See burnish in All languages combined, or Wiktionary
Download JSON data for burnish meaning in English (36.1kB)
{
"derived": [
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"tags": [
"adjective"
],
"word": "burnished"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"word": "burnisher"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"tags": [
"noun"
],
"word": "burnishing"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"word": "burnishment"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"word": "reburnish"
}
],
"etymology_number": 1,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*bʰerH-",
"id": "brown"
},
"expansion": "",
"name": "root"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "verb"
},
"expansion": "verb",
"name": "glossary"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "enm",
"3": "burnishen"
},
"expansion": "Middle English burnishen",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "burnysshen",
"t": "to polish, burnish; (figuratively) to brighten, give lustre to; to clean (something) until shiny; to decorate (with something shiny), adorn"
},
"expansion": "burnysshen (“to polish, burnish; (figuratively) to brighten, give lustre to; to clean (something) until shiny; to decorate (with something shiny), adorn”)",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "bornysch, bornysh, bornyssh, burnesch, burnesh, burnessh, burneyssh, burnisch, burnischen, burnissh, burnysh, burnyssch, burnyssh,",
"otherforms": "1"
},
"expansion": "[and other forms]",
"name": "nb..."
},
{
"args": {
"1": "stem"
},
"expansion": "stem",
"name": "glossary"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "fro",
"3": "burnir"
},
"expansion": "Old French burnir",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "first-person"
},
"expansion": "first-person",
"name": "glossary"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "present"
},
"expansion": "present",
"name": "glossary"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "singular"
},
"expansion": "singular",
"name": "glossary"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "indicative"
},
"expansion": "indicative",
"name": "glossary"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "fro",
"2": "burnis"
},
"expansion": "burnis",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "fro",
"2": "brunir",
"t": "to make clean and shiny, polish; to make brown"
},
"expansion": "brunir (“to make clean and shiny, polish; to make brown”)",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "fr",
"2": "brunir"
},
"expansion": "French brunir",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "1"
},
"expansion": "¹",
"name": "sup"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "frk",
"3": "*brūnijan",
"t": "to polish, make resplendent"
},
"expansion": "Frankish *brūnijan (“to polish, make resplendent”)",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "gem-pro",
"3": "*brūnijaną",
"t": "to decorate; tan"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic *brūnijaną (“to decorate; tan”)",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "gem-pro",
"3": "*brūnaz",
"pos": "adjective",
"t": "brown"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic *brūnaz (“brown”, adjective)",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*bʰerH-",
"pos": "adjective",
"t": "brown"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *bʰerH- (“brown”, adjective)",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "brown",
"3": "brunneous"
},
"expansion": "Doublet of brown and brunneous",
"name": "doublet"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "noun"
},
"expansion": "noun",
"name": "glossary"
}
],
"etymology_text": "The verb is derived from Middle English burnishen, burnysshen (“to polish, burnish; (figuratively) to brighten, give lustre to; to clean (something) until shiny; to decorate (with something shiny), adorn”) [and other forms], from burniss-, a stem of Old French burnir (compare, for example, the first-person present singular indicative form burnis), a variant of brunir (“to make clean and shiny, polish; to make brown”) (modern French brunir), from Frankish *brūnijan (“to polish, make resplendent”), from Proto-Germanic *brūnijaną (“to decorate; tan”), from Proto-Germanic *brūnaz (“brown”, adjective), possibly from Proto-Indo-European *bʰerH- (“brown”, adjective). Doublet of brown and brunneous.\nThe noun is derived from the verb.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "burnishes",
"tags": [
"present",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "burnishing",
"tags": [
"participle",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "burnished",
"tags": [
"participle",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "burnished",
"tags": [
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "en-conj",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "burnish",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"infinitive"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "burnish (third-person singular simple present burnishes, present participle burnishing, simple past and past participle burnished)",
"name": "en-verb"
}
],
"hyphenation": [
"burn‧ish"
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "es",
"old": "1",
"past_old": "burnisht"
},
"name": "en-conj"
}
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "verb",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [],
"examples": [
{
"text": "In pottery, a stone is sometimes used to burnish a pot before firing, giving it a smooth, shiny look.",
"type": "example"
},
{
"ref": "1663, Edward Sparke, “Poem 15. On Whitsunday.”, in ΘΥΣΙΑΣΤΗΡΙΟΝ [Thusiastērion] vel Scintilla-Altaris. Or Primitive Devotion in the Feasts and Fasts of the Church of England. […], 3rd edition, London: […] R. Wood, for H. Brome, […], →OCLC, page 327",
"text": "Fire Renovates and Burniſheth the Mine, / The Spirit of VVisdom, makes the Face to ſhine: / Fire elevates, inclines things to Aſcend, / The Spirit of Faith too makes Souls upvvard tend: […]",
"type": "quotation"
},
{
"ref": "1910, Edmond Rostand, translated by Gertrude Hall, Chantecler: Play in Four Acts, New York, N.Y.: Duffield and Company, →OCLC, act I, scene ii, page 24",
"text": "Thou [the sun] smilest on the sunflower craning after thee, / And burnishest my brother of the vane, […]",
"type": "quotation"
}
],
"glosses": [
"To make (something, such as a surface) bright, shiny, and smooth by, or (by extension) as if by, rubbing; to polish, to shine."
],
"id": "en-burnish-en-verb-VNfDecJp",
"links": [
[
"make",
"make#Verb"
],
[
"surface",
"surface#Noun"
],
[
"bright",
"bright#Adjective"
],
[
"shiny",
"shiny#Adjective"
],
[
"smooth",
"smooth#Adjective"
],
[
"rubbing",
"rub#Verb"
],
[
"polish",
"polish#Verb"
],
[
"shine",
"shine#Verb"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(transitive)",
"To make (something, such as a surface) bright, shiny, and smooth by, or (by extension) as if by, rubbing; to polish, to shine."
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "buff"
},
{
"word": "furbish"
},
{
"word": "rub"
}
],
"tags": [
"transitive"
],
"translations": [
{
"_dis1": "71 5 11 14",
"code": "ar",
"lang": "Arabic",
"roman": "razzaza",
"sense": "to make (something, such as a surface) bright, shiny, and smooth by, or (by extension) as if by, rubbing — see also polish, shine",
"word": "رَزَّزَ"
},
{
"_dis1": "71 5 11 14",
"code": "xcl",
"lang": "Old Armenian",
"roman": "pʿaylem",
"sense": "to make (something, such as a surface) bright, shiny, and smooth by, or (by extension) as if by, rubbing — see also polish, shine",
"word": "փայլեմ"
},
{
"_dis1": "71 5 11 14",
"code": "bg",
"lang": "Bulgarian",
"roman": "lǎskam",
"sense": "to make (something, such as a surface) bright, shiny, and smooth by, or (by extension) as if by, rubbing — see also polish, shine",
"word": "лъскам"
},
{
"_dis1": "71 5 11 14",
"code": "bg",
"lang": "Bulgarian",
"roman": "poliram",
"sense": "to make (something, such as a surface) bright, shiny, and smooth by, or (by extension) as if by, rubbing — see also polish, shine",
"word": "полирам"
},
{
"_dis1": "71 5 11 14",
"code": "cmn",
"lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
"roman": "dǎmó",
"sense": "to make (something, such as a surface) bright, shiny, and smooth by, or (by extension) as if by, rubbing — see also polish, shine",
"word": "打磨"
},
{
"_dis1": "71 5 11 14",
"code": "cmn",
"lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
"roman": "móguāng",
"sense": "to make (something, such as a surface) bright, shiny, and smooth by, or (by extension) as if by, rubbing — see also polish, shine",
"word": "磨光"
},
{
"_dis1": "71 5 11 14",
"code": "cmn",
"lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
"sense": "to make (something, such as a surface) bright, shiny, and smooth by, or (by extension) as if by, rubbing — see also polish, shine",
"word": "拋光"
},
{
"_dis1": "71 5 11 14",
"code": "cmn",
"lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
"roman": "pāoguāng",
"sense": "to make (something, such as a surface) bright, shiny, and smooth by, or (by extension) as if by, rubbing — see also polish, shine",
"word": "抛光"
},
{
"_dis1": "71 5 11 14",
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "to make (something, such as a surface) bright, shiny, and smooth by, or (by extension) as if by, rubbing — see also polish, shine",
"word": "kiillottaa"
},
{
"_dis1": "71 5 11 14",
