"craven" meaning in English

See craven in All languages combined, or Wiktionary

Adjective

IPA: /ˈkɹeɪ.vən/ Audio: LL-Q1860 (eng)-Vealhurl-craven.wav Forms: more craven [comparative], most craven [superlative]
Rhymes: -eɪvən Etymology: From Middle English cravant, either borrowed from Old French cravanté (“defeated”), past participle of cravanter, or a modification of creaunt (“defeated”) after craven (“to crave”). Etymology templates: {{inh|en|enm|cravant}} Middle English cravant, {{der|en|fro|cravanté|t=defeated}} Old French cravanté (“defeated”) Head templates: {{en-adj}} craven (comparative more craven, superlative most craven)
  1. Unwilling to fight; lacking even the rudiments of courage; extremely cowardly. Categories (topical): Fear, People Synonyms: cowardly Derived forms: cravenly, cravenness, cry craven, uncraven Translations (extremely cowardly): страхлив (strahliv) (Bulgarian), zbabělý (Czech), lafhartig (Dutch), malkuraĝa (Esperanto), poltrona (Esperanto), pelkurimainen (Finnish), lâche [masculine] (French), feige (German), meata (Irish), мало́душен (malódušen) (Macedonian), пла́шлив (plášliv) (Macedonian), covarde (Portuguese), малоду́шный (malodúšnyj) [masculine] (Russian), Kukavica (Serbo-Croatian), plašljivac (Serbo-Croatian), cobarde (Spanish), feg (Swedish), mesig (Swedish), малоду́шний (malodúšnyj) (Ukrainian), פּחדניש (pakhdonish) (Yiddish)
    Sense id: en-craven-en-adj-gkPUONtt Disambiguation of Fear: 97 3 0 Disambiguation of People: 100 0 0 Categories (other): English adjectives ending in -en, English entries with incorrect language header, Entries with translation boxes, Terms with Bulgarian translations, Terms with Czech translations, Terms with Dutch translations, Terms with Esperanto translations, Terms with Finnish translations, Terms with French translations, Terms with German translations, Terms with Icelandic translations, Terms with Irish translations, Terms with Macedonian translations, Terms with Portuguese translations, Terms with Russian translations, Terms with Scottish Gaelic translations, Terms with Serbo-Croatian translations, Terms with Spanish translations, Terms with Swedish translations, Terms with Turkish translations, Terms with Ukrainian translations, Terms with Yiddish translations Disambiguation of English adjectives ending in -en: 69 4 28 Disambiguation of English entries with incorrect language header: 85 4 12 Disambiguation of Entries with translation boxes: 70 8 23 Disambiguation of Terms with Bulgarian translations: 79 8 13 Disambiguation of Terms with Czech translations: 79 8 13 Disambiguation of Terms with Dutch translations: 68 8 24 Disambiguation of Terms with Esperanto translations: 76 7 17 Disambiguation of Terms with Finnish translations: 79 8 13 Disambiguation of Terms with French translations: 69 6 25 Disambiguation of Terms with German translations: 77 9 15 Disambiguation of Terms with Icelandic translations: 79 8 13 Disambiguation of Terms with Irish translations: 79 8 13 Disambiguation of Terms with Macedonian translations: 79 8 13 Disambiguation of Terms with Portuguese translations: 80 8 13 Disambiguation of Terms with Russian translations: 76 7 17 Disambiguation of Terms with Scottish Gaelic translations: 78 8 14 Disambiguation of Terms with Serbo-Croatian translations: 78 8 13 Disambiguation of Terms with Spanish translations: 75 5 20 Disambiguation of Terms with Swedish translations: 81 6 14 Disambiguation of Terms with Turkish translations: 81 6 14 Disambiguation of Terms with Ukrainian translations: 79 8 13 Disambiguation of Terms with Yiddish translations: 78 6 15

Noun

IPA: /ˈkɹeɪ.vən/ Audio: LL-Q1860 (eng)-Vealhurl-craven.wav Forms: cravens [plural]
Rhymes: -eɪvən Etymology: From Middle English cravant, either borrowed from Old French cravanté (“defeated”), past participle of cravanter, or a modification of creaunt (“defeated”) after craven (“to crave”). Etymology templates: {{inh|en|enm|cravant}} Middle English cravant, {{der|en|fro|cravanté|t=defeated}} Old French cravanté (“defeated”) Head templates: {{en-noun}} craven (plural cravens)
  1. (archaic) A coward. Tags: archaic Synonyms: coward Translations (coward): страхливец (strahlivec) (Bulgarian), zbabělec [masculine] (Czech), pelkuri (Finnish), couard [masculine] (French), lâche [masculine] (French), Feigling [masculine] (German), feiger Hund [masculine] (German), heigull [masculine] (Icelandic), raggeit [feminine] (Icelandic), bleyða [feminine] (Icelandic), пла́шливец (plášlivec) [masculine] (Macedonian), стра́шливец (strášlivec) [masculine] (Macedonian), кука́вица (kukávica) [feminine] (Macedonian), covarde [masculine] (Portuguese), gealtaire [masculine] (Scottish Gaelic), cobarde [masculine] (Spanish), mes (Swedish), feg stackare (Swedish), korkak (Turkish)
    Sense id: en-craven-en-noun-T3Wsec-l

