See gall in All languages combined, or Wiktionary
{
"derived": [
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"word": "gall and wormwood"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"word": "gallbladder"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"word": "gall-less"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"word": "gall-of-the-earth"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"word": "gallstone"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"word": "oxgall"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"word": "vent one's gall"
}
],
"etymology_number": 1,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "bile"
},
"expansion": "",
"name": "etymid"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*ǵʰelh₃-"
},
"expansion": "",
"name": "root"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "enm",
"3": "galle"
},
"expansion": "Middle English galle",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "ang",
"3": "ġealla"
},
"expansion": "Old English ġealla",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "gmw-pro",
"3": "*gallā"
},
"expansion": "Proto-West Germanic *gallā",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "gem-pro",
"3": "*gallǭ"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic *gallǭ",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "nl",
"2": "gal"
},
"expansion": "Dutch gal",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "de",
"2": "Galle"
},
"expansion": "German Galle",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "sv",
"2": "galle"
},
"expansion": "Swedish galle",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "grc",
"2": "χολή"
},
"expansion": "Ancient Greek χολή (kholḗ)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "1"
},
"expansion": "¹",
"name": "sup"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Middle English galle, from Old English ġealla, galla, from Proto-West Germanic *gallā, from Proto-Germanic *gallǭ.\nThe figurative senses (e.g., impudence, brazenness, chutzpah) are related to the literal sense (i.e., bile) via the lasting linguocultural effects of humorism, which governed Western medicine for many centuries before the advent of scientific medicine.\nRelated to Dutch gal, German Galle, Swedish galle, galla, Ancient Greek χολή (kholḗ). Also remotely related with yellow.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "galls",
"tags": [
"plural"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "~"
},
"expansion": "gall (countable and uncountable, plural galls)",
"name": "en-noun"
}
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "13 33 41 14",
"kind": "other",
"name": "English links with manual fragments",
"parents": [
"Links with manual fragments",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "10 8 10 5 5 15 2 4 14 2 3 2 4 2 7 2 4",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with German translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"ref": "1917, Edgar Rice Burroughs, chapter 6, in The Oakdale Affair:",
"text": "“Durn ye!” he cried. “I’ll lam ye! Get offen here. I knows ye. Yer one o’ that gang o’ bums that come here last night, an’ now you got the gall to come back beggin’ for food, eh? I’ll lam ye!” and he raised the gun to his shoulder.",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"ref": "1891, Exercises of class day of the senior class, Tuesday, June 23, 1891, page 33:",
"text": "Prichard, while keeping school, had the unmitigated gall to teach Greek, although he had never studied the subject.",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"ref": "1944, Teheran: Our Path in War and Peace, page 55:",
"text": "In July 1938, that was sufficient to call down contempt and hatred on us, and brand us as men of unmitigated gall.",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"ref": "1962, How to live with a calculating cat, page 47:",
"text": "It requires the cunning of a chess master, the planning of a field marshal, the adroitness and polish of a premier of France, or, failing these, the sheer, unmitigated gall of your door-to-door salesman.",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"ref": "2022 October 18, Placeholder McD, “SCP-7579 [offset 1]”, in SCP Foundation, archived from the original on 2024-12-20:",
"text": "\"Also, as apologetic as you were for occupying my time, which I had hoped to spend with my daughter, you used about twice as many words as you needed to, and wasted an entire paragraph complaining about your colleagues. I went back to the SCP-079 file — Supervisor Valis would have had the thing decommissioned years ago if it weren't for your blatant technofetishism. Yet, you have the gall to characterize the Foundation's ongoing political interventions and military operations as squabbles.\"",
"type": "quote"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Impudence or brazenness; temerity; chutzpah."
],
"id": "en-gall-en-noun-en:impudence__brazenness__temerity",
"links": [
[
"Impudence",
"impudence#English"
],
[
"brazen",
"brazen"
],
[
"temerity",
"temerity"
],
[
"chutzpah",
"chutzpah"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(uncountable) Impudence or brazenness; temerity; chutzpah."
],
"senseid": [
"en:impudence, brazenness, temerity"
],
"tags": [
"uncountable"
],
"translations": [
{
"_dis1": "84 6 7 3",
"code": "bg",
"lang": "Bulgarian",
"roman": "nahalstvo",
"sense": "impudence or brazenness",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "нахалство"
},
{
"_dis1": "84 6 7 3",
"code": "nl",
"lang": "Dutch",
"sense": "impudence or brazenness",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "lef"
},
{
"_dis1": "84 6 7 3",
"code": "nl",
"lang": "Dutch",
"sense": "impudence or brazenness",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "durf"
},
{
"_dis1": "84 6 7 3",
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "impudence or brazenness",
"word": "röyhkeys"
},
{
"_dis1": "84 6 7 3",
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "impudence or brazenness",
"word": "otsa"
},
{
"_dis1": "84 6 7 3",
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "impudence or brazenness",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "culot"
},
{
"_dis1": "84 6 7 3",
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "impudence or brazenness",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "effronterie"
},
{
"_dis1": "84 6 7 3",
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "impudence or brazenness",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "toupet"
},
{
"_dis1": "84 6 7 3",
"code": "ka",
"lang": "Georgian",
"roman": "ḳadniereba",
"sense": "impudence or brazenness",
"word": "კადნიერება"
},
{
"_dis1": "84 6 7 3",
"code": "ka",
"lang": "Georgian",
"roman": "tavxedoba",
"sense": "impudence or brazenness",
"word": "თავხედობა"
},
{
"_dis1": "84 6 7 3",
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "impudence or brazenness",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "Frechheit"
},
{
"_dis1": "84 6 7 3",
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "impudence or brazenness",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "Unverfrorenheit"
},
{
"_dis1": "84 6 7 3",
"code": "el",
"lang": "Greek",
"roman": "thrásos",
"sense": "impudence or brazenness",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "θράσος"
},
{
"_dis1": "84 6 7 3",
"code": "ga",
"lang": "Irish",
"sense": "impudence or brazenness",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "brusaireacht"
},
{
"_dis1": "84 6 7 3",
"code": "ga",
"lang": "Irish",
"sense": "impudence or brazenness",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "dánacht"
},
{
"_dis1": "84 6 7 3",
"code": "ga",
"lang": "Irish",
"sense": "impudence or brazenness",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "coráiste"
},
{
"_dis1": "84 6 7 3",
"code": "pt",
"lang": "Portuguese",
"sense": "impudence or brazenness",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "impudência"
},
{
"_dis1": "84 6 7 3",
"code": "ro",
"lang": "Romanian",
"sense": "impudence or brazenness",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "tupeu"
},
{
"_dis1": "84 6 7 3",
"code": "ro",
"lang": "Romanian",
"sense": "impudence or brazenness",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "impertinență"
},
{
"_dis1": "84 6 7 3",
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "impudence or brazenness",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "descaro"
},
{
"_dis1": "84 6 7 3",
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "impudence or brazenness",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "desfachatez"
},
{
"_dis1": "84 6 7 3",
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "impudence or brazenness",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "concha"
},
{
"_dis1": "84 6 7 3",
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "impudence or brazenness",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "conchudez (Americanism)"
},
{
"_dis1": "84 6 7 3",
"code": "sv",
"lang": "Swedish",
"sense": "impudence or brazenness",
"word": "fräckhet"
}
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "topical",
"langcode": "en",
"name": "Anatomy",
"orig": "en:Anatomy",
"parents": [
"Biology",
"Medicine",
"Sciences",
"Healthcare",
"All topics",
"Health",
"Fundamental",
"Body"
],
"source": "w"
},
{
"_dis": "13 33 41 14",
"kind": "other",
"name": "English links with manual fragments",
"parents": [
"Links with manual fragments",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"ref": "1611, The Holy Bible, […] (King James Version), London: […] Robert Barker, […], →OCLC, Job 20:24–25:",
"text": "He shall flee from the iron weapon and the bow of steel shall strike him through. It is drawn and cometh out of the body; yea, the glittering sword cometh out of his gall.",
"type": "quote"
}
],
"glosses": [
"A gallbladder."
],
"id": "en-gall-en-noun-en:Q64386",
"links": [
[
"anatomy",
"anatomy"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(anatomy, archaic, countable) A gallbladder."
],
"senseid": [
"en:Q64386"
],
"tags": [
"archaic",
"countable"
],
"topics": [
"anatomy",
"medicine",
"sciences"
],
"wikidata": [
"Q64386"
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "topical",
"langcode": "en",
"name": "Physiology",
"orig": "en:Physiology",
"parents": [
"Biology",
"Medicine",
"Sciences",
"Healthcare",
"All topics",
"Health",
"Fundamental",
"Body"
],
"source": "w"
},
{
"_dis": "13 33 41 14",
"kind": "other",
"name": "English links with manual fragments",
"parents": [
"Links with manual fragments",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "8 7 11 6 7 15 3 4 14 2 5 3 2 2 5 2 4",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Armenian translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "8 8 12 6 6 15 3 4 15 2 4 3 2 2 5 2 4",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Catalan translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "6 8 12 7 6 14 2 4 13 1 5 2 4 2 7 2 3",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Czech translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "8 8 11 5 4 14 2 4 14 3 3 3 3 3 6 3 5",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Dutch translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "8 8 11 6 6 15 3 4 17 2 4 3 2 2 5 2 4",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Finnish translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "8 8 11 5 4 15 2 4 15 3 3 3 3 3 6 3 5",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with French translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "8 8 11 6 6 15 3 4 14 2 4 3 2 2 5 2 4",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Galician translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "10 8 10 5 5 15 2 4 14 2 3 2 4 2 7 2 4",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with German translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "9 9 11 5 4 16 2 4 16 2 2 2 2 2 6 2 5",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Italian translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "9 9 11 5 4 15 2 4 18 2 2 2 2 2 5 2 4",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Japanese translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "9 9 11 5 4 16 2 4 16 2 2 2 2 2 6 2 5",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Latin translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "6 8 12 7 5 14 2 5 16 1 4 1 3 2 8 2 3",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Mandarin translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "24 23 35 18",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Maori translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "9 6 13 5 7 14 3 4 14 1 5 2 3 3 6 2 3",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Ottoman Turkish translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "6 7 11 6 6 13 3 4 13 2 8 3 4 2 6 2 4",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Polish translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "7 9 11 6 6 15 3 5 15 2 4 2 2 2 6 2 4",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Portuguese translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "8 8 11 6 6 15 3 4 14 2 4 3 2 2 5 2 4",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Romanian translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "9 9 11 5 4 16 2 4 16 2 2 2 2 2 6 2 5",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Russian translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "8 8 11 6 6 15 3 4 14 2 5 3 2 2 5 2 4",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Slovene translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "8 9 12 5 4 16 2 4 15 2 2 2 2 2 6 2 5",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Spanish translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "10 8 12 6 5 15 3 4 15 2 3 3 2 2 5 2 4",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Turkish translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "8 8 12 6 6 15 3 4 15 2 4 3 2 2 5 2 4",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Ukrainian translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "8 8 11 5 4 14 2 4 15 3 3 3 3 3 6 3 5",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Welsh translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "9 9 11 5 4 16 2 4 16 2 2 2 2 2 6 2 5",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with ǃXóõ translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "4 15 24 7 5 13 1 4 9 1 4 1 3 0 4 1 2",
"kind": "topical",
"langcode": "en",
"name": "Bodily fluids",
"orig": "en:Bodily fluids",
"parents": [
"Body parts",
"Liquids",
"Body",
"Anatomy",
"Matter",
"All topics",
"Biology",
"Medicine",
"Chemistry",
"Nature",
"Fundamental",
"Sciences",
"Healthcare",
"Health"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "1 8 16 11 8 9 3 2 4 3 8 3 14 2 4 3 3",
"kind": "topical",
"langcode": "en",
"name": "Injuries",
"orig": "en:Injuries",
"parents": [
"Health",
"Body",
"All topics",
"Fundamental"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Bile, especially that of an animal; the greenish, profoundly bitter-tasting fluid found in bile ducts and gall bladders, structures associated with the liver."
],
"id": "en-gall-en-noun-en:Q65979",
"links": [
[
"physiology",
"physiology"
],
[
"animal",
"animal"
],
[
"greenish",
"greenish"
],
[
"bitter",
"bitter"
],
[
"tasting",
"taste"
],
[
"fluid",
"fluid"
],
[
"bile duct",
"bile duct"
],
[
"gall bladder",
"gall bladder"
],
[
"liver",
"liver"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(physiology, archaic, uncountable) Bile, especially that of an animal; the greenish, profoundly bitter-tasting fluid found in bile ducts and gall bladders, structures associated with the liver."
],
"senseid": [
"en:Q65979"
],
"tags": [
"archaic",
"uncountable"
],
"topics": [
"medicine",
"physiology",
"sciences"
],
"wikidata": [
"Q65979"
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "13 33 41 14",
"kind": "other",
"name": "English links with manual fragments",
"parents": [
"Links with manual fragments",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "1 8 16 11 8 9 3 2 4 3 8 3 14 2 4 3 3",
"kind": "topical",
"langcode": "en",
"name": "Injuries",
"orig": "en:Injuries",
"parents": [
"Health",
"Body",
"All topics",
"Fundamental"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"ref": "1611, The Holy Bible, […] (King James Version), London: […] Robert Barker, […], →OCLC, Deuteronomy 29:18:",
"text": "Lest there should be among you man, or woman, or family, or tribe, whose heart turneth away this day from the LORD our God, to go and serve the gods of these nations; lest there should be among you a root that beareth gall and wormwood;",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"ref": "1683, John Dryden, The Art of Poetry:",
"text": "The stage its ancient fury thus let fall, / And comedy diverted without gall.",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"ref": "1847 December, Ellis Bell [pseudonym; Emily Brontë], chapter XIV, in Wuthering Heights: […], volume (please specify |volume=I or II), London: Thomas Cautley Newby, […], →OCLC:",
"text": "[…] I hated him with a hatred that turned my life to gall […]",
"type": "quote"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Great misery or physical suffering, likened to the bitterest-tasting of substances."
],
"id": "en-gall-en-noun-en:great_misery_or_physical_suffering",
"links": [
[
"misery",
"misery"
],
[
"suffering",
"suffering"
],
[
"bitter",
"bitter"
],
[
"tasting",
"taste"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(figurative, uncountable) Great misery or physical suffering, likened to the bitterest-tasting of substances."
