
"word": "polir"
},
{
"_dis1": "1 54 1 7 36",
"code": "ro",
"lang": "Romanian",
"sense": "to refine; improve imperfections from",
"word": "perfecționa"
},
{
"_dis1": "1 54 1 7 36",
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "to refine; improve imperfections from",
"word": "pulir"
},
{
"_dis1": "1 54 1 7 36",
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "to refine; improve imperfections from",
"word": "polir"
},
{
"_dis1": "1 54 1 7 36",
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "to refine; improve imperfections from",
"word": "alcorzar"
},
{
"_dis1": "1 54 1 7 36",
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "to refine; improve imperfections from",
"word": "acicalar"
},
{
"_dis1": "1 54 1 7 36",
"code": "sv",
"lang": "Swedish",
"sense": "to refine; improve imperfections from",
"word": "polera"
},
{
"_dis1": "1 54 1 7 36",
"code": "sv",
"lang": "Swedish",
"sense": "to refine; improve imperfections from",
"word": "putsa"
}
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "7 26 4 6 30 11 10 5",
"kind": "other",
"name": "English entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "7 29 2 5 24 17 8 7",
"kind": "other",
"name": "English heteronyms",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"To apply shoe polish to shoes."
],
"id": "en-polish-en-verb-ZPvuCQ7q",
"links": [
[
"apply",
"apply"
],
[
"shoe polish",
"shoe polish"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(transitive) To apply shoe polish to shoes."
],
"tags": [
"transitive"
],
"translations": [
{
"_dis1": "1 2 95 1 2",
"code": "bg",
"lang": "Bulgarian",
"roman": "lǎskam",
"sense": "to apply shoe polish",
"word": "лъскам"
},
{
"_dis1": "1 2 95 1 2",
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "to apply shoe polish",
"word": "kiillottaa kenkiä"
},
{
"_dis1": "1 2 95 1 2",
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "to apply shoe polish",
"word": "lankata"
},
{
"_dis1": "1 2 95 1 2",
"code": "gl",
"lang": "Galician",
"sense": "to apply shoe polish",
"word": "lustrar"
},
{
"_dis1": "1 2 95 1 2",
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "to apply shoe polish",
"word": "wichsen"
},
{
"_dis1": "1 2 95 1 2",
"code": "io",
"lang": "Ido",
"sense": "to apply shoe polish",
"word": "cirajizar"
},
{
"_dis1": "1 2 95 1 2",
"code": "it",
"lang": "Italian",
"sense": "to apply shoe polish",
"word": "lustrare"
},
{
"_dis1": "1 2 95 1 2",
"code": "it",
"lang": "Italian",
"sense": "to apply shoe polish",
"word": "lucidare"
},
{
"_dis1": "1 2 95 1 2",
"code": "nv",
"lang": "Navajo",
"sense": "to apply shoe polish",
"word": "náyiishį́į́h"
},
{
"_dis1": "1 2 95 1 2",
"code": "nrf",
"lang": "Norman",
"sense": "to apply shoe polish",
"word": "bliatchinner"
},
{
"_dis1": "1 2 95 1 2",
"code": "ro",
"lang": "Romanian",
"sense": "to apply shoe polish",
"word": "lustrui"
},
{
"_dis1": "1 2 95 1 2",
"code": "gd",
"lang": "Scottish Gaelic",
"sense": "to apply shoe polish",
"word": "lìomh"
}
]
},
{
"categories": [],
"examples": [
{
"text": "Steel polishes well.",
"type": "example"
},
{
"ref": "a. 1626, Francis Bacon, Inquisitions touching the compounding of metals:",
"text": "The other [gold], whether it will polish so well Wherein for the latter [brass] it is probable it will",
"type": "quote"
}
],
"glosses": [
"To become smooth, as from friction; to receive a gloss; to take a smooth and glossy surface."
],
"id": "en-polish-en-verb--e08Jpya",
"raw_glosses": [
"(intransitive) To become smooth, as from friction; to receive a gloss; to take a smooth and glossy surface."
],
"tags": [
"intransitive"
]
},
{
"categories": [],
"examples": [
{
"ref": "1667, John Milton, “Book IX”, in Paradise Lost. […], London: […] [Samuel Simmons], and are to be sold by Peter Parker […]; [a]nd by Robert Boulter […]; [a]nd Matthias Walker, […], →OCLC; republished as Paradise Lost in Ten Books: […], London: Basil Montagu Pickering […], 1873, →OCLC:",
"text": "Arts that polish Life.",
"type": "quote"
}
],
"glosses": [
"To refine; to wear off the rudeness, coarseness, or rusticity of; to make elegant and polite."
],
"id": "en-polish-en-verb-u7mErSGR",
"links": [
[
"refine",
"refine"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(transitive) To refine; to wear off the rudeness, coarseness, or rusticity of; to make elegant and polite."