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "to make (something, such as a surface) bright, shiny, and smooth by, or (by extension) as if by, rubbing — see also polish, shine",
"word": "brunir"
},
{
"_dis1": "71 5 11 14",
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "to make (something, such as a surface) bright, shiny, and smooth by, or (by extension) as if by, rubbing — see also polish, shine",
"word": "fourbir"
},
{
"_dis1": "71 5 11 14",
"code": "gl",
"lang": "Galician",
"sense": "to make (something, such as a surface) bright, shiny, and smooth by, or (by extension) as if by, rubbing — see also polish, shine",
"word": "brunir"
},
{
"_dis1": "71 5 11 14",
"code": "gl",
"lang": "Galician",
"sense": "to make (something, such as a surface) bright, shiny, and smooth by, or (by extension) as if by, rubbing — see also polish, shine",
"word": "abrillantar"
},
{
"_dis1": "71 5 11 14",
"code": "gl",
"lang": "Galician",
"sense": "to make (something, such as a surface) bright, shiny, and smooth by, or (by extension) as if by, rubbing — see also polish, shine",
"word": "lustrar"
},
{
"_dis1": "71 5 11 14",
"code": "gl",
"lang": "Galician",
"sense": "to make (something, such as a surface) bright, shiny, and smooth by, or (by extension) as if by, rubbing — see also polish, shine",
"word": "puír"
},
{
"_dis1": "71 5 11 14",
"code": "gl",
"lang": "Galician",
"sense": "to make (something, such as a surface) bright, shiny, and smooth by, or (by extension) as if by, rubbing — see also polish, shine",
"word": "pulir"
},
{
"_dis1": "71 5 11 14",
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "to make (something, such as a surface) bright, shiny, and smooth by, or (by extension) as if by, rubbing — see also polish, shine",
"word": "brünieren"
},
{
"_dis1": "71 5 11 14",
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "to make (something, such as a surface) bright, shiny, and smooth by, or (by extension) as if by, rubbing — see also polish, shine",
"word": "glanzschleifen"
},
{
"_dis1": "71 5 11 14",
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "to make (something, such as a surface) bright, shiny, and smooth by, or (by extension) as if by, rubbing — see also polish, shine",
"word": "glätten"
},
{
"_dis1": "71 5 11 14",
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "to make (something, such as a surface) bright, shiny, and smooth by, or (by extension) as if by, rubbing — see also polish, shine",
"word": "glatt scheuern"
},
{
"_dis1": "71 5 11 14",
"code": "he",
"lang": "Hebrew",
"roman": "hivrík",
"sense": "to make (something, such as a surface) bright, shiny, and smooth by, or (by extension) as if by, rubbing — see also polish, shine",
"word": "הבריק"
},
{
"_dis1": "71 5 11 14",
"code": "he",
"lang": "Hebrew",
"roman": "marák",
"sense": "to make (something, such as a surface) bright, shiny, and smooth by, or (by extension) as if by, rubbing — see also polish, shine",
"word": "מרק"
},
{
"_dis1": "71 5 11 14",
"code": "he",
"lang": "Hebrew",
"roman": "merék",
"sense": "to make (something, such as a surface) bright, shiny, and smooth by, or (by extension) as if by, rubbing — see also polish, shine",
"word": "מירק"
},
{
"_dis1": "71 5 11 14",
"code": "hu",
"lang": "Hungarian",
"sense": "to make (something, such as a surface) bright, shiny, and smooth by, or (by extension) as if by, rubbing — see also polish, shine",
"word": "políroz"
},
{
"_dis1": "71 5 11 14",
"code": "is",
"lang": "Icelandic",
"sense": "to make (something, such as a surface) bright, shiny, and smooth by, or (by extension) as if by, rubbing — see also polish, shine",
"word": "fægja"
},
{
"_dis1": "71 5 11 14",
"code": "is",
"lang": "Icelandic",
"sense": "to make (something, such as a surface) bright, shiny, and smooth by, or (by extension) as if by, rubbing — see also polish, shine",
"word": "fága"
},
{
"_dis1": "71 5 11 14",
"code": "is",
"lang": "Icelandic",
"sense": "to make (something, such as a surface) bright, shiny, and smooth by, or (by extension) as if by, rubbing — see also polish, shine",
"word": "pússa"
},
{
"_dis1": "71 5 11 14",
"code": "io",
"lang": "Ido",
"sense": "to make (something, such as a surface) bright, shiny, and smooth by, or (by extension) as if by, rubbing — see also polish, shine",
"word": "brunisar"
},
{
"_dis1": "71 5 11 14",
"code": "it",
"lang": "Italian",
"sense": "to make (something, such as a surface) bright, shiny, and smooth by, or (by extension) as if by, rubbing — see also polish, shine",
"word": "brunire"
},
{
"_dis1": "71 5 11 14",
"code": "it",
"lang": "Italian",
"sense": "to make (something, such as a surface) bright, shiny, and smooth by, or (by extension) as if by, rubbing — see also polish, shine",
"word": "abbrunire"
},
{
"_dis1": "71 5 11 14",
"code": "it",
"lang": "Italian",
"sense": "to make (something, such as a surface) bright, shiny, and smooth by, or (by extension) as if by, rubbing — see also polish, shine",
"word": "lappare"
},
{
"_dis1": "71 5 11 14",
"code": "it",
"lang": "Italian",
"sense": "to make (something, such as a surface) bright, shiny, and smooth by, or (by extension) as if by, rubbing — see also polish, shine",
"word": "lumeggiàre"
},
{
"_dis1": "71 5 11 14",
"code": "la",
"lang": "Latin",
"sense": "to make (something, such as a surface) bright, shiny, and smooth by, or (by extension) as if by, rubbing — see also polish, shine",
"word": "tergeō"
},
{
"_dis1": "71 5 11 14",
"code": "gv",
"lang": "Manx",
"sense": "to make (something, such as a surface) bright, shiny, and smooth by, or (by extension) as if by, rubbing — see also polish, shine",
"word": "gloas"
},
{
"_dis1": "71 5 11 14",
"code": "mi",
"lang": "Maori",
"sense": "to make (something, such as a surface) bright, shiny, and smooth by, or (by extension) as if by, rubbing — see also polish, shine",
"word": "whakamaheni"
},
{
"_dis1": "71 5 11 14",
"code": "enm",
"lang": "Middle English",
"sense": "to make (something, such as a surface) bright, shiny, and smooth by, or (by extension) as if by, rubbing — see also polish, shine",
"word": "furbisshen"
},
{
"_dis1": "71 5 11 14",
"code": "ota",
"lang": "Ottoman Turkish",
"roman": "mührelemek",
"sense": "to make (something, such as a surface) bright, shiny, and smooth by, or (by extension) as if by, rubbing — see also polish, shine",
"word": "مهرهلمك"
},
{
"_dis1": "71 5 11 14",
"code": "pl",
"lang": "Polish",
"sense": "to make (something, such as a surface) bright, shiny, and smooth by, or (by extension) as if by, rubbing — see also polish, shine",
"tags": [
"imperfective"
],
"word": "polerować"
},
{
"_dis1": "71 5 11 14",
"code": "pl",
"lang": "Polish",
"sense": "to make (something, such as a surface) bright, shiny, and smooth by, or (by extension) as if by, rubbing — see also polish, shine",
"tags": [
"perfective"
],
"word": "wypolerować"
},
{
"_dis1": "71 5 11 14",
"code": "pt",
"lang": "Portuguese",
"sense": "to make (something, such as a surface) bright, shiny, and smooth by, or (by extension) as if by, rubbing — see also polish, shine",
"word": "brunir"
},
{
"_dis1": "71 5 11 14",
"code": "pt",
"lang": "Portuguese",
"sense": "to make (something, such as a surface) bright, shiny, and smooth by, or (by extension) as if by, rubbing — see also polish, shine",
"word": "açacalar"
},
{
"_dis1": "71 5 11 14",
"code": "pt",
"lang": "Portuguese",
"sense": "to make (something, such as a surface) bright, shiny, and smooth by, or (by extension) as if by, rubbing — see also polish, shine",
"word": "polir"
},
{
"_dis1": "71 5 11 14",
"code": "ro",
"lang": "Romanian",
"sense": "to make (something, such as a surface) bright, shiny, and smooth by, or (by extension) as if by, rubbing — see also polish, shine",
"word": "bruna"
},
{
"_dis1": "71 5 11 14",
"code": "ro",
"lang": "Romanian",
"sense": "to make (something, such as a surface) bright, shiny, and smooth by, or (by extension) as if by, rubbing — see also polish, shine",
"word": "lustrui"
},
{
"_dis1": "71 5 11 14",
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "dráitʹ",
"sense": "to make (something, such as a surface) bright, shiny, and smooth by, or (by extension) as if by, rubbing — see also polish, shine",
"topics": [
"nautical",
"transport"
],
"word": "дра́ить"
},
{
"_dis1": "71 5 11 14",
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "nadráivatʹ",
"sense": "to make (something, such as a surface) bright, shiny, and smooth by, or (by extension) as if by, rubbing — see also polish, shine",
"tags": [
"imperfective"
],
"word": "надра́ивать"
},
{
"_dis1": "71 5 11 14",
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "nadráitʹ",
"sense": "to make (something, such as a surface) bright, shiny, and smooth by, or (by extension) as if by, rubbing — see also polish, shine",
"tags": [
"perfective"
],
"topics": [
"nautical",
"transport"
],
"word": "надра́ить"
},
{
"_dis1": "71 5 11 14",
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "polirovátʹ",
"sense": "to make (something, such as a surface) bright, shiny, and smooth by, or (by extension) as if by, rubbing — see also polish, shine",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "полирова́ть"
},
{
"_dis1": "71 5 11 14",
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "šlifovátʹ",
"sense": "to make (something, such as a surface) bright, shiny, and smooth by, or (by extension) as if by, rubbing — see also polish, shine",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "шлифова́ть"
},
{
"_dis1": "71 5 11 14",
"code": "gd",
"lang": "Scottish Gaelic",
"sense": "to make (something, such as a surface) bright, shiny, and smooth by, or (by extension) as if by, rubbing — see also polish, shine",