Verb

IPA: /ˈkɹeɪ.vən/ Audio: LL-Q1860 (eng)-Vealhurl-craven.wav Forms: cravens [present, singular, third-person], cravening [participle, present], cravened [participle, past], cravened [past]
Rhymes: -eɪvən Etymology: From Middle English cravant, either borrowed from Old French cravanté (“defeated”), past participle of cravanter, or a modification of creaunt (“defeated”) after craven (“to crave”). Etymology templates: {{inh|en|enm|cravant}} Middle English cravant, {{der|en|fro|cravanté|t=defeated}} Old French cravanté (“defeated”) Head templates: {{en-verb}} craven (third-person singular simple present cravens, present participle cravening, simple past and past participle cravened)
  1. (archaic) To make craven. Tags: archaic
    Sense id: en-craven-en-verb-K0ulFh1z

Inflected forms

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      "expansion": "Middle English cravant",
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        "2": "fro",
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      "expansion": "Old French cravanté (“defeated”)",
      "name": "der"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_text": "From Middle English cravant, either borrowed from Old French cravanté (“defeated”), past participle of cravanter, or a modification of creaunt (“defeated”) after craven (“to crave”).",
  "forms": [
    {
      "form": "more craven",
      "tags": [
        "comparative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "most craven",
      "tags": [
        "superlative"
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  "lang_code": "en",
  "pos": "adj",
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        {
          "_dis": "97 3 0",
          "kind": "topical",
          "langcode": "en",
          "name": "Fear",
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            "Mind",
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            "Fundamental"
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            "Fundamental"
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      "derived": [
        {
          "word": "cravenly"
        },
        {
          "word": "cravenness"
        },
        {
          "word": "cry craven"
        },
        {
          "word": "uncraven"
        }
      ],
      "examples": [
        {
          "ref": "1808 February 22, Walter Scott, “(please specify the introduction or canto number, or chapter name)”, in Marmion; a Tale of Flodden Field, Edinburgh: […] J[ames] Ballantyne and Co. for Archibald Constable and Company, […]; London: William Miller, and John Murray, →OCLC:",
          "text": "The poor craven bridegroom said never a word.",
          "type": "quote"
        },
        {
          "ref": "2010, Bruce Cumings, The Korean War:",
          "text": "Prime Minister Abe's fumbling and craven performance took place on a national holiday in Korea, marking the country wide uprising against the Japanese colonial rule that began on March 1, 1919. March 1 is also the day in 1932 that Japan chose to inaugurate Manchukuo (after seizing northeastern China).",
          "type": "quote"
        },
        {
          "ref": "2020 October 12, Andrew Marantz, quoting Dave Willner, “Why Facebook Can’t Fix Itself”, in The New Yorker:",
          "text": "“But they’ve made some big carve-outs that are just absolute nonsense. There’s no perfect approach to content moderation, but they could at least try to look less transparently craven and incoherent.”",
          "type": "quote"
        },
        {
          "ref": "2023 September 26, Sam Jones, “Spain elections: Feijóo launches doomed bid to lead country”, in The Guardian, →ISSN:",
          "text": "The PP has seized on the possibility of an amnesty to rally support and to portray the PSOE leader as craven, dependent on Catalan separatists and hellbent on remaining in office.",
          "type": "quote"
        },
        {
          "ref": "2023 November 15, Christian Wolmar, “Ministers should carry the can for ticket office fiasco”, in RAIL, number 996, page 47:",
          "text": "Now, I hold no candle for the train operators, and I think that in the main they have been far too craven about any government proposals. But in this instance, they have been badly traduced, led up the hill, and then chucked back down it.",
          "type": "quote"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "Unwilling to fight; lacking even the rudiments of courage; extremely cowardly."
      ],
      "id": "en-craven-en-adj-gkPUONtt",
      "links": [
        [
          "fight",
          "fight"
        ],
        [
          "rudiment",
          "rudiment"
        ],
        [
          "courage",
          "courage"
        ],
        [
          "cowardly",
          "cowardly"
        ]
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        {
          "word": "cowardly"
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      "translations": [
        {
          "code": "bg",
          "lang": "Bulgarian",
          "roman": "strahliv",
          "sense": "extremely cowardly",
          "word": "страхлив"
        },
        {
          "code": "cs",
          "lang": "Czech",
          "sense": "extremely cowardly",
          "word": "zbabělý"
        },
        {
          "code": "nl",
          "lang": "Dutch",
          "sense": "extremely cowardly",
          "word": "lafhartig"
        },
        {
          "code": "eo",
          "lang": "Esperanto",
          "sense": "extremely cowardly",
          "word": "malkuraĝa"
        },
        {
          "code": "eo",
          "lang": "Esperanto",
          "sense": "extremely cowardly",
          "word": "poltrona"
        },
        {
          "code": "fi",
          "lang": "Finnish",
          "sense": "extremely cowardly",
          "word": "pelkurimainen"
        },
        {
          "code": "fr",
          "lang": "French",
          "sense": "extremely cowardly",
          "tags": [
            "masculine"
          ],
          "word": "lâche"
        },
        {
          "code": "de",
          "lang": "German",
          "sense": "extremely cowardly",
          "word": "feige"
        },
        {
          "code": "ga",
          "lang": "Irish",
          "sense": "extremely cowardly",
          "word": "meata"
        },
        {
          "code": "mk",
          "lang": "Macedonian",
          "roman": "malódušen",
          "sense": "extremely cowardly",
          "word": "мало́душен"
        },
        {
          "code": "mk",
          "lang": "Macedonian",
          "roman": "plášliv",
          "sense": "extremely cowardly",
