See gall in All languages combined, or Wiktionary
Download JSON data for gall meaning in English (48.6kB)
{
"derived": [
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"word": "gall and wormwood"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"word": "gallbladder"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"word": "gall-less"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"word": "gall-of-the-earth"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"word": "gallstone"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"word": "oxgall"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"word": "vent one's gall"
}
],
"etymology_number": 1,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "bile"
},
"expansion": "table",
"name": "etymid"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*ǵʰelh₃-"
},
"expansion": "",
"name": "root"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "enm",
"3": "galle"
},
"expansion": "Middle English galle",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "ang",
"3": "ġealla"
},
"expansion": "Old English ġealla",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ang",
"2": "galla"
},
"expansion": "galla",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "gmw-pro",
"3": "*gallā"
},
"expansion": "Proto-West Germanic *gallā",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "gem-pro",
"3": "*gallǭ"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic *gallǭ",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "linguocultural#Adjective"
},
"expansion": "linguocultural",
"name": "l"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "humorism#Noun"
},
"expansion": "humorism",
"name": "l"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "nl",
"2": "gal"
},
"expansion": "Dutch gal",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "de",
"2": "Galle"
},
"expansion": "German Galle",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "sv",
"2": "galle"
},
"expansion": "Swedish galle",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "sv",
"2": "galla"
},
"expansion": "galla",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "grc",
"2": "χολή"
},
"expansion": "Ancient Greek χολή (kholḗ)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "yellow"
},
"expansion": "yellow",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "1"
},
"expansion": "¹",
"name": "sup"
}
],
"etymology_text": "table\nFrom Middle English galle, from Old English ġealla, galla, from Proto-West Germanic *gallā, from Proto-Germanic *gallǭ.\nThe figurative senses (e.g., impudence, brazenness, chutzpah) are related to the literal sense (i.e., bile) via the lasting linguocultural effects of humorism, which governed Western medicine for many centuries before the advent of scientific medicine.\nRelated to Dutch gal, German Galle, Swedish galle, galla, Ancient Greek χολή (kholḗ). Also remotely related with yellow.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "galls",
"tags": [
"plural"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "~"
},
"expansion": "gall (countable and uncountable, plural galls)",
"name": "en-noun"
}
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "13 33 40 14",
"kind": "other",
"name": "English links with manual fragments",
"parents": [
"Links with manual fragments",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"ref": "1917, Edgar Rice Burroughs, chapter 6, in The Oakdale Affair",
"text": "“Durn ye!” he cried. “I’ll lam ye! Get offen here. I knows ye. Yer one o’ that gang o’ bums that come here last night, an’ now you got the gall to come back beggin’ for food, eh? I’ll lam ye!” and he raised the gun to his shoulder.",
"type": "quotation"
},
{
"ref": "1891, Exercises of class day of the senior class, Tuesday, June 23, 1891, page 33",
"text": "Prichard, while keeping school, had the unmitigated gall to teach Greek, although he had never studied the subject.",
"type": "quotation"
},
{
"ref": "1944, Teheran: Our Path in War and Peace, page 55",
"text": "In July 1938, that was sufficient to call down contempt and hatred on us, and brand us as men of unmitigated gall.",
"type": "quotation"
},
{
"ref": "1962, How to live with a calculating cat, page 47",
"text": "It requires the cunning of a chess master, the planning of a field marshal, the adroitness and polish of a premier of France, or, failing these, the sheer, unmitigated gall of your door-to-door salesman.",
"type": "quotation"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Impudence or brazenness; temerity, chutzpah."
],
"id": "en-gall-en-noun-en:impudence__brazenness__temerity",
"links": [
[
"Impudence",
"impudence"
],
[
"brazen",
"brazen"
],
[
"temerity",
"temerity"
],
[
"chutzpah",
"chutzpah"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(uncountable) Impudence or brazenness; temerity, chutzpah."
],
"senseid": [
"en:impudence, brazenness, temerity"
],
"tags": [
"uncountable"
],
"translations": [
{
"_dis1": "88 4 6 2",
"code": "bg",
"lang": "Bulgarian",
"roman": "nahalstvo",
"sense": "impudence or brazenness",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "нахалство"
},
{
"_dis1": "88 4 6 2",
"code": "nl",
"lang": "Dutch",
"sense": "impudence or brazenness",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "lef"
},
{
"_dis1": "88 4 6 2",
"code": "nl",
"lang": "Dutch",
"sense": "impudence or brazenness",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "durf"
},
{
"_dis1": "88 4 6 2",
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "impudence or brazenness",
"word": "röyhkeys"
},
{
"_dis1": "88 4 6 2",
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "impudence or brazenness",
"word": "otsa"
},
{
"_dis1": "88 4 6 2",
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "impudence or brazenness",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "culot"
},
{
"_dis1": "88 4 6 2",
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "impudence or brazenness",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "effronterie"
},
{
"_dis1": "88 4 6 2",
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "impudence or brazenness",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "toupet"
},
{
"_dis1": "88 4 6 2",
"code": "ka",
"lang": "Georgian",
"roman": "ḳadniereba",
"sense": "impudence or brazenness",
"word": "კადნიერება"
},
{
"_dis1": "88 4 6 2",
"code": "ka",
"lang": "Georgian",
"roman": "tavxedoba",
"sense": "impudence or brazenness",
"word": "თავხედობა"
},
{
"_dis1": "88 4 6 2",
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "impudence or brazenness",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "Frechheit"
},
{
"_dis1": "88 4 6 2",
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "impudence or brazenness",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "Unverfrorenheit"
},
{
"_dis1": "88 4 6 2",
"code": "el",
"lang": "Greek",
"roman": "thrásos",
"sense": "impudence or brazenness",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "θράσος"
},
{
"_dis1": "88 4 6 2",
"code": "ga",
"lang": "Irish",
"sense": "impudence or brazenness",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "brusaireacht"
},
{
"_dis1": "88 4 6 2",
"code": "pt",
"lang": "Portuguese",
"sense": "impudence or brazenness",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "impudência"
},
{
"_dis1": "88 4 6 2",
"code": "ro",
"lang": "Romanian",
"sense": "impudence or brazenness",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "tupeu"
},
{
"_dis1": "88 4 6 2",
"code": "ro",
"lang": "Romanian",
"sense": "impudence or brazenness",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "impertinență"
},
{
"_dis1": "88 4 6 2",
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "impudence or brazenness",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "descaro"
},
{
"_dis1": "88 4 6 2",
"code": "sv",
"lang": "Swedish",
"sense": "impudence or brazenness",
"word": "fräckhet"
}
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "topical",
"langcode": "en",
"name": "Anatomy",
"orig": "en:Anatomy",
"parents": [
"Biology",
"Medicine",
"Sciences",
"All topics",
"Fundamental"
],
"source": "w"
},
{
"_dis": "13 33 40 14",
"kind": "other",
"name": "English links with manual fragments",
"parents": [
"Links with manual fragments",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"A gallbladder."
],
"id": "en-gall-en-noun-95I7pj9d",
"links": [
[
"anatomy",
"anatomy"
],
[
"gallbladder",
"gallbladder"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(anatomy, dated, countable) A gallbladder."
],
"tags": [
"countable",
"dated"
],
"topics": [
"anatomy",
"medicine",
"sciences"
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "topical",
"langcode": "en",
"name": "Physiology",
"orig": "en:Physiology",
"parents": [
"Biology",
"Medicine",
"Sciences",
"All topics",
"Fundamental"
],
"source": "w"
},
{
"_dis": "13 33 40 14",
"kind": "other",
"name": "English links with manual fragments",
"parents": [
"Links with manual fragments",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "3 13 25 8 5 11 2 4 8 1 5 2 4 0 5 1 2",
"kind": "topical",
"langcode": "en",
"name": "Bodily fluids",
"orig": "en:Bodily fluids",
"parents": [
"Body parts",
"Liquids",
"Body",
"Anatomy",
"Matter",
"Human",
"Biology",
"Medicine",
"Chemistry",
"Nature",
"All topics",
"Sciences",
"Fundamental"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "3 7 15 13 10 17 2 2 8 0 6 2 11 0 2 1 1",
"kind": "topical",
"langcode": "en",
"name": "Injuries",
"orig": "en:Injuries",
"parents": [
"Health",
"Pathology",
"Body",
"Medicine",
"Human",
"Biology",
"Sciences",
"All topics",
"Fundamental"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Bile, especially that of an animal; the greenish, profoundly bitter-tasting fluid found in bile ducts and gall bladders, structures associated with the liver."
],
"id": "en-gall-en-noun-v~dXG8vr",
"links": [
[
"physiology",
"physiology"
],
[
"Bile",
"bile"
],
[
"greenish",
"greenish"
],
[
"bitter",
"bitter"
],
[
"bile duct",
"bile duct"
],
[
"gall bladder",
"gall bladder"
],
[
"liver",
"liver"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(physiology, archaic, uncountable) Bile, especially that of an animal; the greenish, profoundly bitter-tasting fluid found in bile ducts and gall bladders, structures associated with the liver."
],
"tags": [
"archaic",
"uncountable"
],
"topics": [
"medicine",
"physiology",
"sciences"
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "13 33 40 14",
"kind": "other",
"name": "English links with manual fragments",
"parents": [
"Links with manual fragments",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "3 7 15 13 10 17 2 2 8 0 6 2 11 0 2 1 1",
"kind": "topical",
"langcode": "en",
"name": "Injuries",
"orig": "en:Injuries",
"parents": [
"Health",
"Pathology",
"Body",
"Medicine",
"Human",
"Biology",
"Sciences",
"All topics",
"Fundamental"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Great misery or physical suffering, likened to the bitterest-tasting of substances."
],
"id": "en-gall-en-noun-R5UvTX2g",
"links": [
[
"misery",
"misery"
],
[
"suffering",
"suffering"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(figurative, uncountable) Great misery or physical suffering, likened to the bitterest-tasting of substances."