"word": "dearrs"
},
{
"_dis1": "71 5 11 14",
"code": "gd",
"lang": "Scottish Gaelic",
"sense": "to make (something, such as a surface) bright, shiny, and smooth by, or (by extension) as if by, rubbing — see also polish, shine",
"word": "lìomh"
},
{
"_dis1": "71 5 11 14",
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "to make (something, such as a surface) bright, shiny, and smooth by, or (by extension) as if by, rubbing — see also polish, shine",
"word": "bruñir"
},
{
"_dis1": "71 5 11 14",
"code": "sv",
"lang": "Swedish",
"sense": "to make (something, such as a surface) bright, shiny, and smooth by, or (by extension) as if by, rubbing — see also polish, shine",
"word": "blankskura"
},
{
"_dis1": "71 5 11 14",
"code": "sv",
"lang": "Swedish",
"sense": "to make (something, such as a surface) bright, shiny, and smooth by, or (by extension) as if by, rubbing — see also polish, shine",
"word": "göra blank"
},
{
"_dis1": "71 5 11 14",
"code": "sv",
"lang": "Swedish",
"sense": "to make (something, such as a surface) bright, shiny, and smooth by, or (by extension) as if by, rubbing — see also polish, shine",
"word": "polera"
},
{
"_dis1": "71 5 11 14",
"code": "tr",
"lang": "Turkish",
"sense": "to make (something, such as a surface) bright, shiny, and smooth by, or (by extension) as if by, rubbing — see also polish, shine",
"word": "parlatmak"
},
{
"_dis1": "71 5 11 14",
"code": "tr",
"lang": "Turkish",
"sense": "to make (something, such as a surface) bright, shiny, and smooth by, or (by extension) as if by, rubbing — see also polish, shine",
"word": "mührelemek"
},
{
"_dis1": "71 5 11 14",
"code": "uk",
"lang": "Ukrainian",
"roman": "poliruvaty",
"sense": "to make (something, such as a surface) bright, shiny, and smooth by, or (by extension) as if by, rubbing — see also polish, shine",
"word": "полірувати"
},
{
"_dis1": "71 5 11 14",
"code": "uk",
"lang": "Ukrainian",
"roman": "šlifuvaty",
"sense": "to make (something, such as a surface) bright, shiny, and smooth by, or (by extension) as if by, rubbing — see also polish, shine",
"word": "шліфувати"
},
{
"_dis1": "71 5 11 14",
"code": "yi",
"lang": "Yiddish",
"roman": "polirn",
"sense": "to make (something, such as a surface) bright, shiny, and smooth by, or (by extension) as if by, rubbing — see also polish, shine",
"word": "פּאָלירן"
}
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "7 7 13 9 19 6 18 11 10",
"kind": "other",
"name": "British English",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"ref": "1658, Hendrick Hexham, “The Termes and Words of the Art of Hunting, and the Interpretation of Them out of English into Netherdutch”, in Het Groot Woorden Boeck: Gestelt in ’t Neder-duytsch, ende in ’t Engelsch […] = A Large Netherdutch and English Dictionarie; […], Rotterdam: […] Arnout Leers, →OCLC, column 2",
"text": "The Stagg or Buck burnisheth his head, by rubbing it againſt the trees, Het Hart wrijſt ſijn hooſt tegen de boomen.",
"type": "quotation"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Of a stag: to remove the velvet (“skin and fine fur”) from (its antlers) by rubbing them against something; to velvet."
],
"id": "en-burnish-en-verb-RjXe0Vs4",
"links": [
[
"stag",
"stag#Noun"
],
[
"remove",
"remove#Verb"
],
[
"velvet",
"velvet#English"
],
[
"skin",
"skin#Noun"
],
[
"fine",
"fine#Adjective"
],
[
"fur",
"fur#Noun"
],
[
"antler",
"antler"
],
[
"velvet",
"velvet#Verb"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(transitive)",
"Of a stag: to remove the velvet (“skin and fine fur”) from (its antlers) by rubbing them against something; to velvet."
],
"tags": [
"transitive"
]
},
{
"categories": [],
"examples": [
{
"ref": "1870, The Superior Animal; a Satire, London: J. Haddon & Co., […], →OCLC, page 15",
"text": "He burnisheth stale villanies afresh. / Whilst, ravenous as sharks for human flesh, / His gaping audience bold the tumid food, / More grateful the more foully 'tis imbued.",
"type": "quotation"
},
{
"ref": "2006, Laura Browder, “Maid Marians and Bad Mothers: From the Gungirls of the 1920s to the Gangsters of the 1930s”, in Her Best Shot: Women and Guns in America, Chapel Hill, N.C.: University of North Carolina Press, page 133",
"text": "Bonnie Parker helped burnish her own image.",
"type": "quotation"
},
{
"ref": "2008, Otto Rahn, “Meran”, in Christopher Jones, transl., Lucifer’s Court: A Heretic’s Journey in Search of the Light Bringers, 1st U.S. edition, Rochester, Vt.: Inner Traditions, part 2, page 108",
"text": "In particular, those who experienced her [Elizabeth of Hungary's]three rose miracles did the most to burnish her legend.",
"type": "quotation"
},
{
"ref": "2016, Geo Takach, “War of the Wild Roses”, in A. Hansen, S. Depoe, editors, Scripting the Environment: Oil, Democracy and the Sands of Time and Space (Palgrave Studies in Media and Environmental Communication), Cham, Switzerland: Palgrave Macmillan, Springer Nature, →DOI, page 165",
"text": "Desperate to burnish her legacy, Louise pleads her case for higher status based on her achievements on Earth as a philanthropist, artist, and occasional royal rebel.",
"type": "quotation"
},
{
"ref": "2021 July 8, Sheera Frenkel, Cecilia Kang, “Mark Zuckerberg and Sheryl Sandberg’s partnership did not survive [Donald] Trump”, in The New York Times, New York, N.Y.: The New York Times Company, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2022-11-29",
"text": "One of her [Sheryl Sandberg's] primary roles had been to charm Washington on Facebook's behalf, and protect and burnish its image. Neither project was going particularly well.",
"type": "quotation"
}
],
"glosses": [
"To make (someone or something) appear positive and highly respected."
],
"id": "en-burnish-en-verb-EB5zdccO",
"links": [
[
"appear",
"appear"
],
[
"positive",
"positive#Adjective"
],
[
"highly",
"highly"
],
[
"respected",
"respected#Adjective"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(transitive)",
"(figuratively) To make (someone or something) appear positive and highly respected."
],
"tags": [
"figuratively",
"transitive"
],
"translations": [
{
"_dis1": "8 1 90 1",
"code": "cmn",
"lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
"roman": "dǎmó",
"sense": "to make (someone or something) appear positive and highly respected",
"word": "打磨"
},
{
"_dis1": "8 1 90 1",
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "to make (someone or something) appear positive and highly respected",
"word": "kiillottaa"
},
{
"_dis1": "8 1 90 1",
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "to make (someone or something) appear positive and highly respected",
"word": "kaunistella"
},
{
"_dis1": "8 1 90 1",
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "to make (someone or something) appear positive and highly respected",
"word": "aufpolieren"
},
{
"_dis1": "8 1 90 1",
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "to make (someone or something) appear positive and highly respected",
"word": "zu mehr Glanz verhelfen"
},
{
"_dis1": "2 3 91 4",
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "to appear positive and highly respected",
"word": "kiiltää"
}
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "7 7 13 9 19 6 18 11 10",
"kind": "other",
"name": "British English",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"To become bright, glossy, and smooth; to brighten, to gleam, to shine forth."
],
"id": "en-burnish-en-verb-iiF2C5zB",
"links": [
[
"become",
"become"
],
[
"glossy",
"glossy"
],
[
"brighten",
"brighten"
],
[
"gleam",
"gleam#Verb"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(intransitive)",
"To become bright, glossy, and smooth; to brighten, to gleam, to shine forth."
],
"tags": [
"intransitive"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ˈbɜːnɪʃ/",
"tags": [
"Received-Pronunciation"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/ˈbɝnɪʃ/",
"tags": [
"General-American"
]
},
{
"rhymes": "-ɜː(ɹ)nɪʃ"
},
{
"audio": "LL-Q1860 (eng)-Vealhurl-burnish.wav",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/9/9b/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-burnish.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-burnish.wav.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/9/9b/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-burnish.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-burnish.wav.ogg",
"tags": [
"Southern-England"
],
"text": "Audio (Southern England)"
}
],
"word": "burnish"
}
{
"etymology_number": 1,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*bʰerH-",
"id": "brown"
},
"expansion": "",
"name": "root"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "verb"
},
"expansion": "verb",
"name": "glossary"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "enm",
"3": "burnishen"
},
"expansion": "Middle English burnishen",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "burnysshen",
"t": "to polish, burnish; (figuratively) to brighten, give lustre to; to clean (something) until shiny; to decorate (with something shiny), adorn"
},
"expansion": "burnysshen (“to polish, burnish; (figuratively) to brighten, give lustre to; to clean (something) until shiny; to decorate (with something shiny), adorn”)",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "bornysch, bornysh, bornyssh, burnesch, burnesh, burnessh, burneyssh, burnisch, burnischen, burnissh, burnysh, burnyssch, burnyssh,",
"otherforms": "1"
},
"expansion": "[and other forms]",
"name": "nb..."