          "word": "пла́шлив"
        },
        {
          "code": "pt",
          "lang": "Portuguese",
          "sense": "extremely cowardly",
          "word": "covarde"
        },
        {
          "code": "ru",
          "lang": "Russian",
          "roman": "malodúšnyj",
          "sense": "extremely cowardly",
          "tags": [
            "masculine"
          ],
          "word": "малоду́шный"
        },
        {
          "code": "sh",
          "lang": "Serbo-Croatian",
          "sense": "extremely cowardly",
          "word": "Kukavica"
        },
        {
          "code": "sh",
          "lang": "Serbo-Croatian",
          "sense": "extremely cowardly",
          "word": "plašljivac"
        },
        {
          "code": "es",
          "lang": "Spanish",
          "sense": "extremely cowardly",
          "word": "cobarde"
        },
        {
          "code": "sv",
          "lang": "Swedish",
          "sense": "extremely cowardly",
          "word": "feg"
        },
        {
          "code": "sv",
          "lang": "Swedish",
          "sense": "extremely cowardly",
          "word": "mesig"
        },
        {
          "code": "uk",
          "lang": "Ukrainian",
          "roman": "malodúšnyj",
          "sense": "extremely cowardly",
          "word": "малоду́шний"
        },
        {
          "code": "yi",
          "lang": "Yiddish",
          "roman": "pakhdonish",
          "sense": "extremely cowardly",
          "word": "פּחדניש"
        }
      ]
    }
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      "rhymes": "-eɪvən"
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  "etymology_text": "From Middle English cravant, either borrowed from Old French cravanté (“defeated”), past participle of cravanter, or a modification of creaunt (“defeated”) after craven (“to crave”).",
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      "args": {},
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  "lang_code": "en",
  "pos": "noun",
  "senses": [
    {
      "categories": [],
      "examples": [
        {
          "ref": "1599 (date written), William Shakespeare, “The Life of Henry the Fift”, in Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies […] (First Folio), London: […] Isaac Iaggard, and Ed[ward] Blount, published 1623, →OCLC, [Act IV, scene vii]:",
          "text": "He is a craven and a villain else.",
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        "A coward."
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      "id": "en-craven-en-noun-T3Wsec-l",
      "links": [
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      "raw_glosses": [
        "(archaic) A coward."
      ],
      "synonyms": [
        {
          "word": "coward"
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      ],
      "tags": [
        "archaic"
      ],
      "translations": [
        {
          "code": "bg",
          "lang": "Bulgarian",
          "roman": "strahlivec",
          "sense": "coward",
          "word": "страхливец"
        },
        {
          "code": "cs",
          "lang": "Czech",
          "sense": "coward",
          "tags": [
            "masculine"
          ],
          "word": "zbabělec"
        },
        {
          "code": "fi",
          "lang": "Finnish",
          "sense": "coward",
          "word": "pelkuri"
        },
        {
          "code": "fr",
          "lang": "French",
          "sense": "coward",
          "tags": [
            "masculine"
          ],
          "word": "couard"
        },
        {
          "code": "fr",
          "lang": "French",
          "sense": "coward",
          "tags": [
            "masculine"
          ],
          "word": "lâche"
        },
        {
          "code": "de",
          "lang": "German",
          "sense": "coward",
          "tags": [
            "masculine"
          ],
          "word": "Feigling"
        },
        {
          "code": "de",
          "lang": "German",
          "sense": "coward",
          "tags": [
            "masculine"
          ],
          "word": "feiger Hund"
        },
        {
          "code": "is",
          "lang": "Icelandic",
          "sense": "coward",
          "tags": [
            "masculine"
          ],
          "word": "heigull"
        },
        {
          "code": "is",
          "lang": "Icelandic",
          "sense": "coward",
          "tags": [
            "feminine"
          ],
          "word": "raggeit"
        },
        {
          "code": "is",
          "lang": "Icelandic",
          "sense": "coward",
          "tags": [
            "feminine"
          ],
          "word": "bleyða"
        },
        {
          "code": "mk",
          "lang": "Macedonian",
          "roman": "plášlivec",
          "sense": "coward",
          "tags": [
            "masculine"
          ],
          "word": "пла́шливец"
        },
        {
          "code": "mk",
          "lang": "Macedonian",
          "roman": "strášlivec",
          "sense": "coward",
          "tags": [
            "masculine"
          ],
          "word": "стра́шливец"
        },
        {
          "code": "mk",
          "lang": "Macedonian",
          "roman": "kukávica",
          "sense": "coward",
          "tags": [
            "feminine"
          ],
          "word": "кука́вица"
        },
        {
          "code": "pt",
          "lang": "Portuguese",
          "sense": "coward",
          "tags": [
            "masculine"
          ],
          "word": "covarde"
        },
        {
          "code": "gd",
          "lang": "Scottish Gaelic",
          "sense": "coward",
          "tags": [
            "masculine"
          ],
          "word": "gealtaire"
        },
        {
          "code": "es",
          "lang": "Spanish",
          "sense": "coward",
          "tags": [
            "masculine"
          ],
          "word": "cobarde"
        },
        {
          "code": "sv",
          "lang": "Swedish",
          "sense": "coward",
          "word": "mes"
        },
        {
          "code": "sv",
          "lang": "Swedish",
          "sense": "coward",
          "word": "feg stackare"
        },
        {
          "code": "tr",
          "lang": "Turkish",
          "sense": "coward",
          "word": "korkak"
        }
      ]
    }
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      "ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/9/99/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-craven.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-craven.wav.ogg"
    },
    {
      "rhymes": "-eɪvən"
    }
  ],
  "word": "craven"
}