],
"tags": [
"transitive"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"enpr": "pŏl'ĭsh",
"tags": [
"UK"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/ˈpɒl.ɪʃ/",
"tags": [
"UK"
]
},
{
"enpr": "pä'lĭsh",
"tags": [
"US"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/ˈpɑ.lɪʃ/",
"tags": [
"US"
]
},
{
"audio": "en-us-polish.ogg",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/53/En-us-polish.ogg/En-us-polish.ogg.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/53/En-us-polish.ogg"
}
],
"synonyms": [
{
"_dis1": "1 49 1 1 48",
"sense": "refine",
"word": "hone"
},
{
"_dis1": "1 49 1 1 48",
"sense": "refine",
"word": "perfect"
},
{
"_dis1": "1 49 1 1 48",
"sense": "refine",
"word": "refine"
}
],
"word": "polish"
}
{
"categories": [
"English countable nouns",
"English entries with incorrect language header",
"English heteronyms",
"English lemmas",
"English nouns",
"English terms derived from Latin",
"English terms derived from Middle English",
"English terms derived from Old French",
"English terms derived from Proto-Indo-European",
"English terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *pel- (beat)",
"English terms inherited from Middle English",
"English uncountable nouns",
"English verbs",
"Entries with translation boxes",
"Pages with 1 entry",
"Pages with entries",
"Requests for review of Breton translations",
"Requests for review of Danish translations",
"Requests for review of Interlingua translations",
"Requests for review of Persian translations",
"Terms with Arabic translations",
"Terms with Armenian translations",
"Terms with Breton translations",
"Terms with Bulgarian translations",
"Terms with Catalan translations",
"Terms with Czech translations",
"Terms with Danish translations",
"Terms with Dutch translations",
"Terms with Esperanto translations",
"Terms with Finnish translations",
"Terms with French translations",
"Terms with Galician translations",
"Terms with German translations",
"Terms with Greek translations",
"Terms with Hebrew translations",
"Terms with Hungarian translations",
"Terms with Ido translations",
"Terms with Indonesian translations",
"Terms with Interlingua translations",
"Terms with Italian translations",
"Terms with Japanese translations",
"Terms with Khmer translations",
"Terms with Korean translations",
"Terms with Latin translations",
"Terms with Mandarin translations",
"Terms with Maori translations",
"Terms with Navajo translations",
"Terms with Norman translations",
"Terms with Norwegian Bokmål translations",
"Terms with Ottoman Turkish translations",
"Terms with Persian translations",
"Terms with Polish translations",
"Terms with Portuguese translations",
"Terms with Romanian translations",
"Terms with Russian translations",
"Terms with Sanskrit translations",
"Terms with Scottish Gaelic translations",
"Terms with Spanish translations",
"Terms with Swedish translations",
"Terms with Tocharian B translations",
"Terms with Turkish translations",
"Terms with Ukrainian translations",
"Terms with Vietnamese translations",
"en:Hygiene"
],
"derived": [
{
"word": "depolish"
},
{
"word": "expolish"
},
{
"word": "repolish"
},
{
"word": "apple-polish"
},
{
"word": "French polish"
},
{
"word": "furniture polish"
},
{
"word": "glacial polish"
},
{
"word": "nail polish"
},
{
"word": "polish remover"
},
{
"word": "shoe polish"
},
{
"word": "spit and polish"
},
{
"word": "stove polish"
},
{
"word": "varnish polish"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*pel- (beat)"
},
"expansion": "",
"name": "root"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "enm",
"3": "polishen"
},
"expansion": "Middle English polishen",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "fro",
"3": "-"
},
"expansion": "Old French",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "la",
"3": "polio",
"4": "polīre",
"5": "to polish, make smooth"
},
"expansion": "Latin polīre (“to polish, make smooth”)",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*pelh₂-",
"4": "",
"5": "to drive, strike, thrust"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *pelh₂- (“to drive, strike, thrust”)",
"name": "der"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Middle English polishen, from Old French poliss-, stem of some of the conjugated forms of polir, from Latin polīre (“to polish, make smooth”), from Proto-Indo-European *pelh₂- (“to drive, strike, thrust”), from the notion of fulling cloth.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "polishes",
"tags": [
"plural"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "~"
},
"expansion": "polish (countable and uncountable, plural polishes)",
"name": "en-noun"
}
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "noun",
"related": [
{
"word": "polissoir"
}
],
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"English terms with usage examples"
],
"examples": [
{
"text": "A good silver polish will remove tarnish easily.",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"A substance used to polish."
],
"links": [
[
"substance",
"substance"
]
],
"tags": [
"countable",
"uncountable"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"English terms with usage examples"
],
"examples": [
{
"text": "The floor was waxed to a high polish.",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Cleanliness; smoothness, shininess."
],
"links": [
[
"Cleanliness",
"cleanliness"
]
],
"tags": [
"countable",
"uncountable"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"English terms with usage examples"
],
"examples": [
{
"text": "The lecturer showed a lot of polish at his last talk.",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Refinement; cleanliness in performance or presentation."