},
{
"args": {
"1": "stem"
},
"expansion": "stem",
"name": "glossary"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "fro",
"3": "burnir"
},
"expansion": "Old French burnir",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "first-person"
},
"expansion": "first-person",
"name": "glossary"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "present"
},
"expansion": "present",
"name": "glossary"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "singular"
},
"expansion": "singular",
"name": "glossary"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "indicative"
},
"expansion": "indicative",
"name": "glossary"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "fro",
"2": "burnis"
},
"expansion": "burnis",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "fro",
"2": "brunir",
"t": "to make clean and shiny, polish; to make brown"
},
"expansion": "brunir (“to make clean and shiny, polish; to make brown”)",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "fr",
"2": "brunir"
},
"expansion": "French brunir",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "1"
},
"expansion": "¹",
"name": "sup"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "frk",
"3": "*brūnijan",
"t": "to polish, make resplendent"
},
"expansion": "Frankish *brūnijan (“to polish, make resplendent”)",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "gem-pro",
"3": "*brūnijaną",
"t": "to decorate; tan"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic *brūnijaną (“to decorate; tan”)",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "gem-pro",
"3": "*brūnaz",
"pos": "adjective",
"t": "brown"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic *brūnaz (“brown”, adjective)",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*bʰerH-",
"pos": "adjective",
"t": "brown"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *bʰerH- (“brown”, adjective)",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "brown",
"3": "brunneous"
},
"expansion": "Doublet of brown and brunneous",
"name": "doublet"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "noun"
},
"expansion": "noun",
"name": "glossary"
}
],
"etymology_text": "The verb is derived from Middle English burnishen, burnysshen (“to polish, burnish; (figuratively) to brighten, give lustre to; to clean (something) until shiny; to decorate (with something shiny), adorn”) [and other forms], from burniss-, a stem of Old French burnir (compare, for example, the first-person present singular indicative form burnis), a variant of brunir (“to make clean and shiny, polish; to make brown”) (modern French brunir), from Frankish *brūnijan (“to polish, make resplendent”), from Proto-Germanic *brūnijaną (“to decorate; tan”), from Proto-Germanic *brūnaz (“brown”, adjective), possibly from Proto-Indo-European *bʰerH- (“brown”, adjective). Doublet of brown and brunneous.\nThe noun is derived from the verb.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "burnishes",
"tags": [
"plural"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "~"
},
"expansion": "burnish (countable and uncountable, plural burnishes)",
"name": "en-noun"
}
],
"hyphenation": [
"burn‧ish"
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [],
"glosses": [
"A shine of something which has been polished; a lustre, a polish."
],
"id": "en-burnish-en-noun-ZqLs5i2U",
"links": [
[
"shine",
"shine#Noun"
],
[
"polished",
"polish#Verb"
],
[
"lustre",
"luster#Noun"
],
[
"polish",
"polish#Noun"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(countable)",
"A shine of something which has been polished; a lustre, a polish."
],
"tags": [
"countable",
"uncountable"
]
},
{
"categories": [],
"glosses": [
"A shiny layer applied to a surface or other thing."
],
"id": "en-burnish-en-noun-ivGqgWjy",
"links": [
[
"shiny",
"shiny#Adjective"
],
[
"layer",
"layer#Noun"
],
[
"applied",
"apply"
],
[
"surface",
"surface#Noun"
],
[
"thing",
"thing"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(countable)",
"A shiny layer applied to a surface or other thing."
],
"tags": [
"countable",
"uncountable"
],
"translations": [
{
"_dis1": "2 87 11",
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "shiny layer applied to a surface or other thing",
"word": "kiilto"
}
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "7 7 13 9 19 6 18 11 10",
"kind": "other",
"name": "British English",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"text": "With a good burnish, the old table should fetch a higher price.",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"The making of something bright, shiny, and smooth by, or (by extension) as if by, rubbing; (countable) an instance of this; a burnishing, a polishing, a shining."
],
"id": "en-burnish-en-noun-vsODoIKc",
"links": [
[
"making",
"making#Noun"
],
[
"bright",
"bright#Adjective"
],
[
"shiny",
"shiny#Adjective"
],
[
"smooth",
"smooth#Adjective"
],
[
"rubbing",
"rub#Verb"
],
[
"instance",
"instance#Noun"
],
[
"burnishing",
"burnishing#Noun"
],
[
"polishing",
"polishing#Noun"
],
[
"shining",
"shining#Noun"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(uncountable) The making of something bright, shiny, and smooth by, or (by extension) as if by, rubbing; (countable) an instance of this; a burnishing, a polishing, a shining."
],
"tags": [
"uncountable"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ˈbɜːnɪʃ/",
"tags": [
"Received-Pronunciation"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/ˈbɝnɪʃ/",
"tags": [
"General-American"
]
},
{
"rhymes": "-ɜː(ɹ)nɪʃ"
},
{
"audio": "LL-Q1860 (eng)-Vealhurl-burnish.wav",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/9/9b/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-burnish.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-burnish.wav.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/9/9b/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-burnish.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-burnish.wav.ogg",
"tags": [
"Southern-England"
],
"text": "Audio (Southern England)"
}
],
"word": "burnish"
}
{
"etymology_number": 2,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*bʰer-"
},
"expansion": "",
"name": "root"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "enm",
"3": "barnishen"
},
"expansion": "Middle English barnishen",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "barnish",
"t": "to grow big (with child), to become pregnant; to grow stout or strong"
},
"expansion": "barnish (“to grow big (with child), to become pregnant; to grow stout or strong”)",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "2"
},
"expansion": "²",
"name": "sup"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "barn",
"t": "child, offspring; infant; unborn child; human being, person; male person, man (especially a young man or young warrior)"
},
"expansion": "barn (“child, offspring; infant; unborn child; human being, person; male person, man (especially a young man or young warrior)”)",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "ang",
"3": "bearn",
"t": "child"
},
"expansion": "Old English bearn (“child”)",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "gmw-pro",
"3": "*barn",
"t": "child"
},
"expansion": "Proto-West Germanic *barn (“child”)",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "gem-pro",
"3": "*barną",
"t": "child"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic *barną (“child”)",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*bʰer-",
"t": "to bear, carry"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *bʰer- (“to bear, carry”)",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "suffix"
},
"expansion": "suffix",
"name": "glossary"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "verb"
},
"expansion": "verb",
"name": "glossary"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "-ishen",
"pos": "suffix forming verbs"
},
"expansion": "-ishen (suffix forming verbs)",
"name": "m"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Middle English barnishen, barnish (“to grow big (with child), to become pregnant; to grow stout or strong”); further etymology uncertain, possibly from barn (“child, offspring; infant; unborn child; human being, person; male person, man (especially a young man or young warrior)”). (from Old English bearn (“child”), from Proto-West Germanic *barn (“child”), from Proto-Germanic *barną (“child”), from Proto-Indo-European *bʰer- (“to bear, carry”)) + -ishen (suffix forming verbs).",
"forms": [
{
"form": "burnishes",
"tags": [
"present",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "burnishing",
"tags": [
"participle",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "burnished",
"tags": [
"participle",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "burnished",
"tags": [
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "except British",
"tags": [
"obsolete"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "burnish (third-person singular simple present burnishes, present participle burnishing, simple past and past participle burnished)",
"name": "en-verb"
}
],
"hyphenation": [
"burn‧ish"
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "verb",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "7 7 13 9 19 6 18 11 10",
"kind": "other",
"name": "British English",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "4 3 14 6 22 2 10 34 6",
"kind": "other",
"name": "English entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Of a person's body: to grow large or stout; to fatten, to fill out."
],
"id": "en-burnish-en-verb-L~y7AIV6",
"links": [
[
"person",
"person#Noun"
],
[
"body",
"body#Noun"
],
[
"grow",
"grow#Verb"
],
[
"large",
"large#Adjective"
],
[
"stout",
"stout#Adjective"
],
[
"fatten",
"fatten"
],
[
"fill out",
"fill out"
]
],
"tags": [
"dialectal",
"intransitive"
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"Of a thing: to increase in size; to expand, to spread out, to swell."
],
"id": "en-burnish-en-verb-TU7H6CUu",
"links": [
[
"thing",
"thing"
],
[
"increase",
"increase#Verb"
],
[
"size",
"size#Noun"
],
[
"expand",
"expand"
],
[
"spread out",
"spread out"
],
[
"swell",
"swell#Verb"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(by extension) Of a thing: to increase in size; to expand, to spread out, to swell."