{
  "etymology_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "enm",
        "3": "cravant"
      },
      "expansion": "Middle English cravant",
      "name": "inh"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "fro",
        "3": "cravanté",
        "t": "defeated"
      },
      "expansion": "Old French cravanté (“defeated”)",
      "name": "der"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_text": "From Middle English cravant, either borrowed from Old French cravanté (“defeated”), past participle of cravanter, or a modification of creaunt (“defeated”) after craven (“to crave”).",
  "forms": [
    {
      "form": "cravens",
      "tags": [
        "present",
        "singular",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "cravening",
      "tags": [
        "participle",
        "present"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "cravened",
      "tags": [
        "participle",
        "past"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "cravened",
      "tags": [
        "past"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "head_templates": [
    {
      "args": {},
      "expansion": "craven (third-person singular simple present cravens, present participle cravening, simple past and past participle cravened)",
      "name": "en-verb"
    }
  ],
  "lang": "English",
  "lang_code": "en",
  "pos": "verb",
  "senses": [
    {
      "categories": [],
      "examples": [
        {
          "ref": "1611 April (first recorded performance), William Shakespeare, “The Tragedie of Cymbeline”, in Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies […] (First Folio), London: […] Isaac Iaggard, and Ed[ward] Blount, published 1623, →OCLC, [Act III, scene iv]:",
          "text": "There is a prohibition so divine / That cravens my weak hand.",
          "type": "quote"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "To make craven."
      ],
      "id": "en-craven-en-verb-K0ulFh1z",
      "links": [
        [
          "craven",
          "#Adjective"
        ]
      ],
      "raw_glosses": [
        "(archaic) To make craven."
      ],
      "tags": [
        "archaic"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "sounds": [
    {
      "ipa": "/ˈkɹeɪ.vən/"
    },
    {
      "audio": "LL-Q1860 (eng)-Vealhurl-craven.wav",
      "mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/9/99/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-craven.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-craven.wav.mp3",
      "ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/9/99/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-craven.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-craven.wav.ogg"
    },
    {
      "rhymes": "-eɪvən"
    }
  ],
  "word": "craven"
}
{
  "categories": [
    "English 2-syllable words",
    "English adjectives",
    "English adjectives ending in -en",
    "English countable nouns",
    "English entries with incorrect language header",
    "English lemmas",
    "English nouns",
    "English terms derived from Middle English",
    "English terms derived from Old French",
    "English terms inherited from Middle English",
    "English verbs",
    "Entries with translation boxes",
    "Middle English entries with incorrect language header",
    "Middle English lemmas",
    "Middle English terms derived from Old English",
    "Middle English terms derived from Proto-Germanic",
    "Middle English terms derived from Proto-West Germanic",
    "Middle English terms inherited from Old English",
    "Middle English terms inherited from Proto-Germanic",
    "Middle English terms inherited from Proto-West Germanic",
    "Middle English verbs",
    "Middle English weak verbs",
    "Pages with 3 entries",
    "Pages with entries",
    "Rhymes:English/eɪvən",
    "Rhymes:English/eɪvən/2 syllables",
    "Terms with Bulgarian translations",
    "Terms with Czech translations",
    "Terms with Dutch translations",
    "Terms with Esperanto translations",
    "Terms with Finnish translations",
    "Terms with French translations",
    "Terms with German translations",
    "Terms with Icelandic translations",
    "Terms with Irish translations",
    "Terms with Macedonian translations",
    "Terms with Portuguese translations",
    "Terms with Russian translations",
    "Terms with Scottish Gaelic translations",
    "Terms with Serbo-Croatian translations",
    "Terms with Spanish translations",
    "Terms with Swedish translations",
    "Terms with Turkish translations",
    "Terms with Ukrainian translations",
    "Terms with Yiddish translations",
    "en:Fear",
    "en:People"
  ],
  "derived": [
    {
      "word": "cravenly"
    },
    {
      "word": "cravenness"
    },
    {
      "word": "cry craven"
    },
    {
      "word": "uncraven"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "enm",
        "3": "cravant"
      },
      "expansion": "Middle English cravant",
      "name": "inh"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "fro",
        "3": "cravanté",
        "t": "defeated"
      },
      "expansion": "Old French cravanté (“defeated”)",
      "name": "der"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_text": "From Middle English cravant, either borrowed from Old French cravanté (“defeated”), past participle of cravanter, or a modification of creaunt (“defeated”) after craven (“to crave”).",
  "forms": [
    {
      "form": "more craven",
      "tags": [
        "comparative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "most craven",
      "tags": [
        "superlative"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "head_templates": [
    {
      "args": {},
      "expansion": "craven (comparative more craven, superlative most craven)",
      "name": "en-adj"
    }
  ],
  "lang": "English",
  "lang_code": "en",
  "pos": "adj",
  "senses": [
    {
      "categories": [