],
"senseid": [
"en:great misery or physical suffering"
],
"tags": [
"figuratively",
"uncountable"
],
"translations": [
{
"_dis1": "0 6 10 83",
"code": "nl",
"lang": "Dutch",
"sense": "great misery or physical suffering",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "gal"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 6 10 83",
"code": "nl",
"lang": "Dutch",
"sense": "great misery or physical suffering",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "leed"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 6 10 83",
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "great misery or physical suffering",
"word": "piina"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 6 10 83",
"code": "ka",
"lang": "Georgian",
"roman": "naɣveli",
"sense": "great misery or physical suffering",
"word": "ნაღველი"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 6 10 83",
"code": "ka",
"lang": "Georgian",
"roman": "mc̣uxareba",
"sense": "great misery or physical suffering",
"word": "მწუხარება"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 6 10 83",
"code": "el",
"lang": "Greek",
"roman": "píkra",
"sense": "great misery or physical suffering",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "πίκρα"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 6 10 83",
"code": "el",
"lang": "Greek",
"roman": "cholí",
"sense": "great misery or physical suffering",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "χολή"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 6 10 83",
"code": "mi",
"lang": "Maori",
"sense": "great misery or physical suffering",
"word": "paoa"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 6 10 83",
"code": "pt",
"lang": "Portuguese",
"sense": "great misery or physical suffering",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "miséria"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 6 10 83",
"code": "pt",
"lang": "Portuguese",
"sense": "great misery or physical suffering",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "penúria"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 6 10 83",
"code": "pt",
"lang": "Portuguese",
"sense": "great misery or physical suffering",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "amargura"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 6 10 83",
"code": "ro",
"lang": "Romanian",
"sense": "great misery or physical suffering",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "mizerie"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 6 10 83",
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "great misery or physical suffering",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "penuria"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 6 10 83",
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "great misery or physical suffering",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "doloroso"
}
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ɡɔːl/"
},
{
"audio": "LL-Q1860 (eng)-Vealhurl-gall.wav",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/4/44/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-gall.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-gall.wav.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/4/44/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-gall.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-gall.wav.ogg"
},
{
"ipa": "/ɡɑl/",
"tags": [
"cot-caught-merger"
]
},
{
"rhymes": "-ɔːl"
},
{
"homophone": "Gaul"
}
],
"wikipedia": [
"gall"
],
"word": "gall"
}
{
"derived": [
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"word": "navel gall"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
"word": "water-gall"
}
],
"etymology_number": 2,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "sore"
},
"expansion": "",
"name": "etymid"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "enm",
"3": "galle"
},
"expansion": "Middle English galle",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "ang",
"3": "gealla",
"t": "a fretted spot on the skin"
},
"expansion": "Old English gealla (“a fretted spot on the skin”)",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "gmw-pro",
"3": "*gallō"
},
"expansion": "Proto-West Germanic *gallō",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "gem-pro",
"3": "*gallô",
"t": "infirmity, swelling, lesion"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic *gallô (“infirmity, swelling, lesion”)",
"name": "inh"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Middle English galle, from Old English gealla (“a fretted spot on the skin”), from Proto-West Germanic *gallō, from Proto-Germanic *gallô (“infirmity, swelling, lesion”).",
"forms": [
{
"form": "galls",
"tags": [
"plural"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "~"
},
"expansion": "gall (countable and uncountable, plural galls)",
"name": "en-noun"
}
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [],
"examples": [
{
"ref": "1989 National Ag Safety Database (Centers for Disease Control)",
"text": "Riding a horse with bruised or broken skin can cause a gall, which frequently results in the white saddle marks seen on the withers and backs of some horses."
}
],
"glosses": [
"A sore on a horse caused by an ill-fitted or ill-adjusted saddle; a saddle sore."
],
"id": "en-gall-en-noun-~H7yJHSJ",
"links": [
[
"sore",
"sore"
],
[
"fit",
"fit"
],
[
"adjust",
"adjust"
],
[
"saddle",
"saddle"
],
[
"saddle sore",
"saddle sore"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(countable) A sore on a horse caused by an ill-fitted or ill-adjusted saddle; a saddle sore."
],
"tags": [
"countable"
],
"translations": [
{
"_dis1": "61 30 2 7",
"code": "nl",
"lang": "Dutch",
"sense": "sore on a horse",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "schaafwonde"
},
{
"_dis1": "61 30 2 7",
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "sore on a horse",
"word": "lyöttymä"
},
{
"_dis1": "61 30 2 7",
"code": "el",
"lang": "Greek",
"roman": "parátrimma",
"sense": "sore on a horse",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "παράτριμμα"
},
{
"_dis1": "61 30 2 7",
"code": "ga",
"lang": "Irish",
"sense": "sore on a horse",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "mairc"
},
{
"_dis1": "61 30 2 7",
"code": "ota",
"lang": "Ottoman Turkish",
"roman": "yağır",
"sense": "sore on a horse",
"word": "یاغیر"
},
{
"_dis1": "61 30 2 7",
"code": "ota",
"lang": "Ottoman Turkish",
"roman": "cıdav",
"sense": "sore on a horse",
"word": "جداو"
},
{
"_dis1": "61 30 2 7",
"code": "tr",
"lang": "Turkish",
"sense": "sore on a horse",
"word": "yağır"
},
{
"_dis1": "61 30 2 7",
"code": "tr",
"lang": "Turkish",
"sense": "sore on a horse",
"word": "cıdağı"
}
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "topical",
"langcode": "en",
"name": "Pathology",
"orig": "en:Pathology",
"parents": [
"Disease",
"Medicine",
"Health",
"Biology",
"Healthcare",
"Body",
"Sciences",
"All topics",
"Fundamental"
],
"source": "w"
},
{
"_dis": "8 10 14 6 5 20 1 5 15 1 2 1 1 1 7 1 4",
"kind": "other",
"name": "English entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [
"Entries with incorrect language header",
"Entry maintenance"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "8 7 11 6 7 15 3 4 14 2 5 3 2 2 5 2 4",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Armenian translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "10 10 14 7 7 19 4 5 5 3 3 3 7 3",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Bulgarian translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "8 8 12 6 6 15 3 4 15 2 4 3 2 2 5 2 4",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Catalan translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "6 8 12 7 6 14 2 4 13 1 5 2 4 2 7 2 3",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Czech translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "8 8 11 5 4 14 2 4 14 3 3 3 3 3 6 3 5",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Dutch translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "8 8 11 6 6 15 3 4 17 2 4 3 2 2 5 2 4",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Finnish translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "8 8 11 5 4 15 2 4 15 3 3 3 3 3 6 3 5",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with French translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "8 8 11 6 6 15 3 4 14 2 4 3 2 2 5 2 4",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Galician translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "9 9 14 8 9 19 3 5 6 3 3 2 7 3",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Georgian translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "10 8 10 5 5 15 2 4 14 2 3 2 4 2 7 2 4",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with German translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "8 8 10 6 6 15 3 4 13 2 4 3 4 2 7 2 4",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Hebrew translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "10 10 14 9 7 18 4 5 5 3 3 3 7 3",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Irish translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "9 9 11 5 4 16 2 4 16 2 2 2 2 2 6 2 5",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Italian translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "9 9 11 5 4 15 2 4 18 2 2 2 2 2 5 2 4",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Japanese translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "9 9 11 5 4 16 2 4 16 2 2 2 2 2 6 2 5",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Latin translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "6 8 12 7 5 14 2 5 16 1 4 1 3 2 8 2 3",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Mandarin translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "9 6 13 5 7 14 3 4 14 1 5 2 3 3 6 2 3",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Ottoman Turkish translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "6 7 11 6 6 13 3 4 13 2 8 3 4 2 6 2 4",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Polish translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "7 9 11 6 6 15 3 5 15 2 4 2 2 2 6 2 4",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Portuguese translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "8 8 11 6 6 15 3 4 14 2 4 3 2 2 5 2 4",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Romanian translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "9 9 11 5 4 16 2 4 16 2 2 2 2 2 6 2 5",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Russian translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "8 8 11 6 6 15 3 4 14 2 5 3 2 2 5 2 4",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Slovene translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "8 9 12 5 4 16 2 4 15 2 2 2 2 2 6 2 5",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Spanish translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "10 10 15 8 7 19 4 5 4 3 3 3 7 3",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Swedish translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "10 8 12 6 5 15 3 4 15 2 3 3 2 2 5 2 4",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Turkish translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "8 8 12 6 6 15 3 4 15 2 4 3 2 2 5 2 4",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Ukrainian translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "8 8 11 5 4 14 2 4 15 3 3 3 3 3 6 3 5",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Welsh translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "9 9 11 5 4 16 2 4 16 2 2 2 2 2 6 2 5",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with ǃXóõ translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "11 40 3 11 5 4 5 3 13 5",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Ido translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"ref": "1892, Walt Whitman, “Song of Myself”, in Leaves of Grass […], Philadelphia, Pa.: David McKay, publisher, […], →OCLC:",
"text": "And remember perfectly well his revolving eyes and his awkwardness, / And remember putting plasters on the galls of his neck and ankles;",
"type": "quote"
}
],
"glosses": [
"A sore or open wound caused by chafing, which may become infected, as with a blister."
],
"id": "en-gall-en-noun-VYWchjxl",
"links": [
[
"pathology",
"pathology"
],
[
"chafing",
"chafing"
],
[
"blister",
"blister"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(pathology, countable) A sore or open wound caused by chafing, which may become infected, as with a blister."
],
"tags": [
"countable"
],
"topics": [
"medicine",
"pathology",
"sciences"
],
"translations": [
{
"_dis1": "19 74 1 6",
"code": "bg",
"lang": "Bulgarian",
"roman": "ožulvane",
"sense": "sore or open wound caused by chafing",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "ожулване"
},
{
"_dis1": "19 74 1 6",
"code": "nl",
"lang": "Dutch",
"sense": "sore or open wound caused by chafing",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "schaafwonde"
},
{
"_dis1": "19 74 1 6",
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "sore or open wound caused by chafing",
"word": "hankauma"
},
{
"_dis1": "19 74 1 6",
"code": "gl",
"lang": "Galician",
"sense": "sore or open wound caused by chafing",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "esfoladura"
},
{
"_dis1": "19 74 1 6",
"code": "el",
"lang": "Greek",
"roman": "parátrimma",
"sense": "sore or open wound caused by chafing",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "παράτριμμα"
},
{
"_dis1": "19 74 1 6",
"code": "ga",
"lang": "Irish",
"sense": "sore or open wound caused by chafing",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "mairc"
},
{
"_dis1": "19 74 1 6",
"code": "pt",
"lang": "Portuguese",
"sense": "sore or open wound caused by chafing",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "esfolamento"
},
{
"_dis1": "19 74 1 6",
"code": "ro",
"lang": "Romanian",
"sense": "sore or open wound caused by chafing",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "rosătură"
}
]
},
{
"categories": [],
"examples": [
{
"ref": "c. 1587–1588, [Christopher Marlowe], Tamburlaine the Great. […] The First Part […], 2nd edition, part 1, London: […] [R. Robinson for] Richard Iones, […], published 1592, →OCLC; reprinted as Tamburlaine the Great (A Scolar Press Facsimile), Menston, Yorkshire, London: Scolar Press, 1973, →ISBN, Act I, scene i:",
"text": "Thou ſhalt be leader of this thouſand horſe,\nWhoſe foming galle with rage and high diſdaine,\nHaue ſworne the death of wicked Tamburlaine.",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"ref": "1791 (date written), Mary Wollstonecraft, “Animadversions on Some of the Writers who have Rendered Women Objects of Pity, Bordering on Contempt”, in A Vindication of the Rights of Woman: With Strictures on Political and Moral Subjects, London: […] J[oseph] Johnson, […], published 1792, →OCLC, page 210:",
"text": "It moves my gall to hear a preacher descanting on dress and needle-work; and still more, to hear him address the British fair, the fairest of the fair, as if they had only feelings.",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"ref": "1966, Bob Dylan, “Visions of Johanna”, in Blonde on Blonde:",
"text": "He's sure got a lotta gall / To be so useless and all / Muttering small talk at the wall while I'm in the hall",
"type": "quote"
}
],
"glosses": [
"A feeling of exasperation."
],
"id": "en-gall-en-noun-qHpM7IyY",
"links": [
[
"exasperation",
"exasperation"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(figurative, uncountable) A feeling of exasperation."
],
"tags": [
"figuratively",
"uncountable"
],
"translations": [
{
"_dis1": "2 2 95 1",
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "feeling of exasperation",
"word": "suuttumus"
},
{
"_dis1": "2 2 95 1",
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "feeling of exasperation",
"word": "katkeruus"
},
{
"_dis1": "2 2 95 1",
"code": "el",
"lang": "Greek",
"roman": "cholí",
"sense": "feeling of exasperation",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "χολή"
},
{
"_dis1": "2 2 95 1",
"code": "el",
"lang": "Greek",
"roman": "chóliasma",
"sense": "feeling of exasperation",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "χόλιασμα"
},
{
"_dis1": "2 2 95 1",
"code": "el",
"lang": "Greek",
"roman": "píkra",
"sense": "feeling of exasperation",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "πίκρα"
},
{
"_dis1": "2 2 95 1",
"code": "pt",
"lang": "Portuguese",
"sense": "feeling of exasperation",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "exasperação"
},
{
"_dis1": "2 2 95 1",
"code": "pt",
"lang": "Portuguese",
"sense": "feeling of exasperation",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "exaspero"
},
{
"_dis1": "2 2 95 1",
"code": "ro",
"lang": "Romanian",
"sense": "feeling of exasperation",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "exasperare"
}
]
},
{
"categories": [],
"glosses": [
"A pit on a surface being cut caused by the friction between the two surfaces exceeding the bond of the material at a point."
],
"id": "en-gall-en-noun-OSU2qf-m",
"links": [
[
"technical",
"technical"
],
[
"pit",
"pit"
],
[
"friction",
"friction"
],
[
"bond",
"bond"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(countable, technical) A pit on a surface being cut caused by the friction between the two surfaces exceeding the bond of the material at a point."