],
"links": [
[
"Refinement",
"refinement"
]
],
"tags": [
"countable",
"uncountable"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"enpr": "pŏl'ĭsh",
"tags": [
"UK"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/ˈpɒl.ɪʃ/",
"tags": [
"UK"
]
},
{
"enpr": "pä'lĭsh",
"tags": [
"US"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/ˈpɑ.lɪʃ/",
"tags": [
"US"
]
},
{
"audio": "en-us-polish.ogg",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/53/En-us-polish.ogg/En-us-polish.ogg.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/53/En-us-polish.ogg"
}
],
"synonyms": [
{
"sense": "substance",
"word": "wax"
},
{
"sense": "smoothness, shininess",
"word": "finish"
},
{
"sense": "smoothness, shininess",
"word": "sheen"
},
{
"sense": "smoothness, shininess",
"word": "shine"
},
{
"sense": "smoothness, shininess",
"word": "shininess"
},
{
"sense": "smoothness, shininess",
"word": "smoothness"
},
{
"sense": "cleanliness in performance or presentation",
"word": "class"
},
{
"sense": "cleanliness in performance or presentation",
"word": "elegance"
},
{
"sense": "cleanliness in performance or presentation",
"word": "panache"
},
{
"sense": "cleanliness in performance or presentation",
"word": "refinement"
},
{
"sense": "cleanliness in performance or presentation",
"word": "style"
}
],
"translations": [
{
"code": "hy",
"lang": "Armenian",
"roman": "lakʻ",
"sense": "substance used to polish",
"word": "լաք"
},
{
"code": "bg",
"lang": "Bulgarian",
"roman": "lak",
"sense": "substance used to polish",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "лак"
},
{
"code": "bg",
"lang": "Bulgarian",
"roman": "glanc",
"sense": "substance used to polish",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "гланц"
},
{
"code": "bg",
"lang": "Bulgarian",
"roman": "politura",
"sense": "substance used to polish",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "политура"
},
{
"code": "ca",
"lang": "Catalan",
"sense": "substance used to polish",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "poliment"
},
{
"code": "cs",
"lang": "Czech",
"sense": "substance used to polish",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "leštidlo"
},
{
"code": "da",
"lang": "Danish",
"sense": "substance used to polish",
"tags": [
"common-gender"
],
"word": "pudsecreme"
},
{
"code": "da",
"lang": "Danish",
"sense": "substance used to polish",
"tags": [
"common-gender"
],
"word": "politur"
},
{
"code": "nl",
"lang": "Dutch",
"sense": "substance used to polish",
"word": "poets"
},
{
"code": "nl",
"lang": "Dutch",
"sense": "substance used to polish",
"word": "poetsmiddel"
},
{
"code": "eo",
"lang": "Esperanto",
"sense": "substance used to polish",
"word": "polurilo"
},
{
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "substance used to polish",
"word": "kiillote"
},
{
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "substance used to polish",
"word": "kiillotusaine"
},
{
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "substance used to polish",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "vernis"
},
{
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "substance used to polish",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "Politur"
},
{
"code": "id",
"lang": "Indonesian",
"sense": "substance used to polish",
"word": "poles"
},
{
"code": "it",
"lang": "Italian",
"sense": "substance used to polish",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "lucido"
},
{
"code": "it",
"lang": "Italian",
"sense": "substance used to polish",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "cera"
},
{
"code": "ja",
"lang": "Japanese",
"roman": "kenma-zai",
"sense": "substance used to polish",
"word": "研磨剤"
},
{
"code": "fa",
"lang": "Persian",
"roman": "poliš",
"sense": "substance used to polish",
"word": "پولیش"
},
{
"code": "pl",
"lang": "Polish",
"sense": "substance used to polish",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "pasta do polerowania"
},
{
"code": "pt",
"lang": "Portuguese",
"sense": "substance used to polish",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "cera"
},
{
"code": "pt",
"lang": "Portuguese",
"sense": "substance used to polish",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "graxa"
},
{
"code": "ro",
"lang": "Romanian",
"sense": "substance used to polish",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "pastă de lustruit"
},
{
"code": "gd",
"lang": "Scottish Gaelic",
"sense": "substance used to polish",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "lìomh"
},
{
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "substance used to polish",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "pulidor"
},
{
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "substance used to polish",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "abrillantador"
},
{
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "substance used to polish",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "pulimento"
},
{
"code": "es",
"english": "shoe polish",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "substance used to polish",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "betún"
},
{
"code": "sv",
"lang": "Swedish",
"sense": "substance used to polish",
"word": "polityr"
},
{
"code": "sv",
"lang": "Swedish",
"sense": "substance used to polish",
"word": "polermedel"
},
{
"code": "sv",
"lang": "Swedish",
"sense": "substance used to polish",
"word": "putsmedel"
},
{
"code": "tr",
"lang": "Turkish",
"sense": "substance used to polish",
"word": "parlatma maddesi"
},
{
"code": "bg",
"lang": "Bulgarian",
"roman": "lǎskavina",
"sense": "cleanliness; smoothness; shininess",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "лъскавина"
},
{
"code": "bg",
"lang": "Bulgarian",
"roman": "bljasǎk",
"sense": "cleanliness; smoothness; shininess",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "блясък"
},
{
"code": "da",
"lang": "Danish",
"sense": "cleanliness; smoothness; shininess",
"tags": [
"common-gender"
],
"word": "glans"
},
{
"code": "da",
"lang": "Danish",
"sense": "cleanliness; smoothness; shininess",
"tags": [