        "English terms with quotations"
      ],
      "examples": [
        {
          "ref": "1808 February 22, Walter Scott, “(please specify the introduction or canto number, or chapter name)”, in Marmion; a Tale of Flodden Field, Edinburgh: […] J[ames] Ballantyne and Co. for Archibald Constable and Company, […]; London: William Miller, and John Murray, →OCLC:",
          "text": "The poor craven bridegroom said never a word.",
          "type": "quote"
        },
        {
          "ref": "2010, Bruce Cumings, The Korean War:",
          "text": "Prime Minister Abe's fumbling and craven performance took place on a national holiday in Korea, marking the country wide uprising against the Japanese colonial rule that began on March 1, 1919. March 1 is also the day in 1932 that Japan chose to inaugurate Manchukuo (after seizing northeastern China).",
          "type": "quote"
        },
        {
          "ref": "2020 October 12, Andrew Marantz, quoting Dave Willner, “Why Facebook Can’t Fix Itself”, in The New Yorker:",
          "text": "“But they’ve made some big carve-outs that are just absolute nonsense. There’s no perfect approach to content moderation, but they could at least try to look less transparently craven and incoherent.”",
          "type": "quote"
        },
        {
          "ref": "2023 September 26, Sam Jones, “Spain elections: Feijóo launches doomed bid to lead country”, in The Guardian, →ISSN:",
          "text": "The PP has seized on the possibility of an amnesty to rally support and to portray the PSOE leader as craven, dependent on Catalan separatists and hellbent on remaining in office.",
          "type": "quote"
        },
        {
          "ref": "2023 November 15, Christian Wolmar, “Ministers should carry the can for ticket office fiasco”, in RAIL, number 996, page 47:",
          "text": "Now, I hold no candle for the train operators, and I think that in the main they have been far too craven about any government proposals. But in this instance, they have been badly traduced, led up the hill, and then chucked back down it.",
          "type": "quote"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "Unwilling to fight; lacking even the rudiments of courage; extremely cowardly."
      ],
      "links": [
        [
          "fight",
          "fight"
        ],
        [
          "rudiment",
          "rudiment"
        ],
        [
          "courage",
          "courage"
        ],
        [
          "cowardly",
          "cowardly"
        ]
      ],
      "synonyms": [
        {
          "word": "cowardly"
        }
      ]
    }
  ],
  "sounds": [
    {
      "ipa": "/ˈkɹeɪ.vən/"
    },
    {
      "audio": "LL-Q1860 (eng)-Vealhurl-craven.wav",
      "mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/9/99/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-craven.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-craven.wav.mp3",
      "ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/9/99/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-craven.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-craven.wav.ogg"
    },
    {
      "rhymes": "-eɪvən"
    }
  ],
  "translations": [
    {
      "code": "bg",
      "lang": "Bulgarian",
      "roman": "strahliv",
      "sense": "extremely cowardly",
      "word": "страхлив"
    },
    {
      "code": "cs",
      "lang": "Czech",
      "sense": "extremely cowardly",
      "word": "zbabělý"
    },
    {
      "code": "nl",
      "lang": "Dutch",
      "sense": "extremely cowardly",
      "word": "lafhartig"
    },
    {
      "code": "eo",
      "lang": "Esperanto",
      "sense": "extremely cowardly",
      "word": "malkuraĝa"
    },
    {
      "code": "eo",
      "lang": "Esperanto",
      "sense": "extremely cowardly",
      "word": "poltrona"
    },
    {
      "code": "fi",
      "lang": "Finnish",
      "sense": "extremely cowardly",
      "word": "pelkurimainen"
    },
    {
      "code": "fr",
      "lang": "French",
      "sense": "extremely cowardly",
      "tags": [
        "masculine"
      ],
      "word": "lâche"
    },
    {
      "code": "de",
      "lang": "German",
      "sense": "extremely cowardly",
      "word": "feige"
    },
    {
      "code": "ga",
      "lang": "Irish",
      "sense": "extremely cowardly",
      "word": "meata"
    },
    {
      "code": "mk",
      "lang": "Macedonian",
      "roman": "malódušen",
      "sense": "extremely cowardly",
      "word": "мало́душен"
    },
    {
      "code": "mk",
      "lang": "Macedonian",
      "roman": "plášliv",
      "sense": "extremely cowardly",
      "word": "пла́шлив"
    },
    {
      "code": "pt",
      "lang": "Portuguese",
      "sense": "extremely cowardly",
      "word": "covarde"
    },
    {
      "code": "ru",
      "lang": "Russian",
      "roman": "malodúšnyj",
      "sense": "extremely cowardly",
      "tags": [
        "masculine"
      ],
      "word": "малоду́шный"
    },
    {
      "code": "sh",
      "lang": "Serbo-Croatian",
      "sense": "extremely cowardly",
      "word": "Kukavica"
    },
    {
      "code": "sh",
      "lang": "Serbo-Croatian",
      "sense": "extremely cowardly",
      "word": "plašljivac"
    },
    {
      "code": "es",
      "lang": "Spanish",
      "sense": "extremely cowardly",
      "word": "cobarde"
    },
    {
      "code": "sv",
      "lang": "Swedish",
      "sense": "extremely cowardly",
      "word": "feg"
    },
    {
      "code": "sv",
      "lang": "Swedish",
      "sense": "extremely cowardly",
      "word": "mesig"
    },
    {
      "code": "uk",
      "lang": "Ukrainian",
      "roman": "malodúšnyj",
      "sense": "extremely cowardly",
      "word": "малоду́шний"
    },
    {
      "code": "yi",
      "lang": "Yiddish",
      "roman": "pakhdonish",
      "sense": "extremely cowardly",
      "word": "פּחדניש"
    }
  ],
  "word": "craven"
}