],
"tags": [
"countable"
],
"topics": [
"engineering",
"natural-sciences",
"physical-sciences",
"technical"
],
"translations": [
{
"_dis1": "18 22 1 59",
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "pit caused on a surface caused by friction between the surfaces",
"word": "hankauma"
},
{
"_dis1": "18 22 1 59",
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "istiránije",
"sense": "pit caused on a surface caused by friction between the surfaces",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "истира́ние"
}
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ɡɔːl/"
},
{
"audio": "LL-Q1860 (eng)-Vealhurl-gall.wav",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/4/44/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-gall.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-gall.wav.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/4/44/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-gall.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-gall.wav.ogg"
},
{
"ipa": "/ɡɑl/",
"tags": [
"cot-caught-merger"
]
},
{
"rhymes": "-ɔːl"
},
{
"homophone": "Gaul"
}
],
"wikipedia": [
"gall"
],
"word": "gall"
}
{
"derived": [
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0 0",
"word": "begall"
}
],
"etymology_number": 2,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "sore"
},
"expansion": "",
"name": "etymid"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "enm",
"3": "galle"
},
"expansion": "Middle English galle",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "ang",
"3": "gealla",
"t": "a fretted spot on the skin"
},
"expansion": "Old English gealla (“a fretted spot on the skin”)",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "gmw-pro",
"3": "*gallō"
},
"expansion": "Proto-West Germanic *gallō",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "gem-pro",
"3": "*gallô",
"t": "infirmity, swelling, lesion"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic *gallô (“infirmity, swelling, lesion”)",
"name": "inh"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Middle English galle, from Old English gealla (“a fretted spot on the skin”), from Proto-West Germanic *gallō, from Proto-Germanic *gallô (“infirmity, swelling, lesion”).",
"forms": [
{
"form": "galls",
"tags": [
"present",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "galling",
"tags": [
"participle",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "galled",
"tags": [
"participle",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "galled",
"tags": [
"past"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "gall (third-person singular simple present galls, present participle galling, simple past and past participle galled)",
"name": "en-verb"
}
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "verb",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [],
"examples": [
{
"ref": "1719 May 6 (Gregorian calendar), [Daniel Defoe], The Life and Strange Surprizing Adventures of Robinson Crusoe, […], London: […] W[illiam] Taylor […], →OCLC:",
"text": "[…] he went awkwardly in these clothes at first: wearing the drawers was very awkward to him, and the sleeves of the waistcoat galled his shoulders and the inside of his arms; but a little easing them where he complained they hurt him, and using himself to them, he took to them at length very well.",
"type": "quote"
}
],
"glosses": [
"To chafe, to rub or subject to friction; to create a sore on the skin."
],
"id": "en-gall-en-verb-K5TRTGJi",
"links": [
[
"chafe",
"chafe"
],
[
"rub",
"rub"
],
[
"friction",
"friction"
],
[
"sore",
"sore"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(ergative) To chafe, to rub or subject to friction; to create a sore on the skin."
],
"tags": [
"ergative"
],
"translations": [
{
"_dis1": "75 5 5 5 6 4",
"code": "bg",
"lang": "Bulgarian",
"roman": "protrivam",
"sense": "to chafe",
"word": "протривам"
},
{
"_dis1": "75 5 5 5 6 4",
"code": "bg",
"lang": "Bulgarian",
"roman": "ožulvam",
"sense": "to chafe",
"word": "ожулвам"
},
{
"_dis1": "75 5 5 5 6 4",
"code": "nl",
"lang": "Dutch",
"sense": "to chafe",
"word": "schaven"
},
{
"_dis1": "75 5 5 5 6 4",
"code": "nl",
"lang": "Dutch",
"sense": "to chafe",
"word": "wrijven"
},
{
"_dis1": "75 5 5 5 6 4",
"code": "nl",
"lang": "Dutch",
"sense": "to chafe",
"word": "storen"
},
{
"_dis1": "75 5 5 5 6 4",
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "to chafe",
"word": "hiertää"
},
{
"_dis1": "75 5 5 5 6 4",
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "to chafe",
"word": "wundreiben"
},
{
"_dis1": "75 5 5 5 6 4",
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "to chafe",
"word": "wundscheuern"
},
{
"_dis1": "75 5 5 5 6 4",
"code": "pt",
"lang": "Portuguese",
"sense": "to chafe",
"word": "esfolar"
},
{
"_dis1": "75 5 5 5 6 4",
"code": "ro",
"lang": "Romanian",
"sense": "to chafe",
"word": "zgâria"
},
{
"_dis1": "75 5 5 5 6 4",
"code": "ro",
"lang": "Romanian",
"sense": "to chafe",
"word": "roade"
},
{
"_dis1": "75 5 5 5 6 4",
"code": "sv",
"lang": "Swedish",
"sense": "to chafe",
"word": "skava"
},
{
"_dis1": "75 5 5 5 6 4",
"code": "uk",
"lang": "Ukrainian",
"roman": "natyraty",
"sense": "to chafe",
"tags": [
"imperfective"
],
"word": "натирати"
},
{
"_dis1": "75 5 5 5 6 4",
"code": "uk",
"lang": "Ukrainian",
"roman": "naterty",
"sense": "to chafe",
"tags": [
"perfective"
],
"word": "натерти"
}
]
},
{
"categories": [],
"examples": [
{
"ref": "1881–1882, Robert Louis Stevenson, “‘Pieces of Eight’”, in Treasure Island, London; Paris: Cassell & Company, published 14 November 1883, →OCLC, part V (My Sea Adventure), page 219:",
"text": "I went below, and did what I could for my wound; it pained me a good deal, and still bled freely; but it was neither deep nor dangerous, nor did it greatly gall me when I used my arm.",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"ref": "1918, W[illiam] B[abington] Maxwell, chapter XV, in The Mirror and the Lamp, Indianapolis, Ind.: The Bobbs-Merrill Company, →OCLC:",
"text": "Edward Churchill still attended to his work in a hopeless mechanical manner like a sleep-walker who walks safely on a well-known round. But his Roman collar galled him, his cossack stifled him, his biretta was as uncomfortable as a merry-andrew's cap and bells.",
"type": "quote"
}
],
"glosses": [
"To bother or trouble."
],
"id": "en-gall-en-verb-gwb3VZyB",
"links": [
[
"bother",
"bother#Verb"
],
[
"trouble",
"trouble#Verb"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(transitive, figurative) To bother or trouble."
],
"tags": [
"figuratively",
"transitive"
],
"translations": [
{
"_dis1": "4 73 9 6 4 4",
"code": "bg",
"lang": "Bulgarian",
"roman": "draznja",
"sense": "to trouble or bother",
"word": "дразня"
},
{
"_dis1": "4 73 9 6 4 4",
"code": "nl",
"lang": "Dutch",
"sense": "to trouble or bother",
"word": "storen"
},
{
"_dis1": "4 73 9 6 4 4",
"code": "nl",
"lang": "Dutch",
"sense": "to trouble or bother",
"word": "lastigvallen"
},
{
"_dis1": "4 73 9 6 4 4",
"code": "nl",
"lang": "Dutch",
"sense": "to trouble or bother",
"tags": [
"Flemish"
],
"word": "ambeteren"
},
{
"_dis1": "4 73 9 6 4 4",
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "to trouble or bother",
"word": "vaivata"
},
{
"_dis1": "4 73 9 6 4 4",
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "to trouble or bother",
"word": "sapettaa"
},
{
"_dis1": "4 73 9 6 4 4",
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "to trouble or bother",
"word": "déranger"
},
{
"_dis1": "4 73 9 6 4 4",
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "to trouble or bother",
"word": "gêner"
},
{
"_dis1": "4 73 9 6 4 4",
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "to trouble or bother",
"word": "troubler"
},
{
"_dis1": "4 73 9 6 4 4",
"code": "ka",
"lang": "Georgian",
"roman": "šec̣uxeba",
"sense": "to trouble or bother",
"word": "შეწუხება"
},
{
"_dis1": "4 73 9 6 4 4",
"code": "ka",
"lang": "Georgian",
"roman": "gaɣizianeba",
"sense": "to trouble or bother",
"word": "გაღიზიანება"
},
{
"_dis1": "4 73 9 6 4 4",
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "to trouble or bother",
"word": "stören"
},
{
"_dis1": "4 73 9 6 4 4",
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "to trouble or bother",
"word": "lästigfallen"
},
{
"_dis1": "4 73 9 6 4 4",
"code": "pt",
"lang": "Portuguese",
"sense": "to trouble or bother",
"word": "incomodar"
},
{
"_dis1": "4 73 9 6 4 4",
"code": "ro",
"lang": "Romanian",
"sense": "to trouble or bother",
"word": "deranja"
},
{
"_dis1": "4 73 9 6 4 4",
"code": "ro",
"lang": "Romanian",
"sense": "to trouble or bother",
"word": "incomoda"
},
{
"_dis1": "4 73 9 6 4 4",
"code": "ro",
"lang": "Romanian",
"sense": "to trouble or bother",
"word": "enerva"
},
{
"_dis1": "4 73 9 6 4 4",
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "to trouble or bother",
"word": "incomodar"
}
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "1 8 16 11 8 9 3 2 4 3 8 3 14 2 4 3 3",
"kind": "topical",
"langcode": "en",
"name": "Injuries",
"orig": "en:Injuries",
"parents": [
"Health",
"Body",
"All topics",
"Fundamental"
],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"ref": "June 24, 1778, George Washington, The Writings of George Washington From the Original Manuscript Sources: Volume 12, 1745–1799",
"text": "The disposition for these detachments is as follows – Morgans corps, to gain the enemy’s right flank; Maxwells brigade to hang on their left. Brigadier Genl. Scott is now marching with a very respectable detachment destined to gall the enemys left flank and rear."
}
],
"glosses": [
"To harass, to harry, often with the intent to cause injury."
],
"id": "en-gall-en-verb-8vtg~V8m",
"links": [
[
"harass",
"harass"
],
[
"harry",
"harry"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(transitive, figurative) To harass, to harry, often with the intent to cause injury."
],
"tags": [
"figuratively",
"transitive"
],
"translations": [
{
"_dis1": "2 7 81 3 4 4",
"code": "nl",
"lang": "Dutch",
"sense": "to harass, harry",
"word": "storen"
},
{
"_dis1": "2 7 81 3 4 4",
"code": "nl",
"lang": "Dutch",
"sense": "to harass, harry",
"word": "lastigvallen"
},
{
"_dis1": "2 7 81 3 4 4",
"code": "nl",
"lang": "Dutch",
"sense": "to harass, harry",
"tags": [
"Flemish"
],
"word": "ambeteren"
},
{
"_dis1": "2 7 81 3 4 4",
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "to harass, harry",
"word": "häiritä"
},
{
"_dis1": "2 7 81 3 4 4",
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "to harass, harry",
"word": "harceler"
},
{
"_dis1": "2 7 81 3 4 4",
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "to harass, harry",
"word": "belästigen"
},
{
"_dis1": "2 7 81 3 4 4",
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "to harass, harry",
"word": "schikanieren"
},
{
"_dis1": "2 7 81 3 4 4",
"code": "pt",
"lang": "Portuguese",
"sense": "to harass, harry",
"word": "atormentar"
},
{
"_dis1": "2 7 81 3 4 4",
"code": "ro",
"lang": "Romanian",
"sense": "to harass, harry",
"word": "tracasa"
},
{
"_dis1": "2 7 81 3 4 4",
"code": "ro",
"lang": "Romanian",
"sense": "to harass, harry",
"word": "molesta"
},
{
"_dis1": "2 7 81 3 4 4",
"code": "ro",
"lang": "Romanian",
"sense": "to harass, harry",
"word": "sâcâi"
}
]
},
{
"categories": [],
"examples": [
{
"ref": "1979 December, Mark Bowden, “Captivity Pageant”, in The Atlantic, volume 296, number 5, pages 92–97:",
"text": "Metrinko was hungry, but he was galled by how self-congratulatory his captors seemed, how generous and noble and proudly Islamic.",
"type": "quote"
}
],
"glosses": [
"To exasperate."
],
"id": "en-gall-en-verb-I1GmTHU~",
"links": [
[
"exasperate",
"exasperate"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(transitive, figurative) To exasperate."
],
"tags": [
"figuratively",
"transitive"
],
"translations": [
{
"_dis1": "2 2 2 90 2 1",
"code": "ca",
"lang": "Catalan",
"sense": "to exasperate",
"word": "exasperar"
},
{
"_dis1": "2 2 2 90 2 1",
"code": "nl",
"lang": "Dutch",
"sense": "to exasperate",
"word": "storen"
},
{
"_dis1": "2 2 2 90 2 1",
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "to exasperate",
"word": "ärsyttää"
},
{
"_dis1": "2 2 2 90 2 1",
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "to exasperate",
"word": "suututtaa"
},
{
"_dis1": "2 2 2 90 2 1",
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "to exasperate",
"word": "exaspérer"
},
{
"_dis1": "2 2 2 90 2 1",
"code": "ka",
"lang": "Georgian",
"roman": "gaɣizianeba",
"sense": "to exasperate",
"word": "გაღიზიანება"
},
{
"_dis1": "2 2 2 90 2 1",
"code": "ka",
"lang": "Georgian",
"roman": "gulis gac̣q̇aleba",
"sense": "to exasperate",
"word": "გულის გაწყალება"
},
{
"_dis1": "2 2 2 90 2 1",
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "to exasperate",
"word": "ärgern"
},
{
"_dis1": "2 2 2 90 2 1",
"code": "io",
"lang": "Ido",
"sense": "to exasperate",
"word": "exasperar"
},
{
"_dis1": "2 2 2 90 2 1",
"code": "pt",
"lang": "Portuguese",
"sense": "to exasperate",
"word": "exasperar"
},
{
"_dis1": "2 2 2 90 2 1",
"code": "ro",
"lang": "Romanian",
"sense": "to exasperate",
"word": "exaspera"
},
{
"_dis1": "2 2 2 90 2 1",
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "to exasperate",
"word": "exasperar"
}
]
},
{
"categories": [],
"examples": [
{
"text": "Improper cooling and a dull milling cutter on titanium can gall the surface.",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"To cause pitting on a surface being cut from the friction between the two surfaces exceeding the bond of the material at a point."
],
"id": "en-gall-en-verb-14CEi4WR",
"links": [
[
"technical",
"technical"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(transitive, technical) To cause pitting on a surface being cut from the friction between the two surfaces exceeding the bond of the material at a point."
],
"tags": [
"transitive"
],
"topics": [
"engineering",
"natural-sciences",
"physical-sciences",
"technical"
]
},
{
"categories": [],
"examples": [
{
"ref": "1599 (date written), William Shakespeare, “The Life of Henry the Fift”, in Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies […] (First Folio), London: […] Isaac Iaggard, and Ed[ward] Blount, published 1623, →OCLC, [Act V, scene i]:",
"text": "I have seen you gleeking and galling at this gentleman twice or thrice. You thought, because he could not speak English in the native garb, he could not therefore handle an English cudgel",
"type": "quote"
}
],
"glosses": [
"To scoff; to jeer."
],
"id": "en-gall-en-verb-DxZ0MOpC",
"links": [
[
"scoff",
"scoff"
],
[
"jeer",
"jeer"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(intransitive, obsolete, rare) To scoff; to jeer."