"common-gender"
],
"word": "glathed"
},
{
"code": "nl",
"lang": "Dutch",
"sense": "cleanliness; smoothness; shininess",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "glans"
},
{
"code": "eo",
"lang": "Esperanto",
"sense": "cleanliness; smoothness; shininess",
"word": "poluro"
},
{
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "cleanliness; smoothness; shininess",
"word": "(shininess) kiilto"
},
{
"code": "fi",
"english": "smoothness",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "cleanliness; smoothness; shininess",
"word": "tasaisuus"
},
{
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "cleanliness; smoothness; shininess",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "Glanz"
},
{
"code": "it",
"lang": "Italian",
"sense": "cleanliness; smoothness; shininess",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "lucidità"
},
{
"code": "it",
"lang": "Italian",
"sense": "cleanliness; smoothness; shininess",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "lucentezza"
},
{
"code": "it",
"lang": "Italian",
"sense": "cleanliness; smoothness; shininess",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "brillantezza"
},
{
"code": "it",
"lang": "Italian",
"sense": "cleanliness; smoothness; shininess",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "levigatezza"
},
{
"code": "ja",
"english": "cleanliness",
"lang": "Japanese",
"roman": "kirei",
"sense": "cleanliness; smoothness; shininess",
"word": "綺麗"
},
{
"code": "ja",
"lang": "Japanese",
"roman": "kiyoraka",
"sense": "cleanliness; smoothness; shininess",
"word": "清らか"
},
{
"code": "ja",
"lang": "Japanese",
"roman": "seiketsu",
"sense": "cleanliness; smoothness; shininess",
"word": "清潔"
},
{
"code": "ja",
"english": "smoothness",
"lang": "Japanese",
"roman": "taira",
"sense": "cleanliness; smoothness; shininess",
"word": "平ら"
},
{
"code": "ja",
"lang": "Japanese",
"roman": "heitan",
"sense": "cleanliness; smoothness; shininess",
"word": "平坦"
},
{
"code": "ja",
"lang": "Japanese",
"roman": "shininess",
"sense": "cleanliness; smoothness; shininess",
"word": "輝き"
},
{
"code": "ja",
"lang": "Japanese",
"roman": "tsuya",
"sense": "cleanliness; smoothness; shininess",
"word": "つや"
},
{
"code": "ja",
"lang": "Japanese",
"roman": "tsuya",
"sense": "cleanliness; smoothness; shininess",
"word": "艶"
},
{
"code": "ja",
"lang": "Japanese",
"roman": "kōtaku",
"sense": "cleanliness; smoothness; shininess",
"word": "光沢"
},
{
"code": "pl",
"lang": "Polish",
"sense": "cleanliness; smoothness; shininess",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "połysk"
},
{
"code": "pt",
"lang": "Portuguese",
"sense": "cleanliness; smoothness; shininess",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "polimento"
},
{
"code": "sv",
"lang": "Swedish",
"sense": "cleanliness; smoothness; shininess",
"word": "polish"
},
{
"code": "sv",
"lang": "Swedish",
"sense": "cleanliness; smoothness; shininess",
"word": "glans"
},
{
"code": "da",
"lang": "Danish",
"sense": "cleanliness in performance or presentation",
"tags": [
"common-gender"
],
"word": "elegance"
},
{
"code": "da",
"lang": "Danish",
"sense": "cleanliness in performance or presentation",
"tags": [
"common-gender"
],
"word": "forfinelse"
},
{
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "cleanliness in performance or presentation",
"word": "viimeistely"
},
{
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "cleanliness in performance or presentation",
"word": "selkeys"
},
{
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "cleanliness in performance or presentation",
"word": "tyyli"
},
{
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "cleanliness in performance or presentation",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "Schliff"
},
{
"code": "it",
"lang": "Italian",
"sense": "cleanliness in performance or presentation",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "raffinatezza"
},
{
"code": "ja",
"lang": "Japanese",
"roman": "senren",
"sense": "cleanliness in performance or presentation",
"word": "洗練"
},
{
"code": "pt",
"lang": "Portuguese",
"sense": "cleanliness in performance or presentation",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "polimento"
},
{
"code": "sv",
"lang": "Swedish",
"sense": "cleanliness in performance or presentation",
"word": "finess"
},
{
"code": "sv",
"lang": "Swedish",
"sense": "cleanliness in performance or presentation",
"word": "polityr"
}
],
"word": "polish"
}
{
"categories": [
"English countable nouns",
"English entries with incorrect language header",
"English heteronyms",
"English lemmas",
"English nouns",
"English terms derived from Latin",
"English terms derived from Middle English",
"English terms derived from Old French",
"English terms derived from Proto-Indo-European",
"English terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *pel- (beat)",
"English terms inherited from Middle English",
"English uncountable nouns",
"English verbs",
"Entries with translation boxes",
"Pages with 1 entry",
"Pages with entries",
"Requests for review of Breton translations",
"Requests for review of Danish translations",
"Requests for review of Interlingua translations",
"Requests for review of Persian translations",
"Terms with Arabic translations",
"Terms with Armenian translations",
"Terms with Breton translations",
"Terms with Bulgarian translations",
"Terms with Catalan translations",
"Terms with Czech translations",
"Terms with Danish translations",
"Terms with Dutch translations",
"Terms with Esperanto translations",
"Terms with Finnish translations",
"Terms with French translations",
"Terms with Galician translations",
"Terms with German translations",
"Terms with Greek translations",
"Terms with Hebrew translations",
"Terms with Hungarian translations",
"Terms with Ido translations",
"Terms with Indonesian translations",
"Terms with Interlingua translations",
"Terms with Italian translations",
"Terms with Japanese translations",
"Terms with Khmer translations",
"Terms with Korean translations",
"Terms with Latin translations",
"Terms with Mandarin translations",