],
"tags": [
"broadly",
"dialectal",
"intransitive"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ˈbɜːnɪʃ/",
"tags": [
"Received-Pronunciation"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/ˈbɝnɪʃ/",
"tags": [
"General-American"
]
},
{
"rhymes": "-ɜː(ɹ)nɪʃ"
},
{
"audio": "LL-Q1860 (eng)-Vealhurl-burnish.wav",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/9/9b/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-burnish.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-burnish.wav.mp3",
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"tags": [
"Southern-England"
],
"text": "Audio (Southern England)"
}
],
"word": "burnish"
}
{
"categories": [
"British English",
"English 2-syllable words",
"English countable nouns",
"English dialectal terms",
"English doublets",
"English entries with incorrect language header",
"English intransitive verbs",
"English lemmas",
"English nouns",
"English obsolete terms",
"English terms derived from Frankish",
"English terms derived from Middle English",
"English terms derived from Old English",
"English terms derived from Old French",
"English terms derived from Proto-Germanic",
"English terms derived from Proto-Indo-European",
"English terms derived from Proto-West Germanic",
"English terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *bʰer-",
"English terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *bʰerH- (brown)",
"English terms inherited from Middle English",
"English terms inherited from Old English",
"English terms inherited from Proto-Germanic",
"English terms inherited from Proto-Indo-European",
"English terms inherited from Proto-West Germanic",
"English terms with IPA pronunciation",
"English terms with audio links",
"English uncountable nouns",
"English verbs",
"Rhymes:English/ɜː(ɹ)nɪʃ",
"Rhymes:English/ɜː(ɹ)nɪʃ/2 syllables"
],
"derived": [
{
"tags": [
"adjective"
],
"word": "burnished"
},
{
"word": "burnisher"
},
{
"tags": [
"noun"
],
"word": "burnishing"
},
{
"word": "burnishment"
},
{
"word": "reburnish"
}
],
"etymology_number": 1,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*bʰerH-",
"id": "brown"
},
"expansion": "",
"name": "root"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "verb"
},
"expansion": "verb",
"name": "glossary"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "enm",
"3": "burnishen"
},
"expansion": "Middle English burnishen",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "burnysshen",
"t": "to polish, burnish; (figuratively) to brighten, give lustre to; to clean (something) until shiny; to decorate (with something shiny), adorn"
},
"expansion": "burnysshen (“to polish, burnish; (figuratively) to brighten, give lustre to; to clean (something) until shiny; to decorate (with something shiny), adorn”)",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "bornysch, bornysh, bornyssh, burnesch, burnesh, burnessh, burneyssh, burnisch, burnischen, burnissh, burnysh, burnyssch, burnyssh,",
"otherforms": "1"
},
"expansion": "[and other forms]",
"name": "nb..."
},
{
"args": {
"1": "stem"
},
"expansion": "stem",
"name": "glossary"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "fro",
"3": "burnir"
},
"expansion": "Old French burnir",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "first-person"
},
"expansion": "first-person",
"name": "glossary"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "present"
},
"expansion": "present",
"name": "glossary"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "singular"
},
"expansion": "singular",
"name": "glossary"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "indicative"
},
"expansion": "indicative",
"name": "glossary"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "fro",
"2": "burnis"
},
"expansion": "burnis",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "fro",
"2": "brunir",
"t": "to make clean and shiny, polish; to make brown"
},
"expansion": "brunir (“to make clean and shiny, polish; to make brown”)",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "fr",
"2": "brunir"
},
"expansion": "French brunir",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "1"
},
"expansion": "¹",
"name": "sup"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "frk",
"3": "*brūnijan",
"t": "to polish, make resplendent"
},
"expansion": "Frankish *brūnijan (“to polish, make resplendent”)",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "gem-pro",
"3": "*brūnijaną",
"t": "to decorate; tan"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic *brūnijaną (“to decorate; tan”)",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "gem-pro",
"3": "*brūnaz",
"pos": "adjective",
"t": "brown"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic *brūnaz (“brown”, adjective)",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*bʰerH-",
"pos": "adjective",
"t": "brown"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *bʰerH- (“brown”, adjective)",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "brown",
"3": "brunneous"
},
"expansion": "Doublet of brown and brunneous",
"name": "doublet"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "noun"
},
"expansion": "noun",
"name": "glossary"
}
],
"etymology_text": "The verb is derived from Middle English burnishen, burnysshen (“to polish, burnish; (figuratively) to brighten, give lustre to; to clean (something) until shiny; to decorate (with something shiny), adorn”) [and other forms], from burniss-, a stem of Old French burnir (compare, for example, the first-person present singular indicative form burnis), a variant of brunir (“to make clean and shiny, polish; to make brown”) (modern French brunir), from Frankish *brūnijan (“to polish, make resplendent”), from Proto-Germanic *brūnijaną (“to decorate; tan”), from Proto-Germanic *brūnaz (“brown”, adjective), possibly from Proto-Indo-European *bʰerH- (“brown”, adjective). Doublet of brown and brunneous.\nThe noun is derived from the verb.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "burnishes",
"tags": [
"present",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "burnishing",
"tags": [
"participle",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "burnished",
"tags": [
"participle",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "burnished",
"tags": [
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "en-conj",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "burnish",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"infinitive"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "burnish (third-person singular simple present burnishes, present participle burnishing, simple past and past participle burnished)",
"name": "en-verb"
}
],
"hyphenation": [
"burn‧ish"
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "es",
"old": "1",
"past_old": "burnisht"
},
"name": "en-conj"
}
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "verb",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"English terms with quotations",
"English terms with usage examples",
"English transitive verbs"
],
"examples": [
{
"text": "In pottery, a stone is sometimes used to burnish a pot before firing, giving it a smooth, shiny look.",
"type": "example"
},
{
"ref": "1663, Edward Sparke, “Poem 15. On Whitsunday.”, in ΘΥΣΙΑΣΤΗΡΙΟΝ [Thusiastērion] vel Scintilla-Altaris. Or Primitive Devotion in the Feasts and Fasts of the Church of England. […], 3rd edition, London: […] R. Wood, for H. Brome, […], →OCLC, page 327",
"text": "Fire Renovates and Burniſheth the Mine, / The Spirit of VVisdom, makes the Face to ſhine: / Fire elevates, inclines things to Aſcend, / The Spirit of Faith too makes Souls upvvard tend: […]",
"type": "quotation"
},
{
"ref": "1910, Edmond Rostand, translated by Gertrude Hall, Chantecler: Play in Four Acts, New York, N.Y.: Duffield and Company, →OCLC, act I, scene ii, page 24",
"text": "Thou [the sun] smilest on the sunflower craning after thee, / And burnishest my brother of the vane, […]",
"type": "quotation"
}
],
"glosses": [
"To make (something, such as a surface) bright, shiny, and smooth by, or (by extension) as if by, rubbing; to polish, to shine."
],
"links": [
[
"make",
"make#Verb"
],
[
"surface",
"surface#Noun"
],
[
"bright",
"bright#Adjective"
],
[
"shiny",
"shiny#Adjective"
],
[
"smooth",
"smooth#Adjective"
],
[
"rubbing",
"rub#Verb"
],
[
"polish",
"polish#Verb"
],
[
"shine",
"shine#Verb"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(transitive)",
"To make (something, such as a surface) bright, shiny, and smooth by, or (by extension) as if by, rubbing; to polish, to shine."
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "buff"
},
{
"word": "furbish"
},
{
"word": "rub"
}
],
"tags": [
"transitive"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"English terms with quotations",
"English transitive verbs"
],
"examples": [
{
"ref": "1658, Hendrick Hexham, “The Termes and Words of the Art of Hunting, and the Interpretation of Them out of English into Netherdutch”, in Het Groot Woorden Boeck: Gestelt in ’t Neder-duytsch, ende in ’t Engelsch […] = A Large Netherdutch and English Dictionarie; […], Rotterdam: […] Arnout Leers, →OCLC, column 2",
"text": "The Stagg or Buck burnisheth his head, by rubbing it againſt the trees, Het Hart wrijſt ſijn hooſt tegen de boomen.",
"type": "quotation"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Of a stag: to remove the velvet (“skin and fine fur”) from (its antlers) by rubbing them against something; to velvet."
],
"links": [
[
"stag",
"stag#Noun"
],
[
"remove",
"remove#Verb"
],
[
"velvet",
"velvet#English"
],
[
"skin",
"skin#Noun"
],
[
"fine",
"fine#Adjective"
],
[
"fur",
"fur#Noun"
],
[
"antler",
"antler"
],
[
"velvet",
"velvet#Verb"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(transitive)",
"Of a stag: to remove the velvet (“skin and fine fur”) from (its antlers) by rubbing them against something; to velvet."