],
"tags": [
"intransitive",
"obsolete",
"rare"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ɡɔːl/"
},
{
"audio": "LL-Q1860 (eng)-Vealhurl-gall.wav",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/4/44/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-gall.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-gall.wav.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/4/44/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-gall.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-gall.wav.ogg"
},
{
"ipa": "/ɡɑl/",
"tags": [
"cot-caught-merger"
]
},
{
"rhymes": "-ɔːl"
},
{
"homophone": "Gaul"
}
],
"wikipedia": [
"gall"
],
"word": "gall"
}
{
"derived": [
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "Aleppo gall"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "apple gall"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "artichoke gall"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "bedeguar gall"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "beech gall"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "cane gall"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "Chinese gall"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "cola-nut gall"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "coral gall"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "cranberry gall"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "crown gall"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "cup gall"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "currant gall"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "cypress gall"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "elm gall"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "filbert gall"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "fungus gall"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "gallapple"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "gallflower"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "gallfly"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "gall gnat"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "gallic"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "gall midge"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "gall mite"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "gallnut"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "gall-nut ink"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "gall oak"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "gall of glass"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "gall wasp"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "goldenrod gall"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "gouty gall"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "horned oak gall"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "iron-gall ink"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "knee gall"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "knopper gall"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "leaf-gall"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "marble gall"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "meadowsweet rust gall"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "mossy rose gall"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "nutgall"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "oak gall"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "pineapple gall"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "pithy gall"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "plant gall"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "pocket plum gall"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "rams horn gall"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "red pae gall"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "rind gall"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "root gall"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "rose gall"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "seed gall"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "spurgall"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "stem gall"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "tomato gall"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "trumpet gall"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "Turkish gall"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "twig gall"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "vine gall"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "willow gall"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "windgall"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "witch-hazel cone gall"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "wound gall"
}
],
"etymology_number": 3,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "plant disease"
},
"expansion": "",
"name": "etymid"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "enm",
"3": "galle"
},
"expansion": "Middle English galle",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "fro",
"3": "galle"
},
"expansion": "Old French galle",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "la",
"3": "galla",
"4": "",
"5": "oak-apple"
},
"expansion": "Latin galla (“oak-apple”)",
"name": "der"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Middle English galle, from Old French galle, from Latin galla (“oak-apple”).",
"forms": [
{
"form": "galls",
"tags": [
"plural"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "gall (plural galls)",
"name": "en-noun"
}
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "topical",
"langcode": "en",
"name": "Plant diseases",
"orig": "en:Plant diseases",
"parents": [
"Diseases",
"Phytopathology",
"Disease",
"Botany",
"Pathology",
"Health",
"Biology",
"Medicine",
"Body",
"Sciences",
"Healthcare",
"All topics",
"Fundamental"
],
"source": "w"
},
{
"_dis": "13 8 10 5 4 14 1 4 21 2 2 2 2 2 5 2 4",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Entries with translation boxes",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "8 7 11 6 7 15 3 4 14 2 5 3 2 2 5 2 4",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Armenian translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "8 8 12 6 6 15 3 4 15 2 4 3 2 2 5 2 4",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Catalan translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "10 9 13 5 4 16 1 4 20 2 2 2 2 1 5 2 4",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Chichewa translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "6 8 12 7 6 14 2 4 13 1 5 2 4 2 7 2 3",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Czech translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "8 8 11 5 4 14 2 4 14 3 3 3 3 3 6 3 5",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Dutch translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "8 8 11 6 6 15 3 4 17 2 4 3 2 2 5 2 4",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Finnish translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "8 8 11 5 4 15 2 4 15 3 3 3 3 3 6 3 5",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with French translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "8 8 11 6 6 15 3 4 14 2 4 3 2 2 5 2 4",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Galician translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "10 8 10 5 5 15 2 4 14 2 3 2 4 2 7 2 4",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with German translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "6 8 9 5 4 12 2 8 15 2 5 2 3 2 12 2 4",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Greek translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "8 8 10 6 6 15 3 4 13 2 4 3 4 2 7 2 4",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Hebrew translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "9 9 11 5 4 16 2 4 16 2 2 2 2 2 6 2 5",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Italian translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "9 9 11 5 4 15 2 4 18 2 2 2 2 2 5 2 4",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Japanese translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "9 9 11 5 4 16 2 4 16 2 2 2 2 2 6 2 5",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Latin translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "6 8 12 7 5 14 2 5 16 1 4 1 3 2 8 2 3",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Mandarin translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "9 6 13 5 7 14 3 4 14 1 5 2 3 3 6 2 3",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Ottoman Turkish translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "6 7 11 6 6 13 3 4 13 2 8 3 4 2 6 2 4",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Polish translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "7 9 11 6 6 15 3 5 15 2 4 2 2 2 6 2 4",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Portuguese translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "8 8 11 6 6 15 3 4 14 2 4 3 2 2 5 2 4",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Romanian translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "9 9 11 5 4 16 2 4 16 2 2 2 2 2 6 2 5",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Russian translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "8 8 11 6 6 15 3 4 14 2 5 3 2 2 5 2 4",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Slovene translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "8 9 12 5 4 16 2 4 15 2 2 2 2 2 6 2 5",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Spanish translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "10 8 12 6 5 15 3 4 15 2 3 3 2 2 5 2 4",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Turkish translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "8 8 12 6 6 15 3 4 15 2 4 3 2 2 5 2 4",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Ukrainian translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "8 8 11 5 4 14 2 4 15 3 3 3 3 3 6 3 5",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Welsh translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "9 9 11 5 4 16 2 4 16 2 2 2 2 2 6 2 5",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with ǃXóõ translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"ref": "1974, Philip P. Wiener, editor, Dictionary of the History of Ideas:",
"text": "Even so, Redi retained a belief that in certain other cases—the origin of parasites inside the human or animal body or of grubs inside of oak galls—there must be spontaneous generation. Bit by bit the evidence grew against such views. In 1670 Jan Swammerdam, painstaking student of the insect’s life cycle, suggested that the grubs in galls were enclosed in them for the sake of nourishment and must come from insects that had inserted their semen or their eggs into the plants.",
"type": "quote"
}
],
"glosses": [
"A blister or tumor-like growth found on the surface of plants, caused by various pathogens, especially the burrowing of insect larvae into the living tissues, such as that of the common oak gall wasp (Cynips quercusfolii)."
],
"id": "en-gall-en-noun-FCpBwMnf",
"links": [
[
"phytopathology",
"phytopathology"
],
[
"blister",
"blister"
],
[
"tumor",
"tumor"
],
[
"pathogen",
"pathogen"
],
[
"burrow",
"burrow"
],
[
"insect",
"insect"
],
[
"larva",
"larva"
],
[
"gall wasp",
"gall wasp"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(phytopathology) A blister or tumor-like growth found on the surface of plants, caused by various pathogens, especially the burrowing of insect larvae into the living tissues, such as that of the common oak gall wasp (Cynips quercusfolii)."
],
"topics": [
"biology",
"botany",
"medicine",
"natural-sciences",
"pathology",
"phytopathology",
"sciences"
],
"translations": [
{
"_dis1": "100 0",
"code": "hy",
"lang": "Armenian",
"roman": "gxtor",
"sense": "blister or tumor-like growth found on the surface of plants",
"word": "գխտոր"
},
{
"_dis1": "100 0",
"code": "ca",
"lang": "Catalan",
"sense": "blister or tumor-like growth found on the surface of plants",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "gala"
},
{
"_dis1": "100 0",
"code": "ca",
"lang": "Catalan",
"sense": "blister or tumor-like growth found on the surface of plants",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "agalla"
},
{
"_dis1": "100 0",
"code": "ny",
"lang": "Chichewa",
"sense": "blister or tumor-like growth found on the surface of plants",
"word": "ndulu"
},
{
"_dis1": "100 0",
"code": "cmn",
"lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
"roman": "yǐng",
"sense": "blister or tumor-like growth found on the surface of plants",
"word": "癭 /瘿"
},
{
"_dis1": "100 0",
"code": "cs",
"lang": "Czech",
"sense": "blister or tumor-like growth found on the surface of plants",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "hálka"
},
{
"_dis1": "100 0",
"code": "nl",
"lang": "Dutch",
"sense": "blister or tumor-like growth found on the surface of plants",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "gal"
},
{
"_dis1": "100 0",
"code": "nl",
"lang": "Dutch",
"sense": "blister or tumor-like growth found on the surface of plants",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "galknobbel"
},
{
"_dis1": "100 0",
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "blister or tumor-like growth found on the surface of plants",
"word": "äkämä"
},
{
"_dis1": "100 0",
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "blister or tumor-like growth found on the surface of plants",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "galle"
},
{
"_dis1": "100 0",
"code": "gl",
"lang": "Galician",
"sense": "blister or tumor-like growth found on the surface of plants",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "bugalla"
},
{
"_dis1": "100 0",
"code": "gl",
"lang": "Galician",
"sense": "blister or tumor-like growth found on the surface of plants",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "bugallo"
},
{
"_dis1": "100 0",
"code": "gl",
"lang": "Galician",
"sense": "blister or tumor-like growth found on the surface of plants",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "bullaca"
},
{
"_dis1": "100 0",
"code": "gl",
"lang": "Galician",
"sense": "blister or tumor-like growth found on the surface of plants",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "bullaco"
},
{
"_dis1": "100 0",
"code": "gl",
"lang": "Galician",
"sense": "blister or tumor-like growth found on the surface of plants",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "carrabouxa"
},
{
"_dis1": "100 0",
"code": "gl",
"lang": "Galician",
"sense": "blister or tumor-like growth found on the surface of plants",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "carrabouxo"
},
{
"_dis1": "100 0",
"code": "gl",
"lang": "Galician",
"sense": "blister or tumor-like growth found on the surface of plants",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "cecidio"
},
{
"_dis1": "100 0",
"code": "gl",
"lang": "Galician",
"sense": "blister or tumor-like growth found on the surface of plants",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "coco"
},
{
"_dis1": "100 0",
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "blister or tumor-like growth found on the surface of plants",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "Galle"
},
{
"_dis1": "100 0",
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "blister or tumor-like growth found on the surface of plants",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "Gallapfel"
},
{
"_dis1": "100 0",
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "blister or tumor-like growth found on the surface of plants",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "Pflanzengalle"
},
{
"_dis1": "100 0",
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "blister or tumor-like growth found on the surface of plants",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "Zezidie"
},
{
"_dis1": "100 0",
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "blister or tumor-like growth found on the surface of plants",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "Cecidie"
},
{
"_dis1": "100 0",
"code": "he",
"lang": "Hebrew",
"sense": "blister or tumor-like growth found on the surface of plants",
"word": "עפץ"
},
{
"_dis1": "100 0",
"code": "he",
"lang": "Hebrew",
"roman": "afáts",
"sense": "blister or tumor-like growth found on the surface of plants",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "עָָפָץ"
},
{
"_dis1": "100 0",
"code": "it",
"lang": "Italian",
"sense": "blister or tumor-like growth found on the surface of plants",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "galla"
},
{
"_dis1": "100 0",
"alt": "ちゅうえい",
"code": "ja",
"lang": "Japanese",
"roman": "chūei",
"sense": "blister or tumor-like growth found on the surface of plants",
"word": "虫癭"
},
{
"_dis1": "100 0",
"alt": "むしこぶ",
"code": "ja",
"lang": "Japanese",
"roman": "mushikobu",
"sense": "blister or tumor-like growth found on the surface of plants",
"word": "虫瘤"
},
{
"_dis1": "100 0",
"code": "la",
"lang": "Latin",
"sense": "blister or tumor-like growth found on the surface of plants",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "galla"
},
{
"_dis1": "100 0",
"code": "ota",
"lang": "Ottoman Turkish",
"roman": "mazu, mazı",
"sense": "blister or tumor-like growth found on the surface of plants",
"word": "مازو"
},
{
"_dis1": "100 0",
"code": "pl",
"lang": "Polish",
"sense": "blister or tumor-like growth found on the surface of plants",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "galas"
},
{
"_dis1": "100 0",
"code": "pl",
"lang": "Polish",
"sense": "blister or tumor-like growth found on the surface of plants",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "galasówka"
},
{
"_dis1": "100 0",
"code": "pt",
"lang": "Portuguese",
"sense": "blister or tumor-like growth found on the surface of plants",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "agalha"
},
{
"_dis1": "100 0",
"code": "pt",
"lang": "Portuguese",
"sense": "blister or tumor-like growth found on the surface of plants",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "bugalha"
},
{
"_dis1": "100 0",
"code": "pt",
"lang": "Portuguese",
"sense": "blister or tumor-like growth found on the surface of plants",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "bugalho"
},
{
"_dis1": "100 0",
"code": "pt",
"lang": "Portuguese",
"sense": "blister or tumor-like growth found on the surface of plants",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "cecídia"
},
{
"_dis1": "100 0",
"code": "pt",
"lang": "Portuguese",
"sense": "blister or tumor-like growth found on the surface of plants",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "cecídio"
},
{
"_dis1": "100 0",
"code": "pt",
"lang": "Portuguese",
"sense": "blister or tumor-like growth found on the surface of plants",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "galha"
},
{
"_dis1": "100 0",
"code": "ro",
"lang": "Romanian",
"sense": "blister or tumor-like growth found on the surface of plants",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "gală"
},
{
"_dis1": "100 0",
"code": "ro",
"lang": "Romanian",
"sense": "blister or tumor-like growth found on the surface of plants",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "cecidie"
},
{
"_dis1": "100 0",
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "gall",
"sense": "blister or tumor-like growth found on the surface of plants",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "галл"
},
{
"_dis1": "100 0",
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "černílʹnyj oréšek",
"sense": "blister or tumor-like growth found on the surface of plants",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "черни́льный оре́шек"
},
{
"_dis1": "100 0",
"code": "sl",
"lang": "Slovene",
"sense": "blister or tumor-like growth found on the surface of plants",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "šiška"
},
{
"_dis1": "100 0",
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "blister or tumor-like growth found on the surface of plants",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "agalla"
},
{
"_dis1": "100 0",
"code": "tr",
"lang": "Turkish",
"sense": "blister or tumor-like growth found on the surface of plants",
"word": "mazı"
},
{
"_dis1": "100 0",
"code": "uk",
"lang": "Ukrainian",
"roman": "hal",
"sense": "blister or tumor-like growth found on the surface of plants",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "гал"
},
{
"_dis1": "100 0",
"code": "cy",
"lang": "Welsh",
"sense": "blister or tumor-like growth found on the surface of plants",
"word": "darafal"
}
]
},
{
"categories": [],
"examples": [
{
"ref": "1653, Izaak Walton, chapter 21, in The Compleat Angler:",
"text": "But first for your Line. First note, that you are to take care that your hair be round and clear, and free from galls, or scabs, or frets: for a well- chosen, even, clear, round hair, of a kind of glass-colour, will prove as strong as three uneven scabby hairs that are ill-chosen, and full of galls or unevenness. You shall seldom find a black hair but it is round, but many white are flat and uneven; therefore, if you get a lock of right, round, clear, glass-colour hair, make much of it.",
"type": "quote"
}
],
"glosses": [
"A bump-like imperfection resembling a gall."