"Terms with Maori translations",
"Terms with Navajo translations",
"Terms with Norman translations",
"Terms with Norwegian Bokmål translations",
"Terms with Ottoman Turkish translations",
"Terms with Persian translations",
"Terms with Polish translations",
"Terms with Portuguese translations",
"Terms with Romanian translations",
"Terms with Russian translations",
"Terms with Sanskrit translations",
"Terms with Scottish Gaelic translations",
"Terms with Spanish translations",
"Terms with Swedish translations",
"Terms with Tocharian B translations",
"Terms with Turkish translations",
"Terms with Ukrainian translations",
"Terms with Vietnamese translations",
"en:Hygiene"
],
"derived": [
{
"word": "interpolish"
},
{
"word": "polish a turd"
},
{
"word": "polish off"
},
{
"word": "polish one's rocket"
},
{
"word": "polish the pearl"
},
{
"word": "polish up"
},
{
"word": "polish up on"
},
{
"word": "polishable"
},
{
"word": "polished"
},
{
"word": "polisher"
},
{
"word": "polishing"
},
{
"word": "polishment"
},
{
"word": "polishure"
},
{
"word": "repolish"
},
{
"word": "unpolish"
},
{
"word": "you can't polish shit"
},
{
"word": "you can't polish a turd"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*pel- (beat)"
},
"expansion": "",
"name": "root"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "enm",
"3": "polishen"
},
"expansion": "Middle English polishen",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "fro",
"3": "-"
},
"expansion": "Old French",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "la",
"3": "polio",
"4": "polīre",
"5": "to polish, make smooth"
},
"expansion": "Latin polīre (“to polish, make smooth”)",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*pelh₂-",
"4": "",
"5": "to drive, strike, thrust"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *pelh₂- (“to drive, strike, thrust”)",
"name": "der"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Middle English polishen, from Old French poliss-, stem of some of the conjugated forms of polir, from Latin polīre (“to polish, make smooth”), from Proto-Indo-European *pelh₂- (“to drive, strike, thrust”), from the notion of fulling cloth.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "polishes",
"tags": [
"present",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "polishing",
"tags": [
"participle",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "polished",
"tags": [
"participle",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "polished",
"tags": [
"past"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "polish (third-person singular simple present polishes, present participle polishing, simple past and past participle polished)",
"name": "en-verb"
}
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "verb",
"related": [
{
"word": "polite"
}
],
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"English terms with usage examples",
"English transitive verbs"
],
"examples": [
{
"text": "He polished up the chrome until it gleamed.",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"To shine; to make a surface very smooth or shiny by rubbing, cleaning, or grinding."
],
"links": [
[
"shine",
"shine"
],
[
"smooth",
"smooth"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(transitive) To shine; to make a surface very smooth or shiny by rubbing, cleaning, or grinding."
],
"tags": [
"transitive"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"English terms with quotations",
"English terms with usage examples",
"English transitive verbs",
"Quotation templates to be cleaned"
],
"examples": [
{
"text": "The band has polished its performance since the last concert.",
"type": "example"
},
{
"ref": "1699, William Temple, Heads designed for an essay on conversations:",
"text": "Study gives strength to the mind; conversation, grace: the first apt to give stiffness, the other suppleness: one gives substance and form to the statue, the other polishes it.",
"type": "quote"
}
],
"glosses": [
"To refine; remove imperfections from."
],
"links": [
[
"refine",
"refine"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(transitive) To refine; remove imperfections from."
],
"senseid": [
"en:refine; improve imperfections from"
],
"tags": [
"transitive"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"English transitive verbs"
],
"glosses": [
"To apply shoe polish to shoes."
],
"links": [
[
"apply",
"apply"
],
[
"shoe polish",
"shoe polish"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(transitive) To apply shoe polish to shoes."
],
"tags": [
"transitive"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"English intransitive verbs",
"English terms with quotations",
"English terms with usage examples",
"Quotation templates to be cleaned"
],
"examples": [
{
"text": "Steel polishes well.",
"type": "example"
},
{
"ref": "a. 1626, Francis Bacon, Inquisitions touching the compounding of metals:",
"text": "The other [gold], whether it will polish so well Wherein for the latter [brass] it is probable it will",
"type": "quote"
}
],
"glosses": [
"To become smooth, as from friction; to receive a gloss; to take a smooth and glossy surface."
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(intransitive) To become smooth, as from friction; to receive a gloss; to take a smooth and glossy surface."
],
"tags": [
"intransitive"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"English terms with quotations",
"English transitive verbs"
],
"examples": [
{
"ref": "1667, John Milton, “Book IX”, in Paradise Lost. […], London: […] [Samuel Simmons], and are to be sold by Peter Parker […]; [a]nd by Robert Boulter […]; [a]nd Matthias Walker, […], →OCLC; republished as Paradise Lost in Ten Books: […], London: Basil Montagu Pickering […], 1873, →OCLC:",
"text": "Arts that polish Life.",
"type": "quote"
}
],
"glosses": [
"To refine; to wear off the rudeness, coarseness, or rusticity of; to make elegant and polite."
],
"links": [
[
"refine",
"refine"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(transitive) To refine; to wear off the rudeness, coarseness, or rusticity of; to make elegant and polite."