],
"tags": [
"figuratively",
"uncountable"
],
"translations": [
{
"_dis1": "1 5 10 84",
"code": "nl",
"lang": "Dutch",
"sense": "great misery or physical suffering",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "gal"
},
{
"_dis1": "1 5 10 84",
"code": "nl",
"lang": "Dutch",
"sense": "great misery or physical suffering",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "leed"
},
{
"_dis1": "1 5 10 84",
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "great misery or physical suffering",
"word": "piina"
},
{
"_dis1": "1 5 10 84",
"code": "ka",
"lang": "Georgian",
"roman": "naɣveli",
"sense": "great misery or physical suffering",
"word": "ნაღველი"
},
{
"_dis1": "1 5 10 84",
"code": "ka",
"lang": "Georgian",
"roman": "mc̣uxareba",
"sense": "great misery or physical suffering",
"word": "მწუხარება"
},
{
"_dis1": "1 5 10 84",
"code": "el",
"lang": "Greek",
"roman": "píkra",
"sense": "great misery or physical suffering",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "πίκρα"
},
{
"_dis1": "1 5 10 84",
"code": "el",
"lang": "Greek",
"roman": "cholí",
"sense": "great misery or physical suffering",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "χολή"
},
{
"_dis1": "1 5 10 84",
"code": "mi",
"lang": "Maori",
"sense": "great misery or physical suffering",
"word": "paoa"
},
{
"_dis1": "1 5 10 84",
"code": "pt",
"lang": "Portuguese",
"sense": "great misery or physical suffering",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "miséria"
},
{
"_dis1": "1 5 10 84",
"code": "pt",
"lang": "Portuguese",
"sense": "great misery or physical suffering",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "penúria"
},
{
"_dis1": "1 5 10 84",
"code": "pt",
"lang": "Portuguese",
"sense": "great misery or physical suffering",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "amargura"
},
{
"_dis1": "1 5 10 84",
"code": "ro",
"lang": "Romanian",
"sense": "great misery or physical suffering",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "mizerie"
},
{
"_dis1": "1 5 10 84",
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "great misery or physical suffering",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "penuria"
},
{
"_dis1": "1 5 10 84",
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "great misery or physical suffering",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "doloroso"
}
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ɡɔːl/"
},
{
"ipa": "/ɡɑl/",
"tags": [
"cot-caught-merger"
]
},
{
"rhymes": "-ɔːl"
},
{
"homophone": "Gaul"
},
{
"audio": "LL-Q1860 (eng)-Vealhurl-gall.wav",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/4/44/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-gall.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-gall.wav.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/4/44/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-gall.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-gall.wav.ogg",
"tags": [
"Southern-England"
],
"text": "Audio (Southern England)"
}
],
"wikipedia": [
"gall"
],
"word": "gall"
}
{
"derived": [
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"word": "navel gall"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"word": "water-gall"
}
],
"etymology_number": 2,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "enm",
"3": "galle"
},
"expansion": "Middle English galle",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "ang",
"3": "gealla",
"t": "a fretted spot on the skin"
},
"expansion": "Old English gealla (“a fretted spot on the skin”)",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "gmw-pro",
"3": "*gallō"
},
"expansion": "Proto-West Germanic *gallō",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "gem-pro",
"3": "*gallô",
"t": "infirmity, swelling, lesion"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic *gallô (“infirmity, swelling, lesion”)",
"name": "inh"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Middle English galle, from Old English gealla (“a fretted spot on the skin”), from Proto-West Germanic *gallō, from Proto-Germanic *gallô (“infirmity, swelling, lesion”).",
"forms": [
{
"form": "galls",
"tags": [
"plural"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "~"
},
"expansion": "gall (countable and uncountable, plural galls)",
"name": "en-noun"
}
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [],
"examples": [
{
"ref": "1989 National Ag Safety Database (Centers for Disease Control)",
"text": "Riding a horse with bruised or broken skin can cause a gall, which frequently results in the white saddle marks seen on the withers and backs of some horses."
}
],
"glosses": [
"A sore on a horse caused by an ill-fitted or ill-adjusted saddle; a saddle sore."
],
"id": "en-gall-en-noun-~H7yJHSJ",
"links": [
[
"fit",
"fit"
],
[
"adjust",
"adjust"
],
[
"saddle",
"saddle"
],
[
"saddle sore",
"saddle sore"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(countable) A sore on a horse caused by an ill-fitted or ill-adjusted saddle; a saddle sore."
],
"tags": [
"countable"
],
"translations": [
{
"_dis1": "63 25 2 9",
"code": "nl",
"lang": "Dutch",
"sense": "sore on a horse",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "schaafwonde"
},
{
"_dis1": "63 25 2 9",
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "sore on a horse",
"word": "lyöttymä"
},
{
"_dis1": "63 25 2 9",
"code": "el",
"lang": "Greek",
"roman": "parátrimma",
"sense": "sore on a horse",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "παράτριμμα"
},
{
"_dis1": "63 25 2 9",
"code": "ga",
"lang": "Irish",
"sense": "sore on a horse",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "mairc"
}
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "topical",
"langcode": "en",
"name": "Pathology",
"orig": "en:Pathology",
"parents": [
"Medicine",
"Biology",
"Sciences",
"All topics",
"Fundamental"
],
"source": "w"
},
{
"_dis": "7 10 13 6 5 19 1 6 14 1 3 1 1 1 7 1 4",
"kind": "other",
"name": "English entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "3 7 15 13 10 17 2 2 8 0 6 2 11 0 2 1 1",
"kind": "topical",
"langcode": "en",
"name": "Injuries",
"orig": "en:Injuries",
"parents": [
"Health",
"Pathology",
"Body",
"Medicine",
"Human",
"Biology",
"Sciences",
"All topics",
"Fundamental"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"A sore or open wound caused by chafing, which may become infected, as with a blister."
],
"id": "en-gall-en-noun-VYWchjxl",
"links": [
[
"pathology",
"pathology"
],
[
"sore",
"sore"
],
[
"chafing",
"chafing"
],
[
"blister",
"blister"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(pathology, countable) A sore or open wound caused by chafing, which may become infected, as with a blister."
],
"tags": [
"countable"
],
"topics": [
"medicine",
"pathology",
"sciences"
],
"translations": [
{
"_dis1": "16 77 1 6",
"code": "bg",
"lang": "Bulgarian",
"roman": "ožulvane",
"sense": "sore or open wound caused by chafing",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "ожулване"
},
{
"_dis1": "16 77 1 6",
"code": "nl",
"lang": "Dutch",
"sense": "sore or open wound caused by chafing",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "schaafwonde"
},
{
"_dis1": "16 77 1 6",
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "sore or open wound caused by chafing",
"word": "hankauma"
},
{
"_dis1": "16 77 1 6",
"code": "gl",
"lang": "Galician",
"sense": "sore or open wound caused by chafing",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "esfoladura"
},
{
"_dis1": "16 77 1 6",
"code": "el",
"lang": "Greek",
"roman": "parátrimma",
"sense": "sore or open wound caused by chafing",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "παράτριμμα"
},
{
"_dis1": "16 77 1 6",
"code": "ga",
"lang": "Irish",
"sense": "sore or open wound caused by chafing",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "mairc"
},
{
"_dis1": "16 77 1 6",
"code": "pt",
"lang": "Portuguese",
"sense": "sore or open wound caused by chafing",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "esfolamento"
},
{
"_dis1": "16 77 1 6",
"code": "ro",
"lang": "Romanian",
"sense": "sore or open wound caused by chafing",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "rosătură"
}
]
},
{
"categories": [],
"examples": [
{
"ref": "1966, Bob Dylan (lyrics and music), “Visions of Johanna”, in Blonde on Blonde",
"text": "He's sure got a lotta gall / To be so useless and all / Muttering small talk at the wall while I'm in the hall",
"type": "quotation"
}
],
"glosses": [
"A feeling of exasperation."
],
"id": "en-gall-en-noun-qHpM7IyY",
"links": [
[
"exasperation",
"exasperation"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(figurative, uncountable) A feeling of exasperation."
],
"tags": [
"figuratively",
"uncountable"
],
"translations": [
{
"_dis1": "2 2 95 1",
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "feeling of exasperation",
"word": "suuttumus"
},
{
"_dis1": "2 2 95 1",
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "feeling of exasperation",
"word": "katkeruus"
},
{
"_dis1": "2 2 95 1",
"code": "el",
"lang": "Greek",
"roman": "cholí",
"sense": "feeling of exasperation",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "χολή"
},
{
"_dis1": "2 2 95 1",
"code": "el",
"lang": "Greek",
"roman": "chóliasma",
"sense": "feeling of exasperation",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "χόλιασμα"
},
{
"_dis1": "2 2 95 1",
"code": "el",
"lang": "Greek",
"roman": "píkra",
"sense": "feeling of exasperation",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "πίκρα"
},
{
"_dis1": "2 2 95 1",
"code": "pt",
"lang": "Portuguese",
"sense": "feeling of exasperation",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "exasperação"
},
{
"_dis1": "2 2 95 1",
"code": "pt",
"lang": "Portuguese",
"sense": "feeling of exasperation",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "exaspero"
},
{
"_dis1": "2 2 95 1",
"code": "ro",
"lang": "Romanian",
"sense": "feeling of exasperation",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "exasperare"
}
]
},
{
"categories": [],
"glosses": [
"A pit on a surface being cut caused by the friction between the two surfaces exceeding the bond of the material at a point."
],
"id": "en-gall-en-noun-OSU2qf-m",
"links": [
[
"technical",
"technical"
],
[
"pit",
"pit"
],
[
"friction",
"friction"
],
[
"bond",
"bond"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(countable, technical) A pit on a surface being cut caused by the friction between the two surfaces exceeding the bond of the material at a point."
],
"tags": [
"countable"
],
"topics": [
"engineering",
"natural-sciences",
"physical-sciences",
"technical"
],
"translations": [
{
"_dis1": "18 18 1 62",
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "pit caused on a surface caused by friction between the surfaces",
"word": "hankauma"
},
{
"_dis1": "18 18 1 62",
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "istiránije",
"sense": "pit caused on a surface caused by friction between the surfaces",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "истира́ние"
}
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ɡɔːl/"
},
{
"ipa": "/ɡɑl/",
"tags": [
"cot-caught-merger"
]
},
{
"rhymes": "-ɔːl"
},
{
"homophone": "Gaul"
},
{
"audio": "LL-Q1860 (eng)-Vealhurl-gall.wav",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/4/44/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-gall.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-gall.wav.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/4/44/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-gall.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-gall.wav.ogg",
"tags": [
"Southern-England"
],
"text": "Audio (Southern England)"
}
],
"wikipedia": [
"gall"
],
"word": "gall"
}
{
"etymology_number": 2,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "enm",
"3": "galle"
},
"expansion": "Middle English galle",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "ang",
"3": "gealla",
"t": "a fretted spot on the skin"
},
"expansion": "Old English gealla (“a fretted spot on the skin”)",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "gmw-pro",
"3": "*gallō"
},
"expansion": "Proto-West Germanic *gallō",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "gem-pro",
"3": "*gallô",
"t": "infirmity, swelling, lesion"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic *gallô (“infirmity, swelling, lesion”)",
"name": "inh"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Middle English galle, from Old English gealla (“a fretted spot on the skin”), from Proto-West Germanic *gallō, from Proto-Germanic *gallô (“infirmity, swelling, lesion”).",
"forms": [
{
"form": "galls",
"tags": [
"present",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "galling",
"tags": [
"participle",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "galled",
"tags": [
"participle",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "galled",
"tags": [
"past"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "gall (third-person singular simple present galls, present participle galling, simple past and past participle galled)",
"name": "en-verb"
}
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "verb",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [],
"glosses": [
"To chafe, to rub or subject to friction; to create a sore on the skin."
],
"id": "en-gall-en-verb-K5TRTGJi",
"links": [
[
"chafe",
"chafe"
],
[
"rub",
"rub"
],
[
"friction",
"friction"
],
[
"sore",
"sore"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(ergative) To chafe, to rub or subject to friction; to create a sore on the skin."