],
"id": "en-gall-en-noun-1SD1wcco",
"links": [
[
"bump",
"bump"
],
[
"imperfection",
"imperfection"
]
],
"translations": [
{
"_dis1": "3 97",
"code": "nl",
"lang": "Dutch",
"sense": "bump-like imperfection",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "knoop"
},
{
"_dis1": "3 97",
"code": "nl",
"lang": "Dutch",
"sense": "bump-like imperfection",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "knobbel"
},
{
"_dis1": "3 97",
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "bump-like imperfection",
"word": "äkämä"
},
{
"_dis1": "3 97",
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "bump-like imperfection",
"word": "patti"
},
{
"_dis1": "3 97",
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "bump-like imperfection",
"word": "möykky"
},
{
"_dis1": "3 97",
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "bump-like imperfection",
"word": "takku"
},
{
"_dis1": "3 97",
"code": "el",
"lang": "Greek",
"roman": "ózos",
"sense": "bump-like imperfection",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "όζος"
},
{
"_dis1": "3 97",
"code": "el",
"lang": "Greek",
"roman": "exógkoma",
"sense": "bump-like imperfection",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "εξόγκωμα"
},
{
"_dis1": "3 97",
"code": "pt",
"lang": "Portuguese",
"sense": "bump-like imperfection",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "galo"
},
{
"_dis1": "3 97",
"code": "pt",
"lang": "Portuguese",
"sense": "bump-like imperfection",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "calombo"
},
{
"_dis1": "3 97",
"code": "nmn",
"lang": "ǃXóõ",
"sense": "bump-like imperfection",
"word": "gǁkxʻáã"
}
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ɡɔːl/"
},
{
"audio": "LL-Q1860 (eng)-Vealhurl-gall.wav",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/4/44/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-gall.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-gall.wav.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/4/44/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-gall.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-gall.wav.ogg"
},
{
"ipa": "/ɡɑl/",
"tags": [
"cot-caught-merger"
]
},
{
"rhymes": "-ɔːl"
},
{
"homophone": "Gaul"
}
],
"synonyms": [
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "nutgall"
}
],
"wikipedia": [
"gall"
],
"word": "gall"
}
{
"etymology_number": 3,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "plant disease"
},
"expansion": "",
"name": "etymid"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "enm",
"3": "galle"
},
"expansion": "Middle English galle",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "fro",
"3": "galle"
},
"expansion": "Old French galle",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "la",
"3": "galla",
"4": "",
"5": "oak-apple"
},
"expansion": "Latin galla (“oak-apple”)",
"name": "der"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Middle English galle, from Old French galle, from Latin galla (“oak-apple”).",
"forms": [
{
"form": "galls",
"tags": [
"present",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "galling",
"tags": [
"participle",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "galled",
"tags": [
"participle",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "galled",
"tags": [
"past"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "gall (third-person singular simple present galls, present participle galling, simple past and past participle galled)",
"name": "en-verb"
}
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "verb",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [],
"examples": [
{
"ref": "1815, Thomas Cooper, A Practical Treatise on Dyeing, and Callicoe Printing:",
"text": "Raw silk is not galled, it is dyed at once in the black without any preparation : the liquor should be hot",
"type": "quote"
}
],
"glosses": [
"To impregnate with a decoction of gallnuts in dyeing."
],
"id": "en-gall-en-verb-YaUDmj4E",
"links": [
[
"impregnate",
"impregnate"
],
[
"decoction",
"decoction"
],
[
"gallnut",
"gallnut"
],
[
"dye",
"dye"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(transitive) To impregnate with a decoction of gallnuts in dyeing."
],
"related": [
{
"word": "gall dang"
}
],
"tags": [
"transitive"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ɡɔːl/"
},
{
"audio": "LL-Q1860 (eng)-Vealhurl-gall.wav",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/4/44/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-gall.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-gall.wav.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/4/44/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-gall.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-gall.wav.ogg"
},
{
"ipa": "/ɡɑl/",
"tags": [
"cot-caught-merger"
]
},
{
"rhymes": "-ɔːl"
},
{
"homophone": "Gaul"
}
],
"wikipedia": [
"gall"
],
"word": "gall"
}
{
"categories": [
"English countable nouns",
"English entries with incorrect language header",
"English lemmas",
"English links with manual fragments",
"English nouns",
"English terms derived from Latin",
"English terms derived from Middle English",
"English terms derived from Old English",
"English terms derived from Old French",
"English terms derived from Proto-Germanic",
"English terms derived from Proto-Indo-European",
"English terms derived from Proto-West Germanic",
"English terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *ǵʰelh₃-",
"English terms inherited from Middle English",
"English terms inherited from Old English",
"English terms inherited from Proto-Germanic",
"English terms inherited from Proto-West Germanic",
"English terms with homophones",
"English uncountable nouns",
"English verbs",
"Entries with translation boxes",
"Pages with 9 entries",
"Pages with entries",
"Rhymes:English/ɔːl",
"Rhymes:English/ɔːl/1 syllable",
"Terms with Armenian translations",
"Terms with Bulgarian translations",
"Terms with Catalan translations",
"Terms with Chichewa translations",
"Terms with Czech translations",
"Terms with Dutch translations",
"Terms with Finnish translations",
"Terms with French translations",
"Terms with Galician translations",
"Terms with Georgian translations",
"Terms with German translations",
"Terms with Greek translations",
"Terms with Hebrew translations",
"Terms with Irish translations",
"Terms with Italian translations",
"Terms with Japanese translations",
"Terms with Latin translations",
"Terms with Mandarin translations",
"Terms with Maori translations",
"Terms with Ottoman Turkish translations",
"Terms with Polish translations",
"Terms with Portuguese translations",
"Terms with Romanian translations",
"Terms with Russian translations",
"Terms with Slovene translations",
"Terms with Spanish translations",
"Terms with Swedish translations",
"Terms with Turkish translations",
"Terms with Ukrainian translations",
"Terms with Welsh translations",
"Terms with ǃXóõ translations",
"en:Bodily fluids",
"en:Injuries"
],
"derived": [
{
"word": "gall and wormwood"
},
{
"word": "gallbladder"
},
{
"word": "gall-less"
},
{
"word": "gall-of-the-earth"
},
{
"word": "gallstone"
},
{
"word": "oxgall"
},
{
"word": "vent one's gall"
}
],
"etymology_number": 1,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "bile"
},
"expansion": "",
"name": "etymid"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*ǵʰelh₃-"
},
"expansion": "",
"name": "root"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "enm",
"3": "galle"
},
"expansion": "Middle English galle",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "ang",
"3": "ġealla"
},
"expansion": "Old English ġealla",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "gmw-pro",
"3": "*gallā"
},
"expansion": "Proto-West Germanic *gallā",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "gem-pro",
"3": "*gallǭ"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic *gallǭ",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "nl",
"2": "gal"
},
"expansion": "Dutch gal",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "de",
"2": "Galle"
},
"expansion": "German Galle",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "sv",
"2": "galle"
},
"expansion": "Swedish galle",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "grc",
"2": "χολή"
},
"expansion": "Ancient Greek χολή (kholḗ)",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "1"
},
"expansion": "¹",
"name": "sup"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Middle English galle, from Old English ġealla, galla, from Proto-West Germanic *gallā, from Proto-Germanic *gallǭ.\nThe figurative senses (e.g., impudence, brazenness, chutzpah) are related to the literal sense (i.e., bile) via the lasting linguocultural effects of humorism, which governed Western medicine for many centuries before the advent of scientific medicine.\nRelated to Dutch gal, German Galle, Swedish galle, galla, Ancient Greek χολή (kholḗ). Also remotely related with yellow.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "galls",
"tags": [
"plural"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "~"
},
"expansion": "gall (countable and uncountable, plural galls)",
"name": "en-noun"
}
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"English terms with quotations",
"English uncountable nouns",
"Quotation templates to be cleaned"
],
"examples": [
{
"ref": "1917, Edgar Rice Burroughs, chapter 6, in The Oakdale Affair:",
"text": "“Durn ye!” he cried. “I’ll lam ye! Get offen here. I knows ye. Yer one o’ that gang o’ bums that come here last night, an’ now you got the gall to come back beggin’ for food, eh? I’ll lam ye!” and he raised the gun to his shoulder.",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"ref": "1891, Exercises of class day of the senior class, Tuesday, June 23, 1891, page 33:",
"text": "Prichard, while keeping school, had the unmitigated gall to teach Greek, although he had never studied the subject.",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"ref": "1944, Teheran: Our Path in War and Peace, page 55:",
"text": "In July 1938, that was sufficient to call down contempt and hatred on us, and brand us as men of unmitigated gall.",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"ref": "1962, How to live with a calculating cat, page 47:",
"text": "It requires the cunning of a chess master, the planning of a field marshal, the adroitness and polish of a premier of France, or, failing these, the sheer, unmitigated gall of your door-to-door salesman.",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"ref": "2022 October 18, Placeholder McD, “SCP-7579 [offset 1]”, in SCP Foundation, archived from the original on 2024-12-20:",
"text": "\"Also, as apologetic as you were for occupying my time, which I had hoped to spend with my daughter, you used about twice as many words as you needed to, and wasted an entire paragraph complaining about your colleagues. I went back to the SCP-079 file — Supervisor Valis would have had the thing decommissioned years ago if it weren't for your blatant technofetishism. Yet, you have the gall to characterize the Foundation's ongoing political interventions and military operations as squabbles.\"",
"type": "quote"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Impudence or brazenness; temerity; chutzpah."
],
"links": [
[
"Impudence",
"impudence#English"
],
[
"brazen",
"brazen"
],
[
"temerity",
"temerity"
],
[
"chutzpah",
"chutzpah"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(uncountable) Impudence or brazenness; temerity; chutzpah."
],
"senseid": [
"en:impudence, brazenness, temerity"
],
"tags": [
"uncountable"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"English countable nouns",
"English terms with archaic senses",
"English terms with quotations",
"en:Anatomy"
],
"examples": [
{
"ref": "1611, The Holy Bible, […] (King James Version), London: […] Robert Barker, […], →OCLC, Job 20:24–25:",
"text": "He shall flee from the iron weapon and the bow of steel shall strike him through. It is drawn and cometh out of the body; yea, the glittering sword cometh out of his gall.",
"type": "quote"
}
],
"glosses": [
"A gallbladder."
],
"links": [
[
"anatomy",
"anatomy"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(anatomy, archaic, countable) A gallbladder."
],
"senseid": [
"en:Q64386"
],
"tags": [
"archaic",
"countable"
],
"topics": [
"anatomy",
"medicine",
"sciences"
],
"wikidata": [
"Q64386"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"English terms with archaic senses",
"English uncountable nouns",
"en:Physiology"
],
"glosses": [
"Bile, especially that of an animal; the greenish, profoundly bitter-tasting fluid found in bile ducts and gall bladders, structures associated with the liver."
],
"links": [
[
"physiology",
"physiology"
],
[
"animal",
"animal"
],
[
"greenish",
"greenish"
],
[
"bitter",
"bitter"
],
[
"tasting",
"taste"
],
[
"fluid",
"fluid"
],
[
"bile duct",
"bile duct"
],
[
"gall bladder",
"gall bladder"
],
[
"liver",
"liver"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(physiology, archaic, uncountable) Bile, especially that of an animal; the greenish, profoundly bitter-tasting fluid found in bile ducts and gall bladders, structures associated with the liver."
],
"senseid": [
"en:Q65979"
],
"tags": [
"archaic",
"uncountable"
],
"topics": [
"medicine",
"physiology",
"sciences"
],
"wikidata": [
"Q65979"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"English terms with quotations",
"English uncountable nouns"
],
"examples": [
{
"ref": "1611, The Holy Bible, […] (King James Version), London: […] Robert Barker, […], →OCLC, Deuteronomy 29:18:",
"text": "Lest there should be among you man, or woman, or family, or tribe, whose heart turneth away this day from the LORD our God, to go and serve the gods of these nations; lest there should be among you a root that beareth gall and wormwood;",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"ref": "1683, John Dryden, The Art of Poetry:",
"text": "The stage its ancient fury thus let fall, / And comedy diverted without gall.",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"ref": "1847 December, Ellis Bell [pseudonym; Emily Brontë], chapter XIV, in Wuthering Heights: […], volume (please specify |volume=I or II), London: Thomas Cautley Newby, […], →OCLC:",
"text": "[…] I hated him with a hatred that turned my life to gall […]",
"type": "quote"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Great misery or physical suffering, likened to the bitterest-tasting of substances."
],
"links": [
[
"misery",
"misery"
],
[
"suffering",
"suffering"
],
[
"bitter",
"bitter"
],
[
"tasting",
"taste"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(figurative, uncountable) Great misery or physical suffering, likened to the bitterest-tasting of substances."