],
"tags": [
"transitive"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"enpr": "pŏl'ĭsh",
"tags": [
"UK"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/ˈpɒl.ɪʃ/",
"tags": [
"UK"
]
},
{
"enpr": "pä'lĭsh",
"tags": [
"US"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/ˈpɑ.lɪʃ/",
"tags": [
"US"
]
},
{
"audio": "en-us-polish.ogg",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/53/En-us-polish.ogg/En-us-polish.ogg.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/53/En-us-polish.ogg"
}
],
"synonyms": [
{
"sense": "to make smooth and shiny by rubbing",
"word": "wax"
},
{
"sense": "to make smooth and shiny by rubbing",
"word": "shine"
},
{
"sense": "to make smooth and shiny by rubbing",
"word": "buff"
},
{
"sense": "to make smooth and shiny by rubbing",
"word": "furbish"
},
{
"sense": "to make smooth and shiny by rubbing",
"word": "burnish"
},
{
"sense": "to make smooth and shiny by rubbing",
"word": "smooth"
},
{
"sense": "to make smooth and shiny by rubbing",
"word": "bone"
},
{
"sense": "refine",
"word": "hone"
},
{
"sense": "refine",
"word": "perfect"
},
{
"sense": "refine",
"word": "refine"
}
],
"translations": [
{
"code": "ar",
"lang": "Arabic",
"roman": "lammaʕa",
"sense": "make a surface smooth or shiny",
"word": "لَمَّعَ"
},
{
"code": "hy",
"lang": "Armenian",
"roman": "hġkel",
"sense": "make a surface smooth or shiny",
"word": "հղկել"
},
{
"code": "hy",
"lang": "Armenian",
"roman": "oġorkel",
"sense": "make a surface smooth or shiny",
"word": "ողորկել"
},
{
"code": "bg",
"lang": "Bulgarian",
"roman": "lǎskam",
"sense": "make a surface smooth or shiny",
"word": "лъскам"
},
{
"code": "bg",
"lang": "Bulgarian",
"roman": "poliram",
"sense": "make a surface smooth or shiny",
"word": "полирам"
},
{
"code": "ca",
"lang": "Catalan",
"sense": "make a surface smooth or shiny",
"word": "polir"
},
{
"code": "cmn",
"lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
"roman": "cāliàng",
"sense": "make a surface smooth or shiny",
"word": "擦亮"
},
{
"code": "cs",
"lang": "Czech",
"sense": "make a surface smooth or shiny",
"word": "leštit"
},
{
"code": "da",
"lang": "Danish",
"sense": "make a surface smooth or shiny",
"word": "polere"
},
{
"code": "da",
"lang": "Danish",
"sense": "make a surface smooth or shiny",
"word": "blanke"
},
{
"code": "da",
"english": "make shiny",
"lang": "Danish",
"sense": "make a surface smooth or shiny",
"word": "pudse"
},
{
"code": "da",
"english": "make smooth",
"lang": "Danish",
"sense": "make a surface smooth or shiny",
"word": "glatte"
},
{
"code": "nl",
"lang": "Dutch",
"sense": "make a surface smooth or shiny",
"word": "polijsten"
},
{
"code": "nl",
"lang": "Dutch",
"sense": "make a surface smooth or shiny",
"word": "poetsen"
},
{
"code": "nl",
"lang": "Dutch",
"sense": "make a surface smooth or shiny",
"word": "oppoetsen"
},
{
"code": "eo",
"lang": "Esperanto",
"sense": "make a surface smooth or shiny",
"word": "poluri"
},
{
"code": "fi",
"english": "make shiny",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "make a surface smooth or shiny",
"word": "kiillottaa"
},
{
"code": "fi",
"english": "make smooth",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "make a surface smooth or shiny",
"word": "hioa"
},
{
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "make a surface smooth or shiny",
"tags": [
"colloquial"
],
"word": "puunata"
},
{
"code": "fi",
"english": "shoes",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "make a surface smooth or shiny",
"word": "lankata"
},
{
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "make a surface smooth or shiny",
"word": "polir"
},
{
"code": "gl",
"lang": "Galician",
"sense": "make a surface smooth or shiny",
"word": "puír"
},
{
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "make a surface smooth or shiny",
"word": "polieren"
},
{
"code": "el",
"lang": "Greek",
"roman": "gyalízo",
"sense": "make a surface smooth or shiny",
"word": "γυαλίζω"
},
{
"code": "el",
"lang": "Greek",
"roman": "loustráro",
"sense": "make a surface smooth or shiny",
"word": "λουστράρω"
},
{
"code": "he",
"lang": "Hebrew",
"roman": "litésh",
"sense": "make a surface smooth or shiny",
"word": "ליטש"
},
{
"code": "hu",
"lang": "Hungarian",
"sense": "make a surface smooth or shiny",
"word": "kifényesít"
},
{
"code": "hu",
"lang": "Hungarian",
"sense": "make a surface smooth or shiny",
"word": "políroz"
},
{
"code": "hu",
"lang": "Hungarian",
"sense": "make a surface smooth or shiny",
"word": "fényez"
},
{
"code": "io",
"lang": "Ido",
"sense": "make a surface smooth or shiny",
"word": "briligar"
},
{
"code": "io",
"lang": "Ido",
"sense": "make a surface smooth or shiny",
"word": "polisar"
},
{
"code": "ia",
"lang": "Interlingua",
"sense": "make a surface smooth or shiny",
"word": "polir"
},
{
"code": "ia",
"english": "metal",
"lang": "Interlingua",
"sense": "make a surface smooth or shiny",
"word": "furbir"
},
{
"code": "ia",
"english": "shoes",
"lang": "Interlingua",
"sense": "make a surface smooth or shiny",