],
"tags": [
"ergative"
],
"translations": [
{
"_dis1": "76 4 5 4 7 4",
"code": "bg",
"lang": "Bulgarian",
"roman": "protrivam",
"sense": "to chafe",
"word": "протривам"
},
{
"_dis1": "76 4 5 4 7 4",
"code": "bg",
"lang": "Bulgarian",
"roman": "ožulvam",
"sense": "to chafe",
"word": "ожулвам"
},
{
"_dis1": "76 4 5 4 7 4",
"code": "nl",
"lang": "Dutch",
"sense": "to chafe",
"word": "schaven"
},
{
"_dis1": "76 4 5 4 7 4",
"code": "nl",
"lang": "Dutch",
"sense": "to chafe",
"word": "wrijven"
},
{
"_dis1": "76 4 5 4 7 4",
"code": "nl",
"lang": "Dutch",
"sense": "to chafe",
"word": "storen"
},
{
"_dis1": "76 4 5 4 7 4",
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "to chafe",
"word": "hiertää"
},
{
"_dis1": "76 4 5 4 7 4",
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "to chafe",
"word": "wundreiben"
},
{
"_dis1": "76 4 5 4 7 4",
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "to chafe",
"word": "wundscheuern"
},
{
"_dis1": "76 4 5 4 7 4",
"code": "pt",
"lang": "Portuguese",
"sense": "to chafe",
"word": "esfolar"
},
{
"_dis1": "76 4 5 4 7 4",
"code": "ro",
"lang": "Romanian",
"sense": "to chafe",
"word": "zgâria"
},
{
"_dis1": "76 4 5 4 7 4",
"code": "ro",
"lang": "Romanian",
"sense": "to chafe",
"word": "roade"
},
{
"_dis1": "76 4 5 4 7 4",
"code": "sv",
"lang": "Swedish",
"sense": "to chafe",
"word": "skava"
},
{
"_dis1": "76 4 5 4 7 4",
"code": "uk",
"lang": "Ukrainian",
"roman": "natyraty",
"sense": "to chafe",
"tags": [
"imperfective"
],
"word": "натирати"
},
{
"_dis1": "76 4 5 4 7 4",
"code": "uk",
"lang": "Ukrainian",
"roman": "naterty",
"sense": "to chafe",
"tags": [
"perfective"
],
"word": "натерти"
}
]
},
{
"categories": [],
"glosses": [
"To bother or trouble."
],
"id": "en-gall-en-verb-gwb3VZyB",
"links": [
[
"bother",
"bother#Verb"
],
[
"trouble",
"trouble#Verb"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(transitive, figurative) To bother or trouble."
],
"tags": [
"figuratively",
"transitive"
],
"translations": [
{
"_dis1": "3 79 6 5 3 3",
"code": "bg",
"lang": "Bulgarian",
"roman": "draznja",
"sense": "to trouble or bother",
"word": "дразня"
},
{
"_dis1": "3 79 6 5 3 3",
"code": "nl",
"lang": "Dutch",
"sense": "to trouble or bother",
"word": "storen"
},
{
"_dis1": "3 79 6 5 3 3",
"code": "nl",
"lang": "Dutch",
"sense": "to trouble or bother",
"word": "lastigvallen"
},
{
"_dis1": "3 79 6 5 3 3",
"code": "nl",
"lang": "Dutch",
"sense": "to trouble or bother",
"tags": [
"Flemish"
],
"word": "ambeteren"
},
{
"_dis1": "3 79 6 5 3 3",
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "to trouble or bother",
"word": "vaivata"
},
{
"_dis1": "3 79 6 5 3 3",
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "to trouble or bother",
"word": "sapettaa"
},
{
"_dis1": "3 79 6 5 3 3",
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "to trouble or bother",
"word": "déranger"
},
{
"_dis1": "3 79 6 5 3 3",
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "to trouble or bother",
"word": "gêner"
},
{
"_dis1": "3 79 6 5 3 3",
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "to trouble or bother",
"word": "troubler"
},
{
"_dis1": "3 79 6 5 3 3",
"code": "ka",
"lang": "Georgian",
"roman": "šec̣uxeba",
"sense": "to trouble or bother",
"word": "შეწუხება"
},
{
"_dis1": "3 79 6 5 3 3",
"code": "ka",
"lang": "Georgian",
"roman": "gaɣizianeba",
"sense": "to trouble or bother",
"word": "გაღიზიანება"
},
{
"_dis1": "3 79 6 5 3 3",
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "to trouble or bother",
"word": "stören"
},
{
"_dis1": "3 79 6 5 3 3",
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "to trouble or bother",
"word": "lästigfallen"
},
{
"_dis1": "3 79 6 5 3 3",
"code": "pt",
"lang": "Portuguese",
"sense": "to trouble or bother",
"word": "incomodar"
},
{
"_dis1": "3 79 6 5 3 3",
"code": "ro",
"lang": "Romanian",
"sense": "to trouble or bother",
"word": "deranja"
},
{
"_dis1": "3 79 6 5 3 3",
"code": "ro",
"lang": "Romanian",
"sense": "to trouble or bother",
"word": "incomoda"
},
{
"_dis1": "3 79 6 5 3 3",
"code": "ro",
"lang": "Romanian",
"sense": "to trouble or bother",
"word": "enerva"
},
{
"_dis1": "3 79 6 5 3 3",
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "to trouble or bother",
"word": "incomodar"
}
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "3 7 15 13 10 17 2 2 8 0 6 2 11 0 2 1 1",
"kind": "topical",
"langcode": "en",
"name": "Injuries",
"orig": "en:Injuries",
"parents": [
"Health",
"Pathology",
"Body",
"Medicine",
"Human",
"Biology",
"Sciences",
"All topics",
"Fundamental"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"ref": "June 24, 1778, George Washington, The Writings of George Washington From the Original Manuscript Sources: Volume 12, 1745–1799",
"text": "The disposition for these detachments is as follows – Morgans corps, to gain the enemy’s right flank; Maxwells brigade to hang on their left. Brigadier Genl. Scott is now marching with a very respectable detachment destined to gall the enemys left flank and rear."
}
],
"glosses": [
"To harass, to harry, often with the intent to cause injury."
],
"id": "en-gall-en-verb-8vtg~V8m",
"links": [
[
"harass",
"harass"
],
[
"harry",
"harry"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(transitive, figurative) To harass, to harry, often with the intent to cause injury."
],
"tags": [
"figuratively",
"transitive"
],
"translations": [
{
"_dis1": "2 7 77 5 4 4",
"code": "nl",
"lang": "Dutch",
"sense": "to harass, harry",
"word": "storen"
},
{
"_dis1": "2 7 77 5 4 4",
"code": "nl",
"lang": "Dutch",
"sense": "to harass, harry",
"word": "lastigvallen"
},
{
"_dis1": "2 7 77 5 4 4",
"code": "nl",
"lang": "Dutch",
"sense": "to harass, harry",
"tags": [
"Flemish"
],
"word": "ambeteren"
},
{
"_dis1": "2 7 77 5 4 4",
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "to harass, harry",
"word": "häiritä"
},
{
"_dis1": "2 7 77 5 4 4",
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "to harass, harry",
"word": "harceler"
},
{
"_dis1": "2 7 77 5 4 4",
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "to harass, harry",
"word": "belästigen"
},
{
"_dis1": "2 7 77 5 4 4",
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "to harass, harry",
"word": "schikanieren"
},
{
"_dis1": "2 7 77 5 4 4",
"code": "pt",
"lang": "Portuguese",
"sense": "to harass, harry",
"word": "atormentar"
},
{
"_dis1": "2 7 77 5 4 4",
"code": "ro",
"lang": "Romanian",
"sense": "to harass, harry",
"word": "tracasa"
},
{
"_dis1": "2 7 77 5 4 4",
"code": "ro",
"lang": "Romanian",
"sense": "to harass, harry",
"word": "molesta"
},
{
"_dis1": "2 7 77 5 4 4",
"code": "ro",
"lang": "Romanian",
"sense": "to harass, harry",
"word": "sâcâi"
}
]
},
{
"categories": [],
"examples": [
{
"ref": "1979 December, Mark Bowden, “Captivity Pageant”, in The Atlantic, volume 296, number 5, pages 92–97",
"text": "Metrinko was hungry, but he was galled by how self-congratulatory his captors seemed, how generous and noble and proudly Islamic.",
"type": "quotation"
}
],
"glosses": [
"To exasperate."
],
"id": "en-gall-en-verb-I1GmTHU~",
"links": [
[
"exasperate",
"exasperate"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(transitive, figurative) To exasperate."
],
"tags": [
"figuratively",
"transitive"
],
"translations": [
{
"_dis1": "2 3 3 88 3 1",
"code": "ca",
"lang": "Catalan",
"sense": "to exasperate",
"word": "exasperar"
},
{
"_dis1": "2 3 3 88 3 1",
"code": "nl",
"lang": "Dutch",
"sense": "to exasperate",
"word": "storen"
},
{
"_dis1": "2 3 3 88 3 1",
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "to exasperate",
"word": "ärsyttää"
},
{
"_dis1": "2 3 3 88 3 1",
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "to exasperate",
"word": "suututtaa"
},
{
"_dis1": "2 3 3 88 3 1",
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "to exasperate",
"word": "exaspérer"
},
{
"_dis1": "2 3 3 88 3 1",
"code": "ka",
"lang": "Georgian",
"roman": "gaɣizianeba",
"sense": "to exasperate",
"word": "გაღიზიანება"
},
{
"_dis1": "2 3 3 88 3 1",
"code": "ka",
"lang": "Georgian",
"roman": "gulis gac̣q̇aleba",
"sense": "to exasperate",
"word": "გულის გაწყალება"
},
{
"_dis1": "2 3 3 88 3 1",
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "to exasperate",
"word": "ärgern"
},
{
"_dis1": "2 3 3 88 3 1",
"code": "io",
"lang": "Ido",
"sense": "to exasperate",
"word": "exasperar"
},
{
"_dis1": "2 3 3 88 3 1",
"code": "pt",
"lang": "Portuguese",
"sense": "to exasperate",
"word": "exasperar"
},
{
"_dis1": "2 3 3 88 3 1",
"code": "ro",
"lang": "Romanian",
"sense": "to exasperate",
"word": "exaspera"
},
{
"_dis1": "2 3 3 88 3 1",
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "to exasperate",
"word": "exasperar"
}
]
},
{
"categories": [],
"examples": [
{
"text": "Improper cooling and a dull milling cutter on titanium can gall the surface.",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"To cause pitting on a surface being cut from the friction between the two surfaces exceeding the bond of the material at a point."
],
"id": "en-gall-en-verb-14CEi4WR",
"links": [
[
"technical",
"technical"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(transitive, technical) To cause pitting on a surface being cut from the friction between the two surfaces exceeding the bond of the material at a point."
],
"tags": [
"transitive"
],
"topics": [
"engineering",
"natural-sciences",
"physical-sciences",
"technical"
]
},
{
"categories": [],
"glosses": [
"To scoff; to jeer."
],
"id": "en-gall-en-verb-DxZ0MOpC",
"links": [
[
"scoff",
"scoff"
],
[
"jeer",
"jeer"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(intransitive, obsolete, rare) To scoff; to jeer."