],
"tags": [
"transitive"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"English terms with quotations",
"English transitive verbs"
],
"examples": [
{
"ref": "1870, The Superior Animal; a Satire, London: J. Haddon & Co., […], →OCLC, page 15",
"text": "He burnisheth stale villanies afresh. / Whilst, ravenous as sharks for human flesh, / His gaping audience bold the tumid food, / More grateful the more foully 'tis imbued.",
"type": "quotation"
},
{
"ref": "2006, Laura Browder, “Maid Marians and Bad Mothers: From the Gungirls of the 1920s to the Gangsters of the 1930s”, in Her Best Shot: Women and Guns in America, Chapel Hill, N.C.: University of North Carolina Press, page 133",
"text": "Bonnie Parker helped burnish her own image.",
"type": "quotation"
},
{
"ref": "2008, Otto Rahn, “Meran”, in Christopher Jones, transl., Lucifer’s Court: A Heretic’s Journey in Search of the Light Bringers, 1st U.S. edition, Rochester, Vt.: Inner Traditions, part 2, page 108",
"text": "In particular, those who experienced her [Elizabeth of Hungary's]three rose miracles did the most to burnish her legend.",
"type": "quotation"
},
{
"ref": "2016, Geo Takach, “War of the Wild Roses”, in A. Hansen, S. Depoe, editors, Scripting the Environment: Oil, Democracy and the Sands of Time and Space (Palgrave Studies in Media and Environmental Communication), Cham, Switzerland: Palgrave Macmillan, Springer Nature, →DOI, page 165",
"text": "Desperate to burnish her legacy, Louise pleads her case for higher status based on her achievements on Earth as a philanthropist, artist, and occasional royal rebel.",
"type": "quotation"
},
{
"ref": "2021 July 8, Sheera Frenkel, Cecilia Kang, “Mark Zuckerberg and Sheryl Sandberg’s partnership did not survive [Donald] Trump”, in The New York Times, New York, N.Y.: The New York Times Company, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 2022-11-29",
"text": "One of her [Sheryl Sandberg's] primary roles had been to charm Washington on Facebook's behalf, and protect and burnish its image. Neither project was going particularly well.",
"type": "quotation"
}
],
"glosses": [
"To make (someone or something) appear positive and highly respected."
],
"links": [
[
"appear",
"appear"
],
[
"positive",
"positive#Adjective"
],
[
"highly",
"highly"
],
[
"respected",
"respected#Adjective"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(transitive)",
"(figuratively) To make (someone or something) appear positive and highly respected."
],
"tags": [
"figuratively",
"transitive"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"English intransitive verbs"
],
"glosses": [
"To become bright, glossy, and smooth; to brighten, to gleam, to shine forth."
],
"links": [
[
"become",
"become"
],
[
"glossy",
"glossy"
],
[
"brighten",
"brighten"
],
[
"gleam",
"gleam#Verb"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(intransitive)",
"To become bright, glossy, and smooth; to brighten, to gleam, to shine forth."
],
"tags": [
"intransitive"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ˈbɜːnɪʃ/",
"tags": [
"Received-Pronunciation"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/ˈbɝnɪʃ/",
"tags": [
"General-American"
]
},
{
"rhymes": "-ɜː(ɹ)nɪʃ"
},
{
"audio": "LL-Q1860 (eng)-Vealhurl-burnish.wav",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/9/9b/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-burnish.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-burnish.wav.mp3",
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"tags": [
"Southern-England"
],
"text": "Audio (Southern England)"
}
],
"translations": [
{
"code": "ar",
"lang": "Arabic",
"roman": "razzaza",
"sense": "to make (something, such as a surface) bright, shiny, and smooth by, or (by extension) as if by, rubbing — see also polish, shine",
"word": "رَزَّزَ"
},
{
"code": "xcl",
"lang": "Old Armenian",
"roman": "pʿaylem",
"sense": "to make (something, such as a surface) bright, shiny, and smooth by, or (by extension) as if by, rubbing — see also polish, shine",
"word": "փայլեմ"
},
{
"code": "bg",
"lang": "Bulgarian",
"roman": "lǎskam",
"sense": "to make (something, such as a surface) bright, shiny, and smooth by, or (by extension) as if by, rubbing — see also polish, shine",
"word": "лъскам"
},
{
"code": "bg",
"lang": "Bulgarian",
"roman": "poliram",
"sense": "to make (something, such as a surface) bright, shiny, and smooth by, or (by extension) as if by, rubbing — see also polish, shine",
"word": "полирам"
},
{
"code": "cmn",
"lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
"roman": "dǎmó",
"sense": "to make (something, such as a surface) bright, shiny, and smooth by, or (by extension) as if by, rubbing — see also polish, shine",
"word": "打磨"
},
{
"code": "cmn",
"lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
"roman": "móguāng",
"sense": "to make (something, such as a surface) bright, shiny, and smooth by, or (by extension) as if by, rubbing — see also polish, shine",
"word": "磨光"
},
{
"code": "cmn",
"lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
"sense": "to make (something, such as a surface) bright, shiny, and smooth by, or (by extension) as if by, rubbing — see also polish, shine",
"word": "拋光"
},
{
"code": "cmn",
"lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
"roman": "pāoguāng",
"sense": "to make (something, such as a surface) bright, shiny, and smooth by, or (by extension) as if by, rubbing — see also polish, shine",
"word": "抛光"
},
{
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "to make (something, such as a surface) bright, shiny, and smooth by, or (by extension) as if by, rubbing — see also polish, shine",
"word": "kiillottaa"
},
{
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "to make (something, such as a surface) bright, shiny, and smooth by, or (by extension) as if by, rubbing — see also polish, shine",
"word": "brunir"
},
{
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "to make (something, such as a surface) bright, shiny, and smooth by, or (by extension) as if by, rubbing — see also polish, shine",
"word": "fourbir"
},
{
"code": "gl",
"lang": "Galician",
"sense": "to make (something, such as a surface) bright, shiny, and smooth by, or (by extension) as if by, rubbing — see also polish, shine",
"word": "brunir"
},
{
"code": "gl",
"lang": "Galician",
"sense": "to make (something, such as a surface) bright, shiny, and smooth by, or (by extension) as if by, rubbing — see also polish, shine",
"word": "abrillantar"
},
{
"code": "gl",
"lang": "Galician",
"sense": "to make (something, such as a surface) bright, shiny, and smooth by, or (by extension) as if by, rubbing — see also polish, shine",
"word": "lustrar"
},
{
"code": "gl",
"lang": "Galician",
"sense": "to make (something, such as a surface) bright, shiny, and smooth by, or (by extension) as if by, rubbing — see also polish, shine",
"word": "puír"
},
{
"code": "gl",
"lang": "Galician",
"sense": "to make (something, such as a surface) bright, shiny, and smooth by, or (by extension) as if by, rubbing — see also polish, shine",
"word": "pulir"
},
{
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "to make (something, such as a surface) bright, shiny, and smooth by, or (by extension) as if by, rubbing — see also polish, shine",
"word": "brünieren"
},
{
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "to make (something, such as a surface) bright, shiny, and smooth by, or (by extension) as if by, rubbing — see also polish, shine",
"word": "glanzschleifen"
},
{
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "to make (something, such as a surface) bright, shiny, and smooth by, or (by extension) as if by, rubbing — see also polish, shine",
"word": "glätten"
},
{
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "to make (something, such as a surface) bright, shiny, and smooth by, or (by extension) as if by, rubbing — see also polish, shine",
"word": "glatt scheuern"
},
{
"code": "he",
"lang": "Hebrew",
"roman": "hivrík",
"sense": "to make (something, such as a surface) bright, shiny, and smooth by, or (by extension) as if by, rubbing — see also polish, shine",
"word": "הבריק"
},
{
"code": "he",
"lang": "Hebrew",
"roman": "marák",
"sense": "to make (something, such as a surface) bright, shiny, and smooth by, or (by extension) as if by, rubbing — see also polish, shine",
"word": "מרק"
},
{
"code": "he",
"lang": "Hebrew",
"roman": "merék",
"sense": "to make (something, such as a surface) bright, shiny, and smooth by, or (by extension) as if by, rubbing — see also polish, shine",
"word": "מירק"
},
{
"code": "hu",
"lang": "Hungarian",
"sense": "to make (something, such as a surface) bright, shiny, and smooth by, or (by extension) as if by, rubbing — see also polish, shine",
"word": "políroz"
},
{
"code": "is",
"lang": "Icelandic",
"sense": "to make (something, such as a surface) bright, shiny, and smooth by, or (by extension) as if by, rubbing — see also polish, shine",
"word": "fægja"
},
{
"code": "is",
"lang": "Icelandic",
"sense": "to make (something, such as a surface) bright, shiny, and smooth by, or (by extension) as if by, rubbing — see also polish, shine",
"word": "fága"
},
{
"code": "is",
"lang": "Icelandic",
"sense": "to make (something, such as a surface) bright, shiny, and smooth by, or (by extension) as if by, rubbing — see also polish, shine",
"word": "pússa"
},
{
"code": "io",
"lang": "Ido",
"sense": "to make (something, such as a surface) bright, shiny, and smooth by, or (by extension) as if by, rubbing — see also polish, shine",
"word": "brunisar"
},
{
"code": "it",
"lang": "Italian",
"sense": "to make (something, such as a surface) bright, shiny, and smooth by, or (by extension) as if by, rubbing — see also polish, shine",
"word": "brunire"
},
{
"code": "it",
"lang": "Italian",