],
"senseid": [
"en:great misery or physical suffering"
],
"tags": [
"figuratively",
"uncountable"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ɡɔːl/"
},
{
"audio": "LL-Q1860 (eng)-Vealhurl-gall.wav",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/4/44/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-gall.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-gall.wav.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/4/44/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-gall.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-gall.wav.ogg"
},
{
"ipa": "/ɡɑl/",
"tags": [
"cot-caught-merger"
]
},
{
"rhymes": "-ɔːl"
},
{
"homophone": "Gaul"
}
],
"translations": [
{
"code": "bg",
"lang": "Bulgarian",
"roman": "nahalstvo",
"sense": "impudence or brazenness",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "нахалство"
},
{
"code": "nl",
"lang": "Dutch",
"sense": "impudence or brazenness",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "lef"
},
{
"code": "nl",
"lang": "Dutch",
"sense": "impudence or brazenness",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "durf"
},
{
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "impudence or brazenness",
"word": "röyhkeys"
},
{
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "impudence or brazenness",
"word": "otsa"
},
{
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "impudence or brazenness",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "culot"
},
{
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "impudence or brazenness",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "effronterie"
},
{
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "impudence or brazenness",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "toupet"
},
{
"code": "ka",
"lang": "Georgian",
"roman": "ḳadniereba",
"sense": "impudence or brazenness",
"word": "კადნიერება"
},
{
"code": "ka",
"lang": "Georgian",
"roman": "tavxedoba",
"sense": "impudence or brazenness",
"word": "თავხედობა"
},
{
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "impudence or brazenness",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "Frechheit"
},
{
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "impudence or brazenness",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "Unverfrorenheit"
},
{
"code": "el",
"lang": "Greek",
"roman": "thrásos",
"sense": "impudence or brazenness",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "θράσος"
},
{
"code": "ga",
"lang": "Irish",
"sense": "impudence or brazenness",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "brusaireacht"
},
{
"code": "ga",
"lang": "Irish",
"sense": "impudence or brazenness",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "dánacht"
},
{
"code": "ga",
"lang": "Irish",
"sense": "impudence or brazenness",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "coráiste"
},
{
"code": "pt",
"lang": "Portuguese",
"sense": "impudence or brazenness",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "impudência"
},
{
"code": "ro",
"lang": "Romanian",
"sense": "impudence or brazenness",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "tupeu"
},
{
"code": "ro",
"lang": "Romanian",
"sense": "impudence or brazenness",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "impertinență"
},
{
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "impudence or brazenness",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "descaro"
},
{
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "impudence or brazenness",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "desfachatez"
},
{
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "impudence or brazenness",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "concha"
},
{
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "impudence or brazenness",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "conchudez (Americanism)"
},
{
"code": "sv",
"lang": "Swedish",
"sense": "impudence or brazenness",
"word": "fräckhet"
},
{
"code": "nl",
"lang": "Dutch",
"sense": "great misery or physical suffering",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "gal"
},
{
"code": "nl",
"lang": "Dutch",
"sense": "great misery or physical suffering",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "leed"
},
{
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "great misery or physical suffering",
"word": "piina"
},
{
"code": "ka",
"lang": "Georgian",
"roman": "naɣveli",
"sense": "great misery or physical suffering",
"word": "ნაღველი"
},
{
"code": "ka",
"lang": "Georgian",
"roman": "mc̣uxareba",
"sense": "great misery or physical suffering",
"word": "მწუხარება"
},
{
"code": "el",
"lang": "Greek",
"roman": "píkra",
"sense": "great misery or physical suffering",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "πίκρα"
},
{
"code": "el",
"lang": "Greek",
"roman": "cholí",
"sense": "great misery or physical suffering",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "χολή"
},
{
"code": "mi",
"lang": "Maori",
"sense": "great misery or physical suffering",
"word": "paoa"
},
{
"code": "pt",
"lang": "Portuguese",
"sense": "great misery or physical suffering",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "miséria"
},
{
"code": "pt",
"lang": "Portuguese",
"sense": "great misery or physical suffering",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "penúria"
},
{
"code": "pt",
"lang": "Portuguese",
"sense": "great misery or physical suffering",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "amargura"
},
{
"code": "ro",
"lang": "Romanian",
"sense": "great misery or physical suffering",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "mizerie"
},
{
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "great misery or physical suffering",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "penuria"
},
{
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "great misery or physical suffering",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "doloroso"
}
],
"wikipedia": [
"gall"
],
"word": "gall"
}
{
"categories": [
"English countable nouns",
"English entries with incorrect language header",
"English lemmas",
"English nouns",
"English terms derived from Latin",
"English terms derived from Middle English",
"English terms derived from Old English",
"English terms derived from Old French",
"English terms derived from Proto-Germanic",
"English terms derived from Proto-West Germanic",
"English terms inherited from Middle English",
"English terms inherited from Old English",
"English terms inherited from Proto-Germanic",
"English terms inherited from Proto-West Germanic",
"English terms with homophones",
"English uncountable nouns",
"English verbs",
"Entries with translation boxes",
"Pages with 9 entries",
"Pages with entries",
"Rhymes:English/ɔːl",
"Rhymes:English/ɔːl/1 syllable",
"Terms with Armenian translations",
"Terms with Bulgarian translations",
"Terms with Catalan translations",
"Terms with Chichewa translations",
"Terms with Czech translations",
"Terms with Dutch translations",
"Terms with Finnish translations",
"Terms with French translations",
"Terms with Galician translations",
"Terms with Georgian translations",
"Terms with German translations",
"Terms with Greek translations",
"Terms with Hebrew translations",
"Terms with Ido translations",
"Terms with Irish translations",
"Terms with Italian translations",
"Terms with Japanese translations",
"Terms with Latin translations",
"Terms with Mandarin translations",
"Terms with Ottoman Turkish translations",
"Terms with Polish translations",
"Terms with Portuguese translations",
"Terms with Romanian translations",
"Terms with Russian translations",
"Terms with Slovene translations",
"Terms with Spanish translations",
"Terms with Swedish translations",
"Terms with Turkish translations",
"Terms with Ukrainian translations",
"Terms with Welsh translations",
"Terms with ǃXóõ translations",
"en:Bodily fluids",
"en:Injuries"
],
"derived": [
{
"word": "navel gall"
},
{
"word": "water-gall"
}
],
"etymology_number": 2,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "sore"
},
"expansion": "",
"name": "etymid"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "enm",
"3": "galle"
},
"expansion": "Middle English galle",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "ang",
"3": "gealla",
"t": "a fretted spot on the skin"
},
"expansion": "Old English gealla (“a fretted spot on the skin”)",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "gmw-pro",
"3": "*gallō"
},
"expansion": "Proto-West Germanic *gallō",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "gem-pro",
"3": "*gallô",
"t": "infirmity, swelling, lesion"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic *gallô (“infirmity, swelling, lesion”)",
"name": "inh"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Middle English galle, from Old English gealla (“a fretted spot on the skin”), from Proto-West Germanic *gallō, from Proto-Germanic *gallô (“infirmity, swelling, lesion”).",
"forms": [
{
"form": "galls",
"tags": [
"plural"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "~"
},
"expansion": "gall (countable and uncountable, plural galls)",
"name": "en-noun"
}
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"English countable nouns"
],
"examples": [
{
"ref": "1989 National Ag Safety Database (Centers for Disease Control)",
"text": "Riding a horse with bruised or broken skin can cause a gall, which frequently results in the white saddle marks seen on the withers and backs of some horses."
}
],
"glosses": [
"A sore on a horse caused by an ill-fitted or ill-adjusted saddle; a saddle sore."
],
"links": [
[
"sore",
"sore"
],
[
"fit",
"fit"
],
[
"adjust",
"adjust"
],
[
"saddle",
"saddle"
],
[
"saddle sore",
"saddle sore"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(countable) A sore on a horse caused by an ill-fitted or ill-adjusted saddle; a saddle sore."
],
"tags": [
"countable"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"English countable nouns",
"English terms with quotations",
"en:Pathology"
],
"examples": [
{
"ref": "1892, Walt Whitman, “Song of Myself”, in Leaves of Grass […], Philadelphia, Pa.: David McKay, publisher, […], →OCLC:",
"text": "And remember perfectly well his revolving eyes and his awkwardness, / And remember putting plasters on the galls of his neck and ankles;",
"type": "quote"
}
],
"glosses": [
"A sore or open wound caused by chafing, which may become infected, as with a blister."
],
"links": [
[
"pathology",
"pathology"
],
[
"chafing",
"chafing"
],
[
"blister",
"blister"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(pathology, countable) A sore or open wound caused by chafing, which may become infected, as with a blister."
],
"tags": [
"countable"
],
"topics": [
"medicine",
"pathology",
"sciences"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"English terms with quotations",
"English uncountable nouns"
],
"examples": [
{
"ref": "c. 1587–1588, [Christopher Marlowe], Tamburlaine the Great. […] The First Part […], 2nd edition, part 1, London: […] [R. Robinson for] Richard Iones, […], published 1592, →OCLC; reprinted as Tamburlaine the Great (A Scolar Press Facsimile), Menston, Yorkshire, London: Scolar Press, 1973, →ISBN, Act I, scene i:",
"text": "Thou ſhalt be leader of this thouſand horſe,\nWhoſe foming galle with rage and high diſdaine,\nHaue ſworne the death of wicked Tamburlaine.",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"ref": "1791 (date written), Mary Wollstonecraft, “Animadversions on Some of the Writers who have Rendered Women Objects of Pity, Bordering on Contempt”, in A Vindication of the Rights of Woman: With Strictures on Political and Moral Subjects, London: […] J[oseph] Johnson, […], published 1792, →OCLC, page 210:",
"text": "It moves my gall to hear a preacher descanting on dress and needle-work; and still more, to hear him address the British fair, the fairest of the fair, as if they had only feelings.",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"ref": "1966, Bob Dylan, “Visions of Johanna”, in Blonde on Blonde:",
"text": "He's sure got a lotta gall / To be so useless and all / Muttering small talk at the wall while I'm in the hall",
"type": "quote"
}
],
"glosses": [
"A feeling of exasperation."
],
"links": [
[
"exasperation",
"exasperation"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(figurative, uncountable) A feeling of exasperation."
],
"tags": [
"figuratively",
"uncountable"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"English countable nouns",
"English technical terms"
],
"glosses": [
"A pit on a surface being cut caused by the friction between the two surfaces exceeding the bond of the material at a point."
],
"links": [
[
"technical",
"technical"
],
[
"pit",
"pit"
],
[
"friction",
"friction"
],
[
"bond",
"bond"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(countable, technical) A pit on a surface being cut caused by the friction between the two surfaces exceeding the bond of the material at a point."
],
"tags": [
"countable"
],
"topics": [
"engineering",
"natural-sciences",
"physical-sciences",
"technical"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ɡɔːl/"
},
{
"audio": "LL-Q1860 (eng)-Vealhurl-gall.wav",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/4/44/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-gall.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-gall.wav.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/4/44/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-gall.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-gall.wav.ogg"
},
{
"ipa": "/ɡɑl/",
"tags": [
"cot-caught-merger"
]
},
{
"rhymes": "-ɔːl"
},
{
"homophone": "Gaul"
}
],
"translations": [
{
"code": "nl",
"lang": "Dutch",
"sense": "sore on a horse",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "schaafwonde"
},
{
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "sore on a horse",
"word": "lyöttymä"
},
{
"code": "el",
"lang": "Greek",
"roman": "parátrimma",
"sense": "sore on a horse",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "παράτριμμα"
},
{
"code": "ga",
"lang": "Irish",
"sense": "sore on a horse",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "mairc"
},
{
"code": "ota",
"lang": "Ottoman Turkish",
"roman": "yağır",
"sense": "sore on a horse",
"word": "یاغیر"
},
{
"code": "ota",
"lang": "Ottoman Turkish",
"roman": "cıdav",
"sense": "sore on a horse",
"word": "جداو"
},
{
"code": "tr",
"lang": "Turkish",
"sense": "sore on a horse",
"word": "yağır"
},
{
"code": "tr",
"lang": "Turkish",
"sense": "sore on a horse",
"word": "cıdağı"
},
{
"code": "bg",
"lang": "Bulgarian",
"roman": "ožulvane",
"sense": "sore or open wound caused by chafing",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "ожулване"
},
{
"code": "nl",
"lang": "Dutch",
"sense": "sore or open wound caused by chafing",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "schaafwonde"
},
{
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "sore or open wound caused by chafing",
"word": "hankauma"
},
{
"code": "gl",
"lang": "Galician",
"sense": "sore or open wound caused by chafing",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "esfoladura"
},
{
"code": "el",
"lang": "Greek",
"roman": "parátrimma",
"sense": "sore or open wound caused by chafing",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "παράτριμμα"
},
{
"code": "ga",
"lang": "Irish",
"sense": "sore or open wound caused by chafing",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "mairc"
},
{
"code": "pt",
"lang": "Portuguese",
"sense": "sore or open wound caused by chafing",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "esfolamento"
},
{
"code": "ro",
"lang": "Romanian",
"sense": "sore or open wound caused by chafing",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "rosătură"
},
{
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "feeling of exasperation",
"word": "suuttumus"
},
{
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "feeling of exasperation",
"word": "katkeruus"
},
{
"code": "el",
"lang": "Greek",
"roman": "cholí",
"sense": "feeling of exasperation",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "χολή"
},
{
"code": "el",
"lang": "Greek",
"roman": "chóliasma",
"sense": "feeling of exasperation",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "χόλιασμα"
},
{
"code": "el",
"lang": "Greek",
"roman": "píkra",
"sense": "feeling of exasperation",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "πίκρα"
},
{
"code": "pt",
"lang": "Portuguese",
"sense": "feeling of exasperation",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "exasperação"
},
{
"code": "pt",
"lang": "Portuguese",
"sense": "feeling of exasperation",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "exaspero"
},
{
"code": "ro",
"lang": "Romanian",
"sense": "feeling of exasperation",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "exasperare"
},
{
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "pit caused on a surface caused by friction between the surfaces",
"word": "hankauma"
},
{
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "istiránije",
"sense": "pit caused on a surface caused by friction between the surfaces",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "истира́ние"
}
],
"wikipedia": [
"gall"
],
"word": "gall"
}
{
"categories": [
"English countable nouns",
"English entries with incorrect language header",
"English lemmas",
"English nouns",
"English terms derived from Latin",
"English terms derived from Middle English",
"English terms derived from Old English",
"English terms derived from Old French",
"English terms derived from Proto-Germanic",
"English terms derived from Proto-West Germanic",
"English terms inherited from Middle English",
"English terms inherited from Old English",
"English terms inherited from Proto-Germanic",
"English terms inherited from Proto-West Germanic",
"English terms with homophones",
"English uncountable nouns",
"English verbs",
"Entries with translation boxes",
"Pages with 9 entries",
"Pages with entries",
"Rhymes:English/ɔːl",
"Rhymes:English/ɔːl/1 syllable",
"Terms with Armenian translations",
"Terms with Bulgarian translations",
"Terms with Catalan translations",
"Terms with Chichewa translations",
"Terms with Czech translations",
"Terms with Dutch translations",
"Terms with Finnish translations",
"Terms with French translations",
"Terms with Galician translations",
"Terms with Georgian translations",
"Terms with German translations",
"Terms with Greek translations",
"Terms with Hebrew translations",
"Terms with Ido translations",
"Terms with Irish translations",
"Terms with Italian translations",
"Terms with Japanese translations",
"Terms with Latin translations",
"Terms with Mandarin translations",
"Terms with Ottoman Turkish translations",
"Terms with Polish translations",
"Terms with Portuguese translations",
"Terms with Romanian translations",
"Terms with Russian translations",
"Terms with Slovene translations",
"Terms with Spanish translations",
"Terms with Swedish translations",
"Terms with Turkish translations",
"Terms with Ukrainian translations",
"Terms with Welsh translations",
"Terms with ǃXóõ translations",
"en:Bodily fluids",
"en:Injuries"
],
"derived": [
{
"word": "begall"
}
],
"etymology_number": 2,
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "sore"
},
"expansion": "",
"name": "etymid"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "enm",
"3": "galle"
},
"expansion": "Middle English galle",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "ang",
"3": "gealla",
"t": "a fretted spot on the skin"
},
"expansion": "Old English gealla (“a fretted spot on the skin”)",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "gmw-pro",
"3": "*gallō"
},
"expansion": "Proto-West Germanic *gallō",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "gem-pro",
"3": "*gallô",
"t": "infirmity, swelling, lesion"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic *gallô (“infirmity, swelling, lesion”)",
"name": "inh"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Middle English galle, from Old English gealla (“a fretted spot on the skin”), from Proto-West Germanic *gallō, from Proto-Germanic *gallô (“infirmity, swelling, lesion”).",
"forms": [
{
"form": "galls",
"tags": [
"present",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "galling",
"tags": [
"participle",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "galled",
"tags": [
"participle",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "galled",
"tags": [
"past"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "gall (third-person singular simple present galls, present participle galling, simple past and past participle galled)",
"name": "en-verb"
}
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "verb",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"English ergative verbs",
"English terms with quotations"
],
"examples": [
{
"ref": "1719 May 6 (Gregorian calendar), [Daniel Defoe], The Life and Strange Surprizing Adventures of Robinson Crusoe, […], London: […] W[illiam] Taylor […], →OCLC:",
"text": "[…] he went awkwardly in these clothes at first: wearing the drawers was very awkward to him, and the sleeves of the waistcoat galled his shoulders and the inside of his arms; but a little easing them where he complained they hurt him, and using himself to them, he took to them at length very well.",
"type": "quote"
}
],
"glosses": [
"To chafe, to rub or subject to friction; to create a sore on the skin."