{
  "categories": [
    "English 2-syllable words",
    "English adjectives",
    "English adjectives ending in -en",
    "English countable nouns",
    "English entries with incorrect language header",
    "English lemmas",
    "English nouns",
    "English terms derived from Middle English",
    "English terms derived from Old French",
    "English terms inherited from Middle English",
    "English verbs",
    "Entries with translation boxes",
    "Middle English entries with incorrect language header",
    "Middle English lemmas",
    "Middle English terms derived from Old English",
    "Middle English terms derived from Proto-Germanic",
    "Middle English terms derived from Proto-West Germanic",
    "Middle English terms inherited from Old English",
    "Middle English terms inherited from Proto-Germanic",
    "Middle English terms inherited from Proto-West Germanic",
    "Middle English verbs",
    "Middle English weak verbs",
    "Pages with 3 entries",
    "Pages with entries",
    "Rhymes:English/eɪvən",
    "Rhymes:English/eɪvən/2 syllables",
    "Terms with Bulgarian translations",
    "Terms with Czech translations",
    "Terms with Dutch translations",
    "Terms with Esperanto translations",
    "Terms with Finnish translations",
    "Terms with French translations",
    "Terms with German translations",
    "Terms with Icelandic translations",
    "Terms with Irish translations",
    "Terms with Macedonian translations",
    "Terms with Portuguese translations",
    "Terms with Russian translations",
    "Terms with Scottish Gaelic translations",
    "Terms with Serbo-Croatian translations",
    "Terms with Spanish translations",
    "Terms with Swedish translations",
    "Terms with Turkish translations",
    "Terms with Ukrainian translations",
    "Terms with Yiddish translations",
    "en:Fear",
    "en:People"
  ],
  "etymology_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "enm",
        "3": "cravant"
      },
      "expansion": "Middle English cravant",
      "name": "inh"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "fro",
        "3": "cravanté",
        "t": "defeated"
      },
      "expansion": "Old French cravanté (“defeated”)",
      "name": "der"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_text": "From Middle English cravant, either borrowed from Old French cravanté (“defeated”), past participle of cravanter, or a modification of creaunt (“defeated”) after craven (“to crave”).",
  "forms": [
    {
      "form": "cravens",
      "tags": [
        "plural"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "head_templates": [
    {
      "args": {},
      "expansion": "craven (plural cravens)",
      "name": "en-noun"
    }
  ],
  "lang": "English",
  "lang_code": "en",
  "pos": "noun",
  "senses": [
    {
      "categories": [
        "English terms with archaic senses",
        "English terms with quotations"
      ],
      "examples": [
        {
          "ref": "1599 (date written), William Shakespeare, “The Life of Henry the Fift”, in Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies […] (First Folio), London: […] Isaac Iaggard, and Ed[ward] Blount, published 1623, →OCLC, [Act IV, scene vii]:",
          "text": "He is a craven and a villain else.",
          "type": "quote"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "A coward."
      ],
      "links": [
        [
          "coward",
          "coward"
        ]
      ],
      "raw_glosses": [
        "(archaic) A coward."
      ],
      "synonyms": [
        {