"sense": "to make (something, such as a surface) bright, shiny, and smooth by, or (by extension) as if by, rubbing — see also polish, shine",
"word": "abbrunire"
},
{
"code": "it",
"lang": "Italian",
"sense": "to make (something, such as a surface) bright, shiny, and smooth by, or (by extension) as if by, rubbing — see also polish, shine",
"word": "lappare"
},
{
"code": "it",
"lang": "Italian",
"sense": "to make (something, such as a surface) bright, shiny, and smooth by, or (by extension) as if by, rubbing — see also polish, shine",
"word": "lumeggiàre"
},
{
"code": "la",
"lang": "Latin",
"sense": "to make (something, such as a surface) bright, shiny, and smooth by, or (by extension) as if by, rubbing — see also polish, shine",
"word": "tergeō"
},
{
"code": "gv",
"lang": "Manx",
"sense": "to make (something, such as a surface) bright, shiny, and smooth by, or (by extension) as if by, rubbing — see also polish, shine",
"word": "gloas"
},
{
"code": "mi",
"lang": "Maori",
"sense": "to make (something, such as a surface) bright, shiny, and smooth by, or (by extension) as if by, rubbing — see also polish, shine",
"word": "whakamaheni"
},
{
"code": "enm",
"lang": "Middle English",
"sense": "to make (something, such as a surface) bright, shiny, and smooth by, or (by extension) as if by, rubbing — see also polish, shine",
"word": "furbisshen"
},
{
"code": "ota",
"lang": "Ottoman Turkish",
"roman": "mührelemek",
"sense": "to make (something, such as a surface) bright, shiny, and smooth by, or (by extension) as if by, rubbing — see also polish, shine",
"word": "مهرهلمك"
},
{
"code": "pl",
"lang": "Polish",
"sense": "to make (something, such as a surface) bright, shiny, and smooth by, or (by extension) as if by, rubbing — see also polish, shine",
"tags": [
"imperfective"
],
"word": "polerować"
},
{
"code": "pl",
"lang": "Polish",
"sense": "to make (something, such as a surface) bright, shiny, and smooth by, or (by extension) as if by, rubbing — see also polish, shine",
"tags": [
"perfective"
],
"word": "wypolerować"
},
{
"code": "pt",
"lang": "Portuguese",
"sense": "to make (something, such as a surface) bright, shiny, and smooth by, or (by extension) as if by, rubbing — see also polish, shine",
"word": "brunir"
},
{
"code": "pt",
"lang": "Portuguese",
"sense": "to make (something, such as a surface) bright, shiny, and smooth by, or (by extension) as if by, rubbing — see also polish, shine",
"word": "açacalar"
},
{
"code": "pt",
"lang": "Portuguese",
"sense": "to make (something, such as a surface) bright, shiny, and smooth by, or (by extension) as if by, rubbing — see also polish, shine",
"word": "polir"
},
{
"code": "ro",
"lang": "Romanian",
"sense": "to make (something, such as a surface) bright, shiny, and smooth by, or (by extension) as if by, rubbing — see also polish, shine",
"word": "bruna"
},
{
"code": "ro",
"lang": "Romanian",
"sense": "to make (something, such as a surface) bright, shiny, and smooth by, or (by extension) as if by, rubbing — see also polish, shine",
"word": "lustrui"
},
{
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "dráitʹ",
"sense": "to make (something, such as a surface) bright, shiny, and smooth by, or (by extension) as if by, rubbing — see also polish, shine",
"topics": [
"nautical",
"transport"
],
"word": "дра́ить"
},
{
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "nadráivatʹ",
"sense": "to make (something, such as a surface) bright, shiny, and smooth by, or (by extension) as if by, rubbing — see also polish, shine",
"tags": [
"imperfective"
],
"word": "надра́ивать"
},
{
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "nadráitʹ",
"sense": "to make (something, such as a surface) bright, shiny, and smooth by, or (by extension) as if by, rubbing — see also polish, shine",
"tags": [
"perfective"
],
"topics": [
"nautical",
"transport"
],
"word": "надра́ить"
},
{
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "polirovátʹ",
"sense": "to make (something, such as a surface) bright, shiny, and smooth by, or (by extension) as if by, rubbing — see also polish, shine",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "полирова́ть"
},
{
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "šlifovátʹ",
"sense": "to make (something, such as a surface) bright, shiny, and smooth by, or (by extension) as if by, rubbing — see also polish, shine",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "шлифова́ть"
},
{
"code": "gd",
"lang": "Scottish Gaelic",
"sense": "to make (something, such as a surface) bright, shiny, and smooth by, or (by extension) as if by, rubbing — see also polish, shine",
"word": "dearrs"
},
{
"code": "gd",
"lang": "Scottish Gaelic",
"sense": "to make (something, such as a surface) bright, shiny, and smooth by, or (by extension) as if by, rubbing — see also polish, shine",
"word": "lìomh"
},
{
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "to make (something, such as a surface) bright, shiny, and smooth by, or (by extension) as if by, rubbing — see also polish, shine",
"word": "bruñir"
},
{
"code": "sv",
"lang": "Swedish",
"sense": "to make (something, such as a surface) bright, shiny, and smooth by, or (by extension) as if by, rubbing — see also polish, shine",
"word": "blankskura"
},
{
"code": "sv",
"lang": "Swedish",
"sense": "to make (something, such as a surface) bright, shiny, and smooth by, or (by extension) as if by, rubbing — see also polish, shine",
"word": "göra blank"
},
{
"code": "sv",
"lang": "Swedish",
"sense": "to make (something, such as a surface) bright, shiny, and smooth by, or (by extension) as if by, rubbing — see also polish, shine",
"word": "polera"
},
{
"code": "tr",
"lang": "Turkish",
"sense": "to make (something, such as a surface) bright, shiny, and smooth by, or (by extension) as if by, rubbing — see also polish, shine",
"word": "parlatmak"
},
{
"code": "tr",
"lang": "Turkish",
"sense": "to make (something, such as a surface) bright, shiny, and smooth by, or (by extension) as if by, rubbing — see also polish, shine",
"word": "mührelemek"
},
{
"code": "uk",
"lang": "Ukrainian",
"roman": "poliruvaty",
"sense": "to make (something, such as a surface) bright, shiny, and smooth by, or (by extension) as if by, rubbing — see also polish, shine",
"word": "полірувати"
},
{
"code": "uk",
"lang": "Ukrainian",
"roman": "šlifuvaty",
"sense": "to make (something, such as a surface) bright, shiny, and smooth by, or (by extension) as if by, rubbing — see also polish, shine",
"word": "шліфувати"
},
{
"code": "yi",
"lang": "Yiddish",
"roman": "polirn",
"sense": "to make (something, such as a surface) bright, shiny, and smooth by, or (by extension) as if by, rubbing — see also polish, shine",
"word": "פּאָלירן"
},
{
"code": "cmn",
"lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
"roman": "dǎmó",
"sense": "to make (someone or something) appear positive and highly respected",
"word": "打磨"
},
{
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "to make (someone or something) appear positive and highly respected",
"word": "kiillottaa"
},
{
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "to make (someone or something) appear positive and highly respected",
"word": "kaunistella"
},
{
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "to make (someone or something) appear positive and highly respected",
"word": "aufpolieren"
},
{
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "to make (someone or something) appear positive and highly respected",
"word": "zu mehr Glanz verhelfen"
},
{
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "to appear positive and highly respected",
"word": "kiiltää"
}
],
"word": "burnish"
}
{
"categories": [
"British English",
"English 2-syllable words",
"English countable nouns",
"English dialectal terms",
"English doublets",
"English entries with incorrect language header",
"English intransitive verbs",
"English lemmas",
"English nouns",
"English obsolete terms",
"English terms derived from Frankish",
"English terms derived from Middle English",
"English terms derived from Old English",
"English terms derived from Old French",
"English terms derived from Proto-Germanic",
"English terms derived from Proto-Indo-European",
"English terms derived from Proto-West Germanic",
"English terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *bʰer-",
"English terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *bʰerH- (brown)",
"English terms inherited from Middle English",
"English terms inherited from Old English",
"English terms inherited from Proto-Germanic",
"English terms inherited from Proto-Indo-European",
"English terms inherited from Proto-West Germanic",
"English terms with IPA pronunciation",
"English terms with audio links",
"English uncountable nouns",
"English verbs",
"Rhymes:English/ɜː(ɹ)nɪʃ",
"Rhymes:English/ɜː(ɹ)nɪʃ/2 syllables"
],
"etymology_number": 1,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*bʰerH-",
"id": "brown"
},
"expansion": "",
"name": "root"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "verb"
},
"expansion": "verb",
"name": "glossary"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "enm",
"3": "burnishen"
},
"expansion": "Middle English burnishen",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "burnysshen",
"t": "to polish, burnish; (figuratively) to brighten, give lustre to; to clean (something) until shiny; to decorate (with something shiny), adorn"
},
"expansion": "burnysshen (“to polish, burnish; (figuratively) to brighten, give lustre to; to clean (something) until shiny; to decorate (with something shiny), adorn”)",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "bornysch, bornysh, bornyssh, burnesch, burnesh, burnessh, burneyssh, burnisch, burnischen, burnissh, burnysh, burnyssch, burnyssh,",
"otherforms": "1"
},
"expansion": "[and other forms]",
"name": "nb..."