],
"links": [
[
"chafe",
"chafe"
],
[
"rub",
"rub"
],
[
"friction",
"friction"
],
[
"sore",
"sore"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(ergative) To chafe, to rub or subject to friction; to create a sore on the skin."
],
"tags": [
"ergative"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"English terms with quotations",
"English transitive verbs"
],
"examples": [
{
"ref": "1881–1882, Robert Louis Stevenson, “‘Pieces of Eight’”, in Treasure Island, London; Paris: Cassell & Company, published 14 November 1883, →OCLC, part V (My Sea Adventure), page 219:",
"text": "I went below, and did what I could for my wound; it pained me a good deal, and still bled freely; but it was neither deep nor dangerous, nor did it greatly gall me when I used my arm.",
"type": "quote"
},
{
"ref": "1918, W[illiam] B[abington] Maxwell, chapter XV, in The Mirror and the Lamp, Indianapolis, Ind.: The Bobbs-Merrill Company, →OCLC:",
"text": "Edward Churchill still attended to his work in a hopeless mechanical manner like a sleep-walker who walks safely on a well-known round. But his Roman collar galled him, his cossack stifled him, his biretta was as uncomfortable as a merry-andrew's cap and bells.",
"type": "quote"
}
],
"glosses": [
"To bother or trouble."
],
"links": [
[
"bother",
"bother#Verb"
],
[
"trouble",
"trouble#Verb"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(transitive, figurative) To bother or trouble."
],
"tags": [
"figuratively",
"transitive"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"English transitive verbs"
],
"examples": [
{
"ref": "June 24, 1778, George Washington, The Writings of George Washington From the Original Manuscript Sources: Volume 12, 1745–1799",
"text": "The disposition for these detachments is as follows – Morgans corps, to gain the enemy’s right flank; Maxwells brigade to hang on their left. Brigadier Genl. Scott is now marching with a very respectable detachment destined to gall the enemys left flank and rear."
}
],
"glosses": [
"To harass, to harry, often with the intent to cause injury."
],
"links": [
[
"harass",
"harass"
],
[
"harry",
"harry"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(transitive, figurative) To harass, to harry, often with the intent to cause injury."
],
"tags": [
"figuratively",
"transitive"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"English terms with quotations",
"English transitive verbs"
],
"examples": [
{
"ref": "1979 December, Mark Bowden, “Captivity Pageant”, in The Atlantic, volume 296, number 5, pages 92–97:",
"text": "Metrinko was hungry, but he was galled by how self-congratulatory his captors seemed, how generous and noble and proudly Islamic.",
"type": "quote"
}
],
"glosses": [
"To exasperate."
],
"links": [
[
"exasperate",
"exasperate"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(transitive, figurative) To exasperate."
],
"tags": [
"figuratively",
"transitive"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"English technical terms",
"English terms with usage examples",
"English transitive verbs"
],
"examples": [
{
"text": "Improper cooling and a dull milling cutter on titanium can gall the surface.",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"To cause pitting on a surface being cut from the friction between the two surfaces exceeding the bond of the material at a point."
],
"links": [
[
"technical",
"technical"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(transitive, technical) To cause pitting on a surface being cut from the friction between the two surfaces exceeding the bond of the material at a point."
],
"tags": [
"transitive"
],
"topics": [
"engineering",
"natural-sciences",
"physical-sciences",
"technical"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"English intransitive verbs",
"English terms with obsolete senses",
"English terms with quotations",
"English terms with rare senses"
],
"examples": [
{
"ref": "1599 (date written), William Shakespeare, “The Life of Henry the Fift”, in Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies […] (First Folio), London: […] Isaac Iaggard, and Ed[ward] Blount, published 1623, →OCLC, [Act V, scene i]:",
"text": "I have seen you gleeking and galling at this gentleman twice or thrice. You thought, because he could not speak English in the native garb, he could not therefore handle an English cudgel",
"type": "quote"
}
],
"glosses": [
"To scoff; to jeer."
],
"links": [
[
"scoff",
"scoff"
],
[
"jeer",
"jeer"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(intransitive, obsolete, rare) To scoff; to jeer."
],
"tags": [
"intransitive",
"obsolete",
"rare"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ɡɔːl/"
},
{
"audio": "LL-Q1860 (eng)-Vealhurl-gall.wav",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/4/44/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-gall.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-gall.wav.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/4/44/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-gall.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-gall.wav.ogg"
},
{
"ipa": "/ɡɑl/",
"tags": [
"cot-caught-merger"
]
},
{
"rhymes": "-ɔːl"
},
{
"homophone": "Gaul"
}
],
"translations": [
{
"code": "bg",
"lang": "Bulgarian",
"roman": "protrivam",
"sense": "to chafe",
"word": "протривам"
},
{
"code": "bg",
"lang": "Bulgarian",
"roman": "ožulvam",
"sense": "to chafe",
"word": "ожулвам"
},
{
"code": "nl",
"lang": "Dutch",
"sense": "to chafe",
"word": "schaven"
},
{
"code": "nl",
"lang": "Dutch",
"sense": "to chafe",
"word": "wrijven"
},
{
"code": "nl",
"lang": "Dutch",
"sense": "to chafe",
"word": "storen"
},
{
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "to chafe",
"word": "hiertää"
},
{
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "to chafe",
"word": "wundreiben"
},
{
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "to chafe",
"word": "wundscheuern"
},
{
"code": "pt",
"lang": "Portuguese",
"sense": "to chafe",
"word": "esfolar"
},
{
"code": "ro",
"lang": "Romanian",
"sense": "to chafe",
"word": "zgâria"
},
{
"code": "ro",
"lang": "Romanian",
"sense": "to chafe",
"word": "roade"
},
{
"code": "sv",
"lang": "Swedish",
"sense": "to chafe",
"word": "skava"
},
{
"code": "uk",
"lang": "Ukrainian",
"roman": "natyraty",
"sense": "to chafe",
"tags": [
"imperfective"
],
"word": "натирати"
},
{
"code": "uk",
"lang": "Ukrainian",
"roman": "naterty",
"sense": "to chafe",
"tags": [
"perfective"
],
"word": "натерти"
},
{
"code": "bg",
"lang": "Bulgarian",
"roman": "draznja",
"sense": "to trouble or bother",
"word": "дразня"
},
{
"code": "nl",
"lang": "Dutch",
"sense": "to trouble or bother",
"word": "storen"
},
{
"code": "nl",
"lang": "Dutch",
"sense": "to trouble or bother",
"word": "lastigvallen"
},
{
"code": "nl",
"lang": "Dutch",
"sense": "to trouble or bother",
"tags": [
"Flemish"
],
"word": "ambeteren"
},
{
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "to trouble or bother",
"word": "vaivata"
},
{
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "to trouble or bother",
"word": "sapettaa"
},
{
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "to trouble or bother",
"word": "déranger"
},
{
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "to trouble or bother",
"word": "gêner"
},
{
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "to trouble or bother",
"word": "troubler"
},
{
"code": "ka",
"lang": "Georgian",
"roman": "šec̣uxeba",
"sense": "to trouble or bother",
"word": "შეწუხება"
},
{
"code": "ka",
"lang": "Georgian",
"roman": "gaɣizianeba",
"sense": "to trouble or bother",
"word": "გაღიზიანება"
},
{
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "to trouble or bother",
"word": "stören"
},
{
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "to trouble or bother",
"word": "lästigfallen"
},
{
"code": "pt",
"lang": "Portuguese",
"sense": "to trouble or bother",
"word": "incomodar"
},
{
"code": "ro",
"lang": "Romanian",
"sense": "to trouble or bother",
"word": "deranja"
},
{
"code": "ro",
"lang": "Romanian",
"sense": "to trouble or bother",
"word": "incomoda"
},
{
"code": "ro",
"lang": "Romanian",
"sense": "to trouble or bother",
"word": "enerva"
},
{
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "to trouble or bother",
"word": "incomodar"
},
{
"code": "nl",
"lang": "Dutch",
"sense": "to harass, harry",
"word": "storen"
},
{
"code": "nl",
"lang": "Dutch",
"sense": "to harass, harry",
"word": "lastigvallen"
},
{
"code": "nl",
"lang": "Dutch",
"sense": "to harass, harry",
"tags": [
"Flemish"
],
"word": "ambeteren"
},
{
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "to harass, harry",
"word": "häiritä"
},
{
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "to harass, harry",
"word": "harceler"
},
{
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "to harass, harry",
"word": "belästigen"
},
{
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "to harass, harry",
"word": "schikanieren"
},
{
"code": "pt",
"lang": "Portuguese",
"sense": "to harass, harry",
"word": "atormentar"
},
{
"code": "ro",
"lang": "Romanian",
"sense": "to harass, harry",
"word": "tracasa"
},
{
"code": "ro",
"lang": "Romanian",
"sense": "to harass, harry",
"word": "molesta"
},
{
"code": "ro",
"lang": "Romanian",
"sense": "to harass, harry",
"word": "sâcâi"
},
{
"code": "ca",
"lang": "Catalan",
"sense": "to exasperate",
"word": "exasperar"
},
{
"code": "nl",
"lang": "Dutch",
"sense": "to exasperate",
"word": "storen"
},
{
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "to exasperate",
"word": "ärsyttää"
},
{
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "to exasperate",
"word": "suututtaa"
},
{
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "to exasperate",
"word": "exaspérer"
},
{
"code": "ka",
"lang": "Georgian",
"roman": "gaɣizianeba",
"sense": "to exasperate",
"word": "გაღიზიანება"
},
{
"code": "ka",
"lang": "Georgian",
"roman": "gulis gac̣q̇aleba",
"sense": "to exasperate",
"word": "გულის გაწყალება"
},
{
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "to exasperate",
"word": "ärgern"
},
{
"code": "io",
"lang": "Ido",
"sense": "to exasperate",
"word": "exasperar"
},
{
"code": "pt",
"lang": "Portuguese",
"sense": "to exasperate",
"word": "exasperar"
},
{
"code": "ro",
"lang": "Romanian",
"sense": "to exasperate",
"word": "exaspera"
},
{
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "to exasperate",
"word": "exasperar"
}
],
"wikipedia": [
"gall"
],
"word": "gall"
}
{
"categories": [
"English countable nouns",
"English entries with incorrect language header",
"English lemmas",
"English nouns",
"English terms derived from Latin",
"English terms derived from Middle English",
"English terms derived from Old French",
"English terms inherited from Middle English",
"English terms with homophones",
"English verbs",
"Entries with translation boxes",
"Pages with 9 entries",
"Pages with entries",
"Rhymes:English/ɔːl",
"Rhymes:English/ɔːl/1 syllable",
"Terms with Armenian translations",
"Terms with Catalan translations",
"Terms with Chichewa translations",
"Terms with Czech translations",
"Terms with Dutch translations",
"Terms with Finnish translations",
"Terms with French translations",
"Terms with Galician translations",
"Terms with German translations",
"Terms with Greek translations",
"Terms with Hebrew translations",
"Terms with Italian translations",
"Terms with Japanese translations",
"Terms with Latin translations",
"Terms with Mandarin translations",
"Terms with Ottoman Turkish translations",
"Terms with Polish translations",
"Terms with Portuguese translations",
"Terms with Romanian translations",
"Terms with Russian translations",
"Terms with Slovene translations",
"Terms with Spanish translations",
"Terms with Turkish translations",
"Terms with Ukrainian translations",
"Terms with Welsh translations",
"Terms with ǃXóõ translations",
"en:Bodily fluids",
"en:Injuries"
],
"derived": [
{
"word": "Aleppo gall"
},
{
"word": "apple gall"
},
{
"word": "artichoke gall"
},
{
"word": "bedeguar gall"
},
{
"word": "beech gall"
},
{
"word": "cane gall"
},
{
"word": "Chinese gall"
},
{
"word": "cola-nut gall"
},
{
"word": "coral gall"
},
{
"word": "cranberry gall"
},
{
"word": "crown gall"
},
{
"word": "cup gall"
},
{
"word": "currant gall"
},
{
"word": "cypress gall"
},
{
"word": "elm gall"
},
{
"word": "filbert gall"
},
{
"word": "fungus gall"
},
{
"word": "gallapple"
},
{
"word": "gallflower"
},
{
"word": "gallfly"
},
{
"word": "gall gnat"
},
{
"word": "gallic"
},
{
"word": "gall midge"
},
{
"word": "gall mite"
},
{
"word": "gallnut"
},
{
"word": "gall-nut ink"
},
{
"word": "gall oak"
},
{
"word": "gall of glass"
},
{
"word": "gall wasp"
},
{
"word": "goldenrod gall"
},
{
"word": "gouty gall"
},
{
"word": "horned oak gall"
},
{
"word": "iron-gall ink"
},
{
"word": "knee gall"
},
{
"word": "knopper gall"
},
{
"word": "leaf-gall"
},
{
"word": "marble gall"
},
{
"word": "meadowsweet rust gall"
},
{
"word": "mossy rose gall"
},
{
"word": "nutgall"
},
{
"word": "oak gall"
},
{
"word": "pineapple gall"
},
{
"word": "pithy gall"
},
{
"word": "plant gall"
},
{
"word": "pocket plum gall"
},
{
"word": "rams horn gall"
},
{
"word": "red pae gall"
},
{
"word": "rind gall"
},
{
"word": "root gall"
},
{
"word": "rose gall"
},
{
"word": "seed gall"
},
{
"word": "spurgall"
},
{
"word": "stem gall"
},
{
"word": "tomato gall"
},
{
"word": "trumpet gall"
},
{
"word": "Turkish gall"
},
{
"word": "twig gall"
},
{
"word": "vine gall"
},
{
"word": "willow gall"
},
{
"word": "windgall"
},
{
"word": "witch-hazel cone gall"
},
{
"word": "wound gall"
}
],
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{
"args": {
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"expansion": "",
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{
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"expansion": "Middle English galle",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
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"expansion": "Old French galle",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "la",
"3": "galla",
"4": "",
"5": "oak-apple"
},
"expansion": "Latin galla (“oak-apple”)",
"name": "der"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Middle English galle, from Old French galle, from Latin galla (“oak-apple”).",
"forms": [
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"form": "galls",
"tags": [
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]
}
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"args": {},
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"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "noun",
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{
"categories": [
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"Entries using missing taxonomic name (species)",
"Quotation templates to be cleaned",
"en:Plant diseases"
],
"examples": [
{
"ref": "1974, Philip P. Wiener, editor, Dictionary of the History of Ideas:",
"text": "Even so, Redi retained a belief that in certain other cases—the origin of parasites inside the human or animal body or of grubs inside of oak galls—there must be spontaneous generation. Bit by bit the evidence grew against such views. In 1670 Jan Swammerdam, painstaking student of the insect’s life cycle, suggested that the grubs in galls were enclosed in them for the sake of nourishment and must come from insects that had inserted their semen or their eggs into the plants.",
"type": "quote"
}
],
"glosses": [
"A blister or tumor-like growth found on the surface of plants, caused by various pathogens, especially the burrowing of insect larvae into the living tissues, such as that of the common oak gall wasp (Cynips quercusfolii)."