],
"tags": [
"intransitive",
"obsolete",
"rare"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ɡɔːl/"
},
{
"ipa": "/ɡɑl/",
"tags": [
"cot-caught-merger"
]
},
{
"rhymes": "-ɔːl"
},
{
"homophone": "Gaul"
},
{
"audio": "LL-Q1860 (eng)-Vealhurl-gall.wav",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/4/44/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-gall.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-gall.wav.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/4/44/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-gall.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-gall.wav.ogg",
"tags": [
"Southern-England"
],
"text": "Audio (Southern England)"
}
],
"wikipedia": [
"gall"
],
"word": "gall"
}
{
"derived": [
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "Aleppo gall"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "apple gall"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "artichoke gall"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "bedeguar gall"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "beech gall"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "cane gall"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "Chinese gall"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "cola-nut gall"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "coral gall"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "cranberry gall"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "crown gall"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "cup gall"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "currant gall"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "cypress gall"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "elm gall"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "filbert gall"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "fungus gall"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "gallapple"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "gallflower"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "gallfly"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "gall gnat"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "gallic"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "gall midge"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "gall mite"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "gallnut"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "gall-nut ink"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "gall oak"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "gall of glass"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "gall wasp"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "goldenrod gall"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "gouty gall"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "horned oak gall"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "iron-gall ink"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "knee gall"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "knopper gall"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "leaf-gall"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "marble gall"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "meadowsweet rust gall"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "mossy rose gall"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "nutgall"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "oak gall"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "pineapple gall"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "pithy gall"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "plant gall"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "pocket plum gall"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "rams horn gall"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "red pae gall"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "rind gall"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "root gall"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "rose gall"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "seed gall"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "stem gall"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "tomato gall"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "trumpet gall"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "Turkish gall"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "twig gall"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "vine gall"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "willow gall"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "witch-hazel cone gall"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "wound gall"
}
],
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{
"args": {
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{
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"4": "",
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}
],
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"forms": [
{
"form": "galls",
"tags": [
"plural"
]
}
],
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{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "topical",
"langcode": "en",
"name": "Plant diseases",
"orig": "en:Plant diseases",
"parents": [
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"Phytopathology",
"Disease",
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"Pathology",
"Health",
"Biology",
"Medicine",
"Body",
"Sciences",
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"All topics",
"Fundamental"
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"source": "w"
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],
"examples": [
{
"ref": "1974, Philip P. Wiener, editor, Dictionary of the History of Ideas",
"text": "Even so, Redi retained a belief that in certain other cases—the origin of parasites inside the human or animal body or of grubs inside of oak galls—there must be spontaneous generation. Bit by bit the evidence grew against such views. In 1670 Jan Swammerdam, painstaking student of the insect’s life cycle, suggested that the grubs in galls were enclosed in them for the sake of nourishment and must come from insects that had inserted their semen or their eggs into the plants.",
"type": "quotation"
}
],
"glosses": [
"A blister or tumor-like growth found on the surface of plants, caused by various pathogens, especially the burrowing of insect larvae into the living tissues, such as that of the common oak gall wasp (Cynips quercusfolii)."
],
"id": "en-gall-en-noun-FCpBwMnf",
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[
"phytopathology",
"phytopathology"
],
[
"blister",
"blister"
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[
"tumor",
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],
[
"pathogen",
"pathogen"
],
[
"burrow",
"burrow"
],
[
"insect",
"insect"
],
[
"larva",
"larva"
],
[
"gall wasp",
"gall wasp"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(phytopathology) A blister or tumor-like growth found on the surface of plants, caused by various pathogens, especially the burrowing of insect larvae into the living tissues, such as that of the common oak gall wasp (Cynips quercusfolii)."
],
"topics": [
"biology",
"botany",
"medicine",
"natural-sciences",
"pathology",
"phytopathology",
"sciences"
],
"translations": [
{
"_dis1": "100 0",
"code": "hy",
"lang": "Armenian",
"roman": "gxtor",
"sense": "blister or tumor-like growth found on the surface of plants",
"word": "գխտոր"
},
{
"_dis1": "100 0",
"code": "ca",
"lang": "Catalan",
"sense": "blister or tumor-like growth found on the surface of plants",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "gala"
},
{
"_dis1": "100 0",
"code": "ca",
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"sense": "blister or tumor-like growth found on the surface of plants",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "agalla"
},
{
"_dis1": "100 0",
"code": "ny",
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"sense": "blister or tumor-like growth found on the surface of plants",
"word": "ndulu"
},
{
"_dis1": "100 0",
"code": "cmn",
"lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
"sense": "blister or tumor-like growth found on the surface of plants",
"word": "癭"
},
{
"_dis1": "100 0",
"code": "cmn",
"lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
"roman": "yǐng",
"sense": "blister or tumor-like growth found on the surface of plants",
"word": "瘿"
},
{
"_dis1": "100 0",
"code": "cs",
"lang": "Czech",
"sense": "blister or tumor-like growth found on the surface of plants",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "hálka"
},
{
"_dis1": "100 0",
"code": "nl",
"lang": "Dutch",
"sense": "blister or tumor-like growth found on the surface of plants",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "gal"
},
{
"_dis1": "100 0",
"code": "nl",
"lang": "Dutch",
"sense": "blister or tumor-like growth found on the surface of plants",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "galknobbel"
},
{
"_dis1": "100 0",
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "blister or tumor-like growth found on the surface of plants",
"word": "äkämä"
},
{
"_dis1": "100 0",
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "blister or tumor-like growth found on the surface of plants",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "galle"
},
{
"_dis1": "100 0",
"code": "gl",
"lang": "Galician",
"sense": "blister or tumor-like growth found on the surface of plants",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "bugalla"
},
{
"_dis1": "100 0",
"code": "gl",
"lang": "Galician",
"sense": "blister or tumor-like growth found on the surface of plants",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "bugallo"
},
{
"_dis1": "100 0",
"code": "gl",
"lang": "Galician",
"sense": "blister or tumor-like growth found on the surface of plants",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "bullaca"
},
{
"_dis1": "100 0",
"code": "gl",
"lang": "Galician",
"sense": "blister or tumor-like growth found on the surface of plants",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "bullaco"
},
{
"_dis1": "100 0",
"code": "gl",
"lang": "Galician",
"sense": "blister or tumor-like growth found on the surface of plants",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "carrabouxa"
},
{
"_dis1": "100 0",
"code": "gl",
"lang": "Galician",
"sense": "blister or tumor-like growth found on the surface of plants",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "carrabouxo"
},
{
"_dis1": "100 0",
"code": "gl",
"lang": "Galician",
"sense": "blister or tumor-like growth found on the surface of plants",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "cecidio"
},
{
"_dis1": "100 0",
"code": "gl",
"lang": "Galician",
"sense": "blister or tumor-like growth found on the surface of plants",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "coco"
},
{
"_dis1": "100 0",
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "blister or tumor-like growth found on the surface of plants",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "Galle"
},
{
"_dis1": "100 0",
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "blister or tumor-like growth found on the surface of plants",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "Gallapfel"
},
{
"_dis1": "100 0",
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "blister or tumor-like growth found on the surface of plants",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "Pflanzengalle"
},
{
"_dis1": "100 0",
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "blister or tumor-like growth found on the surface of plants",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "Zezidie"
},
{
"_dis1": "100 0",
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "blister or tumor-like growth found on the surface of plants",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "Cecidie"
},
{
"_dis1": "100 0",
"code": "he",
"lang": "Hebrew",
"sense": "blister or tumor-like growth found on the surface of plants",
"word": "עפץ"
},
{
"_dis1": "100 0",
"code": "he",
"lang": "Hebrew",
"roman": "afáts",
"sense": "blister or tumor-like growth found on the surface of plants",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "עָָפָץ"
},
{
"_dis1": "100 0",
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"sense": "blister or tumor-like growth found on the surface of plants",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "galla"
},
{
"_dis1": "100 0",
"alt": "ちゅうえい",
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"lang": "Japanese",
"roman": "chūei",
"sense": "blister or tumor-like growth found on the surface of plants",
"word": "虫癭"
},
{
"_dis1": "100 0",
"alt": "むしこぶ",
"code": "ja",
"lang": "Japanese",
"roman": "mushikobu",
"sense": "blister or tumor-like growth found on the surface of plants",
"word": "虫瘤"
},
{
"_dis1": "100 0",
"code": "la",
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"sense": "blister or tumor-like growth found on the surface of plants",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "galla"
},
{
"_dis1": "100 0",
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"sense": "blister or tumor-like growth found on the surface of plants",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "galas"
},
{
"_dis1": "100 0",
"code": "pl",
"lang": "Polish",
"sense": "blister or tumor-like growth found on the surface of plants",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "galasówka"
},
{
"_dis1": "100 0",
"code": "pt",
"lang": "Portuguese",
"sense": "blister or tumor-like growth found on the surface of plants",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "agalha"
},
{
"_dis1": "100 0",
"code": "pt",
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"sense": "blister or tumor-like growth found on the surface of plants",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "bugalha"
},
{
"_dis1": "100 0",
"code": "pt",
"lang": "Portuguese",
"sense": "blister or tumor-like growth found on the surface of plants",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "bugalho"
},
{
"_dis1": "100 0",
"code": "pt",
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"sense": "blister or tumor-like growth found on the surface of plants",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "cecídia"
},
{
"_dis1": "100 0",
"code": "pt",
"lang": "Portuguese",
"sense": "blister or tumor-like growth found on the surface of plants",
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"masculine"
],
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},
{
"_dis1": "100 0",
"code": "pt",
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"sense": "blister or tumor-like growth found on the surface of plants",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "galha"
},
{
"_dis1": "100 0",
"code": "ro",
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"sense": "blister or tumor-like growth found on the surface of plants",
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"feminine"
],
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},
{
"_dis1": "100 0",
"code": "ro",
"lang": "Romanian",
"sense": "blister or tumor-like growth found on the surface of plants",
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"feminine"
],
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},
{
"_dis1": "100 0",
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"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "галл"
},
{
"_dis1": "100 0",
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "černílʹnyj oréšek",
"sense": "blister or tumor-like growth found on the surface of plants",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "черни́льный оре́шек"
},
{
"_dis1": "100 0",
"code": "sl",
"lang": "Slovene",
"sense": "blister or tumor-like growth found on the surface of plants",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "šiška"
},
{
"_dis1": "100 0",
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "blister or tumor-like growth found on the surface of plants",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "agalla"
},
{
"_dis1": "100 0",
"code": "uk",
"lang": "Ukrainian",
"roman": "hal",
"sense": "blister or tumor-like growth found on the surface of plants",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "гал"
},
{
"_dis1": "100 0",
"code": "cy",
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"sense": "blister or tumor-like growth found on the surface of plants",
"word": "darafal"
}
]
},
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"ref": "1653, Izaak Walton, chapter 21, in The Compleat Angler",
"text": "But first for your Line. First note, that you are to take care that your hair be round and clear, and free from galls, or scabs, or frets: for a well- chosen, even, clear, round hair, of a kind of glass-colour, will prove as strong as three uneven scabby hairs that are ill-chosen, and full of galls or unevenness. You shall seldom find a black hair but it is round, but many white are flat and uneven; therefore, if you get a lock of right, round, clear, glass-colour hair, make much of it.",
"type": "quotation"
}
],
"glosses": [
"A bump-like imperfection resembling a gall."
],
"id": "en-gall-en-noun-1SD1wcco",
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[
"bump",
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],
[
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],
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{
"_dis1": "3 97",
"code": "nl",
"lang": "Dutch",
"sense": "bump-like imperfection",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "knoop"
},
{
"_dis1": "3 97",
"code": "nl",
"lang": "Dutch",
"sense": "bump-like imperfection",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "knobbel"
},
{
"_dis1": "3 97",
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "bump-like imperfection",
"word": "äkämä"
},
{
"_dis1": "3 97",
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "bump-like imperfection",
"word": "patti"
},
{
"_dis1": "3 97",
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "bump-like imperfection",
"word": "möykky"
},
{
"_dis1": "3 97",
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "bump-like imperfection",
"word": "takku"
},
{
"_dis1": "3 97",
"code": "el",
"lang": "Greek",
"roman": "ózos",
"sense": "bump-like imperfection",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "όζος"
},
{
"_dis1": "3 97",
"code": "el",
"lang": "Greek",
"roman": "exógkoma",
"sense": "bump-like imperfection",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "εξόγκωμα"
},
{
"_dis1": "3 97",
"code": "pt",
"lang": "Portuguese",
"sense": "bump-like imperfection",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "galo"
},
{
"_dis1": "3 97",
"code": "pt",
"lang": "Portuguese",
"sense": "bump-like imperfection",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "calombo"
},
{
"_dis1": "3 97",
"code": "nmn",
"lang": "ǃXóõ",
"sense": "bump-like imperfection",
"word": "gǁkxʻáã"
}
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ɡɔːl/"
},
{
"ipa": "/ɡɑl/",
"tags": [
"cot-caught-merger"
]
},
{
"rhymes": "-ɔːl"
},
{
"homophone": "Gaul"
},
{
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"tags": [
"Southern-England"
],
"text": "Audio (Southern England)"
}
],
"synonyms": [
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "nutgall"
}
],
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],
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"expansion": "gall (third-person singular simple present galls, present participle galling, simple past and past participle galled)",
"name": "en-verb"
}
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "verb",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [],
"examples": [
{
"ref": "1815, Thomas Cooper, A Practical Treatise on Dyeing, and Callicoe Printing",
"text": "Raw silk is not galled, it is dyed at once in the black without any preparation : the liquor should be hot",
"type": "quotation"
}
],
"glosses": [
"To impregnate with a decoction of gallnuts in dyeing."