          "word": "coward"
        }
      ],
      "tags": [
        "archaic"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "sounds": [
    {
      "ipa": "/ˈkɹeɪ.vən/"
    },
    {
      "audio": "LL-Q1860 (eng)-Vealhurl-craven.wav",
      "mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/9/99/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-craven.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-craven.wav.mp3",
      "ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/9/99/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-craven.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-craven.wav.ogg"
    },
    {
      "rhymes": "-eɪvən"
    }
  ],
  "translations": [
    {
      "code": "bg",
      "lang": "Bulgarian",
      "roman": "strahlivec",
      "sense": "coward",
      "word": "страхливец"
    },
    {
      "code": "cs",
      "lang": "Czech",
      "sense": "coward",
      "tags": [
        "masculine"
      ],
      "word": "zbabělec"
    },
    {
      "code": "fi",
      "lang": "Finnish",
      "sense": "coward",
      "word": "pelkuri"
    },
    {
      "code": "fr",
      "lang": "French",
      "sense": "coward",
      "tags": [
        "masculine"
      ],
      "word": "couard"
    },
    {
      "code": "fr",
      "lang": "French",
      "sense": "coward",
      "tags": [
        "masculine"
      ],
      "word": "lâche"
    },
    {
      "code": "de",
      "lang": "German",
      "sense": "coward",
      "tags": [
        "masculine"
      ],
      "word": "Feigling"
    },
    {
      "code": "de",
      "lang": "German",
      "sense": "coward",
      "tags": [
        "masculine"
      ],
      "word": "feiger Hund"
    },
    {
      "code": "is",
      "lang": "Icelandic",
      "sense": "coward",
      "tags": [
        "masculine"
      ],
      "word": "heigull"
    },
    {
      "code": "is",
      "lang": "Icelandic",
      "sense": "coward",
      "tags": [
        "feminine"
      ],
      "word": "raggeit"
    },
    {
      "code": "is",
      "lang": "Icelandic",
      "sense": "coward",
      "tags": [
        "feminine"
      ],
      "word": "bleyða"
    },
    {
      "code": "mk",
      "lang": "Macedonian",
      "roman": "plášlivec",
      "sense": "coward",
      "tags": [
        "masculine"
      ],
      "word": "пла́шливец"
    },
    {
      "code": "mk",
      "lang": "Macedonian",
      "roman": "strášlivec",
      "sense": "coward",
      "tags": [
        "masculine"
      ],
      "word": "стра́шливец"
    },
    {
      "code": "mk",
      "lang": "Macedonian",
      "roman": "kukávica",
      "sense": "coward",
      "tags": [
        "feminine"
      ],
      "word": "кука́вица"
    },
    {
      "code": "pt",
      "lang": "Portuguese",
      "sense": "coward",
      "tags": [
        "masculine"
      ],
      "word": "covarde"
    },
    {
      "code": "gd",
      "lang": "Scottish Gaelic",
      "sense": "coward",
      "tags": [
        "masculine"
      ],
      "word": "gealtaire"
    },
    {
      "code": "es",
      "lang": "Spanish",
      "sense": "coward",
      "tags": [
        "masculine"
      ],
      "word": "cobarde"
    },
    {
      "code": "sv",
      "lang": "Swedish",
      "sense": "coward",
      "word": "mes"
    },
    {
      "code": "sv",
      "lang": "Swedish",
      "sense": "coward",
      "word": "feg stackare"
    },
    {
      "code": "tr",
      "lang": "Turkish",
      "sense": "coward",
      "word": "korkak"
    }
  ],
  "word": "craven"
}