],
"links": [
[
"phytopathology",
"phytopathology"
],
[
"blister",
"blister"
],
[
"tumor",
"tumor"
],
[
"pathogen",
"pathogen"
],
[
"burrow",
"burrow"
],
[
"insect",
"insect"
],
[
"larva",
"larva"
],
[
"gall wasp",
"gall wasp"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(phytopathology) A blister or tumor-like growth found on the surface of plants, caused by various pathogens, especially the burrowing of insect larvae into the living tissues, such as that of the common oak gall wasp (Cynips quercusfolii)."
],
"topics": [
"biology",
"botany",
"medicine",
"natural-sciences",
"pathology",
"phytopathology",
"sciences"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"English terms with quotations",
"Quotation templates to be cleaned"
],
"examples": [
{
"ref": "1653, Izaak Walton, chapter 21, in The Compleat Angler:",
"text": "But first for your Line. First note, that you are to take care that your hair be round and clear, and free from galls, or scabs, or frets: for a well- chosen, even, clear, round hair, of a kind of glass-colour, will prove as strong as three uneven scabby hairs that are ill-chosen, and full of galls or unevenness. You shall seldom find a black hair but it is round, but many white are flat and uneven; therefore, if you get a lock of right, round, clear, glass-colour hair, make much of it.",
"type": "quote"
}
],
"glosses": [
"A bump-like imperfection resembling a gall."
],
"links": [
[
"bump",
"bump"
],
[
"imperfection",
"imperfection"
]
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ɡɔːl/"
},
{
"audio": "LL-Q1860 (eng)-Vealhurl-gall.wav",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/4/44/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-gall.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-gall.wav.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/4/44/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-gall.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-gall.wav.ogg"
},
{
"ipa": "/ɡɑl/",
"tags": [
"cot-caught-merger"
]
},
{
"rhymes": "-ɔːl"
},
{
"homophone": "Gaul"
}
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "nutgall"
}
],
"translations": [
{
"code": "hy",
"lang": "Armenian",
"roman": "gxtor",
"sense": "blister or tumor-like growth found on the surface of plants",
"word": "գխտոր"
},
{
"code": "ca",
"lang": "Catalan",
"sense": "blister or tumor-like growth found on the surface of plants",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "gala"
},
{
"code": "ca",
"lang": "Catalan",
"sense": "blister or tumor-like growth found on the surface of plants",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "agalla"
},
{
"code": "ny",
"lang": "Chichewa",
"sense": "blister or tumor-like growth found on the surface of plants",
"word": "ndulu"
},
{
"code": "cmn",
"lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
"roman": "yǐng",
"sense": "blister or tumor-like growth found on the surface of plants",
"word": "癭 /瘿"
},
{
"code": "cs",
"lang": "Czech",
"sense": "blister or tumor-like growth found on the surface of plants",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "hálka"
},
{
"code": "nl",
"lang": "Dutch",
"sense": "blister or tumor-like growth found on the surface of plants",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "gal"
},
{
"code": "nl",
"lang": "Dutch",
"sense": "blister or tumor-like growth found on the surface of plants",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "galknobbel"
},
{
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "blister or tumor-like growth found on the surface of plants",
"word": "äkämä"
},
{
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"sense": "blister or tumor-like growth found on the surface of plants",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "galle"
},
{
"code": "gl",
"lang": "Galician",
"sense": "blister or tumor-like growth found on the surface of plants",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "bugalla"
},
{
"code": "gl",
"lang": "Galician",
"sense": "blister or tumor-like growth found on the surface of plants",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "bugallo"
},
{
"code": "gl",
"lang": "Galician",
"sense": "blister or tumor-like growth found on the surface of plants",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "bullaca"
},
{
"code": "gl",
"lang": "Galician",
"sense": "blister or tumor-like growth found on the surface of plants",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "bullaco"
},
{
"code": "gl",
"lang": "Galician",
"sense": "blister or tumor-like growth found on the surface of plants",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "carrabouxa"
},
{
"code": "gl",
"lang": "Galician",
"sense": "blister or tumor-like growth found on the surface of plants",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "carrabouxo"
},
{
"code": "gl",
"lang": "Galician",
"sense": "blister or tumor-like growth found on the surface of plants",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "cecidio"
},
{
"code": "gl",
"lang": "Galician",
"sense": "blister or tumor-like growth found on the surface of plants",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "coco"
},
{
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "blister or tumor-like growth found on the surface of plants",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "Galle"
},
{
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "blister or tumor-like growth found on the surface of plants",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "Gallapfel"
},
{
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "blister or tumor-like growth found on the surface of plants",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "Pflanzengalle"
},
{
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "blister or tumor-like growth found on the surface of plants",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "Zezidie"
},
{
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"sense": "blister or tumor-like growth found on the surface of plants",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "Cecidie"
},
{
"code": "he",
"lang": "Hebrew",
"sense": "blister or tumor-like growth found on the surface of plants",
"word": "עפץ"
},
{
"code": "he",
"lang": "Hebrew",
"roman": "afáts",
"sense": "blister or tumor-like growth found on the surface of plants",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "עָָפָץ"
},
{
"code": "it",
"lang": "Italian",
"sense": "blister or tumor-like growth found on the surface of plants",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "galla"
},
{
"alt": "ちゅうえい",
"code": "ja",
"lang": "Japanese",
"roman": "chūei",
"sense": "blister or tumor-like growth found on the surface of plants",
"word": "虫癭"
},
{
"alt": "むしこぶ",
"code": "ja",
"lang": "Japanese",
"roman": "mushikobu",
"sense": "blister or tumor-like growth found on the surface of plants",
"word": "虫瘤"
},
{
"code": "la",
"lang": "Latin",
"sense": "blister or tumor-like growth found on the surface of plants",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "galla"
},
{
"code": "ota",
"lang": "Ottoman Turkish",
"roman": "mazu, mazı",
"sense": "blister or tumor-like growth found on the surface of plants",
"word": "مازو"
},
{
"code": "pl",
"lang": "Polish",
"sense": "blister or tumor-like growth found on the surface of plants",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "galas"
},
{
"code": "pl",
"lang": "Polish",
"sense": "blister or tumor-like growth found on the surface of plants",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "galasówka"
},
{
"code": "pt",
"lang": "Portuguese",
"sense": "blister or tumor-like growth found on the surface of plants",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "agalha"
},
{
"code": "pt",
"lang": "Portuguese",
"sense": "blister or tumor-like growth found on the surface of plants",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "bugalha"
},
{
"code": "pt",
"lang": "Portuguese",
"sense": "blister or tumor-like growth found on the surface of plants",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "bugalho"
},
{
"code": "pt",
"lang": "Portuguese",
"sense": "blister or tumor-like growth found on the surface of plants",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "cecídia"
},
{
"code": "pt",
"lang": "Portuguese",
"sense": "blister or tumor-like growth found on the surface of plants",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "cecídio"
},
{
"code": "pt",
"lang": "Portuguese",
"sense": "blister or tumor-like growth found on the surface of plants",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "galha"
},
{
"code": "ro",
"lang": "Romanian",
"sense": "blister or tumor-like growth found on the surface of plants",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "gală"
},
{
"code": "ro",
"lang": "Romanian",
"sense": "blister or tumor-like growth found on the surface of plants",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "cecidie"
},
{
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "gall",
"sense": "blister or tumor-like growth found on the surface of plants",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "галл"
},
{
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"roman": "černílʹnyj oréšek",
"sense": "blister or tumor-like growth found on the surface of plants",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "черни́льный оре́шек"
},
{
"code": "sl",
"lang": "Slovene",
"sense": "blister or tumor-like growth found on the surface of plants",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "šiška"
},
{
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"sense": "blister or tumor-like growth found on the surface of plants",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "agalla"
},
{
"code": "tr",
"lang": "Turkish",
"sense": "blister or tumor-like growth found on the surface of plants",
"word": "mazı"
},
{
"code": "uk",
"lang": "Ukrainian",
"roman": "hal",
"sense": "blister or tumor-like growth found on the surface of plants",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "гал"
},
{
"code": "cy",
"lang": "Welsh",
"sense": "blister or tumor-like growth found on the surface of plants",
"word": "darafal"
},
{
"code": "nl",
"lang": "Dutch",
"sense": "bump-like imperfection",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "knoop"
},
{
"code": "nl",
"lang": "Dutch",
"sense": "bump-like imperfection",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "knobbel"
},
{
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "bump-like imperfection",
"word": "äkämä"
},
{
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "bump-like imperfection",
"word": "patti"
},
{
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "bump-like imperfection",
"word": "möykky"
},
{
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"sense": "bump-like imperfection",
"word": "takku"
},
{
"code": "el",
"lang": "Greek",
"roman": "ózos",
"sense": "bump-like imperfection",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "όζος"
},
{
"code": "el",
"lang": "Greek",
"roman": "exógkoma",
"sense": "bump-like imperfection",
"tags": [
"neuter"
],
"word": "εξόγκωμα"
},
{
"code": "pt",
"lang": "Portuguese",
"sense": "bump-like imperfection",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "galo"
},
{
"code": "pt",
"lang": "Portuguese",
"sense": "bump-like imperfection",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "calombo"
},
{
"code": "nmn",
"lang": "ǃXóõ",
"sense": "bump-like imperfection",
"word": "gǁkxʻáã"
}
],
"wikipedia": [
"gall"
],
"word": "gall"
}
{
"categories": [
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"English entries with incorrect language header",
"English lemmas",
"English nouns",
"English terms derived from Latin",
"English terms derived from Middle English",
"English terms derived from Old French",
"English terms inherited from Middle English",
"English terms with homophones",
"English verbs",
"Entries with translation boxes",
"Pages with 9 entries",
"Pages with entries",
"Rhymes:English/ɔːl",
"Rhymes:English/ɔːl/1 syllable",
"Terms with Armenian translations",
"Terms with Catalan translations",
"Terms with Chichewa translations",
"Terms with Czech translations",
"Terms with Dutch translations",
"Terms with Finnish translations",
"Terms with French translations",
"Terms with Galician translations",
"Terms with German translations",
"Terms with Greek translations",
"Terms with Hebrew translations",
"Terms with Italian translations",
"Terms with Japanese translations",
"Terms with Latin translations",
"Terms with Mandarin translations",
"Terms with Ottoman Turkish translations",
"Terms with Polish translations",
"Terms with Portuguese translations",
"Terms with Romanian translations",
"Terms with Russian translations",
"Terms with Slovene translations",
"Terms with Spanish translations",
"Terms with Turkish translations",
"Terms with Ukrainian translations",
"Terms with Welsh translations",
"Terms with ǃXóõ translations",
"en:Bodily fluids",
"en:Injuries"
],
"etymology_number": 3,
"etymology_templates": [
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},
"expansion": "",
"name": "etymid"
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{
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},
{
"args": {
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"expansion": "Old French galle",
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},
{
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"3": "galla",
"4": "",
"5": "oak-apple"
},
"expansion": "Latin galla (“oak-apple”)",
"name": "der"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Middle English galle, from Old French galle, from Latin galla (“oak-apple”).",
"forms": [
{
"form": "galls",
"tags": [
"present",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "galling",
"tags": [
"participle",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "galled",
"tags": [
"participle",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "galled",
"tags": [
"past"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "gall (third-person singular simple present galls, present participle galling, simple past and past participle galled)",
"name": "en-verb"
}
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "verb",
"related": [
{
"word": "gall dang"
}
],
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"English terms with quotations",
"English transitive verbs"
],
"examples": [
{
"ref": "1815, Thomas Cooper, A Practical Treatise on Dyeing, and Callicoe Printing:",
"text": "Raw silk is not galled, it is dyed at once in the black without any preparation : the liquor should be hot",
"type": "quote"
}
],
"glosses": [
"To impregnate with a decoction of gallnuts in dyeing."
],
"links": [
[
"impregnate",
"impregnate"
],
[
"decoction",
"decoction"
],
[
"gallnut",
"gallnut"
],
[
"dye",
"dye"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(transitive) To impregnate with a decoction of gallnuts in dyeing."
],
"tags": [
"transitive"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ɡɔːl/"
},
{
"audio": "LL-Q1860 (eng)-Vealhurl-gall.wav",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/4/44/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-gall.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-gall.wav.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/4/44/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-gall.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-gall.wav.ogg"
},
{
"ipa": "/ɡɑl/",
"tags": [
"cot-caught-merger"
]
},
{
"rhymes": "-ɔːl"
},
{
"homophone": "Gaul"
}
],
"wikipedia": [
"gall"
],
"word": "gall"
}
Download raw JSONL data for gall meaning in English (55.7kB)
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable English dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2025-03-26 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2025-03-21 using wiktextract (fef8596 and 633533e). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.