],
"id": "en-gall-en-verb-YaUDmj4E",
"links": [
[
"impregnate",
"impregnate"
],
[
"decoction",
"decoction"
],
[
"gallnut",
"gallnut"
],
[
"dye",
"dye"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(transitive) To impregnate with a decoction of gallnuts in dyeing."
],
"related": [
{
"word": "gall dang"
}
],
"tags": [
"transitive"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ɡɔːl/"
},
{
"ipa": "/ɡɑl/",
"tags": [
"cot-caught-merger"
]
},
{
"rhymes": "-ɔːl"
},
{
"homophone": "Gaul"
},
{
"audio": "LL-Q1860 (eng)-Vealhurl-gall.wav",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/4/44/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-gall.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-gall.wav.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/4/44/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-gall.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-gall.wav.ogg",
"tags": [
"Southern-England"
],
"text": "Audio (Southern England)"
}
],
"wikipedia": [
"gall"
],
"word": "gall"
}
{
"categories": [
"English 1-syllable words",
"English countable nouns",
"English entries with incorrect language header",
"English lemmas",
"English links with manual fragments",
"English nouns",
"English terms derived from Latin",
"English terms derived from Middle English",
"English terms derived from Old English",
"English terms derived from Old French",
"English terms derived from Proto-Germanic",
"English terms derived from Proto-Indo-European",
"English terms derived from Proto-West Germanic",
"English terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *ǵʰelh₃-",
"English terms inherited from Middle English",
"English terms inherited from Old English",
"English terms inherited from Proto-Germanic",
"English terms inherited from Proto-West Germanic",
"English terms with IPA pronunciation",
"English terms with audio links",
"English terms with homophones",
"English uncountable nouns",
"English verbs",
"Rhymes:English/ɔːl",
"Rhymes:English/ɔːl/1 syllable",
"en:Bodily fluids",
"en:Injuries"
],
"derived": [
{
"word": "gall and wormwood"
},
{
"word": "gallbladder"
},
{
"word": "gall-less"
},
{
"word": "gall-of-the-earth"
},
{
"word": "gallstone"
},
{
"word": "oxgall"
},
{
"word": "vent one's gall"
}
],
"etymology_number": 1,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "bile"
},
"expansion": "table",
"name": "etymid"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*ǵʰelh₃-"
},
"expansion": "",
"name": "root"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "enm",
"3": "galle"
},
"expansion": "Middle English galle",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "ang",
"3": "ġealla"
},
"expansion": "Old English ġealla",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ang",
"2": "galla"
},
"expansion": "galla",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "gmw-pro",
"3": "*gallā"
},
"expansion": "Proto-West Germanic *gallā",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "gem-pro",
"3": "*gallǭ"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic *gallǭ",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "linguocultural#Adjective"
},
"expansion": "linguocultural",
"name": "l"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "humorism#Noun"
},
"expansion": "humorism",
"name": "l"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "nl",
"2": "gal"
},
"expansion": "Dutch gal",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "de",
"2": "Galle"
},
"expansion": "German Galle",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "sv",
"2": "galle"
},
"expansion": "Swedish galle",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "sv",
"2": "galla"
},
"expansion": "galla",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "grc",
"2": "χολή"
},
"expansion": "Ancient Greek χολή (kholḗ)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "yellow"
},
"expansion": "yellow",
"name": "m"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "1"
},
"expansion": "¹",
"name": "sup"
}
],
"etymology_text": "table\nFrom Middle English galle, from Old English ġealla, galla, from Proto-West Germanic *gallā, from Proto-Germanic *gallǭ.\nThe figurative senses (e.g., impudence, brazenness, chutzpah) are related to the literal sense (i.e., bile) via the lasting linguocultural effects of humorism, which governed Western medicine for many centuries before the advent of scientific medicine.\nRelated to Dutch gal, German Galle, Swedish galle, galla, Ancient Greek χολή (kholḗ). Also remotely related with yellow.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "galls",
"tags": [
"plural"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "~"
},
"expansion": "gall (countable and uncountable, plural galls)",
"name": "en-noun"
}
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"English terms with quotations",
"English uncountable nouns",
"Quotation templates to be cleaned"
],
"examples": [
{
"ref": "1917, Edgar Rice Burroughs, chapter 6, in The Oakdale Affair",
"text": "“Durn ye!” he cried. “I’ll lam ye! Get offen here. I knows ye. Yer one o’ that gang o’ bums that come here last night, an’ now you got the gall to come back beggin’ for food, eh? I’ll lam ye!” and he raised the gun to his shoulder.",
"type": "quotation"
},
{
"ref": "1891, Exercises of class day of the senior class, Tuesday, June 23, 1891, page 33",
"text": "Prichard, while keeping school, had the unmitigated gall to teach Greek, although he had never studied the subject.",
"type": "quotation"
},
{
"ref": "1944, Teheran: Our Path in War and Peace, page 55",
"text": "In July 1938, that was sufficient to call down contempt and hatred on us, and brand us as men of unmitigated gall.",
"type": "quotation"
},
{
"ref": "1962, How to live with a calculating cat, page 47",
"text": "It requires the cunning of a chess master, the planning of a field marshal, the adroitness and polish of a premier of France, or, failing these, the sheer, unmitigated gall of your door-to-door salesman.",
"type": "quotation"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Impudence or brazenness; temerity, chutzpah."
],
"links": [
[
"Impudence",
"impudence"
],
[
"brazen",
"brazen"
],
[
"temerity",
"temerity"
],
[
"chutzpah",
"chutzpah"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(uncountable) Impudence or brazenness; temerity, chutzpah."
],
"senseid": [
"en:impudence, brazenness, temerity"
],
"tags": [
"uncountable"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"English countable nouns",
"English dated terms",
"en:Anatomy"
],
"glosses": [
"A gallbladder."
],
"links": [
[
"anatomy",
"anatomy"
],
[
"gallbladder",
"gallbladder"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(anatomy, dated, countable) A gallbladder."
],
"tags": [
"countable",
"dated"
],
"topics": [
"anatomy",
"medicine",
"sciences"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"English terms with archaic senses",
"English uncountable nouns",
"en:Physiology"
],
"glosses": [
"Bile, especially that of an animal; the greenish, profoundly bitter-tasting fluid found in bile ducts and gall bladders, structures associated with the liver."
],
"links": [
[
"physiology",
"physiology"
],
[
"Bile",
"bile"
],
[
"greenish",
"greenish"
],
[
"bitter",
"bitter"
],
[
"bile duct",
"bile duct"
],
[
"gall bladder",
"gall bladder"
],
[
"liver",
"liver"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(physiology, archaic, uncountable) Bile, especially that of an animal; the greenish, profoundly bitter-tasting fluid found in bile ducts and gall bladders, structures associated with the liver."
],
"tags": [
"archaic",
"uncountable"
],
"topics": [
"medicine",
"physiology",
"sciences"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"English uncountable nouns"
],
"glosses": [
"Great misery or physical suffering, likened to the bitterest-tasting of substances."
],
"links": [
[
"misery",
"misery"
],
[
"suffering",
"suffering"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(figurative, uncountable) Great misery or physical suffering, likened to the bitterest-tasting of substances."
],
"tags": [
"figuratively",
"uncountable"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ɡɔːl/"
},
{
"ipa": "/ɡɑl/",
"tags": [
"cot-caught-merger"
]
},
{
"rhymes": "-ɔːl"
},
{
"homophone": "Gaul"
},
{
"audio": "LL-Q1860 (eng)-Vealhurl-gall.wav",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/4/44/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-gall.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-gall.wav.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/4/44/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-gall.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-gall.wav.ogg",
"tags": [
"Southern-England"
],
"text": "Audio (Southern England)"
}
],
"translations": [
{
"code": "bg",
"lang": "Bulgarian",
"roman": "nahalstvo",
"sense": "impudence or brazenness",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "нахалство"
},
{
"code": "nl",
"lang": "Dutch",
"sense": "impudence or brazenness",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "lef"
},
{
"code": "nl",
"lang": "Dutch",
"sense": "impudence or brazenness",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "durf"
},
{
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "impudence or brazenness",
"word": "röyhkeys"
},
{
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "impudence or brazenness",
"word": "otsa"
},
{
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "impudence or brazenness",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "culot"
},
{
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "impudence or brazenness",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "effronterie"
},
{
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "impudence or brazenness",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "toupet"
},
{
"code": "ka",
"lang": "Georgian",
"roman": "ḳadniereba",
"sense": "impudence or brazenness",
"word": "კადნიერება"
},
{
"code": "ka",
"lang": "Georgian",
"roman": "tavxedoba",
"sense": "impudence or brazenness",
"word": "თავხედობა"
},
{
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "impudence or brazenness",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "Frechheit"
},
{
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "impudence or brazenness",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "Unverfrorenheit"
},
{
"code": "el",
"lang": "Greek",
"roman": "thrásos",
"sense": "impudence or brazenness",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "θράσος"
},
{
"code": "ga",
"lang": "Irish",
"sense": "impudence or brazenness",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "brusaireacht"
},
{
"code": "pt",
"lang": "Portuguese",
"sense": "impudence or brazenness",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "impudência"
},
{
"code": "ro",
"lang": "Romanian",
"sense": "impudence or brazenness",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "tupeu"
},
{
"code": "ro",
"lang": "Romanian",
"sense": "impudence or brazenness",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "impertinență"
},
{
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "impudence or brazenness",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "descaro"
},
{
"code": "sv",
"lang": "Swedish",
"sense": "impudence or brazenness",
"word": "fräckhet"
},
{
"code": "nl",
"lang": "Dutch",
"sense": "great misery or physical suffering",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "gal"
},
{
"code": "nl",
"lang": "Dutch",
"sense": "great misery or physical suffering",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "leed"
},
{
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "great misery or physical suffering",
"word": "piina"
},
{
"code": "ka",
"lang": "Georgian",
"roman": "naɣveli",
"sense": "great misery or physical suffering",
"word": "ნაღველი"
},
{
"code": "ka",
"lang": "Georgian",
"roman": "mc̣uxareba",
"sense": "great misery or physical suffering",
"word": "მწუხარება"
},
{
"code": "el",
"lang": "Greek",
"roman": "píkra",
"sense": "great misery or physical suffering",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "πίκρα"
},
{
"code": "el",
"lang": "Greek",
"roman": "cholí",
"sense": "great misery or physical suffering",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "χολή"
},
{
"code": "mi",
"lang": "Maori",
"sense": "great misery or physical suffering",
"word": "paoa"
},
{
"code": "pt",
"lang": "Portuguese",
"sense": "great misery or physical suffering",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "miséria"
},
{
"code": "pt",
"lang": "Portuguese",
"sense": "great misery or physical suffering",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "penúria"
},
{
"code": "pt",
"lang": "Portuguese",
"sense": "great misery or physical suffering",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "amargura"
},
{
"code": "ro",
"lang": "Romanian",
"sense": "great misery or physical suffering",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "mizerie"
},
{
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "great misery or physical suffering",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "penuria"
},
{
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "great misery or physical suffering",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "doloroso"
}
],
"wikipedia": [
"gall"
],
"word": "gall"
}
{
"categories": [
"English 1-syllable words",
"English countable nouns",
"English entries with incorrect language header",
"English lemmas",
"English nouns",
"English terms derived from Latin",
"English terms derived from Middle English",
"English terms derived from Old English",
"English terms derived from Old French",
"English terms derived from Proto-Germanic",
"English terms derived from Proto-West Germanic",
"English terms inherited from Middle English",
"English terms inherited from Old English",
"English terms inherited from Proto-Germanic",
"English terms inherited from Proto-West Germanic",
"English terms with IPA pronunciation",
"English terms with audio links",
"English terms with homophones",
"English uncountable nouns",
"English verbs",
"Rhymes:English/ɔːl",
"Rhymes:English/ɔːl/1 syllable",
"en:Bodily fluids",
"en:Injuries"
],
"derived": [
{
"word": "navel gall"
},
{
"word": "water-gall"
}
],
"etymology_number": 2,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "enm",
"3": "galle"
},
"expansion": "Middle English galle",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "ang",
"3": "gealla",
"t": "a fretted spot on the skin"
},
"expansion": "Old English gealla (“a fretted spot on the skin”)",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "gmw-pro",
"3": "*gallō"
},
"expansion": "Proto-West Germanic *gallō",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "gem-pro",
"3": "*gallô",
"t": "infirmity, swelling, lesion"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic *gallô (“infirmity, swelling, lesion”)",
"name": "inh"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Middle English galle, from Old English gealla (“a fretted spot on the skin”), from Proto-West Germanic *gallō, from Proto-Germanic *gallô (“infirmity, swelling, lesion”).",
"forms": [
{
"form": "galls",
"tags": [
"plural"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "~"
},
"expansion": "gall (countable and uncountable, plural galls)",
"name": "en-noun"
}
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"English countable nouns"
],
"examples": [
{
"ref": "1989 National Ag Safety Database (Centers for Disease Control)",
"text": "Riding a horse with bruised or broken skin can cause a gall, which frequently results in the white saddle marks seen on the withers and backs of some horses."