},
{
"args": {
"1": "stem"
},
"expansion": "stem",
"name": "glossary"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "fro",
"3": "burnir"
},
"expansion": "Old French burnir",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "first-person"
},
"expansion": "first-person",
"name": "glossary"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "present"
},
"expansion": "present",
"name": "glossary"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "singular"
},
"expansion": "singular",
"name": "glossary"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "indicative"
},
"expansion": "indicative",
"name": "glossary"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "fro",
"2": "burnis"
},
"expansion": "burnis",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "fro",
"2": "brunir",
"t": "to make clean and shiny, polish; to make brown"
},
"expansion": "brunir (“to make clean and shiny, polish; to make brown”)",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "fr",
"2": "brunir"
},
"expansion": "French brunir",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "1"
},
"expansion": "¹",
"name": "sup"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "frk",
"3": "*brūnijan",
"t": "to polish, make resplendent"
},
"expansion": "Frankish *brūnijan (“to polish, make resplendent”)",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "gem-pro",
"3": "*brūnijaną",
"t": "to decorate; tan"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic *brūnijaną (“to decorate; tan”)",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "gem-pro",
"3": "*brūnaz",
"pos": "adjective",
"t": "brown"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic *brūnaz (“brown”, adjective)",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*bʰerH-",
"pos": "adjective",
"t": "brown"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *bʰerH- (“brown”, adjective)",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "brown",
"3": "brunneous"
},
"expansion": "Doublet of brown and brunneous",
"name": "doublet"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "noun"
},
"expansion": "noun",
"name": "glossary"
}
],
"etymology_text": "The verb is derived from Middle English burnishen, burnysshen (“to polish, burnish; (figuratively) to brighten, give lustre to; to clean (something) until shiny; to decorate (with something shiny), adorn”) [and other forms], from burniss-, a stem of Old French burnir (compare, for example, the first-person present singular indicative form burnis), a variant of brunir (“to make clean and shiny, polish; to make brown”) (modern French brunir), from Frankish *brūnijan (“to polish, make resplendent”), from Proto-Germanic *brūnijaną (“to decorate; tan”), from Proto-Germanic *brūnaz (“brown”, adjective), possibly from Proto-Indo-European *bʰerH- (“brown”, adjective). Doublet of brown and brunneous.\nThe noun is derived from the verb.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "burnishes",
"tags": [
"plural"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "~"
},
"expansion": "burnish (countable and uncountable, plural burnishes)",
"name": "en-noun"
}
],
"hyphenation": [
"burn‧ish"
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"English countable nouns"
],
"glosses": [
"A shine of something which has been polished; a lustre, a polish."
],
"links": [
[
"shine",
"shine#Noun"
],
[
"polished",
"polish#Verb"
],
[
"lustre",
"luster#Noun"
],
[
"polish",
"polish#Noun"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(countable)",
"A shine of something which has been polished; a lustre, a polish."
],
"tags": [
"countable",
"uncountable"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"English countable nouns"
],
"glosses": [
"A shiny layer applied to a surface or other thing."
],
"links": [
[
"shiny",
"shiny#Adjective"
],
[
"layer",
"layer#Noun"
],
[
"applied",
"apply"
],
[
"surface",
"surface#Noun"
],
[
"thing",
"thing"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(countable)",
"A shiny layer applied to a surface or other thing."
],
"tags": [
"countable",
"uncountable"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"English countable nouns",
"English terms with usage examples",
"English uncountable nouns"
],
"examples": [
{
"text": "With a good burnish, the old table should fetch a higher price.",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"The making of something bright, shiny, and smooth by, or (by extension) as if by, rubbing; (countable) an instance of this; a burnishing, a polishing, a shining."
],
"links": [
[
"making",
"making#Noun"
],
[
"bright",
"bright#Adjective"
],
[
"shiny",
"shiny#Adjective"
],
[
"smooth",
"smooth#Adjective"
],
[
"rubbing",
"rub#Verb"
],
[
"instance",
"instance#Noun"
],
[
"burnishing",
"burnishing#Noun"
],
[
"polishing",
"polishing#Noun"
],
[
"shining",
"shining#Noun"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(uncountable) The making of something bright, shiny, and smooth by, or (by extension) as if by, rubbing; (countable) an instance of this; a burnishing, a polishing, a shining."
],
"tags": [
"uncountable"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ˈbɜːnɪʃ/",
"tags": [
"Received-Pronunciation"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/ˈbɝnɪʃ/",
"tags": [
"General-American"
]
},
{
"rhymes": "-ɜː(ɹ)nɪʃ"
},
{
"audio": "LL-Q1860 (eng)-Vealhurl-burnish.wav",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/9/9b/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-burnish.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-burnish.wav.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/9/9b/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-burnish.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-burnish.wav.ogg",
"tags": [
"Southern-England"
],
"text": "Audio (Southern England)"
}
],
"translations": [
{
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "shiny layer applied to a surface or other thing",
"word": "kiilto"
}
],
"word": "burnish"
}
{
"categories": [
"British English",
"English 2-syllable words",
"English dialectal terms",
"English entries with incorrect language header",
"English intransitive verbs",
"English lemmas",
"English obsolete terms",
"English terms derived from Middle English",
"English terms derived from Old English",
"English terms derived from Proto-Germanic",
"English terms derived from Proto-Indo-European",
"English terms derived from Proto-West Germanic",
"English terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *bʰer-",
"English terms inherited from Middle English",
"English terms inherited from Old English",
"English terms inherited from Proto-Germanic",
"English terms inherited from Proto-Indo-European",
"English terms inherited from Proto-West Germanic",
"English terms with IPA pronunciation",
"English terms with audio links",
"English verbs",
"Rhymes:English/ɜː(ɹ)nɪʃ",
"Rhymes:English/ɜː(ɹ)nɪʃ/2 syllables"
],
"etymology_number": 2,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*bʰer-"
},
"expansion": "",
"name": "root"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "enm",
"3": "barnishen"
},
"expansion": "Middle English barnishen",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "barnish",
"t": "to grow big (with child), to become pregnant; to grow stout or strong"
},
"expansion": "barnish (“to grow big (with child), to become pregnant; to grow stout or strong”)",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "2"
},
"expansion": "²",
"name": "sup"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "barn",
"t": "child, offspring; infant; unborn child; human being, person; male person, man (especially a young man or young warrior)"
},
"expansion": "barn (“child, offspring; infant; unborn child; human being, person; male person, man (especially a young man or young warrior)”)",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "ang",
"3": "bearn",
"t": "child"
},
"expansion": "Old English bearn (“child”)",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "gmw-pro",
"3": "*barn",
"t": "child"
},
"expansion": "Proto-West Germanic *barn (“child”)",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "gem-pro",
"3": "*barną",
"t": "child"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic *barną (“child”)",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*bʰer-",
"t": "to bear, carry"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *bʰer- (“to bear, carry”)",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "suffix"
},
"expansion": "suffix",
"name": "glossary"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "verb"
},
"expansion": "verb",
"name": "glossary"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "-ishen",
"pos": "suffix forming verbs"
},
"expansion": "-ishen (suffix forming verbs)",
"name": "m"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Middle English barnishen, barnish (“to grow big (with child), to become pregnant; to grow stout or strong”); further etymology uncertain, possibly from barn (“child, offspring; infant; unborn child; human being, person; male person, man (especially a young man or young warrior)”). (from Old English bearn (“child”), from Proto-West Germanic *barn (“child”), from Proto-Germanic *barną (“child”), from Proto-Indo-European *bʰer- (“to bear, carry”)) + -ishen (suffix forming verbs).",
"forms": [
{
"form": "burnishes",
"tags": [
"present",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "burnishing",
"tags": [
"participle",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "burnished",
"tags": [
"participle",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "burnished",
"tags": [
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "except British",
"tags": [
"obsolete"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "burnish (third-person singular simple present burnishes, present participle burnishing, simple past and past participle burnished)",
"name": "en-verb"
}
],
"hyphenation": [
"burn‧ish"
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "verb",
"senses": [
{
"glosses": [
"Of a person's body: to grow large or stout; to fatten, to fill out."
],
"links": [
[
"person",
"person#Noun"
],
[
"body",
"body#Noun"
],
[
"grow",
"grow#Verb"
],
[
"large",
"large#Adjective"
],
[
"stout",
"stout#Adjective"
],
[
"fatten",
"fatten"
],
[
"fill out",
"fill out"
]
],
"tags": [
"dialectal",
"intransitive"
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"Of a thing: to increase in size; to expand, to spread out, to swell."
],
"links": [
[
"thing",
"thing"
],
[
"increase",
"increase#Verb"
],
[
"size",
"size#Noun"
],
[
"expand",
"expand"
],
[
"spread out",
"spread out"
],
[
"swell",
"swell#Verb"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(by extension) Of a thing: to increase in size; to expand, to spread out, to swell."
],
"tags": [
"broadly",
"dialectal",
"intransitive"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ˈbɜːnɪʃ/",
"tags": [
"Received-Pronunciation"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/ˈbɝnɪʃ/",
"tags": [
"General-American"
]
},
{
"rhymes": "-ɜː(ɹ)nɪʃ"
},
{
"audio": "LL-Q1860 (eng)-Vealhurl-burnish.wav",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/9/9b/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-burnish.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-burnish.wav.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/9/9b/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-burnish.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-burnish.wav.ogg",
"tags": [
"Southern-England"
],
"text": "Audio (Southern England)"
}
],
"word": "burnish"
}
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable English dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2024-05-01 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2024-04-21 using wiktextract (f4fd8c9 and c9440ce). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.