"word": "lustrar"
},
{
"code": "ia",
"english": "to smooth",
"lang": "Interlingua",
"sense": "make a surface smooth or shiny",
"word": "lisiar"
},
{
"code": "it",
"lang": "Italian",
"sense": "make a surface smooth or shiny",
"word": "lucidare"
},
{
"code": "it",
"lang": "Italian",
"sense": "make a surface smooth or shiny",
"word": "levigare"
},
{
"code": "it",
"lang": "Italian",
"sense": "make a surface smooth or shiny",
"word": "lustrare"
},
{
"code": "it",
"lang": "Italian",
"sense": "make a surface smooth or shiny",
"word": "brillantare"
},
{
"code": "it",
"lang": "Italian",
"sense": "make a surface smooth or shiny",
"word": "tirare a lucido"
},
{
"code": "ja",
"lang": "Japanese",
"roman": "migaku",
"sense": "make a surface smooth or shiny",
"word": "磨く"
},
{
"code": "ja",
"lang": "Japanese",
"note": "for rice",
"roman": "togu",
"sense": "make a surface smooth or shiny",
"word": "研ぐ"
},
{
"code": "km",
"lang": "Khmer",
"roman": "puət",
"sense": "make a surface smooth or shiny",
"word": "ពួត"
},
{
"code": "km",
"lang": "Khmer",
"roman": "bɑŋkʰat",
"sense": "make a surface smooth or shiny",
"word": "បង្ខាត់"
},
{
"code": "km",
"lang": "Khmer",
"roman": "kʰat",
"sense": "make a surface smooth or shiny",
"word": "ខាត់"
},
{
"code": "ko",
"lang": "Korean",
"roman": "dakda",
"sense": "make a surface smooth or shiny",
"word": "닦다"
},
{
"code": "la",
"lang": "Latin",
"sense": "make a surface smooth or shiny",
"word": "poliō"
},
{
"code": "mi",
"lang": "Maori",
"sense": "make a surface smooth or shiny",
"word": "whakapiata"
},
{
"code": "mi",
"lang": "Maori",
"sense": "make a surface smooth or shiny",
"word": "whakamahine"
},
{
"code": "mi",
"lang": "Maori",
"sense": "make a surface smooth or shiny",
"word": "whakamaheni"
},
{
"code": "mi",
"lang": "Maori",
"sense": "make a surface smooth or shiny",
"word": "whakamahine"
},
{
"code": "mi",
"lang": "Maori",
"sense": "make a surface smooth or shiny",
"word": "whakapīrata"
},
{
"code": "nrf",
"lang": "Norman",
"sense": "make a surface smooth or shiny",
"word": "poli"
},
{
"code": "nb",
"lang": "Norwegian Bokmål",
"sense": "make a surface smooth or shiny",
"word": "polere"
},
{
"code": "nb",
"lang": "Norwegian Bokmål",
"sense": "make a surface smooth or shiny",
"word": "pusse"
},
{
"code": "ota",
"lang": "Ottoman Turkish",
"roman": "mührelemek",
"sense": "make a surface smooth or shiny",
"word": "مهرهلمك"
},
{
"code": "fa",
"lang": "Persian",
"roman": "poliš kardan",
"sense": "make a surface smooth or shiny",
"word": "پولیش کردن"
},
{
"code": "pl",
"lang": "Polish",
"sense": "make a surface smooth or shiny",
"word": "polerować"
},
{
"code": "pl",
"lang": "Polish",
"sense": "make a surface smooth or shiny",
"word": "wygładzać"
},
{
"code": "pt",
"lang": "Portuguese",
"sense": "make a surface smooth or shiny",
"word": "polir"
},
{
"code": "ro",
"lang": "Romanian",
"sense": "make a surface smooth or shiny",
"word": "lustrui"
},
{
"code": "ru",
"english": "reflective surface",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "polirovátʹ",
"sense": "make a surface smooth or shiny",
"word": "полирова́ть"
},
{
"code": "ru",
"english": "matte surface",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "šlifovátʹ",
"sense": "make a surface smooth or shiny",
"word": "шлифова́ть"
},
{
"code": "sa",
"lang": "Sanskrit",
"roman": "gharṣati",
"sense": "make a surface smooth or shiny",
"word": "घर्षति"
},
{
"code": "gd",
"lang": "Scottish Gaelic",
"sense": "make a surface smooth or shiny",
"word": "lìomh"
},
{
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "make a surface smooth or shiny",
"word": "pulir"
},
{
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "make a surface smooth or shiny",
"word": "acicalar"
},
{
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "make a surface smooth or shiny",
"word": "polir"
},
{
"code": "sv",
"lang": "Swedish",
"sense": "make a surface smooth or shiny",
"word": "polera"
},
{
"code": "sv",
"lang": "Swedish",
"sense": "make a surface smooth or shiny",
"word": "putsa"
},
{
"code": "txb",
"lang": "Tocharian B",
"sense": "make a surface smooth or shiny",
"word": "kānt-"
},
{
"code": "tr",
"lang": "Turkish",
"sense": "make a surface smooth or shiny",
"word": "parlatmak"
},
{
"code": "tr",
"lang": "Turkish",
"sense": "make a surface smooth or shiny",
"word": "mührelemek"
},
{
"code": "uk",
"lang": "Ukrainian",
"roman": "poliruváty",
"sense": "make a surface smooth or shiny",
"tags": [
"imperfective"
],
"word": "полірува́ти"
},
{
"code": "uk",
"lang": "Ukrainian",
"roman": "popoliruváty",
"sense": "make a surface smooth or shiny",
"tags": [
"perfective"
],
"word": "пополірува́ти"
},
{
"code": "uk",
"lang": "Ukrainian",
"roman": "vidpoliróvuvaty",
"sense": "make a surface smooth or shiny",
"tags": [
"imperfective"
],
"word": "відполіро́вувати"
},
{
"code": "uk",
"lang": "Ukrainian",
"roman": "vidpoliruváty",
"sense": "make a surface smooth or shiny",
"tags": [
"perfective"
],
"word": "відполірува́ти"