}
],
"glosses": [
"A sore on a horse caused by an ill-fitted or ill-adjusted saddle; a saddle sore."
],
"links": [
[
"fit",
"fit"
],
[
"adjust",
"adjust"
],
[
"saddle",
"saddle"
],
[
"saddle sore",
"saddle sore"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(countable) A sore on a horse caused by an ill-fitted or ill-adjusted saddle; a saddle sore."
],
"tags": [
"countable"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"English countable nouns",
"en:Pathology"
],
"glosses": [
"A sore or open wound caused by chafing, which may become infected, as with a blister."
],
"links": [
[
"pathology",
"pathology"
],
[
"sore",
"sore"
],
[
"chafing",
"chafing"
],
[
"blister",
"blister"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(pathology, countable) A sore or open wound caused by chafing, which may become infected, as with a blister."
],
"tags": [
"countable"
],
"topics": [
"medicine",
"pathology",
"sciences"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"English terms with quotations",
"English uncountable nouns"
],
"examples": [
{
"ref": "1966, Bob Dylan (lyrics and music), “Visions of Johanna”, in Blonde on Blonde",
"text": "He's sure got a lotta gall / To be so useless and all / Muttering small talk at the wall while I'm in the hall",
"type": "quotation"
}
],
"glosses": [
"A feeling of exasperation."
],
"links": [
[
"exasperation",
"exasperation"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(figurative, uncountable) A feeling of exasperation."
],
"tags": [
"figuratively",
"uncountable"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"English countable nouns",
"English technical terms"
],
"glosses": [
"A pit on a surface being cut caused by the friction between the two surfaces exceeding the bond of the material at a point."
],
"links": [
[
"technical",
"technical"
],
[
"pit",
"pit"
],
[
"friction",
"friction"
],
[
"bond",
"bond"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(countable, technical) A pit on a surface being cut caused by the friction between the two surfaces exceeding the bond of the material at a point."
],
"tags": [
"countable"
],
"topics": [
"engineering",
"natural-sciences",
"physical-sciences",
"technical"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ɡɔːl/"
},
{
"ipa": "/ɡɑl/",
"tags": [
"cot-caught-merger"
]
},
{
"rhymes": "-ɔːl"
},
{
"homophone": "Gaul"
},
{
"audio": "LL-Q1860 (eng)-Vealhurl-gall.wav",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/4/44/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-gall.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-gall.wav.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/4/44/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-gall.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-gall.wav.ogg",
"tags": [
"Southern-England"
],
"text": "Audio (Southern England)"
}
],
"translations": [
{
"code": "nl",
"lang": "Dutch",
"sense": "sore on a horse",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "schaafwonde"
},
{
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "sore on a horse",
"word": "lyöttymä"
},
{
"code": "el",
"lang": "Greek",
"roman": "parátrimma",
"sense": "sore on a horse",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "παράτριμμα"
},
{
"code": "ga",
"lang": "Irish",
"sense": "sore on a horse",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "mairc"
},
{
"code": "bg",
"lang": "Bulgarian",
"roman": "ožulvane",
"sense": "sore or open wound caused by chafing",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "ожулване"
},
{
"code": "nl",
"lang": "Dutch",
"sense": "sore or open wound caused by chafing",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "schaafwonde"
},
{
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "sore or open wound caused by chafing",
"word": "hankauma"
},
{
"code": "gl",
"lang": "Galician",
"sense": "sore or open wound caused by chafing",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "esfoladura"
},
{
"code": "el",
"lang": "Greek",
"roman": "parátrimma",
"sense": "sore or open wound caused by chafing",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "παράτριμμα"
},
{
"code": "ga",
"lang": "Irish",
"sense": "sore or open wound caused by chafing",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "mairc"
},
{
"code": "pt",
"lang": "Portuguese",
"sense": "sore or open wound caused by chafing",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "esfolamento"
},
{
"code": "ro",
"lang": "Romanian",
"sense": "sore or open wound caused by chafing",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "rosătură"
},
{
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "feeling of exasperation",
"word": "suuttumus"
},
{
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "feeling of exasperation",
"word": "katkeruus"
},
{
"code": "el",
"lang": "Greek",
"roman": "cholí",
"sense": "feeling of exasperation",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "χολή"
},
{
"code": "el",
"lang": "Greek",
"roman": "chóliasma",
"sense": "feeling of exasperation",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "χόλιασμα"
},
{
"code": "el",
"lang": "Greek",
"roman": "píkra",
"sense": "feeling of exasperation",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "πίκρα"
},
{
"code": "pt",
"lang": "Portuguese",
"sense": "feeling of exasperation",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "exasperação"
},
{
"code": "pt",
"lang": "Portuguese",
"sense": "feeling of exasperation",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "exaspero"
},
{
"code": "ro",
"lang": "Romanian",
"sense": "feeling of exasperation",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "exasperare"
},
{
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "pit caused on a surface caused by friction between the surfaces",
"word": "hankauma"
},
{
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "istiránije",
"sense": "pit caused on a surface caused by friction between the surfaces",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "истира́ние"
}
],
"wikipedia": [
"gall"
],
"word": "gall"
}
{
"categories": [
"English 1-syllable words",
"English countable nouns",
"English entries with incorrect language header",
"English lemmas",
"English nouns",
"English terms derived from Latin",
"English terms derived from Middle English",
"English terms derived from Old English",
"English terms derived from Old French",
"English terms derived from Proto-Germanic",
"English terms derived from Proto-West Germanic",
"English terms inherited from Middle English",
"English terms inherited from Old English",
"English terms inherited from Proto-Germanic",
"English terms inherited from Proto-West Germanic",
"English terms with IPA pronunciation",
"English terms with audio links",
"English terms with homophones",
"English uncountable nouns",
"English verbs",
"Rhymes:English/ɔːl",
"Rhymes:English/ɔːl/1 syllable",
"en:Bodily fluids",
"en:Injuries"
],
"etymology_number": 2,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "enm",
"3": "galle"
},
"expansion": "Middle English galle",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "ang",
"3": "gealla",
"t": "a fretted spot on the skin"
},
"expansion": "Old English gealla (“a fretted spot on the skin”)",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "gmw-pro",
"3": "*gallō"
},
"expansion": "Proto-West Germanic *gallō",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "gem-pro",
"3": "*gallô",
"t": "infirmity, swelling, lesion"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic *gallô (“infirmity, swelling, lesion”)",
"name": "inh"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Middle English galle, from Old English gealla (“a fretted spot on the skin”), from Proto-West Germanic *gallō, from Proto-Germanic *gallô (“infirmity, swelling, lesion”).",
"forms": [
{
"form": "galls",
"tags": [
"present",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "galling",
"tags": [
"participle",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "galled",
"tags": [
"participle",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "galled",
"tags": [
"past"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "gall (third-person singular simple present galls, present participle galling, simple past and past participle galled)",
"name": "en-verb"
}
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "verb",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"English ergative verbs"
],
"glosses": [
"To chafe, to rub or subject to friction; to create a sore on the skin."
],
"links": [
[
"chafe",
"chafe"
],
[
"rub",
"rub"
],
[
"friction",
"friction"
],
[
"sore",
"sore"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(ergative) To chafe, to rub or subject to friction; to create a sore on the skin."
],
"tags": [
"ergative"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"English transitive verbs"
],
"glosses": [
"To bother or trouble."
],
"links": [
[
"bother",
"bother#Verb"
],
[
"trouble",
"trouble#Verb"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(transitive, figurative) To bother or trouble."
],
"tags": [
"figuratively",
"transitive"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"English transitive verbs"
],
"examples": [
{
"ref": "June 24, 1778, George Washington, The Writings of George Washington From the Original Manuscript Sources: Volume 12, 1745–1799",
"text": "The disposition for these detachments is as follows – Morgans corps, to gain the enemy’s right flank; Maxwells brigade to hang on their left. Brigadier Genl. Scott is now marching with a very respectable detachment destined to gall the enemys left flank and rear."
}
],
"glosses": [
"To harass, to harry, often with the intent to cause injury."
],
"links": [
[
"harass",
"harass"
],
[
"harry",
"harry"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(transitive, figurative) To harass, to harry, often with the intent to cause injury."
],
"tags": [
"figuratively",
"transitive"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"English terms with quotations",
"English transitive verbs"
],
"examples": [
{
"ref": "1979 December, Mark Bowden, “Captivity Pageant”, in The Atlantic, volume 296, number 5, pages 92–97",
"text": "Metrinko was hungry, but he was galled by how self-congratulatory his captors seemed, how generous and noble and proudly Islamic.",
"type": "quotation"
}
],
"glosses": [
"To exasperate."
],
"links": [
[
"exasperate",
"exasperate"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(transitive, figurative) To exasperate."
],
"tags": [
"figuratively",
"transitive"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"English technical terms",
"English terms with usage examples",
"English transitive verbs"
],
"examples": [
{
"text": "Improper cooling and a dull milling cutter on titanium can gall the surface.",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"To cause pitting on a surface being cut from the friction between the two surfaces exceeding the bond of the material at a point."