{
  "categories": [
    "English 2-syllable words",
    "English adjectives",
    "English adjectives ending in -en",
    "English countable nouns",
    "English entries with incorrect language header",
    "English lemmas",
    "English nouns",
    "English terms derived from Middle English",
    "English terms derived from Old French",
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    "Middle English entries with incorrect language header",
    "Middle English lemmas",
    "Middle English terms derived from Old English",
    "Middle English terms derived from Proto-Germanic",
    "Middle English terms derived from Proto-West Germanic",
    "Middle English terms inherited from Old English",
    "Middle English terms inherited from Proto-Germanic",
    "Middle English terms inherited from Proto-West Germanic",
    "Middle English verbs",
    "Middle English weak verbs",
    "Pages with 3 entries",
    "Pages with entries",
    "Rhymes:English/eɪvən",
    "Rhymes:English/eɪvən/2 syllables",
    "Terms with Bulgarian translations",
    "Terms with Czech translations",
    "Terms with Dutch translations",
    "Terms with Esperanto translations",
    "Terms with Finnish translations",
    "Terms with French translations",
    "Terms with German translations",
    "Terms with Icelandic translations",
    "Terms with Irish translations",
    "Terms with Macedonian translations",
    "Terms with Portuguese translations",
    "Terms with Russian translations",
    "Terms with Scottish Gaelic translations",
    "Terms with Serbo-Croatian translations",
    "Terms with Spanish translations",
    "Terms with Swedish translations",
    "Terms with Turkish translations",
    "Terms with Ukrainian translations",
    "Terms with Yiddish translations",
    "en:Fear",
    "en:People"
  ],
  "etymology_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "enm",
        "3": "cravant"
      },
      "expansion": "Middle English cravant",
      "name": "inh"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "en",
        "2": "fro",
        "3": "cravanté",
        "t": "defeated"
      },
      "expansion": "Old French cravanté (“defeated”)",
      "name": "der"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_text": "From Middle English cravant, either borrowed from Old French cravanté (“defeated”), past participle of cravanter, or a modification of creaunt (“defeated”) after craven (“to crave”).",
  "forms": [
    {
      "form": "cravens",
      "tags": [
        "present",
        "singular",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "cravening",
      "tags": [
        "participle",
        "present"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "cravened",
      "tags": [
        "participle",
        "past"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "cravened",
      "tags": [
        "past"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "head_templates": [
    {
      "args": {},
      "expansion": "craven (third-person singular simple present cravens, present participle cravening, simple past and past participle cravened)",
      "name": "en-verb"
    }
  ],
  "lang": "English",
  "lang_code": "en",
  "pos": "verb",
  "senses": [
    {
      "categories": [
        "English terms with archaic senses",
        "English terms with quotations"
      ],
      "examples": [
        {
          "ref": "1611 April (first recorded performance), William Shakespeare, “The Tragedie of Cymbeline”, in Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies […] (First Folio), London: […] Isaac Iaggard, and Ed[ward] Blount, published 1623, →OCLC, [Act III, scene iv]:",
          "text": "There is a prohibition so divine / That cravens my weak hand.",
          "type": "quote"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "To make craven."
      ],
      "links": [
        [
          "craven",
          "#Adjective"
        ]
      ],
      "raw_glosses": [
        "(archaic) To make craven."
      ],
      "tags": [
        "archaic"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "sounds": [
    {
      "ipa": "/ˈkɹeɪ.vən/"
    },
    {
      "audio": "LL-Q1860 (eng)-Vealhurl-craven.wav",
      "mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/9/99/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-craven.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-craven.wav.mp3",
      "ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/9/99/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-craven.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-craven.wav.ogg"
    },
    {
      "rhymes": "-eɪvən"
    }
  ],
  "word": "craven"
}

Download raw JSONL data for craven meaning in English (15.8kB)


This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable English dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2025-03-18 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2025-03-02 using wiktextract (f2d86ce and 633533e). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.

If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.