},
{
"code": "uk",
"lang": "Ukrainian",
"roman": "šlifuváty",
"sense": "make a surface smooth or shiny",
"tags": [
"imperfective"
],
"word": "шліфува́ти"
},
{
"code": "uk",
"lang": "Ukrainian",
"roman": "pošlifuváty",
"sense": "make a surface smooth or shiny",
"tags": [
"perfective"
],
"word": "пошліфува́ти"
},
{
"code": "uk",
"lang": "Ukrainian",
"roman": "vidšlifóvuvaty",
"sense": "make a surface smooth or shiny",
"tags": [
"imperfective"
],
"word": "відшліфо́вувати"
},
{
"code": "uk",
"lang": "Ukrainian",
"roman": "vidšlifuváty",
"sense": "make a surface smooth or shiny",
"tags": [
"perfective"
],
"word": "відшліфува́ти"
},
{
"code": "vi",
"lang": "Vietnamese",
"sense": "make a surface smooth or shiny",
"word": "đánh bóng"
},
{
"code": "ar",
"lang": "Arabic",
"roman": "ṣaqal",
"sense": "to refine; improve imperfections from",
"word": "صَقَل"
},
{
"code": "ca",
"lang": "Catalan",
"sense": "to refine; improve imperfections from",
"word": "polir"
},
{
"code": "da",
"lang": "Danish",
"sense": "to refine; improve imperfections from",
"word": "forfine"
},
{
"code": "nl",
"lang": "Dutch",
"sense": "to refine; improve imperfections from",
"word": "oppoetsen"
},
{
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "to refine; improve imperfections from",
"word": "hioa"
},
{
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "to refine; improve imperfections from",
"word": "parannella"
},
{
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "to refine; improve imperfections from",
"word": "kehittää"
},
{
"code": "gl",
"lang": "Galician",
"sense": "to refine; improve imperfections from",
"word": "puír"
},
{
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "to refine; improve imperfections from",
"word": "perfektionieren"
},
{
"code": "it",
"lang": "Italian",
"sense": "to refine; improve imperfections from",
"word": "perfezionare"
},
{
"code": "it",
"lang": "Italian",
"sense": "to refine; improve imperfections from",
"word": "smussare"
},
{
"code": "it",
"lang": "Italian",
"sense": "to refine; improve imperfections from",
"word": "levigare"
},
{
"code": "ja",
"lang": "Japanese",
"roman": "senren-suru",
"sense": "to refine; improve imperfections from",
"word": "洗練する"
},
{
"code": "pl",
"lang": "Polish",
"sense": "to refine; improve imperfections from",
"tags": [
"imperfective"
],
"word": "szlifować"
},
{
"code": "pt",
"lang": "Portuguese",
"sense": "to refine; improve imperfections from",
"word": "polir"
},
{
"code": "ro",
"lang": "Romanian",
"sense": "to refine; improve imperfections from",
"word": "perfecționa"
},
{
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "to refine; improve imperfections from",
"word": "pulir"
},
{
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "to refine; improve imperfections from",
"word": "polir"
},
{
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "to refine; improve imperfections from",
"word": "alcorzar"
},
{
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "to refine; improve imperfections from",
"word": "acicalar"
},
{
"code": "sv",
"lang": "Swedish",
"sense": "to refine; improve imperfections from",
"word": "polera"
},
{
"code": "sv",
"lang": "Swedish",
"sense": "to refine; improve imperfections from",
"word": "putsa"
},
{
"code": "bg",
"lang": "Bulgarian",
"roman": "lǎskam",
"sense": "to apply shoe polish",
"word": "лъскам"
},
{
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "to apply shoe polish",
"word": "kiillottaa kenkiä"
},
{
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "to apply shoe polish",
"word": "lankata"
},
{
"code": "gl",
"lang": "Galician",
"sense": "to apply shoe polish",
"word": "lustrar"
},
{
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "to apply shoe polish",
"word": "wichsen"
},
{
"code": "io",
"lang": "Ido",
"sense": "to apply shoe polish",
"word": "cirajizar"
},
{
"code": "it",
"lang": "Italian",
"sense": "to apply shoe polish",
"word": "lustrare"
},
{
"code": "it",
"lang": "Italian",
"sense": "to apply shoe polish",
"word": "lucidare"
},
{
"code": "nv",
"lang": "Navajo",
"sense": "to apply shoe polish",
"word": "náyiishį́į́h"
},
{
"code": "nrf",
"lang": "Norman",
"sense": "to apply shoe polish",
"word": "bliatchinner"
},
{
"code": "ro",
"lang": "Romanian",
"sense": "to apply shoe polish",
"word": "lustrui"
},
{
"code": "gd",
"lang": "Scottish Gaelic",
"sense": "to apply shoe polish",
"word": "lìomh"
}
],
"word": "polish"
}
Download raw JSONL data for polish meaning in English (34.5kB)
{
"called_from": "form_descriptions/2013",
"msg": "more than one value in \"roman\": kagayaki vs. shininess",
"path": [
"polish"
],
"section": "English",
"subsection": "noun",
"title": "polish",
"trace": ""
}
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable English dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2024-12-21 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2024-12-04 using wiktextract (d8cb2f3 and 4e554ae). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.