],
"links": [
[
"technical",
"technical"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(transitive, technical) To cause pitting on a surface being cut from the friction between the two surfaces exceeding the bond of the material at a point."
],
"tags": [
"transitive"
],
"topics": [
"engineering",
"natural-sciences",
"physical-sciences",
"technical"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"English intransitive verbs",
"English terms with obsolete senses",
"English terms with rare senses"
],
"glosses": [
"To scoff; to jeer."
],
"links": [
[
"scoff",
"scoff"
],
[
"jeer",
"jeer"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(intransitive, obsolete, rare) To scoff; to jeer."
],
"tags": [
"intransitive",
"obsolete",
"rare"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ɡɔːl/"
},
{
"ipa": "/ɡɑl/",
"tags": [
"cot-caught-merger"
]
},
{
"rhymes": "-ɔːl"
},
{
"homophone": "Gaul"
},
{
"audio": "LL-Q1860 (eng)-Vealhurl-gall.wav",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/4/44/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-gall.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-gall.wav.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/4/44/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-gall.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-gall.wav.ogg",
"tags": [
"Southern-England"
],
"text": "Audio (Southern England)"
}
],
"translations": [
{
"code": "bg",
"lang": "Bulgarian",
"roman": "protrivam",
"sense": "to chafe",
"word": "протривам"
},
{
"code": "bg",
"lang": "Bulgarian",
"roman": "ožulvam",
"sense": "to chafe",
"word": "ожулвам"
},
{
"code": "nl",
"lang": "Dutch",
"sense": "to chafe",
"word": "schaven"
},
{
"code": "nl",
"lang": "Dutch",
"sense": "to chafe",
"word": "wrijven"
},
{
"code": "nl",
"lang": "Dutch",
"sense": "to chafe",
"word": "storen"
},
{
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "to chafe",
"word": "hiertää"
},
{
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "to chafe",
"word": "wundreiben"
},
{
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "to chafe",
"word": "wundscheuern"
},
{
"code": "pt",
"lang": "Portuguese",
"sense": "to chafe",
"word": "esfolar"
},
{
"code": "ro",
"lang": "Romanian",
"sense": "to chafe",
"word": "zgâria"
},
{
"code": "ro",
"lang": "Romanian",
"sense": "to chafe",
"word": "roade"
},
{
"code": "sv",
"lang": "Swedish",
"sense": "to chafe",
"word": "skava"
},
{
"code": "uk",
"lang": "Ukrainian",
"roman": "natyraty",
"sense": "to chafe",
"tags": [
"imperfective"
],
"word": "натирати"
},
{
"code": "uk",
"lang": "Ukrainian",
"roman": "naterty",
"sense": "to chafe",
"tags": [
"perfective"
],
"word": "натерти"
},
{
"code": "bg",
"lang": "Bulgarian",
"roman": "draznja",
"sense": "to trouble or bother",
"word": "дразня"
},
{
"code": "nl",
"lang": "Dutch",
"sense": "to trouble or bother",
"word": "storen"
},
{
"code": "nl",
"lang": "Dutch",
"sense": "to trouble or bother",
"word": "lastigvallen"
},
{
"code": "nl",
"lang": "Dutch",
"sense": "to trouble or bother",
"tags": [
"Flemish"
],
"word": "ambeteren"
},
{
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "to trouble or bother",
"word": "vaivata"
},
{
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "to trouble or bother",
"word": "sapettaa"
},
{
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "to trouble or bother",
"word": "déranger"
},
{
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "to trouble or bother",
"word": "gêner"
},
{
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "to trouble or bother",
"word": "troubler"
},
{
"code": "ka",
"lang": "Georgian",
"roman": "šec̣uxeba",
"sense": "to trouble or bother",
"word": "შეწუხება"
},
{
"code": "ka",
"lang": "Georgian",
"roman": "gaɣizianeba",
"sense": "to trouble or bother",
"word": "გაღიზიანება"
},
{
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "to trouble or bother",
"word": "stören"
},
{
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "to trouble or bother",
"word": "lästigfallen"
},
{
"code": "pt",
"lang": "Portuguese",
"sense": "to trouble or bother",
"word": "incomodar"
},
{
"code": "ro",
"lang": "Romanian",
"sense": "to trouble or bother",
"word": "deranja"
},
{
"code": "ro",
"lang": "Romanian",
"sense": "to trouble or bother",
"word": "incomoda"
},
{
"code": "ro",
"lang": "Romanian",
"sense": "to trouble or bother",
"word": "enerva"
},
{
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "to trouble or bother",
"word": "incomodar"
},
{
"code": "nl",
"lang": "Dutch",
"sense": "to harass, harry",
"word": "storen"
},
{
"code": "nl",
"lang": "Dutch",
"sense": "to harass, harry",
"word": "lastigvallen"
},
{
"code": "nl",
"lang": "Dutch",
"sense": "to harass, harry",
"tags": [
"Flemish"
],
"word": "ambeteren"
},
{
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "to harass, harry",
"word": "häiritä"
},
{
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "to harass, harry",
"word": "harceler"
},
{
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "to harass, harry",
"word": "belästigen"
},
{
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "to harass, harry",
"word": "schikanieren"
},
{
"code": "pt",
"lang": "Portuguese",
"sense": "to harass, harry",
"word": "atormentar"
},
{
"code": "ro",
"lang": "Romanian",
"sense": "to harass, harry",
"word": "tracasa"
},
{
"code": "ro",
"lang": "Romanian",
"sense": "to harass, harry",
"word": "molesta"
},
{
"code": "ro",
"lang": "Romanian",
"sense": "to harass, harry",
"word": "sâcâi"
},
{
"code": "ca",
"lang": "Catalan",
"sense": "to exasperate",
"word": "exasperar"
},
{
"code": "nl",
"lang": "Dutch",
"sense": "to exasperate",
"word": "storen"
},
{
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "to exasperate",
"word": "ärsyttää"
},
{
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "to exasperate",
"word": "suututtaa"
},
{
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "to exasperate",
"word": "exaspérer"
},
{
"code": "ka",
"lang": "Georgian",
"roman": "gaɣizianeba",
"sense": "to exasperate",
"word": "გაღიზიანება"
},
{
"code": "ka",
"lang": "Georgian",
"roman": "gulis gac̣q̇aleba",
"sense": "to exasperate",
"word": "გულის გაწყალება"
},
{
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "to exasperate",
"word": "ärgern"
},
{
"code": "io",
"lang": "Ido",
"sense": "to exasperate",
"word": "exasperar"
},
{
"code": "pt",
"lang": "Portuguese",
"sense": "to exasperate",
"word": "exasperar"
},
{
"code": "ro",
"lang": "Romanian",
"sense": "to exasperate",
"word": "exaspera"
},
{
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "to exasperate",
"word": "exasperar"
}
],
"wikipedia": [
"gall"
],
"word": "gall"
}
{
"categories": [
"English 1-syllable words",
"English countable nouns",
"English entries with incorrect language header",
"English lemmas",
"English nouns",
"English terms derived from Latin",
"English terms derived from Middle English",
"English terms derived from Old French",
"English terms inherited from Middle English",
"English terms with IPA pronunciation",
"English terms with audio links",
"English terms with homophones",
"English verbs",
"Rhymes:English/ɔːl",
"Rhymes:English/ɔːl/1 syllable",
"en:Bodily fluids",
"en:Injuries"
],
"derived": [
{
"word": "Aleppo gall"
},
{
"word": "apple gall"
},
{
"word": "artichoke gall"
},
{
"word": "bedeguar gall"
},
{
"word": "beech gall"
},
{
"word": "cane gall"
},
{
"word": "Chinese gall"
},
{
"word": "cola-nut gall"
},
{
"word": "coral gall"
},
{
"word": "cranberry gall"
},
{
"word": "crown gall"
},
{
"word": "cup gall"
},
{
"word": "currant gall"
},
{
"word": "cypress gall"
},
{
"word": "elm gall"
},
{
"word": "filbert gall"
},
{
"word": "fungus gall"
},
{
"word": "gallapple"
},
{
"word": "gallflower"
},
{
"word": "gallfly"
},
{
"word": "gall gnat"
},
{
"word": "gallic"
},
{
"word": "gall midge"
},
{
"word": "gall mite"
},
{
"word": "gallnut"
},
{
"word": "gall-nut ink"
},
{
"word": "gall oak"
},
{
"word": "gall of glass"
},
{
"word": "gall wasp"
},
{
"word": "goldenrod gall"
},
{
"word": "gouty gall"
},
{
"word": "horned oak gall"
},
{
"word": "iron-gall ink"
},
{
"word": "knee gall"
},
{
"word": "knopper gall"
},
{
"word": "leaf-gall"
},
{
"word": "marble gall"
},
{
"word": "meadowsweet rust gall"
},
{
"word": "mossy rose gall"
},
{
"word": "nutgall"
},
{
"word": "oak gall"
},
{
"word": "pineapple gall"
},
{
"word": "pithy gall"
},
{
"word": "plant gall"
},
{
"word": "pocket plum gall"
},
{
"word": "rams horn gall"
},
{
"word": "red pae gall"
},
{
"word": "rind gall"
},
{
"word": "root gall"
},
{
"word": "rose gall"
},
{
"word": "seed gall"
},
{
"word": "stem gall"
},
{
"word": "tomato gall"
},
{
"word": "trumpet gall"
},
{
"word": "Turkish gall"
},
{
"word": "twig gall"
},
{
"word": "vine gall"
},
{
"word": "willow gall"
},
{
"word": "witch-hazel cone gall"
},
{
"word": "wound gall"
}
],
"etymology_number": 3,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "plant disease"
},
"expansion": "table",
"name": "etymid"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "enm",
"3": "galle"
},
"expansion": "Middle English galle",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "fro",
"3": "galle"
},
"expansion": "Old French galle",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "la",
"3": "galla",
"4": "",
"5": "oak-apple"
},
"expansion": "Latin galla (“oak-apple”)",
"name": "der"
}
],
"etymology_text": "table\nFrom Middle English galle, from Old French galle, from Latin galla (“oak-apple”).",
"forms": [
{
"form": "galls",
"tags": [
"plural"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "gall (plural galls)",
"name": "en-noun"
}
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"English terms with quotations",
"Entries using missing taxonomic name (species)",
"Quotation templates to be cleaned",
"en:Plant diseases"
],
"examples": [
{
"ref": "1974, Philip P. Wiener, editor, Dictionary of the History of Ideas",
"text": "Even so, Redi retained a belief that in certain other cases—the origin of parasites inside the human or animal body or of grubs inside of oak galls—there must be spontaneous generation. Bit by bit the evidence grew against such views. In 1670 Jan Swammerdam, painstaking student of the insect’s life cycle, suggested that the grubs in galls were enclosed in them for the sake of nourishment and must come from insects that had inserted their semen or their eggs into the plants.",
"type": "quotation"
}
],
"glosses": [
"A blister or tumor-like growth found on the surface of plants, caused by various pathogens, especially the burrowing of insect larvae into the living tissues, such as that of the common oak gall wasp (Cynips quercusfolii)."
],
"links": [
[
"phytopathology",
"phytopathology"
],
[
"blister",
"blister"
],
[
"tumor",
"tumor"
],
[
"pathogen",
"pathogen"
],
[
"burrow",
"burrow"
],
[
"insect",
"insect"
],
[
"larva",
"larva"
],
[
"gall wasp",
"gall wasp"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(phytopathology) A blister or tumor-like growth found on the surface of plants, caused by various pathogens, especially the burrowing of insect larvae into the living tissues, such as that of the common oak gall wasp (Cynips quercusfolii)."
],
"topics": [
"biology",
"botany",
"medicine",
"natural-sciences",
"pathology",
"phytopathology",
"sciences"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"English terms with quotations",
"Quotation templates to be cleaned"
],
"examples": [
{
"ref": "1653, Izaak Walton, chapter 21, in The Compleat Angler",
"text": "But first for your Line. First note, that you are to take care that your hair be round and clear, and free from galls, or scabs, or frets: for a well- chosen, even, clear, round hair, of a kind of glass-colour, will prove as strong as three uneven scabby hairs that are ill-chosen, and full of galls or unevenness. You shall seldom find a black hair but it is round, but many white are flat and uneven; therefore, if you get a lock of right, round, clear, glass-colour hair, make much of it.",
"type": "quotation"
}
],
"glosses": [
"A bump-like imperfection resembling a gall."
],
"links": [
[
"bump",
"bump"
],
[
"imperfection",
"imperfection"
]
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ɡɔːl/"
},
{
"ipa": "/ɡɑl/",
"tags": [
"cot-caught-merger"
]
},
{
"rhymes": "-ɔːl"
},
{
"homophone": "Gaul"
},
{
"audio": "LL-Q1860 (eng)-Vealhurl-gall.wav",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/4/44/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-gall.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-gall.wav.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/4/44/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-gall.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-gall.wav.ogg",
"tags": [
"Southern-England"
],
"text": "Audio (Southern England)"
}
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "nutgall"
}
],
"translations": [
{
"code": "hy",
"lang": "Armenian",
"roman": "gxtor",
"sense": "blister or tumor-like growth found on the surface of plants",
"word": "գխտոր"
},
{
"code": "ca",
"lang": "Catalan",
"sense": "blister or tumor-like growth found on the surface of plants",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "gala"
},
{
"code": "ca",
"lang": "Catalan",
"sense": "blister or tumor-like growth found on the surface of plants",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "agalla"
},
{
"code": "ny",
"lang": "Chichewa",
"sense": "blister or tumor-like growth found on the surface of plants",
"word": "ndulu"
},
{
"code": "cmn",
"lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
"sense": "blister or tumor-like growth found on the surface of plants",
"word": "癭"
},
{
"code": "cmn",
"lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
"roman": "yǐng",
"sense": "blister or tumor-like growth found on the surface of plants",
"word": "瘿"
},
{
"code": "cs",
"lang": "Czech",
"sense": "blister or tumor-like growth found on the surface of plants",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "hálka"
},
{
"code": "nl",
"lang": "Dutch",
"sense": "blister or tumor-like growth found on the surface of plants",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "gal"
},
{
"code": "nl",
"lang": "Dutch",
"sense": "blister or tumor-like growth found on the surface of plants",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "galknobbel"
},
{
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "blister or tumor-like growth found on the surface of plants",
"word": "äkämä"
},
{
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "blister or tumor-like growth found on the surface of plants",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "galle"
},
{
"code": "gl",
"lang": "Galician",
"sense": "blister or tumor-like growth found on the surface of plants",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "bugalla"
},
{
"code": "gl",
"lang": "Galician",
"sense": "blister or tumor-like growth found on the surface of plants",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "bugallo"
},
{
"code": "gl",
"lang": "Galician",
"sense": "blister or tumor-like growth found on the surface of plants",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "bullaca"
},
{
"code": "gl",
"lang": "Galician",
"sense": "blister or tumor-like growth found on the surface of plants",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "bullaco"
},
{
"code": "gl",
"lang": "Galician",
"sense": "blister or tumor-like growth found on the surface of plants",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "carrabouxa"
},
{
"code": "gl",
"lang": "Galician",
"sense": "blister or tumor-like growth found on the surface of plants",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "carrabouxo"
},
{
"code": "gl",
"lang": "Galician",
"sense": "blister or tumor-like growth found on the surface of plants",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "cecidio"
},
{
"code": "gl",
"lang": "Galician",
"sense": "blister or tumor-like growth found on the surface of plants",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "coco"
},
{
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "blister or tumor-like growth found on the surface of plants",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "Galle"
},
{
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "blister or tumor-like growth found on the surface of plants",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "Gallapfel"
},
{
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "blister or tumor-like growth found on the surface of plants",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "Pflanzengalle"
},
{
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "blister or tumor-like growth found on the surface of plants",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "Zezidie"
},
{
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "blister or tumor-like growth found on the surface of plants",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "Cecidie"
},
{
"code": "he",
"lang": "Hebrew",
"sense": "blister or tumor-like growth found on the surface of plants",
"word": "עפץ"
},
{
"code": "he",
"lang": "Hebrew",
"roman": "afáts",
"sense": "blister or tumor-like growth found on the surface of plants",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "עָָפָץ"
},
{
"code": "it",
"lang": "Italian",
"sense": "blister or tumor-like growth found on the surface of plants",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "galla"
},
{
"alt": "ちゅうえい",
"code": "ja",
"lang": "Japanese",
"roman": "chūei",
"sense": "blister or tumor-like growth found on the surface of plants",
"word": "虫癭"
},
{
"alt": "むしこぶ",
"code": "ja",
"lang": "Japanese",
"roman": "mushikobu",
"sense": "blister or tumor-like growth found on the surface of plants",
"word": "虫瘤"
},
{
"code": "la",
"lang": "Latin",
"sense": "blister or tumor-like growth found on the surface of plants",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "galla"
},
{
"code": "pl",
"lang": "Polish",
"sense": "blister or tumor-like growth found on the surface of plants",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "galas"
},
{
"code": "pl",
"lang": "Polish",
"sense": "blister or tumor-like growth found on the surface of plants",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "galasówka"
},
{
"code": "pt",
"lang": "Portuguese",
"sense": "blister or tumor-like growth found on the surface of plants",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "agalha"
},
{
"code": "pt",
"lang": "Portuguese",
"sense": "blister or tumor-like growth found on the surface of plants",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "bugalha"
},
{
"code": "pt",
"lang": "Portuguese",
"sense": "blister or tumor-like growth found on the surface of plants",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "bugalho"
},
{
"code": "pt",
"lang": "Portuguese",
"sense": "blister or tumor-like growth found on the surface of plants",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "cecídia"
},
{
"code": "pt",
"lang": "Portuguese",
"sense": "blister or tumor-like growth found on the surface of plants",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "cecídio"
},
{
"code": "pt",
"lang": "Portuguese",
"sense": "blister or tumor-like growth found on the surface of plants",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "galha"
},
{
"code": "ro",
"lang": "Romanian",
"sense": "blister or tumor-like growth found on the surface of plants",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "gală"
},
{
"code": "ro",
"lang": "Romanian",
"sense": "blister or tumor-like growth found on the surface of plants",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "cecidie"
},
{
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "gall",
"sense": "blister or tumor-like growth found on the surface of plants",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "галл"
},
{
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "černílʹnyj oréšek",
"sense": "blister or tumor-like growth found on the surface of plants",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "черни́льный оре́шек"
},
{
"code": "sl",
"lang": "Slovene",
"sense": "blister or tumor-like growth found on the surface of plants",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "šiška"
},
{
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "blister or tumor-like growth found on the surface of plants",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "agalla"
},
{
"code": "uk",
"lang": "Ukrainian",
"roman": "hal",
"sense": "blister or tumor-like growth found on the surface of plants",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "гал"
},
{
"code": "cy",
"lang": "Welsh",
"sense": "blister or tumor-like growth found on the surface of plants",
"word": "darafal"
},
{
"code": "nl",
"lang": "Dutch",
"sense": "bump-like imperfection",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "knoop"
},
{
"code": "nl",
"lang": "Dutch",
"sense": "bump-like imperfection",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "knobbel"
},
{
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "bump-like imperfection",
"word": "äkämä"
},
{
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "bump-like imperfection",
"word": "patti"
},
{
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "bump-like imperfection",
"word": "möykky"
},
{
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "bump-like imperfection",
"word": "takku"
},
{
"code": "el",
"lang": "Greek",
"roman": "ózos",
"sense": "bump-like imperfection",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "όζος"
},
{
"code": "el",
"lang": "Greek",
"roman": "exógkoma",
"sense": "bump-like imperfection",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "εξόγκωμα"
},
{
"code": "pt",
"lang": "Portuguese",
"sense": "bump-like imperfection",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "galo"
},
{
"code": "pt",
"lang": "Portuguese",
"sense": "bump-like imperfection",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "calombo"
},
{
"code": "nmn",
"lang": "ǃXóõ",
"sense": "bump-like imperfection",
"word": "gǁkxʻáã"
}
],
"wikipedia": [
"gall"
],
"word": "gall"
}
{
"categories": [
"English 1-syllable words",
"English countable nouns",
"English entries with incorrect language header",
"English lemmas",
"English nouns",
"English terms derived from Latin",
"English terms derived from Middle English",
"English terms derived from Old French",
"English terms inherited from Middle English",
"English terms with IPA pronunciation",
"English terms with audio links",
"English terms with homophones",
"English verbs",
"Rhymes:English/ɔːl",
"Rhymes:English/ɔːl/1 syllable",
"en:Bodily fluids",
"en:Injuries"
],
"etymology_number": 3,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "plant disease"
},
"expansion": "table",
"name": "etymid"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "enm",
"3": "galle"
},
"expansion": "Middle English galle",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "fro",
"3": "galle"
},
"expansion": "Old French galle",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "la",
"3": "galla",
"4": "",
"5": "oak-apple"
},
"expansion": "Latin galla (“oak-apple”)",
"name": "der"
}
],
"etymology_text": "table\nFrom Middle English galle, from Old French galle, from Latin galla (“oak-apple”).",
"forms": [
{
"form": "galls",
"tags": [
"present",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "galling",
"tags": [
"participle",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "galled",
"tags": [
"participle",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "galled",
"tags": [
"past"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "gall (third-person singular simple present galls, present participle galling, simple past and past participle galled)",
"name": "en-verb"
}
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "verb",
"related": [
{
"word": "gall dang"
}
],
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"English terms with quotations",
"English transitive verbs"
],
"examples": [
{
"ref": "1815, Thomas Cooper, A Practical Treatise on Dyeing, and Callicoe Printing",
"text": "Raw silk is not galled, it is dyed at once in the black without any preparation : the liquor should be hot",
"type": "quotation"
}
],
"glosses": [
"To impregnate with a decoction of gallnuts in dyeing."
],
"links": [
[
"impregnate",
"impregnate"
],
[
"decoction",
"decoction"
],
[
"gallnut",
"gallnut"
],
[
"dye",
"dye"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(transitive) To impregnate with a decoction of gallnuts in dyeing."
],
"tags": [
"transitive"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ɡɔːl/"
},
{
"ipa": "/ɡɑl/",
"tags": [
"cot-caught-merger"
]
},
{
"rhymes": "-ɔːl"
},
{
"homophone": "Gaul"
},
{
"audio": "LL-Q1860 (eng)-Vealhurl-gall.wav",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/4/44/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-gall.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-gall.wav.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/4/44/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-gall.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-gall.wav.ogg",
"tags": [
"Southern-England"
],
"text": "Audio (Southern England)"
}
],
"wikipedia": [
"gall"
],
"word": "gall"
}
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable English dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2024-05-03 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2024-05-02 using wiktextract (f4fd8c9 and c9440ce). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.